Thu hai, theo nghia rdng, "xa hdi" chinh Id "Hinh thai kinh tl - xa hdi", do la xa hdi d giai dogn phdt tridn nhat dinh ciia lich sir, vdi quan hf san xuat thich iing vdi mdt trinh dg p
Trang 1NJPHAT TRIEN XA HOI VA QUAN LY PHAT TRIEN XA HOI
M 0 T S 6 VAN DELY LUAN
PGS TS NGUYEN THA NGHIA '
/ " ^ ^ a / trien xd hgi Id mot phdn hi trong tong thi phdt triin, dong vai tro quan trgng
^-^doi v&i phdt trien bin vimg cua mdt qudc gia Phdt triin xa hgi va qudn ly xa hgi a nuac ta hi$n nay ve thuc chdt Id hogt dgng xay dung mgt xa hgi hai hoa trong d& ca cdu xa hgi cdn phit hop v&i cdu true ldnh ti, tdng tru&ng vdphdt triin kinh tigdn liin v&i phdt triin xd hgi
va vdn hoa, tgo diiu kiin thugn lgi cho con nguai phdt huy tdi da ndng lire sdng tgo trong moi truang xd hgi lanh mgnh nhdn vdn
Tir khoa: Phat tridn xd hdi, qudn ly phat triin xd hdi
1 Xa hOi
xa hgi Id sdn pham va id bO phdn ddc bift
cua gidi ty nhidn ma C.Mac ggi Id "gidi ty
nhien thii hai", tiic la "thien nhien con ngudi"
Vdi tu each la "gidi ty nhien thii hai", xd hgi
cd nhthig dac trung ca ban: (1) Sy ton tgi cua
xd h0i dya trdn nen tang cua "gidi ty nhidn thii
nhit" va mang dgc tinh "ty nhien - xd hgi- tinh
thin"; trong do mgi sy vgt, hien tugng, qua
trinh xa hgi dugc kdt tinh khdng chi bdng cac
ydu td vdt chit tu nhidn, md cdn bdng cac yeu
t6 tri thiic, tinh thin; (2) Xa hgi la lirih vyc,
trong do nhung quy lugt ty nhidn tac dgng mft
cdch ddc thu - kit hgp vdi cac quy lugt xd hgi
vd dugc thd hifn thdng qua hogt ddng cd myc
dich cua con ngudi; (3) Xa h^i t6n tgi d ben
ngoai va dgc lgp vdi y tinic ciia con ngudi,
nhung khdng tach rdi khdi y thiic md nd ham
chiia trong minh nhihig dgng ca tu tudng va
myc dich nhat dinh Ph.Angghen viet: "Trong
Ifch suxd hgi, nhdn to hogt dgng la con ngu&i
CO y thuc, hanh dong co suy nghf hay du&i dnh
huang cua nhiet tinh va theo dudi nhitng m\tc dich nhdt dinh O day, khdng co gi xdy ra md lgi khong co y thuc tif giac, khong co muc dich mongmudn"\
Khai nifm "xd hdi" cin dugc hilu theo
3 nghia: Thu nhdt, theo nghia rgng nhit, "xd
hgi" la toan bg qua trinh lich su nhdn logi Dd
la "Hinh thirc sinh hogt chung co to chuc ciia lodi nguai a mgt trinh dg phdt triin nhdt dinh cda lich sir "i Tu didn Bach khoa Vift Nam dinh nghia: "xa hgi theo nghfa hep Id khdi ni^m chi mgt logt he thdng xd hgi cu thi trong lich su, mgt hinh thite nhdt dinh cua nhimg quan h$ xd hgi Id mgt xd hgi & vdo mgt trinh
do phdt triin lich sit nhdt dinh Id mgt kieu logi
xd hgi nhdt dinh da hinh thdnh trong lich su
Vi d^: xd hgi no li xa hgi phong kiin, xa hdi
tu bdn, V V Trong tru&ng hgp nay, xd hgi triing vai hinh thdi kinh te xd hgi Theo nghfa rgng
Id toan bo cdc hinh thuc hogt dgng chung cua
Gi&m d6c Trung tSm NghiSn ciiu Chi^n luce vJ
C.M4c, Ph.Angghen, Tuyin t|p, t$p 2, Nxb Sff th§t,
HaNfi, 1971,tr.476
HoSng Phg (chii bien), Tir diin tiing vi^t Nxb
Khoa hpc XS hpi - Trung tSm tu dien hpc, H^ Npi,
Trang 2con nguai da hinh thdnh trong Ifch stt"^ Nhu
vay, theo nghia rgng nhit, "xa hgi" la todn bg
lich su con ngudi va nhan loai, bao gdm cac
hinh thiic hogt ddng va sinh hogt chung cua
loai ngudi d mgt trinh do phat trien nhat djnh
ciia lich sii
Thu hai, theo nghia rdng, "xa hdi" chinh
Id "Hinh thai kinh tl - xa hdi", do la xa hdi d
giai dogn phdt tridn nhat dinh ciia lich sir, vdi
quan hf san xuat thich iing vdi mdt trinh dg
phat trien nhit djnh cua lyc lugng san xudt
va vdi kien tnic thugng ting tuong iing, dugc
xay dyng tren nhung quan he san xuit iy
C.Mac viet: "Trong su sdn xudt xd hgi ra dai
song cua minh, con ngu&i co nhiing quan h$
nhdt dinh, tdt yeu, khong thugc vao y muon
cua hg - tuc nhitng quan hi sdn xudt, nhitng
quan hi ndy phu hgp v&i mgt trinh dg phdt
trien nhdt dinh ciia cdc luc lugng sdn xudt vgt
chdt cua hg Toan bg nhitng quan he sdn xudt
dy hgp thdnh ca cdu kinh ti ciia xd hgi, tuc
Id cdi ca sa hiin thuc tren do dimg lin mgt
kiin true thugng tdng phdp ly vd chinh tri va
nhitng hinh thaiy thuc xa hgi nhdt dinh tuang
itng v&i ca s& hien thuc dd"\
Thu ba, "Khdi niim "xd hgi" theo nghfa
h^p diing di chi Ifnh vue xa hgi trong tuang
quan v&i cdc link vue kinh ti chinh tri, vdn
hda cua xd hgi tdng thi" '.Theo nghia nay, lmh
vyc xa hdi bao gdm nhiing vin dl lien quan
tryc tidp din sy phat tridn con ngudi va xa hgi
nhu "ddn sd vd ngudn nhdn luc, lao dgng vd
vi$c lam, thu nhgp va mUc sdng, gido due vdy
te, dgo ditc va vdn hoa, nhimg bdo ddm vi an
3 Tu dien bach khoa n^t Nam, tap 4, Nxb TCr diln
bdch khoa, H^ Npi, 2005, tr.946-965
4 C.M4cv4Ph.Angghen, Tbonrp^j.t^p 13,Nxb.Chinh
trj Qudc gia Hi NOi, 2004, tr.14-15
5 Trin Diic Cir6ng (Chu bien), Phat triin xd h0i vii
quan ly phdt irien xd hQi a Vi^t Nam - Mot s6 vdn de
ly lugn va th\tc tien Nxb Khoa hpc Xa h6i, Uh Noi
2012, tr.21
ninh vd an todn xa hgi cua dai sdng cd nhdn
vd cua cgng don^^^
Nhu vgy, xd hdi theo ngbia rdng nhit la
toan bd lich sd nhan loai, theo nghia rgng \h
hinh thai kinh td - xd hdi va theo nghTa hep la ITnh vyc xd hdi ciia ddi sdng xa hfi trong mdi quan he vdi liiih vyc kinh td, ITnh vyc chinh trj, ITnh vyc van hda
2 Phat trien xa hgi Phat tridn, theo quan didm ciia trilt hge Mac, la qud trinh van dgng di len tir thip din cao, tir dan gian ddn phiic tgp, hi kem hoan thidn den hoan thien hon ciia cac sy vat, hien tugng, qua trinh trong thi gidi vgt chit Dd la qud trinh mang tinh khdch quan, tinh phd biln, tinh phong phu nhidu ve va quanh co phiic tap; trong do, cdi mdi ra ddi thay thi cdi cu Trong ty nhien, sy phat triin cua gidi vd
CO dugc thd hifn dudi dang biln ddi eac ylu
td, kdt cau vdt chat va sy tac dgng lln nhau giiia chiing din mgt trinh do nhdt dinh va trong nhimg didu kifn nhit djnh lam xuit hien nguyen tir, phan tii va tii do ldm ndy sinh cac hgp chat huu ca va sy sdng "Trong gidi huu
CO, phat triin dugc thd hifn d tiln trinh khdng ngimg tich liiy va gia tdng kha ndng thich ung
va hoan thien cua ca thi sdng vdi mdi trudng Trong xa hdi, phat trien bde Id thdng qua qua trinh chuydn bidn tir hinh thai kinh tl - xd hgi nay ldn hinh thdi kinh tl - xa hgi khac cao hon Cdn trong ITnh vyc tu duy, phat triin thi hifn
ro d trinh do nhgn thiic ngay cang sau sdc va day du han ve thd gidi"^
Neu xa hgi dugc tiep cdn theo ba nghTa (rgng nhat, rdng va h?p) nhu da phan tich d phdn tren, thi phat tridn xa hgi cung cin dugc hilu vdi ba y nghia tuong iing
6 Pham Xuan Nam (chii bien), Triit ly phdt triin a Vi^t Nam - Mdy vdn di cdtyiu, Nxb Khoa hpc XS
hfi Hi Npi, 2002, Tr.l30
7 V6 van Sen - Nguyen Thi NghTa (d6ng chii bifin),
Phdt irien bin v&ng ddng bdng song Ciru Long -Nhimg vdn di ly lugn vd thycc tiin, Nxb D^i hpc
Trang 3Thu nhdt, vdi tinh each la toan bd Hch sir
nhan loai, phat trien xd hdi dien ra thdng qua
qua trinh van ddng tidm tidn di ldn, xen kd va
kdt hop vdi each mgng xa hgi lam chuyin biln
tir hinh thai kinh t l - xa hgi t h i p len hinh tiiai
kinh td - xa hgi cao han Dd la qua trinh lieh
sii - tu nhidn cua ddi sdng xa hgi*
Thu hai, vdi tinh each la mdt xa hgi cu t h i
(hinh thai kinh td - xd hdi) d vao mdt giai dogn
phat triin nhit dinh ciia lich sii (xa hgi cdng
xa nguydn thuy, xd hgi chilm hiiu nd If, xd hdi
phong kidn, chii nghia tu bdn, chu nghTa xd
hdi), thi phdt triin xd hgi dugc thi hifn thdng
qua sy tac ddng bifn chiing giiia lyc lugng sdn
xuat va quan hf san xuit, giiia c a sd hg ting vd
kien tnic thugng tdng cua xa hgi
Thu ba, vdi tinh cdch la luih vyc xd hgi
cua ddi sdng xd hOi, phdt tridn xa hgi la "chiiu
cgnh xd hdi (social dimension) cua su phdt
trien ddt trong moi quan he gdn bo hitu ca v&i
cdc chiiu cgnh kinh ti, chinh tri, vdn hoa cua
sit phdt triin xd hdi tdng thi "' Ndi each khdc,
lmh vyc xd hdi ciia ddi sdng xd hdi dugc phdt
trien trong quan he tuong tac vdi linh vyc kinh
td, chinh tri, vdn hda, mdi trudng vd dugc quy
djnh bdi cdc yeu t6 ben trong eiia xa hdi
C o quan chuyen trach vd phat trien xa hdi
cua Lidn Hgp qu6c xdc djnh 4 lmh vyc co ban
ciia phat tridn x§ hf i: (1) xda ddi giam ngheo va
tgo vifc l ^ ; (2) Dich vu hS trg lien chinh phii
va thuc hifn; (3) Chinh sdch kinh t l - xd hdi va
quan ly phdt triin xd hgi; (4) Hdi nhdp xd hdi'°
Bao cao cua Chinh phu Vift Nam v l phat
tridn xd hgi tgi Hgi nghi thugng dinh thd gidi
8 C.Mdc vk Ph.Angghen, Todn tdp, tJip 23, Nxb
Chinh tri Qu6c gia Hi Nfi, 1993, tr.21
9 Trin Diic Cudmg (Chd bien), Phdt triin xa hgi vd
qudn ly phdt trien xa hgi a Vi4t Nam - Mgt so vdn de
iy lugn vd thite tiin, Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hfi Hi Npi,
2012,tr.26
10 Xem: Biii Nh^t Quang, Cdc md hinh phdt triin xa
hgi Chdu Au vd st^ cdn thiet cua the ehe qudn trf
loan cdu, T^p chf Nghifin ciiu Chfiu Au, so 12
(99)-v l Phat triin xa hdi (Worid Summit on Social Development) d Copenhagen (Dan Mgch) vao thang 3-1995 da d l cap ddn 10 v i n dd
xd hgi quan trgng trong phdt trien: Giai quyet vide lam, xda ddi giam ngheo, hda nhgp xa hgi, tdng cudng vai trd ciia gia dinh, phat trien giao dye, dan sd - ke hogch hda gia dinh, cham soc siic khde nhan dan, bao trg xa hdi, mdi trudng, hgn cbe va ngdn ngira cac hanh
vi tgi phgm
Mudi van de neu tren da phdn anh tuong ddi toan difn v l ITnh vyc xd hgi, song chua diy du vd chua bao qudt dugc hdt nhihig van
dd xd hfi nay sinh trong dilu kifn kinh td thj trudng va hdi nhap qudc t l ; Vi vgy, cimg vdi
10 v i n dd ndu trdn, c i n thilt phai bd sung thdm nhiing "tidu v i n d l " cua ITnh vyc phat tridn xa hgi, sau day ": (jiai quylt hau qua xa hgi cua chiln tranh; di ddn tir ndng thdn ra dd thi va an ninh trgt ty an toan xd hdi; Nhd d va giai quydt nha d cho cdng nhan cac khu cdng nghifp va ngudi ngheo; giao thdng dd thj vd tr^t ty an toan giao thdng; ngudi nudc ngodi nhgp cu sinh song d Viet Nam va ngudi Vift Nam kdt hdn vdi ngudi nudc ngoai (hifn cd khoang gan
100 ngan phu nu Vift Nam lay chdng nudc ngoai); an toan luong thye va thyc phdm; cac bfnh xa hgi - nghd nghifp; hifn tugng lech chuan xa hdi, v.v
Nhu vdy, "Mat xd hgi Id mdt tap hgp l&n, mgt h$ thong cdc vdn de xd hdi trong phdt trien, lien quan true tiip t&i ddi song cua con nguai nhu lao dgng vd vi$c ldm, mite song, ttnh trgng doi ngheo, ddn so, site khde va y
ti cgng dong, nhd &, gido diic, v$ sinh moi tru&ng, an todn giao thdng, vdn hoa tinh thdn Noi torn lgi Id tdt cd nhihig vdn di cua ddi song cd nhdn vd cgng dong, co tinh chdt
vd M q^d xd hgi md xd hgi vd nhd nu&c phdi gidi quyet bdng chinh sdch phdt triin xa hdi
11 Xem: Hoing Chf BSo - Doin Minh Huin, Nhung vdn di ly lugn co bdn ve phdt trien xa hgi vd qudn ly phdt trien xa hgi hi^n nay - vgn difng cho Vi§t Nam,
Trang 4(ca cdu xa hgi, an sinh xd hgi, phuc lgi xd hgi
vd an todn xd hgi)"^^
Tir nhiing phan tich d trdn, cd thd nit ra
kdt lugn.' "Phdt triin xd hgi Id qud trinh biin
doi ve lugmg vd vi chdt trong Ifnh vue xd hgi
v&i su thay thi mot hiin tugng vd cdu true xd
hgi ndy bdng mgt so hien tuang vd cdu trdc xd
hgi khdc co trinh dg cao han theo tiiu chudn
khdch quan cua tiin bg xa hgi, dugc thuc hien
bdng con du&ng doi m&i hoac cdch mgng""
Quan trift sau sac gid trj vd y nghTa ciia sy
phdt tridn xd hgi doi vdi toan bg su nghidp each
mgng Dang ta ludn chii trgng den phat triin
xa hgi theo cd nghia rgng va nghTa hep Ngay
ttr Dgi hgi VI, Ddng ta da xac djnh: cung vdi
nhidm vy day manh phat tridn kinh te, D^g va
Nhd nudc phdi "Tgo ra chuyin biin tdt vi mat
xd hgi Gidi quyit mgt phdn quan trgng viec ldm
cho ngu&i lao dgng va bdo ddm ve ca bdn phdn
phoi theo lao dgng Thuc hien cdng bdng xd
hgi phil hgp v&i diiu kiin cu thi a nu&c ta "'"'
Vd nhifm vy quan trgng nay dugc cdc Dai hdi
tidp theo cu thi hda va phat triin fli^nh hf tiidng
cac chinh sdch xd hdi Van kifn Dai hdi XI cua
Dang ddc bift nhan mgnh: "Thitc hien co hiiu
qud tiin bg vd cong bdng xd hgi, bdo ddm an
sinh xd hgi trong timg bu&c vd timg chinh sdch
phdt triin " Trong dd, chu trgng din nhifm vu:
"Tap trung gidi quyit tdt chinh sdch lao dgng,
viic ldm va thu nhgp"; "bdo ddm an sinh xd
hdi"; "Ndng cao chdt lugng chdm soc site khoe
nhdn ddn va cong tdc ddn sd, ki hogch hoa gia
dinh, bdo v$ vd chdm soc site khoe bd m^, tre
em"; "Dau tranh phong, chdng co hieu qud te
ngn xd hgi, tai ngn giao thong ""
12 Hoing Chf Bio - Doin Minh Huin, Nhthig vin de
ly Juin CO bin vl phit tri^n xi hfi vi quin ly phit
trien x& h0i hi?n nay v§n dyng cho Vift Nam, Nxb
Chlnh trj Qu6c gia Hi Npi, 2012, tr.23
13 Hoing Chf Bio - Doin Minh Hpin, sdd, tr.44
14 Ding Cfng sin Vi§t Nam, Vdn kiin Dgi hgi dgi biiu
todn qudc ldn tht VI, Nxb Sy that Hi N^i, 1987, tr.45
15 Ding Cfng sin Vi^t Nam, Vdn ki4n Dgi hgi dai
bieu todn quoc ldn thuXI, Nxb Chinh tri Qu6c gia
HiNpi,2011,tr.227-232
Nhu vgy, dgt phat triin xa hdi vdi tu each
Id mdt ITnh vyc ciia ddi s6ng xd hdi trong quan
hf bien chiing vdi sy phat tridn xa hfi vdi tu cdch Id hinh thai kinh td - xa hdi cd y nghia
phuang phap ludn quan trgng: Thit nhdt, giiip
cho nha nghidn ciiu trdnh dugc phuong phdp sieu hinh, phiem difn "chi thiy cay ma khdng thay ning" khi tidp can sy phat tridn xd hgi;
Thit hai, giup cho nha quan ly bidt cy the hda
vd vgn dyng sang tgo chinh sach vT md trong quan ly phat tridn xd hgi vao cip df vi md
(linh vyc xa hdi cua ddi sdng xa hgi); Thti ba,
giiip cho cdc nha ldnh dgo, hogch dinh chlnh sach cd tam nhin, vira toan difn, tdng the va
hf thdng vira cu the, thyc chat va sinh dfng ddi vdi qua trinh phat trien xd hgi va q u ^ ly phdt trien xa hgi trong dilu kifn ddi mdi vd hgi nhgp qudc td
3 Quan Iy phat triin xa hoi
3.1 Qudn iy
Tir diln bach khoa Vift Nam dinh nghia:
Quan l^ Id "chitc ndng vd hogt dgng cua h$ thong CO to chitc thugc cdc gi&i khdc nhau (sinh hgc, ky thugt, xd hgi) bdo ddm giit gin mgt ca cdu on dinh, duy tri sir hogt dgng tdi
uu vd bdo ddm thuc hi$n nhihig chuang trinh
vd muc tieu cua he thdng do"'^
Nhu vay, khai nifm qudn ly chi chiic ndng ciia mgt he thdng cd tinh td chiic dd duy tri mdt CO cau nhat dinh vd thuc diy hogt dgng tdi
uu nhdm dat myc tidu cua hf thdng dd Chiic ndng nay vdn cd trong cac hf thdng sinh hgc,
hf thong ky thugt va hf thdng xa bdi "
3.2, Qudn ly xS hpi
Theo quan didm cua chii nghia Mac-Lenin, moi hinh thai kinh te - xd hdi cd kidu qudn ly
xd hgi tuong iing, do nhu ciu phat triin kinh
te - xd hgi, van hda, mdi trudng ciia xa hgi quy
16 Tit diin bdch khoa Vift Nam, tip 3, Nxb TCr diln
bich khoa Ha Npi, 2003, tr.580
Trang 5dinh Nhu cau khach quan cua xa hgi ddi hdi
can cd hogt dgng quan ly, cho ndn, hoat ddng
quan ly la hinh thuc tdn tai d$c thii cua ddi
sdng x3 hgi loai ngudi Nd bao dam cho con
ngudi khdng nhiing thda man nhiing nhu c i u
hifn tai ma cdn thda man nhflng nhu cdu trong
tuong lai, bdo dam cho con ngudi dd an toan
ve mdt sinh hgc va ca v l mdt xa hfi "
Trong ddi sdng xa hgi, "qudn ly xa hgi
thi hi$n nhu Id tdng thi cdc ca cdu td chuc vd
cdc moi lien h^ giUa cdc ca cdu dy di qua do
cho phep thuc hien su tuang tdc bdng qudn ly
giita cdc cd nhdn, cdc nhom vd cdc cpng dong
xdhdi, cdc thiet chi chinh tri, kinhti cuaxd
hdi Qudn ly xd hgi bao triim mgi khdch thi vd
qud trinh xa hgi md trgng thdi co y nghfa ddi
v&i sif ton tgi vd phdt triin ciia h^ thdng xa
hgi, doi v&i hogt dgng song cua con ngi/oT""
N h u vgy, qudn ly xa hdi Id boat ddng cd y
thiic cita con ngudi tdc ddng vdo xa hdi ^k td
chirc vd duy tri cac co ciu, cdc m6i lidn hf, cac
pham chit d | c thu cua xd hfi nhdm dap iing
nhu cau tdn tgi va phdt tridn cua xd hdi
3.3 Qudn lyphat trien xa hgi
Khdi nifm "quan ly phdt tridn xa hdi" vd
thyc chit, la phan anh hogt dgng quan ly xa hdi
dang trong trgng thai vdn dgng di len vi eac gia
trj con ngudi vd tidn bd xd hfi Tren thye td,
mft xd hgi phat triin nhu t h i nao, phan ldn
phy thugc vao nang lyc qudn ly xd hgi do Vi
vgy, "vdn di qudn ly stf phdt trien xd hgi co
mgt tdm quan trgng dgc bi$t Suphdt trien xd
hgi bdt ddu bang viec qudn ly xd hgi Mgt xd
hgi phdt triin tdt vd ldnh mgnh pht^ thugc chu
yeu vdo ndng luc qudn ly xd hgi do "^^ Trong
18 Xem: Va Hio Quang, XS h^i hgc qudn ly, Nxb D^i
hpc qu6c gia, Hi Npi, 2002, tr 128
19 Trin Diic Cir6ng (Chii bifin), Phdt tnen xa hgi vd
qudn ly phdt trien x5 hgi a Viit Nam - Mgt so vdn di
ly lugn vd thifC tiin, Nxb Khoa hpc Xi hpi, Hi Npi,
2012,tr.28
20 BOi Dinh Thanh, Xa hfi hpc vi chfnh sich xi hfi,
do, kinh t l Id ndn tdng phat tridn xa hdi va quan ly phat tridn xa hdi, cdn phat tridn xa hgi
va quan ly phat tridn xa hgi trd thanh dgng lyc thiic diy tdng trudng vd phat trien kinh te Quan ly phat tridn xa hdi la hogt dgng cd
y thiic, cd chu dich ciia con ngudi tac ddng vao xa hdi dd sdp x i p , duy tri va phat triin cac CO cau, cac mdi lien hd, cac pham chat dgc thu cua xa hgi nhdm thiic diy xd hdi phdt trien mdt each dn djnh va ben viing, dugc thyc hifn thdng qua chii the xa hdi Sinh thdi, C.Mac da
cd ndi v l chii thd quan ly su phat trien cua san
xuat: "Tdt cd mgi lao dgng xd hdi tr\tc tiep hay lao dgng chung ndo tiin hdnh tren quy mo tucmg doi l&n, thi it nhieu cUng deu cdn den mgt su chi dgo di dieu hda nhitng hogt dgng
cd nhdn va thuc hien nhitng chuc ndng chung phdt sinh tit su van dgng ciia toan bg ca the sdn xudt khdc v&i su van ddng ciia nhitng khi quan dgc lgp cua no Mgt nguai dgc tdu vf cdm tu minh diiu khiin ldy minh, con mgt ddn nhgc thi cdn phdi co nhgc truang"-'
Chu thi qudn ly phdt triin xd hgi khd phong phii vd da dgng Ngoai co quan nhd nudc, chii the quan 1^ phat trien xd hdi cdn bao gdm cac doanh nghifp, dodn thi, cac td chiic chinh trj
- xd hgi va xa hgi - nghe nghifp, cac nhdm xd hgi, gia dinh, dong hg va cdc ca nhan Trong
xd hgi Vift Nam hifn nay chii thd quan 1^ phdt tridn xd hgi bao gdm: Dang, Nha nudc Mat trgn td qudc, cac doan thi chinh trj - xd hdi, cac t6 chdc chinh tri - xa hdi, cdc t6 chdc xa hdi
- nghd nghidp, cae td chiic kinh t l , cac doanh nghidp, cac cdng ddng xa hgi, cac nhdm xa hgi
va cdc cdng ddn Trong dd, giii vi tri trung tam
va vai trd tru cdt trong qudn ly phat tridn xa hgi
la Ddng, Nha nudc va Mat trgn td qudc
B6 quan ly phat tridn xa hgi co hifu qud,
trudc bet chii the quan ly phat trien xa hdi phai xac djnh dung myc tidu can dgt tdi trong hogt dgng quan ly phat trien xa hdi ciia minh Can
21 C.MAc vi Ph.Angghen, Toin t§p, t$p 23, Nxb Chfnh
Trang 6cii vao thyc trang vd xu hudng phat trien cua
ITnh vyc xa hdi d nudc ta hien nay, cd the djnh
hinh hf muc tieu ma quan ly phat tridn xa hdi
(theo nghTa hep) cin dgt dugc d i n ndm 2020
la: (I) Nang cao chit lugng sdng cua cdc ting
ldp nhan dan (chii ydu la: dn, mac, d, di lai,
hgc tap, vf sinh, phdng - chGa bdnh, vifc Iam,
thu nhgp ); (2) Nang cao dan tri va trinh do
dan chu hda ddi sdng xa hdi, bao dam nghia
vu va quydn lgi chinh dang va hgp phdp cua
ting ldp nhan dan (giai cap, ting ldp, nhdm xa
hdi ); (3) Gia dinh hda thugn, cdng ddng hai
hda, ddn tdc dodn kit; (4) Mdi trudng xa hdi
ldnh mgnh, an ninh va trat tu xa hgi an toan,
cac tieu cue vd tf ngn xa hdi bi day liii, mdi
trudng sinh thai dugc bao vf; (5) con ngudi cd
dieu kifn timg budc phat trien, cd co hfi dugc
cdng hidn, dugc thang tien vd dugc hudng
thy nhthig gia trj lao ddng ciia chinh minh va
thanh qua phat trien ciia dat nudc^
De dgt dugc nhung muc tidu ndi tren, thi
chu the quan ly phat trien xd hdi md try cdt
Id Ddng, Nhd nudc va Mdt trgn Td qu6c phai
lien tyc ty ddi mdi, ty phat triin va hodn thidn
minh v l mgi mdt; trong dd, dgc bift chii trgng
cdc mdt sau day:
Thit nhdt, cd trinh do hieu biit sau sdc, thiu
dao ve phat trien xa hdi va quan ly phat tridn xa
hgi; ddng thdi, thudng xuySn nim bdt va giai
quydt tot mdi quan hf giiia phdt triin kinh td va
phdt trien xa hdi, khdng chgy theo tang trudng
kinh te don thuin ma coi nh? phat tridn con r^udi
va xd hfi Cin nhin mgnh ring, "phat tridn va
tdng trudng kinh t l phai gin vdi xda ddi, giam
ngheo, thyc hifn tiln bg va cdng bing xa hdi,
vdi phdt trien v&i hda, xa hdi va eon ngudi, vdi
khai thac hgp ly, sii dung tilt kiem tai nguyen
thiSn nhien va bao vf mdi trudng, vdi ndng cao
chat lugng cufc sdng eiia nhan dan^
22 Tr^ Diic Cuimg (Chii bifin) Phit triin xi hpi ,
sdd, tr.30
23 Nguygn Thi Nghia - Thii Thj Thu Huong (d6ng
chii bifin), Nhimg vdn di ca bdn vd cdp bdch cua
triit hgc Mdc-xil Nxb Chfnh trj QuSc gia Hi N6i
2014,tr.413
Thu hai, thudng xuydn theo doi xu hudng
bidn ddi ciia nhu cau va nguyen vgng chinh dang cua cac ting ldp dan cu de cd nhflng chinh sach phii hgp Chinh sach ciia chii the quan ly
^ a n g , Nha nudc, Mdt trgn td qudc) phat tridn
xd hdi khdng chi phan anh dung quy lugt khach quan cua qua trinh phat trien xa hdi, ma cdn phai dap img nhu cau, lgi ich vd nguyfn vgng ciia quan chiing - dd la co sd khach quan tao
ra sy dong thuan xd hgi va niem tin ciia quin chung vao chd do chinh trj - xa hdi
Thit ba, cd y thiic sau sdc v l dan chii
va dan chii hda ddi sdng xa hdi, hinh thdnh phong each quan ly dan chu ciia cac c a quan nha nudc tir trung uang den co sd; ddng thdi, khdng ngimg nang cao ndng lyc quan ly, ndng lyc giai quydt cac mau thuan vd xung dft xa hgi thdng qua giai phap hda binh (ddi thogi, giao due, thuyit phyc, phd binh, )
Thit tu, kdt hgp chat chd va hai hda giu'a
yeu td phdp lugt va yeu td dgo diic, van hda ti-ong quan ly phdt triin xa hdi; vira tdng eudng vai trd cua Nha nudc, vira ndng eao y thiic trach nhifm ty quan ciia cdng ddn trong quan Iy phat tridn xd hdi nhdm "Dem tdi dan, siic dan, ciia dan de lam lgi cho ddn"^
Thu ndm, thudng xuyen tdng cudng hogt
ddng giam sat, kilm sat, thanh tra, kilm tra, kidm todn Ddng thdi, diy mgnh mft cdch tiiudng xuyen, kidn tri cudc d i u tranh phdng, chdng quan lidu, tham nhiing, Idng phi iam tdn hgi den lgi ich ciia nha nudc, ciia nhdn dan va Iam giam siit niem tin ciia nhdn dan doi vdi chu thd quan ly phat trien xd hdi (Dang, Nha nudc, Mdt trgn Td qudc)"
Tir nhihig phdn tich d cdc phin tren, cd the di den djnh nghTa v l quan ly phat tridn xd
hfi: Qudn ly phdt triin xa hgi Id hogt dgng
CO y thitc vd co ca sa khoa hgc cua chu thi qudn ly tdc dgng vdo chieu cgnh xd hgi ciia sif phdt trien nhdm tgo lap mgt ca cdu xa hgi
24 Ho Chf Mmh, Toin t^p, tip 5, Nxb Chfnh trj Qu6c giam Hi Nfi, 1995,tr.65
25 Tiin D(rc Cuimg (chii bifin), sdd, tr.30-31
Trang 7ndng dgng, thdng nhdt trong da dgng, phdt
huy nhitng nhdn to tich cue, kip th&i khdc
phuc cdc mdu thudn ndy sinh, dgt t&i su ddng
thugn xd hgi, tgo diiu kien cho mdi cd nhdn
vd cd cgng ddng phdt huy hit tiim ndng lao
dgng sdng tgo trong mot xd hgi phdt triin theo
huang nhdn vdn, vi muc tieu cao nhdt Id hgnh
phuc cita con ngu&f^
Cu thi hda nfi dung eua dinh nghTa tren
vdo dilu kifn cfla nudc ta hifn nay, qudn ly
phat triin xd hdi bao gdm nhflng yeu t6 ca ban
sau: (1) Phdt triin ca cdu xd hgi (co ciu dan
so, dan cu, nhan khiu ; co ciu giai cip, ting
ldp, dan tdc, tdn gido; co ciu gidi; ca ciu nghi
nghifp thich dng vdi co ciu kinh td, bdo dam
xd hgi ddng thugn, phat tiiin nang dgng, hdi
hda va theo xu hudng tiln bd; (2) Kilm soat
cac bidn ddi xd hfi (phan ting xa hgi, an toan
xd hdi, bit thudng xa hgi, bit binh ddng xd
hgi, xung dgt xd hfi, didm ndng xa hfi ); (3)
Thyc hifn cac bdo ddm xa hgi (an sinh xa hdi,
uu dai xa hgi, bdo trg xa hgi, hda nhdp va tai
hda nhgp xd hgi, djch vu xa hgi ); (4) Xay
dyng cac chinh sdch xa hgi (chinh sdch vT md
va chinh sach vi md, chinh sach cdng va ehinh
sdch tu )"
Dd cdng tdc qudn Iy phat triin xd hgi cd
hidu qua chii thi qudn 1^ phat triin xa hgi cin cd
n2ng lyc va nhihig dieu kidn can thiet thye hifn
chiic ndng quan ly phdt tridn xd hgi, bao gdm:
chiic ndng hoach djnh, chiic ndng dilu khidn,
chiic ndng kidm tra, chdc nang didu chinh
Nhu vdy, phdt triin xa hdi va qudn ly phdt
trien xd hdi d nudc ta hifn nay, vi thyc chat,
la hoat dgng xay dyng va phdt tridn mdt xa
hfi hai hda, dgt tdi nhiing muc tidu ddt ra
Trong do, cd co ciu xa hdi phu hgp vdi co
cau kinh td, tdng trudng va phdt triSn kinh te
26 Xem: Ph^m Xufin Nam, Xd hgi, phdt triin xa hgi,
qudn typhdt trien xd hgi, Tgp chi Lyiugn chinh tri
s6 9-2008
27 Xem: Hoing Chi Bio - Doin Minh HuSn, Nhihig vfi
gdn lien vdi phat trien xa hgi va vdn hda, tgo didu kifn thudn lgi cho con ngudi phat huy tdi
da nang lyc sdng tao trong mdi trudng xd hgi lanh manh nhan van Dieu quan trgng la phdi lam cho quan ly phat trien xa hdi ludn tuong thich vdi phat tridn xd hgi Sy phdt trien xa hdi la CO sd va ddng lyc thuc day quan ly phat trien xd hdi di ddn myc tidu cua phdt trien Din lugt minh, quan ly phdt tridn xa hdi lai tao ra nhflng dilu kifn thudn lgi de thuc day
su phdt tridn xa hdi theo hudng tiln bd Dd la quan hf bifn chung giu'a phdt tridn xa hdi va quan ly phat tridn xa hgi d nudc ta hien nay
Vi vgy, nhdn thiic diing ddn m6i quan he ndy
dd vd dang trd thanh van de cap bach ddi vdi gidi nghien ciiu khoa hgc vd cac nha hoach djnh chinh sach phdt tridn xd hgi hidn nay
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Vdn kifn Dai hdi dai bilu todn qudc lin tiiii X (2006), vd lin thii XI (2011); Nxb Chinh tri Qudc gia
2 Biii Dinh Thanh, Xd hgi hgc vd chinh sdch
xd hdi, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hdi Ha Ngi,
2004
3 Trin Ddc Cudng (Chii bien) (2012), Phdt triin xd hgi a Viet Nam - Mdy vdn de (jJ lugn vd thuc tien, Nxb Khoa hgc Xd hdi
Ha Ngi
4 Nguyen The NghTa - Thdi Thj Thu Huong
(ddng chu bidn) (2014), Nhihig vdn di ca bdn vd cdp bdch cua triet hgc Mdc-xit,
Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia, Ha Ndi
5 Vu Hao Quang (2002),Xa hgi hgc qudn ly
Nxb Dai hgc qudc gia Ha Ndi
6 Hodng Chi Bao - Dodn Minh Huin (2012),
Nhung vdn de ly lugn ca bdn ve phdt trien
xd hgi vd qudn ly phdt triin xd hgi hiin nay - vdn dung cho Vi^t Nam, Nxb Chinh