Tiip theo, bdi viit trinh bdy ca cdu tdng l&p trung luu & Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh theo nhdm vd bdc, theo khu vuc, gi&i vd tudi Bdi viit gai y rdng Thdnh phd cdn rd sodt lgi chinh sdch giai
Trang 1^I TANG LOP T R U N G LUU H THANH P H 6 HO CHf MINH:
CO CAU VA DAC fllEM NHAN KHAU"^
GS TS BUI THt CUONG" ThS TdDlfCTUCN PHAM THI DUNG"'
jydi viit trinh bdy ca cdu tdng l&p trung luu & Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh vd mgt sd dgc
JD diem nhdn khdu cua tdng l&p ndy, dua tren sd li$u khdo sdt ndm 2010 Tru&c hit, bdi viit gi&i thieu mgt khung phdn logi nhdm nghi nghiep ldm ca sa xdc dinh tdng l&p trung luu trong ca cdu xa hgi theo nghi nghiip vd mgt khung ca cdu trong bdn thdn tdng l&p trung lieu Tiip theo, bdi viit trinh bdy ca cdu tdng l&p trung luu & Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh theo nhdm vd bdc, theo khu vuc, gi&i vd tudi Bdi viit gai y rdng Thdnh phd cdn rd sodt lgi chinh sdch giai tdng xd hgi, chii trgng din vi$c phdt triin han nita vi thi vd tiim luc cua trung luu di tdng lap ndy cd thi phdt huy tdt han vai trd cua minh trong phdt triin xa hgi
Tit khoa: Co cau nhan khau, dac didm nhdn khau
1 Mo^dau
Co cau giai tang xa hgi cd tam quan frgng
ddi vdi sy phdt ttidn vd phiic lgi ciia mdt xd
hpi Vi thd, chii dd nay ludn thu hiit quan tam
ddc bidt cua gidi ldnh dgo vd nghien ciiu xd
hpi Cdc nghidn cuu vd co cdu giai tang ddi
khi tgp trung vdo cau tnic tdng the, nhung
cung cd nhttng edng ttinh tap trung vao tttng
tdng ldp, nhu gidi thugng luu, trung luu, giai
cap lao ddng, ho^c nhdm ngheo, nhdm ddy
(Townsend, 2014) Trong do, chu de cac giai
cap trung luu chiem mpt vj tti quan ttpng
(Scott, 2005, ttang 408-409) Vdn dd trung luu
dd xuat hipn frong nhung phan tich giai cdp
d thd ky XIX Ttt thap nien 1960 ddn nay, ta
* BAi vi6t 1^ mOt san phSm cua DS tii cdp Nh^ nu6c
"Chuyfin djcii ca cdu xa hpi trong ph^t trifin xa
hOi v i quan ly phdt trien xS hgi vimg kinh te trpng
Itikm phfa Nam din n5m 2020" (KX.02.20/11-15)
** Nghien cihi vi^n cao cap Vifin Khoa hpc xa hOi
viing Nam B$; Gi&o su thinh giang Vien Nghifin
Clhi chSu A, Universiti Brunei Darussalam
• • • Hpc vifin cao hpc Hpc vi^n Khoa hpc xa hpi Vifin
Hin ISm Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi§t Nam
chiing kidn lan sdng quan tdm ttd lgi mgnh me ddi vdi chu dd nay ttdn thd gidi vd Ddng Nam
A (Becker et al., 1999; King, 2008) Nghidn cttu duong dgi vd tdng ldp trung luu dan ddn nhidu phdt hien ly thii nhung cung day tranh cai vd dde trung va vai frd ciia tang ldp dy frong phdt trien xa hdi
Mac du nhidu tdc gia ddng y rdng nghien Cliu tryc tidp vd chu dd tdng ldp trung luu d Viet Nam cdn ngheo ndn, song ttt thdp nien
2000 ddn nay ngay cang nhidu tac gid qudc td
vd trong nudc chii y ddn de tai ndy Ngoai nudc,
cd thd kd ddn Victor T King (2008), Nguyen-Marshall va cpng sy (2012) Ndi chung, nhiing nghien cuu vd co cau xd hdi, phan tdng xa hdi, theo each ndy each khdc, ddu dd cap den tdng ldp trung luu Theo nghTa dy ed the ndi rang frong nudc cd nhidu cdng trinh lien quan ddn tdng ldp trung luu (Bui Thd Cudng, 2014b) Mdt each tryc tiep de cap ddn chii dd trung luu,
cd thd kd ddn Dd Thdi Ddng (2004), Nguyen Dmh Tdn (2013), Trdn Thi Minh Ngpc (2013)
Trang 2Bdi vidt trinh bdy co cau tang ldp trung
luu frong ddn cu Thanh phd Hd Chi Mmh va
mpt sd ddc diem nhan khdu cua nd, dya tren
sd lieu khdo sat ndm 2010 Vide phan tich lai
sd lieu cdp hai d ddy la mdt san phdm cua De
tai cdp Nhd nudc "Chuyen dich co cau xd hpi
ttong phat tridn xd hdi vd qudn ly phat tridn
xa hdi vung kinh td ttpng didm phia Nam ddn
nam 2020" (KX.02.20/11-15)
2 Nguon d u lieu
Bdi vidt dya ttdn ngudn dtt lieu cudc khao
sat ciia Dd tdi nghien ciiu Ca cdu xd hgi, ldi
sdng vd phuc lgi cua cu ddn Thdnh phd Hd
Chi Minh hiin nay thyc hien nam 2009-2010
do Sd Khoa hpc vd cdng nghe Thdnh phd Hd
Chi Minh tdi ttp Chu nhidm Dd tdi Id Bui Thd
Cudng va co quan chii tri la Vien Khoa hpc xa
hdi vung Nam Bd
Chpn mau khdo sdt ciia De tai thiet ke theo
hudng dgi dipn cho ddn cu Thanh phd Lap
danh sach mau co bdn gdm tdt cd qudn huydn
vd xd phudng thi frdn vdo ndm 2009 Danh
sdch xep theo qud ttinh lan tda dd thi hda, ldn
lugt thanh 4 nhdm Nhdm 1: cac qugn trung
tam hinh thanh ldu ddi Nhdm 2; cac qugn ven
bao quanh trung tam Nhdm 3: cac qugn mdi
tdch tu ndm 1997 Nhdm 4: cac huydn ngoai
thdnh Tiep theo, todn bd 322 phudng thi ttdn
xd xdp theo trgt ty ciia bdn nhdm ndi frdn Dua
fren danh sach tdng thd dd, chpn ngau nhidn 30
phudng thi fran xa Tgi moi phudng thi ttdn xa
da chpn, dua vao y kidn ciia chinh quyen dia
phuong, chpn ba cum dan cu d ba miic sdng
khdc nhau (ngheo, trung bmh, kha) Tgi mdi
cym ddn cu, dua ttdn danh sach hp gia dinh
ciia dia phuong, chpn ngau nhidn 12 hd gia
dinh Ket qud, 36 hp gia dinh tgi moi phudng
thi trdn xd dupc chpn Tdng sd cd 1.080 hp
gia dinh frong 30 phudng thi frdn xa cua toan
Thanh phd vao mau khdo sat Mdi hd ttong
danh sach nghidn cuu phdng vdn mdt ngudi
dupc hp xem la ngudi dgi dien chmh cua hd
(thudng la chu hd, nhung khdng nhdt thidt)
Dieu tra vien chpn ngau nhidn vd gidi (ngudi dgi dien hodc vg/chdng ngudi dai didn) de ddm bao ty le can bdng gidi ttong sd ngudi tra ldi Tuy nhidn, d Thdnh phd khi ngudi phdng van ddn hd gia dinh, ntt gidi thudng d nhd, cdn nam gidi thudng di vdng Vi vgy, ttong mau khdo sdt, ty Id nam so vdi ntt ciia ngudi tta ldi
Id 45,5% so vdi 54,5% Thu thdp dtt lieu d dia ban nghidn cuu tien hanh ttong thdng 3-4/2010 (Md ta chi tiet thii tuc chpn mau xem: Bui Thd Cudng, 2012)
3 K h u n g phan loai nhom nghe nghiep va tang ldp t r u n g luu
Mpt phuong phdp nghien ciiu phdn tang
xa hdi thdng dung la phan chia dan cu thdnh cdc nhdm vi thd xa hdi, vd thudng dya tren nghd nghiep (Harol Kerbo, 2011; Le Thanh Sang, 2010) Dya trdn bang ma nghe do Tong cue Thdng kd ban hdnh chinh thuc, Dd tdi KX.02.20/11-15 xay dung mdt khung phan loai CO cdu nghd nghidp gdm 13 nhdm (Biii Thd Cudng, 2014a)
Dya tten khung phdn loai tren, dd phyc vy cho chu de bai viet ndy, chung tdi xdc dinh
9 nhdm nghd tao thu nhgp Dd Id: (1) Lanh dao, quan ly Ddng, Nha nudc, doan thd xd hpi,
CO quan hanh chinh sy nghiep frong khu vyc Ddng, Nha nudc, dodn thd; (2) Lanh dao, qudn
ly cdng ty ttong khu vyc tu nhdn; (3) Chii eo
sd kinh doanh hg gia dinh phi ndng nghiep; (4) Chuyen mdn ky thugt, nghiep vy, dich vy, thuong mai; (5) Ndng ddn ldp ttdn; (6) Cdng nhan, thg thu cdng; (7) Ndng dan ldp gitta; (8) Ndng ddn ldp dudi; (9) Lao dpng gidn don phi ndng nghiep
Trong 9 nhdm nghd nghidp ay, chung tdi xep 5 nhdm tten vdo khdi "tdng ldp trung luu"
Do hgn chd c 5 mau cua khao sdt d Thdnh phd
Hd Chi Minh 2010, nen nhdm "Ndng dan ldp tten" khdng xudt hipn vd mat thdng ke Vi thd, khdi tdng ldp trung luu ttong phan tich nay se chi bao gdm 4 nhdm nghd nghipp Dd Id: (1)
Trang 3Lanh dgo, quan ly Dang, Nhd nudc, doan thd
xa hdi, CO quan hanh chinh sy nghiep ttong
khu vuc Dang, Nha nudc, doan thd (dudi day
se ggi tdt la "Qudn ly Nhd nudc"); (2) Lanh
dao, qudn ly cdng ty ttong khu vyc tu nhan (gpi
tdt: "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhan"); (3) Chu co sd
kinh doanh hd gia dinh phi ndng nghiep (gpi
tdt: "Chii kinh doanh hp gia dinh"); (4) Chuyen
mdn ky thugt, nghiep vu, dich vu, thuong mai
(gpi tdt: "Chuyen mdn")
So ngudi dgi dien hp gia dinh khi phdng
van ma dang cd vide lam Id 661 ngudi trong
tdng sd 1.080 hd gia dinh dupc khdo sdt (chidm
61,2%) Trong 661 ngudi dang cd vide lam tai
thdi diem phdng van, cd 383 ngudi thupc tang
ldp trung luu (chiem 57,9%) Day la nhdm dtt
lieu duge dua vao phan tich trong bai viet
Trong todn bp tang ldp trung luu cung nhu
ttong moi nhdm thudc tang ldp nay, chiing tdi
phan bipt 2 bgc "Trung luu tten" va "Trung
luu dudi" Nhu vgy, tdng ldp trung luu d day
cd 4 nhdm vd 8 tidu nhdm Trung luu tren ciia
nhdm "Quan ly Nha nudc" gdm 2 bac ttdn
(cao cap va trung cap tren), cdn trung luu dudi
cua nhdm ndy gdm 2 bac dudi (trung cap dudi
va so cap) Trung luu tten cua nhdm "Qudn
ly cdng ty tu nhan" gdm chu sd hflu hay qudn
ly cdng ty ldn, cdn ttung luu dudi cua nhdm
ndy gdm chu sd httu hay quan ly cdng ty nhd
Trung luu ttdn cua nhdm "Chuydn mdn" gdm
2 bdc trdn trong Bang 1 (cao cap va trung cap
tten), cdn trung luu dudi cua nhdm nay gdm
2 bgc dudi (ttung cap dudi va so cdp) Viec
xdc dinh trung luu tren va dudi cua nhdm
"Chu kinh doanh hp gia dinh" theo cdch lay
trung binh thu nhap binh qudn ddu ngudi hd
gia dinh cua todn bp nhdm nay lam ngudng
phan logi Ho cd thu nhgp binh quan ddu ngudi
trdn ngudng dugc xdp vdo trung liru trdn Va
ngugc lgi thi xdp vdo ttung luu dudi Ttt sd
luong trung luu tren va dudi cua moi nhdm
ndi ttdn, chiing tdi cpng lai dd cd sd lugng va
tv Id ciia trung luu frdn vd dudi ciia todn bd
tdng ldp ttung luu
Trinh bay ve chpn mau khdo sat va khung phdn tich neu trdn chi ra mdt sd hgn chd can luu y khi xem xet va su dung kdt qud phdn tich Trudc hdt, day la mpt khdo sat co mau tuong ddi nhd, nhat la ndu so sanh vdi qudn thd nghidn ciiu ldn va da dang nhu dan cu Thanh phd Hd CM Minh Chpn ngdu nhien dia ban khao sat chi dya ttdn danh sach don vi, khdng gia trpng theo quy md dan cu Dgi dipn hp gia dinh tta ldi phdng van cd ty Id ntt cao hon nam Tdng sd ngudi trd ldi ma dang cd vide ldm la 661 ngudi, trong do nhdm dupc phan tich (xdp vao tdng ldp trung luu) Id 383 ngudi Trong khi dd, khung phan logi tang ldp trung Imi su dung cho phan tich lai bao gdm tdi 4 nhdm vd 8 tidu nhdm Do vay, can than trpng vdi sd lieu phan to theo nhdm va tidu nhdm Nhieu chi sd theo nhdm va tidu nhdm khdng
cd y nghTa thdng ke, chi mang tinh tham khdo
so bd cho mpt khung phan loai tang ldp trung luu mang tinh ly thuydt
4 Cor cau nhom nghd nghiep va tang ldp
t r u n g lini Kdt qua khao sat md td ty lp phan tram ciia
9 nhdm frong co cdu nghe nghidp cua ngudi frd ldi dai didn hp gia dinh trong mau khdo sat Theo dd, phan bd chung cua 9 nhdm nghe nghidp d Thanh phd nhu sau:
1 Ldnh dao, quan ly Ddng, Nha nudc, dodn thd xa hdi, co quan hdnh chinh su nghiep ttong khu vyc Ddng, Nha nudc, doan the: 3,6%;
2 Ldnh dgo, qudn ly cdng ty trong khu vyc tunhan: 2 , 1 % ;
3 Chu CO sd kinh doanh hp gia dinh phi ndng nghiep: 17,4%;
4 Chuydn radn k j thudt, nghidp vu, djch
vy, thuong mgi: 34,8%;
5 Ndng dan ldp trdn; 0,0%;
6 Cdng nhan, thg thu cdng: 23,1%;
7 Ndng dan ldp gitta: 0,5%;
Trang 48 Ndng ddn ldp dudi: 3,6%;
9 Laoddnggiandoni^ndngnghidp:14,8%
Co cdu trdn cd the kdt hpp theo vdi edeh
dd nhin nhdn tinh chdt giai tdng xa hdi cua
Thanh phd Nhin biic tranh theo nhiing ket
hgp khac nhau, ta thay co cau ay cd mdt sd
ddc didm dang chu y Trudc hdt, ta thay day
Id thdnh phd cua tinh thdn kinh doanh tu
nhdn, khi cu 5 ngudi thi cd 1 ngudi Id quan
ly cdng ty hodc chd kinh doanh hd gia dinh
Ddy cung Id thdnh phd cua cac giai cdp cdng
nhdn lao dpng, gdm cdng nhan cd trdng vd
cdng nhdn cd xanh (cdng nhan, thp thu cdng
cd hoac khdng cd tay nghe) Hp chidm 57,9%
tdng sd ngudi tta ldi Ndu tinh cd ndng dan vd
lao ddng gidn don, thi ty Id ldn tdi 76,8% dan
eu dang ldm vide Day cung Id thanh phd ciia
tdng ldp trung luu: 4 nhdm hpp thanh tang
ldp trung luu theo khung phan loai ndu tten
chidm 57,9% Nhttng kdt hgp ttdn cho thay,
vd CO bdn vd so vdi phdn cdn lai trong vung
Nam Bp cung nhu ed nudc (Ld Thanh Sang,
2010 vd 2011; Dd Thidn Kinh, 2012), co cdu
xa hpi cua Thdnh phd Hd Chi Minh mang tinh
trung luu rd hon
Ty lp trung luu tten so vdi trung luu dudi
chdnh lpeh kha ldn: 13,1% so vdi 88,7%
Nhdm "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhdn" cd ty Id trung
luu tren cao hon nhidu: 35,7% Trong khi do
ty lp nay d nhdm "Quan ly Nhd nudc" chi la
8,3%, d nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh"
la 14,8% vd dnhdm "Chuyen mdn" la 11,3%
Ket qua khdo sdt cho thdy ty ttpng ttong
tdng ldp trung luu rat chdnh lech gitta cac
nhdm Nhdm "Quan ly Nha nudc" chidm 6,3%
ttong gidi trung luu Con sd ndy cao hon hdn
ty ttpng ciia nhdm "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhan"
(3,7%) Cdn nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia
dinh" chidm 30,0% va nhdm "Chuyen mdn"
chidm tdi 60,1% Ndi each khac, hinh anh chu
dgo ciia tdng ldp trung luu Thanh phd Hd Chi
Minh la ngudi lam chuyen mdn (hay cdng
nhan cd ttdng) vd ngudi kmh doanh hd gia
dinh Day cung la hinh dnh chii dgo cua gidi trung lim dudi Cdn gidi tnmg luu tren thi hinh dnh khac ddi chiit, do ty frpng ngudi trung lim fren d nhdm "Quan ly Nhd nudc" va "(Juan ly cdng ty tu nhdn" tdng cdng chidm 14,0%
4 Phdn bd khu vyc va d^c diem nhan khau tang ldp trung luoi
Xet theo khu vuc, khdo sdt cho thdy tdng ldp trung luu cu tni nhieu hon d dd thi Trong
dd thi, tdng ldp nay chidm tdi 65,7% so vdi 34,4% Id ngudi thude cdc nhdm nghd khdng phai tdng ldp trung luu Cdn d ndng thdn, tang ldp ttung luu chidm 33,8% so vdi 66,2% khdng thudc tdng ldp frung luu
Khudn mau nhu the deu tuong ty d cd 4 nhdm cda tdng ldp trung luu Nhung ngoai tni nhdm "Qudn ly Nhd nudc", d 3 nhdm cdn lgi chenh lech khd cao Ty ttpng ciia nhdm "Qudn
ly cdng ty" sdng d dd thi gap 4,3 ldn ty trpng ctia nhdm nay sdng d ndng thdn Ty frpng ciia nhdm "Chii kinh doanh hp gia dinh" song d do thi gap 2,3 lan ty frpng ciia nhdm nay sdng d ndng thdn Ty frpng cua nhdm "Chuydn mdn" sdng d do thi gap 1,8 ldn ty ttpng cua nhdm nay sdng d ndng thdn Luu y day la phan bd
cu tni Trong ngay ldm vide, mpt phdn ddng ke tang ldp trung luu sdng d ndng thdn se tdi lam vide d khu vyc do thi
Ve khia canh gidi, trong tdng Idp trung luu dugc phdng vdn, cd 45,2% Id nam va 54,8% la ntt Nhung hinh dnh gidi rat tuong phan gitta trung luu trdn va trung luu dudi
CJ bgc trung luu tten, nam gidi chiem 64,0% cdn nu gidi chidm 36,0% Ngugc lai, ty le nay d trung luu dudi la 42,3% vd 57,7% Ndi each khdc, ngudi trung luu trdn mang khudn mat thidn vd dan dng, cdn ngudi trung luu dudi mang khudn mat thien vd phy ntt Xet theo nhdm, khuon mau gidi chia thdnh
2 khdi ro ret Khdi 1 gdm nhdm "Quan ly Nhd nudc" va "Quan ly cdng ty tu nhan" vdi ty
le nam dp dao Ty le nam so vdi ntt d nhdm
Trang 5"Qudn \f Nhd nudc" la 58,3% so vdi 41,7%
Ty lp nay d nhdm "Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhan"
cdn cao hon: 78,6% so vdi 21,4% Tuong quan
gidi nhu thd diing cd cho bgc trung luu ttdn lan
trung luu dudi
Khdi 2 gdm nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia
dinh" va nhdm "Chuydn mdn", vd tucmg quan
gidi ngugc vdi khdi 1 C) nhdm "Chu kinh
doanh hd gia dinh", ty le nu dp dao: 63,5%
so vdi 36,5% Ty Id ntt so vdi nam d nhdm
"Chuyen mdn" la 53,9% so vdi 46,1% Nhung
khac vdi 2 nhdm thupc khdi 1, tucmg quan
gidi gitta bac trung luu ttdn va trung luu dudi
d 2 nhdm thudc khdi 2 Id khdc nhau Trong bac
trung luu ttdn cua nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd
gia dinh", cd 52,9% la nam gidi va 4 7 , 1 % Id
ntt gidi, chdnh lech 6 didm phdn trdm C) bac
trung luu tren cua nhdm "Chuyen mdn" chenh
lech rd ret hon: 61,5% nam so vdi 38,5% ntt,
cdch bidt tdi 23 diem phan trdm Ty lp gidi
bi ddo ngugc hodn todn d bac trung luu dudi
Trong nhdm "Chii kinh doanh hg gia dinh", d
bdc trung luu dudi cd 33,7% nam va 66,3%
ntt Trong nhdm "Chuydn mdn" d bgc ttung
luu dudi cd 4 4 , 1 % nam va 55,9% ntt
Ndi khdi quat, ngudi trung luu "quan ly
Nhd nudc" va "quan ly cdng ty tu nhdn" (ed
trung iuu frdn vd trung luu dudi) mang guong
mdt thien ve dan dng Ngudi trung luu ttdn
"chtt kinh doanh hd gia dinh" va "chuyen
mdn" cung vdy Nhung ngudi trung luu dudi
kinh doanh hp gia dinh vd ldm chuyen mdn
thidn vd guong mat phy ntt Phdn bo gidi nhu
thd phan anh phdn ndo bat binh ddng gidi theo
nhdm vd theo bgc ttong tdng ldp trung luu
Md ta phdn bd tudi ttong tdng ldp trung
luu Thanh phd Tudi trung binh ciia todn mdu
khdo sat (661 ngudi ttd ldi dang lam viec) la
45 4 Tudi trung binh cua tang ldp trung luu
cao hon ddi chiit (45,8) Dp tudi trung binh
cua nhdm "Qudn ly Nha nudc" va "Chu kinh
doanh hO gia dinh" cao hon dp tudi trung binh
chung, ldn lugt la 54,0 va 49,2 tudi Cdn dp
tudi trung binh cua nhdm "Quan ly cdng ty tu nhan" va "Chuyen mdn" thi thap hon, lan lucrt
Id 40,6 vd 43,5 tudi Nhdm "Quan ly cdng ty
tu nhan" cd dp tudi binh quan tte nhdt ttong tang ldp trung luu, ddc bidt tudi trung binh cua trung luu dudi d nhdm ndy chi la 34,6 Xem xet phdn bd tudi theo bgc trung luu frdn va dudi, ta thay mpt sd dgc diem dang chii
y Trung luu trdn cd dp tudi trung binh tre hon trung luu dudi (43,8 so vdi 46,1), each biet 2,3 ndm 52,0% thanh vien ciia trung luu fren d dp tudi dudi 45
Nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh" vd
"Chuyen mon" eiing theo xu hudng ay nhung miic each bidt cao hon Dp tudi trung binh ciia trung luu tren nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh" la 44,1 cdn cua trung luu dudi Id 50,1 (each biet tdi 6 ndm) 58,8% thanh vien trung luu tten cua nhdm nay d dp tudi dudi 45
Dp tudi trung binh ciia trung luu ttdn nhdm
"Chuyen mdn" la 41,0 cdn cua trung luu dudi
Id 43,8 (cdch biet 2,8 nam) 57,7% thdnh vien tnmg luu ttdn cua nhdm nay d dp tudi dudi 45 Ngugc lai, ddi vdi nhdm "Qudn 1^ Nha nudc" vd "Quan ly cdng ty tu nhan", dp tudi trung binh cua trung luu ttdn cao hon ciia trung luu dudi Dp tudi trung binh cua trung luu trdn nhdm "Quan ly Nhd nudc" ldn tdi 59,0 cdn ciia trung luu dudi la 53,6 (cdch bidt 5,4 ndm)
Dp tudi trung binh eua trung luu tten nhdm
"Qudn ly cdng ty tu nhdn" la 51,4 cdn cua trung luu dudi la 34,6 (each bidt tdi 16,8 ndm)
5 Ket luan
Phan bd co cdu xa hdi theo nghd nghiep d Thanh phd Hd Chi Minh mang tinh trung luu
rd ret, vdi ddc trung ndi bat la kinh doanh tu nhan (cdng ty hoac hd gia dinh, ttong do kinh doanh hd gia dinh la phd bidn) va cdng nhan
cd frang (lam chuyen mdn ve kj* thudt, nghidp
vu, dich vy, thuong mai) Nhung ty Id trung luu trdn frong tdng ldp nay (theo khung phan logi cua chiing tdi) khd thdp: 13,1% Didu nay
Trang 6mdt phdn do nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia
dinh" cd su phdn hda thu nhap kha ldn, dgi da
sd hp thupc nhdm nay cd mue thu nhap dudi
nguong trung binh cua toan nhdm Nd ciing
ggi y rdng cd it ngudi dgt bgc cao cap va trung ^
cap ttdn (theo phdn logi d Bang 1) ttong nhom
"Chuyen mdn" (cdng nhan cd ttang)
Ve cu tni, tang ldp trung luu chiem 65,7%
dan cu dd thi, va 33,8% ddn cu ndng thdn Vd
khia cgnh gidi, nhieu nam hon d bdc trung
luu ttdn, nhieu ntt hon d bac trung luu dudi ^
Nam nhidu hon d nhdm "Quan ly Nha nudc"
vd "Quan ly cdng ty tu nhan" Ntt nhieu hon
d nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd gia dinh" va
"Chuydn mdn" Ve tudi, dieu tuong doi ngge
nhidn la trung luu tren cd dp tudi trung binh
thap hon trung luu dudi Gan 60% thanh vien
trung luu trdn ciia nhdm "Chu kinh doanh hd
gia dinh" vd cua nhdm "Chuydn mdn" thupc 5
dp tudi dudi 45 Nhung d nhdm "Qudn ly Nha
nudc" vd "Qudn 1^ cdng ty tu nhdn" thi trung
luu tren cd dp tudi trung binh cao hon trung
luu dudi, va muc chenh lech Id ddng kd
Tinh trung luu ttong co cau xa hpi Thanh
phd Hd Chi Minh Id mdt dac trung quan ttpng
lam nen ban sdc kinh td, xa hdi vd vdn hda 6
cua Thanh phd Ld mdt ngudn lyc van hda-xa
hdi quan ttpng, giai tang trung luu cua Thanh
phd can dupe ddo sau nghien ciiu Hieu biet
vd ngudn vdn (kinh td, tdi chinh) cd tam quan
ttpng frong kinh td hpc va chinh sdch kinh td
Tucmg tu, hieu bidt vd tinh chdt va ngudn luc n
ciia tang ldp trung luu ciing cd y nghia ldn ddi
vdi nhdn thuc nghidn ciiu xa hdi, chinh tti va
chinh sdch xa hpi
Tdi lifu tham khao
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Le Hai Yen, Bui Thi Thao, Ly Dai Hung, Khdng rd ndm va noi xudt ban