Dinh tmding xay duhg xa hoi hoc tap d Viet Nam trong dieu lien phat trien nen linh te tri thufc liien nay • ThS TRAN H 6 N G Dyc TfiP&ng Cao ding Cong dong Ha Noi Xa hdi hgc tap XHHT
Trang 1Dinh tmding xay duhg xa hoi hoc tap
d Viet Nam trong dieu l(ien
phat trien nen l(inh te tri thufc liien nay
• ThS TRAN H 6 N G D(yc TfiP&ng Cao ding Cong dong Ha Noi
Xa hdi hgc tap (XHHT) Id mdt xa hdi ma d do ai ciing dugc hgc tap, hgc tap khdng ngiing, hgc tap sudt ddi, hgc tap trd thdnh cdng viec ciia toan xa hgi Theo xu hudng phat hidn XHHT, he thdng gido dye qudc ddn d Viet Nam hien nay da dinh hinh gdm hai tidu he thdng: He thdng gido dye ban dau va he thdng gido due tiep tue ngoai xa hdi Bai viet da dua ra nhiing dinh hudng xdy dyng vd phat tridn XHHT d Viet Nam, day ciing chinh la yeu td then chdt de ddm bao hgc tap trd thanh cdng vide ciia toan xa hdi
1 Xa hoi hgc tap (XHHT) la xu th^ tat y^u trong
di^u kien phat trien nIn kinh tl tri tbiic nhan loai
Trong nhiing nam cudi the ky XX ddu the ky XXI,
cugc cdch mgng khoa hgc vd cdng nghd dd mang Igi
nhiing tiidnh tyu vi dgi, tao didu kien de tung budc
hinh thanh mdt nen kinh te mdi; Kinh te tri thiic
(Knowledge Economy) Sy phdn hda giua cdc nudc
phdt tiidn vd cdc nude cham phdt tiien cdng gia tang
Tgi dien dan kinh te OECD nam 2001, bdo cdo ciia
Ban thu ky OECD da nhdn dinh, nhiing qudc gia cd
chinh sdch phat hidn kinh td tri thiic da tang tiirdng rdt
nhanh, cdn nhimg qudc gia khdc da tut hdu ngdy edng
lo ret ban Sy khdng c|^ nhdt tii thiic mdi trong qua
trinh Ido hda tri thiic tang tdc, nhdt la sy bdt cap vdi
cdng nghe mdi, cdng nghe cao la ydu td hdng ddu cua
sy phdn hda ngdy cang sdu sac giiia cdc nudc phat tiidn
va cac nudc kem phat tridn
Dd giai quyet bdi todn phdt trien, nhan logi phdi tinh
ddn ydu td con ngudi vdi nang lye sdng tgo tri thiic
mdi vd tii dd, phai tu duy Igi vd vdn dd gido due Trong
bdi vidt "Gido dye - mgt kho ban tiem tang", Jacques
Delors, nguyen Chu tich Hdi ddng Chdu Au, Chii tich
Uy ban Quoc td vd Giao due thd ky XXI da nhdn
manh: 'T)di mat vdi nhiduthach tiiiic ma tuong lai sap
san, nhan loai xem giao dye nhu mdt bidn phdp cdn thidt de nhdm thye h i ^ duge nhiing ly tudng hda binh,
ty do va cdng bang xa hdi, v.v Gido due cd vai trd can bdn Uong sy phat tridn cd nhdn va xa hdi Gido due khdng phai la phuong thuoc thdn ky va ciing khdng phai la mdt cdng thiic ky dieu de md canh cua di vao mdt the gidi tror^ dd mgi ly tudng deu cd the tiiyc hidn dugc, ma chi la mgt trong sd cac phuang tien chinh san
cd thiic day hinh thdi phat tridn nhdn loai sau sac hen, hdi hda hon va do do, lam giam bdt tinh trar^ ngheo khd, sy bai trCr, sy ngu ddt, sy dp biic va chien tranh"*^ Theo quan didm cua GS, TS Pham Tdt Dong, nguyen Phd Tmdng Ban Khoa giao Tnmg uong, nguydn Phd Vien trudng Vidn Khoa hgc Gido dye Viet Nam, hien la Phd Chu tich kiem Tong Thu ky Trung uong Hdi Khuyen hgc Vet Nam khi ban ve XHHT, tiudc tinh hinh cua mgt the gidi ddy bidn ddng vd bdt dinh, giao dye phai giiip cho con ngudi cd du Idia nang vugt qua nhiing thdch thiic, gidi quyet dugc nhiing
mdu thudn ndy smh trong thdi dai Ddc biet la mdu
thudn giira suphdt trien phi thudng ve tri thiic vdi ndng lifc CO hgn ciia con ngudi trong tiip thu tri thirc mai Mudn vdy, phdi tinh ddn sy thay ddi md bmh giao
due, phuong thiic gido due vd nhdt la giiip cho con
Trang 2ngudi dugc hgc hanh thudng xuydn
Nen gido due ma nhan loai dinh hudng ndi tren chi
cd duge khi md uong xa hgi thyc hidn dugc phuong
thiic gido due thudng xuydn, ddo tao lidn tue, hgc tap
sudt ddi Nhan loai da timg phdn ddu de gido due den
vin tung con ngudi va cd gang de mgi ngudi deu thay
trdch nhiem xdy dung gido due Nhung, d the ky nay,
dieu dd chua dii Vdn dd la ai cCing hgc tgp, ai ciing
phdi cd nghia vu hgc vi mdt ddt nudc, vi mdt thd gidi
phdt tridn, hgc hdi trong nhiing thdi gian va khdng gian
edn thidt, khdng phan biet tudi tac, gidi tutii, nghe
nghidp, frinh do hgc van, ai ciing cd the lam trd va
ai eung cd thd ldm thay de mdi ngudi dugc di vao
nhidu dang khac nhau ciia tri thiic, dd tidp thu nhirng
tri thiic md nhdn loai sdng tgo ra vd ciing Id dd ty minh
gdp phdn tao ra nhiing tri thiie mdi Xa hdi ay, xa hdi
cd ndn gido due nhu vdy, duge ggi ta xa hdi hgc tap
Trong xu thd tdt ydu eua nhdn logi hien nay, van de
edp bdeh cdn phai giai quydt la Viet Nam can phai lam
gi dd xdy dyng vd phdt tiidn mdt XHHT?
2 Xay dung he thong giao due qudc dan theo
xu hirdng XHHT ff Vidt Nam hien nay
Thang 9 ndm 1949, Chii tich Hd Chi Minh da ghi
len tirang ddu quyen so vdng ciia trudng Nguyen Ai
Qudc d Chien khu Vet Bac la:
"Hgc de lam viec
ldm ngudi
ldm can bp
Hgc de phung sy doan the
phung sy giai cap va nhan dan
phung sy Td qudc vd nhan logi
Mudn dat muc dich thi phai
can, kiem, Hem, chinh, chi cdng vd tu"<^'
Hoc tap sudt ddi, hgc tap thudng xuydn, hgc tap
cho mpi ngudi la ndi dung chii yeu cua tu tudng Hd
Chi Minh vd su hpc Ddy ciing la ngi dung cdt ldi cua
khai niem XHHT ma Dang vd Nha nudc ta ehu trucmg
xdy dung tong bdi cdnh tiid gidi dang cd nhung ddi
thay to idn vd nhanh chdng tmdc sy phdt tridn mgnh
me ciia cdeh mang khoa hpc vd cdng nghe, su bimg
nd ciia each mang thdng tin
Dgi hpi IX cua Dang da nhdn manh vide "ddy
manh phong trdo hpc tap frong nhdn dan bdng nhiing
hinh thiic giao due chinh quy vd khdng chinh quy",
thye hien "gido due cho mgi ngudi", "cd nudc trd
thdnh mdt XHHT' Ddn Dgi hgi XI, Dang ta tidp t^c neu rd: "Doi mdi manh me ndi dung, chuong hinh, phuong phap day vd hgc d tdt ca cdc cdp, bgc bgc Tidi eye chudn bi de tir sau nam 2015 thirc hien chuang tiinh gido dye phd thdng mdi Md rdng vd ndng ca| chdt lugng ddo tgo ngoai ngii Nha nudc tang ddu ^ dong thdi day manh xa hgi hda, huy ddng todn xa hgi ehdm lo phat trien gido dye Phat tiien nhanh va nang cao chat lugng giao due d vimg khd khan, viing niii, viing ddng bdo dan tpc thieu sd Day manh phong trao khuydn hgc, khuydn tdi, xay dyng XHHT; md rpng cac phuang thiic ddo tao tii xa vd he thdng cdc trung tdm hgc tap cdng ddng, tmng tdm giao due thudr^ xuydn Thyc hidn tot binh dang ve co hdi hgc tap va cdc chittii saeh xa hdi uong giao duc"<^' Quan triet dudng Idi lanh dao ciia Ddng, hd thdng giao due quoc dan nudc ta hien nay da dinh hinh theo xu hudng phat tiien XHHT gom hai tieu he thong: He thdng giao dye ban dau va he thdng giao due tiep tue
- Hi thdng ^do due ban ddu dugc td chirc theo cac
cdp hgc, bdc hgc, tir thdp len cao: Nhd fre - mdu giao, mdm non, tidu hgc, trung hgc co sd, frimg hgc pho thong, trung cdp, cao dang, dgi hgc, sau dai hgc va hoc tap trung, hpc theo nien chd Ddy la he thdng giao dpc chinh quy frong nhd trudng
- He thong gido due tiep luc, gido due ngodixdhQi
gdm nhiing trudng Idp, nhiing td chiic hgc tap theo phuang thiie gido due khdng chinh quy hoac phi chinh quy (cdn gi hgc nay) He thong giao due tiep tue co
md hinh td ehiic linh boat, mem deo; chuong trinh, ngi dung dgy - hgc theo nhu cau cua ngudi hgc, lay tir hoc, hgc tir xa ldm hinh thiic hgc tap chii dgo; viec day -hpc dugc tidn hanh ttong cac eo sd gido dye td chiic theo edc myc dich, yeu cdu cua ngudi hgc gom cac lop xda mii chii, tiudng hay Idp bd tiic van hda, khoa hay Idp tai chiic, trung tdm gido dye thudng xuydn tiirdng hay trung tam dgy nghd, trung tam hgc tap cdng dong Idp hpc gia dinh, Idp hgc ddng hg
Vide dd cao phirong thiic hgc tap sudt ddi phai di ddi vdi dd cao nang lyc ty hgc cua mdi ngudi Ng^ nay frong dieu kien phat tridn nhanh chdng eua each mgng khoa hgc vd cdng ngh$, khdng ai cd the coi Ideii thirc ciia giao dye b ^ ddu tiic gido dye tii nha fre den dai hgc vd tiidn dai hpc lai cd thd dii cho cd ddi nguoi^
Vi vay, phdi tiep tue hgc t ^ , hpc khong bao gid ngin^
Trang 3phdi tiiay ddi tu duy gjdo due phu hgp vdi xu the chung
xem giao dye ddo tao la ydu td quyet dinh tuong lai
eiia mdi ddn tdc, sy phat trien cua mdi qudc gia
3 Dinh hudng xdy dung va phat trien XHHT o
Vidt Nam trong nhihig nam toi
O Viet Nam, xay dung XHHT vira la mdt nhiem
vu cdp bach, vua la mdt yeu cdu chidn luge lau dai
quydt dinh tiidnh cdng cua sy nghipp CNH, HDH dat
nudc, ciia qua trinh dua nen kinh td ddt nudc tiianh
mgt nen kinb te tii tiiiic, dua xa hgi Vet Nam thdnh
mOt xd hdi tri tiid, hi?n dai, hgi nhgp kinb td thd gidi
Didu nay da quy dinh qud tiinh xdy dyng vd phdt trien
XHHT cdn fr^i qua hai giai dogn vdi nhiing chii y sau:
- Trong giai dogn ddu, xdy dung XHHT phdi gan
lien vdi mifc tiiu tdng trudng kinh te, phdt trien xd hpi,
xda ddi gidm ngheo, thuc hipn edng bdng xd hpi Phat
tridn hgc tdp la de tao ra sy tdng trudng kinh td nhanh
va ben viing Dd lam dugc dieu dd tiii phai dya vao
khoa hgc vd cdng nghd, dya vao mpt nen san xudt bdn
vimg Bdo dam sy tang tmdng nhat thdi da Id mot vide
khd, cdn phdi dam bdo tang trudng ben vung Igi cdng
khd hon Ddi vdi bai toan tang trudng, dii kidn quan
Q:gng nhat la tri tu? cua dan tgc
- O giai dogn sau, viec phdt trien XHHT cdng
chinh Id phdt triin kinh te tri thiic vdi nguon nhdn luc
chdt lugng cao, tren ca s& ddu tu vdo mpt sd vdn de
then chdt Nhanh chdng phdt trien he tiidng gido due
sau tnmg hgc ttong cdng ddng dd tri thirc hda cdng
nhan, ndng ddn, tao ra dpi ngQ lao ddng tri thiic Dai
chiing hda giao due sau trung hgc phdi dugc coi la mot
hudng phdt trien giao due quan trpng; tdng ddu tu eho
gjdo dye dd tang tu ban con ngudi (vdn con ngudi)
Mudn ldm dugc dieu nay thi ngay tii bdy gid phdi ddi
mdi tu duy gjdo dye, xda quan niem ehi phi cho gido
due Id chi phi tidu dung, thay vao dd Id quan nigm vd
ehi phi cho gido due mang tinh san xudt
Dai hdi dgi bieu todn qudc Idn thii Xn ciia Ddng tidp
tue khdng dinh: "Gido due Id qudc sach hang ddu Tidp
tue ddi mdi manh me, ddng bg cdc ydu tb co bdn cua
gido due, dao tao tiieo hudng coi trgng phdt tiidn phdm
chdt, nang lyc eua ngudi hgc Chuydn mgnh qua trinh
gido due tii chii ylu trang bi kidn thiic sang phat tridn
haan didn nang lyc vd phdm chdt ngudi hgc: yen gia
dtab, yeu T6 qudc, ydu ddng bdo, sdng tdt vd lam viec
hidu qua Tmig budc hoan tiiidn he thdng gido dye qudc
ddn theo hudng he thdng giao due md, bgc tap sudt ddi
vd xdy dyng XHHT Quy hogch Igi mang ludi ca sd gido due, ddo tgo gan vdi quy hoach phat trien kinh td
vd xa bdi, ydu cau phat tiidn ngudn nhan lyc vd tiii tiudng lao dpng Ddi mdi can ban cdng tac qudn ly giao due, ddo tao, bao ddm dan chii, thdng nhdt, chdt lugng; tang quyen ty chii va trach nhiem xa hgi ciia cdc co sd giao due, ddo tgo Phdt tiidn ddi ngu nhd giao va can bd qudn ly gido dye; ddi mdi chinh sdch, co chd tdi chinh, huy ddng va sii dung hieu qua mgi ngudn lyc ddu tu dd phat trien gjdo due vd ddo tgo Phdn ddu den nam 2030, nen gido due Viet Nam dat trinh do tien tidn frong khu vyc"'''l QuydtdinhcuaThiitudngChinhphiisd 89/C^-TTg/09-0I-2013 vd Phe duyet Dd an "Xay ( ^ XHHT giai dogn 2012-2020" da neu ro ba quan diem chi dao:
Mpt la: Trong XHHT, mgi cd nhdn cd ttach nhiem
hgc t ^ tiiudng xuydn, sudt ddi, tan dyng mgi ca hpi hge tgp dd ldm ngudi edng ddn tdt; ed nghd, lao ddng vdi hidu qua ngdy cdng cao; hgc cho bdn thdn vd nhiing ngudi xung quanh hanh phiic; hgc dd gdp phan phdt tridn qud huong, ddt nudc vd nhan loai
Hai Id: Cac co quan nha nudc, cac td ehiic kinh td,
td chiic xa hgi, don vi vii ttang nhdn ddn, cdng ddng dan cu vd gia dinh cd trdeh nhidm eung ung cdc co hdi hgc tlqj vd tao didu kidn thudn Igi dd mpi ngudi dugc hpc tdp suot ddi
5a/a.'Xdy dyng XHHT dya trdn ndn tdng phdt trien d&ig thdi, gdn ket vd lidn ihdng giira giao due chinh quy
vd gido due thudng xuydn; ddy mgnh edc hoat ddng bgc
tap sudt ddi d ngodi nhd frudng; mi tidn cdc ddi tixgng
chinh sdch, ngudi dan tpc, phu nii, ngudi bi thidt Ihdi Nhu vgy, dd xay dyng vd phdt tridn duge mdt XHHT d Vdt Nam hidn nay vd ttong nhiing nam tdi, chimg ta can thiet phdi t ^ trung thyc hidn ddng bO bdn dinh hudng Idn sau ddy:
Thu nhdt, chuyin tir nhd trudng dgy Hen thuc sang dgy tri thue De cd tri thiic va nang luc, duong nhien
ngudi hpc van can cd kien thiic, nhung ed Iden thuc mdi la nita dudng, tir kidn thiic phai bidn thanh tri thiic
va nang lyc mdi Id myc tieu cudi cung cdn hudng ddn Kidn thiic chi nhu ngudn vdt lieu xdy dyng, cdn tri tiiiic va ndng lyc mdi Id khd nang xdy dugc ngdi nlid hodn tiiidn Cd nhidu vdt hdu ma khdng bidt xdy nha thi eung vd nghia Cd ngudi khd nhidu kidn thiic sach
vd, nhung Igi khdng cd ndng lyc dd gidi quydt cdc vdn
Trang 4dd hen quan Vi vdy, tii Idu edc nhd gjao due hpc da
phai ndu phuong cham hgc gan vdi hdnh Do vgy, phai
dieu kidn dd ngudi hgc chuyen hi hgc dd bidt dugc
sang hgc dd hieu vd ldm dugc, bidn kien thiic thdnh tn
thirc vd nang lyc ciia minh Thay ddi tmh ti:ang hgc
sinh, sinh vien nudc ta hidn nay van thidn ve ly thuyet
ma kem khd nang thyc hanh
Thir hai, chuyen tic nen gido due chinh guy, chi ehu
y din viec hgc ciia tre em md eoi nhe viic hgc tap ciia
nguai lan sang nen gido due ehdm lo viec hoe tap cho
mgi ngirdi thupc mgi lua tudi trong mpt XHHT Nen
giao due do bao gdm: he thdng giao due ehinh quy,
khdng chinh quy vd phi chinh quy Nha nudc phdi tgo
didu kien cho ngudi ddn dugc dang ky hgc phi chinh
quy, hgc tap ngodi nhd trudng, hgc bdt cii cai gi ma
ngudi dan can Dai hdi toan qudc Idn thii XI cua Dang
(2011) tiep tue xdc dinh: "Trong nhiing nam tdi, nhu
cdu hgc tap ciia nhan ddn ta ngdy edng cao vd da dgng
Xdy dyng va phat tridn he thdng hge tap sudt ddi, xdy
dung mpt xa hdi hpc tap Id chu tnrong Idn cua Ddng,
mpt cdng vide to Idn cd vai ttd quan trgng nham phat
huy ngudn lyc con ngudi; ydu cdu nay ddi hdi phai doi
mdi toan dien he thdng gido dye, lam cho giao due vd
dao tao khdng chi ddng kin ttong nhd trudng md cdn
cd the tidn hdnh ede boat ddng giao due vd dao tgo
thong qua lihidu hinh thirc td chiic phong phu, linh
hogt, td chiic ddo tao hdn thdng, mem deo, tao didu
kien thudn Igi dd mgi ngudi d mgi Iiia tudi duoc hoc
thudng xuydn, lidn tue, sudt ddi, dap ling nhu cau eua
san xuat va ddi sdng"<^J
Thic ba, chuyin tir nin gido due thudn tuy chgy
theo bdng cdp nhu hien nay sang nen gido due Men
dgi coi trgng viec hinh thdnh vd phdt trien tdi ndng vd
nhdn cdch Nhung ban chd, ydu kem chu yeu cua giao
due va dao tao nuoc ta trong nhung nam vua qua da
dugc Bd Gido dye va ddo tgo ehi id: Muc tieu gjao due
toan dien chua dugc hidu vd thyc hien dung; benh hinh
tiiiic, hu danh, chay tiieo bdng cap, Thyc td xa hgi
hidn nay da vd dang chimg mmh cd rat nhidu ngudi
tiianh danh, giau cd hoac it nhdt la sdng tdt nhd ed tay
nghe gidi, dii la nhung nghd dan gian nhu may, lam
tdc, ttang diem, sua xe mdy, d td, dau bdp, chii
khdng nhdt thidt phdi tdn kdm tidn bgc, cong siic, tudi
fre cd dugc tdm bing dai hgc nhung tiidt nghiep hoac
lai lam nghd tay chdn nhu mdt ngudi dig nghidp du
Do vgy, ben cgnh vide nd lyc ndng cao toydn truyen nhan Ihire cho ngudi dan vd mdt ndn giao due thyc hoc khdng chay theo bdng cdp, tiii vice ndng cao chSt lugng dao tgo nghd, phan ludng, dinh hudng cai (6 chuong tiinh dao tao ngay tir cap THPT se Id each tir vdn, hudng nghi?p hidu qud, thidt thyc nhdt,
Thu tu, chuyen tir khdu hiiu "Gido due cho moi ngudi" sang khdu hiiu "Cd nudc Id mpt XHHT"
NghTa Id chuyen tii co chd chi cd nhd nudc phai o6 ttach nhiem tao didu kipn hgc tap cho ngudi dan sai^
CO chd mgi ngudi dan ddu phdi cd trach nhiem hoc t^,
hgc tap de khdi bi thdt nghidp, bi xa hdi ddo tiiai, (&
khdng bi Igc bgu vd theo kip cdc budc tidn cua khoa hgc vd cdng nghe
Trong nhidu bdi vidt vd phat bidu, Chu tich Ho Chi Minh da can dan chiing ta phdi tranh thu hgc t ^ d md noi, mgi Iiic: "Hoc d trudng, d sach vd, hgc Idn nhau i^ hgc d nhan dan", "Hgc trong vide ldm bang ngay, trong vide Idn eiJng nhu vide nhd", "Hgc hdi la mot viec phai tiep tue sudt ddi" vd "Cdn sdng thi cdn phdi hpc"<^ Budc sang thd ky XXI trong dieu kien phat trien manh me ciia ndn kinh ^ tri thirc nhan loai, qua trinh xi^ dyng, phat tiien va hoan thien XHHT d Vet Nam la yeu
td tiien chdt dd dam bdo dugc viec hgc t ^ sudt ddi aia mgi ngudi, cd nghia Id dam bao nhu cau hoan thien ciia timg thanh vien trong cgng ddng vdi sy phat tridn kinh
td vd xa hOi vd sy binh ddng ve gido due vd dao tao, Co the coi day la mdt triet ly giao due nh3m xay dung ctra ngudi mdi thdng qua gjao due nhdn ban, td dam ban sac ddn tpc vd khai phdng con ngudi Vet Nam mdi bSng hgc sudt ddi trong xdy dung XHHT vdi vide cd giao due la sy nghidp cua Dang Nha nuac va toan danO
(1), Jacques Delors, Learning - The Treasure wifliin Report
to UNESCO of the [ntemational Commission on Education for the Twenty-fiist Century, Unesco publishing 19%, page 11,5, pnn-ted in French
(2) H6 Chi Minh, Todn lap, Nxb CTQG, H., 1996, T5, tr 684, (3) Ban Tuyen giio Trung uong, Tdi lieu hdi ddp vecdcvm kien dqi hgi dgi bieu todn quoc tan thuXI ciia Ddng, Nxb CTQG,
H,.2011,tr.40
(4) T6ng Bi thu Nguyin Phii Trpng, Todn van Bdo cdo eaa Ban Chap hdnh Trung mmg Ddng khoa XI vi cdc vdn kien Bqj hgiXIIcua Ddng, http://daihoil2.dangcongsan.vn, H ,2016, (5) Dang Cpng sSn Vi$t Nam, Van hen Dgi hoi dgi biSu toan qudc Idn thuXl, Nxb CTQG, H., 2011, tr 130
(6)H6ChiMinh,7ba«%Nxb,CTQG,H,,2011,T15,tr,113