Chinh vi vay, bai viet nay dua tren eo sd khao sat, nghien ciiu mgt s6 tu lieu chit Han, Han Ndm nhu van bia, gia pha, van ban trat siic eiia xa Minh Huong..., n h i m phae hoa khai quat
Trang 1Hho SI Minh Htfdng
V^^ill
I S NHAM TH! LY*
Tom tdt Ting lop nho sT khoa bang Minh Huong la mgt bO plian cu dan co dia vj cao trong c^ng
ding nguai g6c Hoa a Viet Nam vao thoi Nguyen, co sy lien ket va quan he g^n bo vai cac nhin sT ban
dja trong cac hoat dgng van hoa - xS hoi noi chung Viec thanh lap hgi Minh Van, xay dung mieu V5n Thanh cho thay sy hoa nhap ngay cang sau vao dai song v3n h6a giao dye dja phuong cua cgng dong ngudi HoaMinhHuong Hg da tr6 thanh mot bg phan cu dan quan trgng, dong vai tro tich cyc doi voi sy phat trien kinh te thuong mai va hinh thanh sac thai van h6a dgc dao a timg dia phucmg
Tir khda: Ngudi Hoa, Minh Huong, thcri Nguyen
Viet Nam tir xa xua da cd lich
sir giao luu thuang mai vdi
cae nudc trong khu vuc, dong
thai ciing thu hiit dong dao thuong nhan
nudc ngoai den dinh cu buon ban lam an
Trong do, cgng dong ngudi Hoa noi
chung, ngudi Minh Huong noi rieng da
tich cue tham gia vao cac hoat dgng kinh
t l ngoai thuong d Viet Nam thdi trudc
Chinh vi vay, bai viet nay dua tren eo sd
khao sat, nghien ciiu mgt s6 tu lieu chit
Han, Han Ndm nhu van bia, gia pha, van
ban trat siic eiia xa Minh Huong , n h i m
phae hoa khai quat ve vai tro ciia ting Idp
nho sT Minh Huong trong sinh hoat cgng
dong lang xa d mgt sd dia phuong dudi
thdi Nguyen
1 Viec k h u y e n hpc ciia nha Nguyen doi vdi n g u d i M i n h H u o n g Tir eu6i thdi Le, do tinh hinh chinh trj roi ren va nhu cau m d rgng thi trudng buon ban, cae chiia Nguyen da tao dieu kien thuan lgi eho ngudi Hoa den djnh cu lau dai va to chirc boat dgng thuang mai 6 Dang Trong, dan hinh thanh nen nhiing khu phd ngudi Hoa d cac dia phuang (con gpi la Dudng nhan phd) Den thdi Nguyen, cgng ddng ngudi Hoa d Viet Nam chia thanh hai bd phan ro ret la Hoa Ngu bang (con ggi la ngudi Thanh, hoac Hoa kieu)
va Hoa Minh Huong Minh Huong la tit
de gpi con cai cua cac eudc hon nhfin hon
" Dai hgc KHXH va nhan vSn, Dai hgc Quoc g
Ha Noi
Trang 2hgp Hoa - Viet, mac dii hdi diu, tir nay
dugc dung dl ggi nhom ngudi Hoa bao
gdm nhiimg cuu thin, quan lai, than dan
cua nha Minh di cu din Viet Nam ty nan
sau nhirng bien dgng chinh tri tai Trung
Qude Nhdm ngudi nay cd khuynh budng
chinh tri trung thanh vdi nha Minh Co
the ndi "sir hod nhgp giira Viet Nam v&i
Trung Hoa va y thuc ve su khdc biet cua
minh, cd hai hap lgi dd tgo nen Minh
Huang"
Do dugc hudng nhieu chinh sach uu
dai cua cac chinh quyen phong kien Viet
Nam nen ngudi Hoa Minh Huong da lira
chgn an cu lap nghiep lau dai tai day Tir
nam 1842, chinh quyen nha Nguyin da
cho dang ky ngudi Minh Huong tach biet
khoi ngudi Hoa nhap cu Neu nhu ngudi
Minh Huang td chiic theo kieu lang xa cua
ngudi Viet thi ngudi Dudng (Thanh) lai to
chire lien ket theo hinh thirc "bang" mgt
each chat che Hg la nhimg "thuong khach"
Trung Qu6c, chu yeu den tir vimg Dong
Nam duyen hai Tnmg Quoc, khdng nhap
qudc tjch Viet Nam Trong do, cd khdng it
ngudi sau mgt thdi gian buon ban da quyet
djnh d lai dja phuong lam an sinh sdng, lay
vg sinh eon de chau va dugc nhap cu vao
lang Minh Huong theo quy dinh vl quan ly
hg tich cua nha Nguyen
v l mat chinh sach, chinh quyen nha
Nguyin da thuc hien cae chinh sach mem
mdng doi vdi ngudi Hoa noi chung Den
thdi Tu Diic, cae ehinh sach thue van
dugc duy tri nhu cac ddi trudc, ngoai ra
chinh quyen trieu Nguyen eon ton trgng
va dac biet quan tam den nhiing truyen thong sinh hoat co truyen ciia ngudi Hoa, khuyen khich viec hgc hanh thi cii trong gidi nhan sT gdc Hoa bang nhieu chinh
sach nhu mien sai, giam thue "Phdm nguai hoc tro xd Minh Huang & cdc hgt khdp cd nu&c, den nhirng ndm co 2 khoa thi mua hg vd ddng, nam ndo triing khoa thi nin dugc trir miin viic binh dao I ndm, nguyen cd nam trong sd thui bgc phdi nop
2 lang cho mien 1 lang " Cac chinh
sach neu tren eiia nha Nguyen ciing dugc phan anh chan thuc trong ban ke khai cac hang dan trong xa Minh Huong, huyen VTnh Binh, phii Dinh Vien vao nam Tu Diic thii 11 (1858) Trong nam nay, xa chi
cd 1 ngudi do Tu tai nen thudc hang mien sai (lao dich) la Nguyen Nggc Lan, dau Tii tai khoa Thieu Tn thii 7 Ngoai ra, con co hgc tro Ton Than Diic d xa Minh Huong, tinh VTnh Long timg viit don xin dugc miln cong vu suu dich vao ngay 12 thang
1 nam Thieu Tri thu 3 (1843) nhu sau:
"Hgc tro sinh ndm Gidp Tudt (1814), 30 tudi, chi Id ddn & mdt noi, von theo viec hoc Din khoa ky thu ba, hgc trd bi benh khdng nhgp hgc dugc Vd lgi xd hgc tro cong viec khd nhieu, e bo be viec hgc Vi vgy, xin Thugng ty hgc chinh cho chiit l&i phi cho miin cdng vu suu dich, de hgc trd tdi tien viec hgc hdnh, ch& dgi khoa t&i"
Trong la don nay cdn co biit tich loi phe
cua CO quan chiie nang rang: "Ten ndy qud that co hgc, xd Minh Huang nen
Trang 3quyen nghi miin cho suu dfch di cha khoa
t&i".'
Nhin chung, chinh sach giao due cua
nha Nguyen da gdp phan tao ra tang Idp
nho sT, quan lai ngudi goc Hoa kha ddng
dao trong xa hgi Viet Nam thdi trudc
Bia ky lap thang 11 nam Ky Hgi nien hieu
Minh Mang (nam 1839) trong Hdi quan
Minh Huong d thanh phd Ho Chi Minh
(so 380, Tran Hung Dao B, phudng 11,
quan 5), da ghi lai danh sach cac vj khoa
bang la ngudi trong xa da tham gia chinh
trudng, dugc thang quan tien chuc Vi du
cu the nhu sau:
Truang Hdo Hap, Gidi nguyen khoa At
Mao, Thi lang bd Lgi
Chu Ke Thien Cir nhdn khoa At Mao
Lang trung bd Binh
Vuang Hull Quang, Cir nhdn khoa At
Ddu, duac phong la Trung Phung dgi phu,
Tham tri bd Binh kiem Dd sdt viin Inni
phd do ngir sit Nam NghTa phit vien
Trinh Ky Nhu, Tii tdi khoa At Mao, Tri
phil Phu&c Long
Vuang Tien Dung Cie nhdn khoa Mdu
Thdn, Tri phil Hodng Tri
Mai Thuy Phuang, Tu tdi khoa Nham
Ddn, Tri huyen Kien Hod ^
Trong ban ke khai cac hang dan trong
xa Minh Huong, huyen VTnh Binh, phii
Dinh Viln nam T u Due thu 11 (1858) cho
biet: xa nay chi co 3 ngirdi thugc hang
quan vien chire s5c trong do co Ton Than
Dire, 45 tudi dang lam Giao thu qu) In
bien Hpc chinh quan phdng huyen Kiln
An, tinh Dinh Tudng.'' Ben canh do, theo
tu lieu Tuy Tien D u d n g huong ph6 dl ban, den nam 1826, ca xa co 17 tu tai, ]
cu nhan.^ Den cudi the ky XIX, diu thi
ky XX, sd lugng ngudi dd dat trong xa ngay cang tang len Dieu nay dugc phan anh rd net qua cac t u lieu van bia d Hgi
An Bia ky lap nam Thanh Thai 16 (1904) trong Mieu Quan Cdng ebo thay co khdng it ngudi cd than phan khoa bang hoac la Nho sinh trong sd nhiing ngudi tham gia quyen gdp triing tu, cu the nhu: Cii nhan Truang Ddng Hiep Tu tai To Tii Than, Hgi Thiic, To Tir Quang, Truang Ngpc Phien Thiinh phan la "thi sinh" (tiic Nho sinh) co Vuong HiJu ST, Thai Nhat Thang, Truang Hoai Tao, Tran Dinh, Truong Dinh Lieu
TCr giu'a the ky 19 trd di, trong boi canh thuc dan Phap diing vu luc thon tinh hoan toan 6 tinh mien Nam (1862), sau
do danh chiem ra mien Bac va mien Trung Viet Nam, cac vi vua Irieu Nguyen da chu truang de cao Nlio hpc, tang cudng gin giu tinh than van hoa truyen thdng trude lan song xam nhap 6
at ciia eae trao luu tu tudng phuong Tay
Tu lieu Han Nom, tinh VTnh Long con bao ton den ngay nay cho biet Doc hgc Nguyen Thdng da keu gpi nhirng ngudi Minh Huong quyen gop de >;ay dimg trudng hoc va Van Mieu d dia phuang nay Trong mdt ban chieu hpi ong viet:
"Xet sdu tinh Nam Ky chi co Biin Hod,
5B
Trang 4Gia Dinh vdn cd Vdn Miiu tic idu di tha
phung Tiin thdnh Khdng Tir, bay muat
hai thdy vd tien dgi tiin nho, xudn thu hai
kl quan tinh lo viic ciing te nghi li rdt l&n
Tic vi binh lira, tu khi trong miiu tr& thdnh
tro tan, cdc bdc tu vdn bdn viec d&i nhin
thdy md budn cho gido hod Nay dgo Phgt
vd Thien Chiia chua qudn nguy nga md
Thdnh hien cua chiing ta cd an gido hudn
cho mgi ngu&i lgi khong co noi ndo tha
phung ciing te Thiem chicc dd cung cdc
vien Gido thu, Hudn dgo va sT nhdn trong
tinh xudt tiin rieng, dinh khodng thdng 8,
thdng 9 ndm nay se chgn ddt xdy mgt ngdi
miiu tha Tien hien, xudn thu ti le Nhdn
nghT cdc tdng ly hod muc cung cdc vien bd
hd vd ngu&i Minh Huang, hogc ( ) hgc
nghiep, hogc con chdu du vdo dam sTldm,
trong do CO nhiing ke tdn su trgng dgo
khinh tdi hieu nghTa chdc khdng thiiii
ngu&i, neu khdng cdo du thi khdng khoi
phu mdt long tdt ciia hg Vi the gici chieu
hgi chuyen bdo cho tdng ly hdo muc, cdc
viin bd ho vd ngu&i Minh Huang trong
hgt, cd ai khai phdt long ldnh gdp tiin tra
giup cdng viec thi ghi lgi hg ten que qudn
vd sd tiin ddng gdp trd lai de tiin viec trii
bi Sau khi khanh thdnh, thiim chicc se
khdc vdo bia da de khuyen khich ngu&i
sail Quy chuc Id bgc tien dgt & Nam
Tnin'g trong viec phu tu vdn cung die
phdn trdch nhiem xin nghT ky md gdng
sii-c thi hanh, do Id dieu mong mdi vdy Vi
vgy ra chiiu hdi
Quy chicc Tri phii Djnh Vien tham
chieu
Ngdy 20 thdng 1 ndm Tu Due thu 17 (1864).'^
Trong thdi gian nay, de hudng ling phong trao chan hung Nho hgc cua nha Nguyen, xa Minh Huong, Hgi An da tien hanh xay dung mieu Van Thanh de thd Dire Khdng Tir va cac bac tien hien vao nam 1867 Trong mieu hien con bao tdn tam bia lap nam 1871 do vi dai than trieu Nguyen la Bang Bien quan vu Luong Binh Ninh Thai, giai nguyen khoa Dinh Miii (1847) Dang Huy T n i bien soan Ong
viet: "Xd Minh Huang xua nay chua cd
den th& Van Thdnh nhung ngu&i khoa bdng tru&c sau xudt hiin, that Id diiu l&n thay! Dao ciia Thdnh nhdn khdng phdi cho dgi cd ddi ba thu&c tu&ng, vdi hdng cot phung tha rdi sau m&i ban phuac cho Nay chu vf thdn hdo dd vi nghTa rhd xdy dung Thdnh tir de bdo dap Thdnh dn ta lgi dec gi l&i! ".^
2 Dia vj cua Nho sT Minh H u o n g
Do chinh quyen nha nudc phong kien Viet Nam thdi trude da thue hien mgt chinh sach khoan dung doi vdi cgng dong ngudi Hoa ndi chung, ngudi Minh Huong noi rieng, de hg co nai cu trii on dinh va chung sdng hoa nhap vdi cu dan ban dia, chinh vi vay, trong nhieu the ki qua, khdng thdi nao thieu ving su xuit hien cua nhimg ngudi tai goc Hoa tren mgi ITnh vuc Hg da co nhiing dong gdp to ldn doi vdi su phat trien tren nhieu ITnh vuc cua Viet Nam, trong do ed ITnh vue van boa,
xa hgi, nhu trudng hgp thiy do ngudi goc
NGHIEN ClJrU TRUNG QUOC so 1(173) - 2016
57
Trang 5Hoa ndi tiing dit Binh Duong, Gia Dinh
la Vd Trudng Toan Ong thdng minh, hgc
sau, bilt rgng Gap luc nudc nha loan lac,
dng s6ng an minh, chuyen tam nghien ciiu
van chuang, lich sii va day hge Nhilu
danh thin ngudi Minh Huong triiu vua
Gia Long nhu Trmh Hoai Diic, Le Quang
Dinh, Ngo Nhan TTnh, Ngd Tiing Chau,
Pham Dang Hung la mon de cua Vo
Trudng Toan Theo nhan dinh cua nha
nghien ciiu ve cgng dong ngudi Hoa d
Viet Nam - Li Tana, trong su6t thi ky XIX,
ngudi Minh Huong da td ra dac biet nang
dgng tren chinh trudng Viet Nam, tieu
bieu trong so hg la Trinh Hoai Dire
(1765-1825) va Phan Thanh Gian
(1795-1867) Dinh cu sdm ban cac nhdm
phuang ngir ngudi Hoa khac tai Viet
Nam, vdi tinh each la mgt nhom, ngudi
Minh Huong da co moi quan he lau dai
nhieu the ky vdi chinh quyen hg Nguyin
Hon nua, vi dugc phep tham du cac ky
thi, nen hp co dieu kien dat tdi mgt vi tri
xa hpi cao hon Thong qua khao ciiu eae
tu lieu chii Han ciia ngudi Hoa con luu
giii den ngay nay, chung ta co thi hilu ro
hon dja vi cua cac nho sT khoa bang
ngudi goc Hoa trong ddi song xa bdi
duong thdi
Mgt so bia ky eua xa Minh Huong d
Hgi An, Quang Nam cho biet khi eac
nhan sT co than phan Cir nhan, Tii tai trong
xa tham gia quyen gdp triing tu dinh miiu
trong xa, ten ciia hg thudng dugc xIp d
hang dau, diing tren ca danh sach eae quan
vien ed pham ham cao va chiie sac ciia x3, cho dil so tien ddng gdp cua hg nhieu hay
it Tim bia triing tu Hpi quan Minh Huong Gia Thanh nam 1839 d thanh pho
Hd Chi Minh ciing cho bilt: Vuong Hiiu Quang la ngudi diing dau danh sach quyen gdp triing tu Hpi quan Gia Thanh nam 1839, vdi sd tien la 50 lugng bac Ngoai ra, Cii nhan khoa At Miii Tran Van Long ciing tham gia quyen gop 20 quan
Sd tiln nay la rat it di so vdi nhirng ngucri khac nhu Truang Hung Dao, Hoang Hgp Thanh gop 800 quan, Tran Y Diic, Hoang
Ha Nguyen gop 300 quan, Phan Hiiu Tri gdp 120 quan, Ngo Qudc Phu, Vuong Dich Gian gdp 100 quan Nhung ten cua cir nhan Tran Van Long van dugc khae ghi d hang tren dau ciia tam bia ky Dieu nay cho thay sir tdn trgng ciia ngucri Minh Huong danh cho tang ldp Nho sT khoa bang, dung nhu trat tu ST Nong -Cdng - Thuong cua xa hgi phuang Dong truyen thdng Ngoai ra, mdt vi du thirc te
cu the khac nhu trudng hgp Nguyen Ngge Lan, xa Minh Huong, tinh VTnh
Long: "Nguyen tru&c la khda sinh trong bdn xd, theo hgc nghiep tic lau, di thi dii tam tru&ng, hdng ndm diu di thi dd may mdn dau cdn truang Den An khoa nam Nhdm Ddn Thieu Tri thic 6, du thi ddu Tu tdi Sau din ndm Gidp Ty Tu Dice thu 11,
xd ta thiet nghi viin chicc ndy khd biet su
ly, am tu&ng li nghia vi vgy ddng cic ldm Huangli"^ Ghi chep trong van ban chir
Han neu tren cua xa Minh Huong, tinh
Trang 6VTnh Long da cho t h i y nhung ngudi
khoa bang la t i n g ldp cd uy tin xa hpi
nhat dinh trong cdng ddng ngudi Minh
H u o n g va ngudi Hoa noi chung
Ro rang truyen thdng cua ngudi Minh
H u o n g la cac vi khoa bang co uy tin xa
hgi cao b a n ca nhiing ngudi lam quan, eac
thuong nhan vdn la nhirng ngudi co tiem
lire kinh te Muc dieh cua truyen thdng
trgng Nho trgng khoa bang nay khdng gi
khac ngoai viec khuyen khich nen giao
due Nho giao, de cao van hoa Nho giao de
cdng ddng lang xa ngay cang dugc phat
trien Gidng nhu tinh hinh khai quat ve xa
Minh H u a n g , Hdi An qua mo ta trong bia
ky lap nam Duy Tan 2 (1908) d Dinh tien
hien Minh H u o n g do cir nhan Truang
Dong Hiep bien soan nhu sau: "que
huang ciia ngic&i Minh dd mdt, mdt so cmt
thdn bdt phuc nhd Thanh dd chgy sang
nu&c Nam dn ldnh Di den ddu hg cung
dimg ldng lap dp, lay chu Minh de giir
qudc hiiu Khap 36 tinh tinh ndo cung cd
ldng Minh Huang, nhung ldng Minh
Huang ddu tien & Qudng Nam Ddn ldng
nhieu ngu-ai do dgt ldm quan Trdi qua lau
ngdy, xdm lang tr& nen ddng due, den
mieu dugc xdy dung khdp n&i Ddu dai
Minh Mgng dung den Tuy Tien Du&ng de
th& cdc bgc trung thdn d&i Trung Hung,
din ndm Tu Dice thu hai tu sita lgi Ndm
Thdnh Thdi mu&i bdy d&i ve ben trdi
Tricng Hdn Cung Tic dd ve sau cdng them
nhiiu ngu&i thi ddu ldm quan " '"
Ghi chep tren ciing gdp phin cho t h i y
nho sT Minh Huong thi dd khoa cir, ra lam
quan la mdt niem vinh du ldn lao cua toan
xa, eiia toan the edng ddng Ddi vdi ngudi Minh H u o n g d VTnh Long trudc day lai
de cao tang ldp khoa eir d mdt gdc dd khac Nam nao xa nay co ngudi thi dau COr nhan hay Tii tai thi duge ghi nhan la cong trang hang dau cua quan ehiic xa nhiem ky dd, tren ea eae eong lao khac cua hg Trong ban "truy u d c " ciia xa do Huong chii Truong Nggc Lang ciing dan xa lap ra nham de cao edng siic dong gop cua cac bae tien triet, hien nhan trong xa tu ddi Canh Hung den Thieu Trj co doan ghi nhu
sau: "Xd tru&ng Giang Quang Lang
Trong khodng ndm dy cd nhdn sT bdn xd la Nguyen Nggc Ldn thi ddu Tii tdi dn khoa ndm Nhdm Ddn Ndm Tdn Suu Thieu Tri thic I, ldnh bdng ldm xd tru&ng xd Minh Huang, ldm din nam Thieu Tri thic 3, giit dinh bg ba quyen, mdi quyen nhdn sd han
70 ngu&i Tiin bgc, thui md mdi ndm deu nop dil, mgi viic diu xong Ciing nhitng viec tinh trdt sue, mua phu mua, suit dich phdi khiin linh tinh, khdng co viec ndo de cham tre, mgi viic deu gidi quyit hit" O
mgt doan khae ghi nhu sau: "Xa tru&ng
Tic Cdng Hdi Trong cdc ndm bd nhiem chiec sdc ndy, cd Phd xa Tdn Than Dice theo dudi viec hgc, den khoa Dinh Miii thi ddu cu nhdn Ndm Binh Ngo Thieu Tri thic
6 ldnh bdng ldm Xd tru&ng ldm viic din ndm Mau Thdn Tie Dice thic 1 thi man khoa Giic dinh bg ba quyin, mdi quyen nhdn sd
330 ngic&i Hdng ndm vdng trdt sue cua tinh mua hdng cung sicu dich phdi khiin
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUOC so 1(173) - 2016 59
Trang 7linh tinh mgi viec deu dn thod Den ndm
Gidp Ddn Tu Due thu 7 bdn xa cung cic
ldm Huang truang Den ndm At Mao thu
8, bdn xd tritng tu din tha Thdnh Mdu
ldnh ldm Phd Tdng ly, ddc sudt ddn xd thi
cdng Cdng viic da hodn thdnh di lgi cho
d&i sau".^^
3 Nho sT M i n h H u o n g t r o n g sinh
hoat lang xa d dia p h u o n g
Tang ldp tri thiic Minh Huong dudi
thdi Nguyen da co nhiing hoat dgng sdi
noi tai cac dia phucmg noi hp cu tni Vi
du nhu tri thiic Minh Huong d Hgi An da
lap ra td chiic Nho hgc eua minh la hdi
Minh Van eiing vdi cac doan the tho van
khac tai dia ban nhu Tuy Tinh Thi Xa
Ve hdi Minh V a n , tam bia mieu Van
Xuong (hien dat tai Dinh tiln h i i n Minh
Huong) eho biet "ldng ta cd vdn phong
cdn bdn, ngdy ngdy giic gin nhu bdn in vdy
Ke sT dugc ca ngo'i chdt phdc nhu cdy
rong nhung lgi vu0 lin hdng khoa bdng
Miia xudn ndm Quy Sicu th&i Tu Dice
(1853), cdc thdn sT cd ciing y chi trong
ldng dd ddng gop tien cita thdnh lap hdi
Minh Vdn v&i mong mudn xdy dung miiu
th& Be Qudn du chua du khd ndng" Theo
ghi chep trong tam bia tren, hdi cung da
dua ra ndi quy nhu sau: " Nhdn luc
ngdy tdt thdng gieng, ngu&i ldng tap trung
tai nhd Huynh Du Suu thiit li cdu ciing
thdn Vdn Tinh Ngu&i trong Hdi cd viec
quan, hdn, tang, ti thi gdp tiin giup sice
gidng nhu ngu&i trong ldng Ngdi Di
qudn xua dd di hudn, nguai ldng khdng cd
hgc vdn thi khdng \dugc vdo Hdi Ngu&i lang vdo Hdi khdng dugrc ra vdo tiiy tiin
tu do Chung quy y chi do nhdm xdy dimg quy che chat che cho mai sau " '^
Hdi Minh Van ve c o ban cd tinh chit gidng nhu hpi T u van trong cac lang xa cl truyen ciia ngudi Viet Day la mgt lo^ hinh td churc Nho hgc cap thdn, xa, huyen,
va cd vai trd quan trgng trong ddi sdng van hda tinh than d ndng thdn Viet Nara thdi ki trudc Muc dich hoat ddng cua cac hdi T u van la d l cao tinh thin van hoa Nho gia, khich le tinh than hieu hpc va gin giii phong tuc tap quan truyen thong ciia dia phuong Nam T u Diic 28 (1875), sau nhieu nd luc cd gang hdi Minh Van da phdng theo den Tii Ddng d Tii Xuyen, Trung Qudc, xay dung mieu Van Xuong cr
xa Tra Nhieu de bao dap on thin VSn Xucmg De Quan Day la vj thin linh ma Dao giao va mdt sd tin ngudng dan gian I khae cua Trung Qudc siing bai, chuyen cai ' quan sir nghiep cdng danh ciia eae nhan sT Vdi viec thd eiing vi than nay, hpi Minh Van eiia xa Minh Huong hi vgng rSng trong tuong lai su nghiep ciia nhiing ngudi ed thien tam trong xa se dugc tiep noi, ke thira
N h d vao truyen thong hieu hgc va vifc phat trien cdng ddng lang xa theo dinh hudng tdn Nho trgng dao ma cdng dong ngudi Hoa Minh H u o n g dudi thdi Nguyen
CO nhiing bude phat trien to Idn Nhieu dot triing tu dinh, chiia, mieu mao quy md Idn
dugc tien hanh nhu "mgt su bung nd cua
y thuc ve cdn tinh trong thai ki ndy" (Li
60
Trang 8Tana) Cdng vdi nhieu chinh sach uu dai
ndi chung cua triiu Nguydn da lam cho
ngudi Minb Huong va ngudi Hoa noi
chung ngay cang gin bd vdi que huang
thii hai ciia minh, nhit la ddi vdi ting ldp
nho sT khoa bang Minh Huong Bia ky lap
nam Khai Dinh 2 (1917) d Lai Viln Kilu
eung cho thay tinh hinh co nhilu tu tai
tham gia quyen gdp nhu Td Thanh, Thai
Quy, Tang Hoan Ngoai ra, con co bat
pham van giai Pham Van VT, Hoang Nhu
Nggc, Cliu phim van giai Dinh Tao
Dimg dau danh sach quyen gop trong tim
bia nay la Han lam Thi giang Truang Ddng
Hiep Ten dng nay ciing xuat hien trong
tam bia ghi danh ngudi quyen gdp Bia
triing tu chiia Minh Huong Phat Tu, Hdi
An lap nam Giap Din (1904) vdi chirc
danh Giao thu Truong Ddng Hiep, cimg
vdi han lam dien ba Nguyin Han, bat
pham Pham Nhan Hao, cim phim van giai
Hd Chi Hoa, Hd Chi Dung , tii tai Phan
Nhu Bich, Phan Xuan Han, Tang Chiln
Truang Ddng Hiep (1857-1926), hieu
Thuan Phu, do Cir nhan khoa Giap Ngp,
1894, sau dd nham chiic Huin dao tinh
Quang Nam, Han lam Vien thi giang ham
tdng Ngu pham, dugc chinh quyen trieu
Nguyen phong la Phung Thanh dai phu
Ong xuat than tir mgt ddng hg Truong
kha ndi tieng d Hgi An Ong td cua dong
hg nay la Truong Mau Vien, nguyen
quan phii Chuong Chau, Phuc Kiln,
Trung Qudc, di cu din Hpi An vao
khoang giiia thi ky XVIII Mdt ngudi
khac cua dong hp Truong la Truong Chi
Can tirng giu: chiie vu chii su bd Binh dudi thdi vua Minh Mang Miia xuan nam Minh Mang 15 (1834), dng da ciing
tang blic hoanh phi de chir "Linh quang bdt mdn " cho mieu Quan Cdng, Hdi An
Em trai Truong Chi Cin la Truang Chi Thi timg hai lin thi dd Tu tai Nam 1848, ong nay diing ra chii tri cdng trinh triing
tu hai cung Cam Ha va Hai Binh Su kien nay dugc ghi lai trong tam bia lap nam
1922, do ngudi chau ruot la Truang Ddng Hiep soan, hien luu giii d ehiia Minh Huong Phat Tu, Hdi An Truang Ddng Hiep cung la ngudi viet nhieu van bia cho xa Minh Huong nhu bia ky nam
1904 d mieu Quan Cdng, bia lap nam
1908 d Tuy Tien Dudng, bia lap nam
1918 d Thanh Minh Tir Nam 1908, sau phong trao bieu tinh ddi giam thue, toa Cdng sii Phap dieu ddng dng lam tri huyen Dai Ldc Ong tu chdi, cao iSo ve huu day hpe tai que nha.'"'
Ciing vdi su gia tang ciia sd lugng ngudi do dat trong xa, nhieu dong hg Minh Huong d Hdi An da trd thanh eac gia tdc khoa bang nhu mpt dong hp Truong khac d Hpi An Ong to Truang Duy Co eiia ddng hp nay den tir phii Tuyen Chau, Phuc Kien, Trung Qudc Khi di cu den Hdi An, do la ngudi hgc rdng hieu nhieu, tinh thdng dao ly nen dng dugc quan lai dia phuong phong la
"tam giao dieh truyen" Nhd eo truyen thdng hieu hpc nay, con chau hg Truong
cd nhieu ngudi thi dd cir nhan, tu tai nhu Truong Tang Dien, Truong Tang Tri
NGHIEN CUlU TRUNG QUOC so 1(173} - 2016
61
Trang 9Truong Tang Dien sinh nam 1801, thi
dau Cii nhan nam 1825, duge cho la
ngudi Minh Huong dau tien d Hdi An dd
dat khoa bang Ong timg lam quan d kinh
dd Hue, sau nham chiie tri huyen huyen
Dai An Biic cau ddi tren canh cira chinh
mieu Quan Cdng ghi: "Nhdt diem dan
tdm tdn bdc sic thien thu nghTa khi trdng
nam cuang" la do cir nhan Trucmg Tang
Dien ciing tang thdi ki Thieu Tri
Cd the ndi viec tich cue tham gia eae
boat ddng lang xa ciia cac nhan sT hai gia
tgc hg Truong ndi tren chi la mdt hinh
anh thu nhd, tieu bieu cho su dong gdp
cua cae nha Nho Minh Huang ddi vdi
viec xay dung phat trien van hoa xa hdi
cdng ddng Tu lieu van bia xa Minh
Huong, Hdi An con cho thay da so cac
boat dpng cua xa nay vao thdi Nguyen
deu dua vao tang ldp Nho sT khdi xudng
va thi hanh Trong bdi canh thuc dan
Phap tang cudng xam luge va thiet lap bd
may cai tri d mien Trung, Viet Nam tu
giiia thdi Nguyen, mdi quan be gitra ting
Idp Nho sT ngudi Hoa Minh Huong vdi
cac nhan sT ngudi Viet d viing Hgi An
ngay cang trd nen gin bo khang kbit hon
Tam bia triing tu mieu Quan Cdng lap
nam Thanh Thai 16 cho bilt cd rit nhilu
quan vien chiic sic trong tinh tham gia
quyen tien tu sira miiu nhu quan dai thin
sung Co mat vien bp Lai, phd tdng tai
Quoc sir quan Nguyin Thuat, Nam nghTa
tdng ddc Hd De, quan Bd chanh Dang
Nhu Vpng, An sat sir Dinh Him Khanh, tri
phii Tran Gia Trung, Trin Van Thdng,
Phan Tran, tri huyen Tdn That Dan, Trin Ngpc Tu Dieu nay cho thay su giao luu van hoa giiia cac Nho sT Minh Huang 6 Hgi An vdi cac nhan sT ban dja da co tir lau va van duge duy tri den sau nay Dang chii y nhat la trudng hgp Dang Huy Trii, ngudi bien soan van bia tning tu mieu Quan Cdng nam Tu Diic 14 (nam Giap Ty 1864) va viet bai van thanh lap cho hpi Minh Van cua cac nhan sT Minh Huong, Hdi An vao nam Tu Dire 18 (1868) Hdi Minh Van tran trpng viec nay bang viec khac ghi vao bia da mieu Van
Xuong nhu sau: "nh& cd bdi tua cita quan
Bd chinh hg Dgng md dieu li ciia Hgi dugc ghi lgi cho den ngay nay Viec trdi qua mic&i nam khdng thi nh& ddy dii Neu khdng cd bdi vdn ndy thi khdng the biet th&i ki ddu lap Hdi" Mae dii dang rat bgn
rdn viee nudc viec quan, nhung Dang Huy Tni van danh cho ngudi Minh Huong, Hdi An sir quan tam, uu ai ldn
Tir cudi thi ky XIX din diu thi XX, mdi quan he giiia cac Nho sT Minh Huong vdi cac nha Nho ban dja cang them gan bd khang kbit do tac dpng manh me ciia hoan canh lich sii ducmg thdi Trudc tinh hinh dat nudc bi thuc dan Phap xam chiem, mdt sd tri thiic Minh Huang da tham gia tich cue cac phong trao Cin Vuong, Ddng Du, Duy Tan va phong trao chdng suu thue Theo nghien cim ciia Nguyen Sinh Duy, nhcf
cd trung gian la Chau Van Dat (tiic Chau Tho Ddng) ma sd tan thu cua Hoa Kieu -Minh Huong (Hdi An) da dugc truyen
Trang 10den tay mdt sd nha Nho cip tiln Viet
Nam, nhirng ngudi khdi xudng ra phong
trao Duy Tan yeu nudc, trong do cd Tran
Quy Cap.''' Mdi quan he mat thilt giira
tang ldp Nho sT Minh Huong vdi cac Nho
sT, quan lai dia phuong cung cho thay
muc dp gan bo hoa nhap ngay cang sau
vao xa hdi ban dia ciia cgng ddng nay,
khdng chi dimg d phuong dien boat ddng
kinh te dan thuan va tu chu quan ly hanh
chinh nhu da eo tir trudc dd rit lau
Ket luan
Cac tu lieu dan gian nhu van bia, gia
pha, trat sue tuy chi cung cap nhirng
thdng tin rdi rac, nhung thdng qua viec
nghien ciiu, phan tich cac tu lieu nay nay,
chiing ta cd the phan nao hieu dugc vai tro
ciia cac nha Nho Minh Huong trong ddi
sdng van boa, xa hdi edng ddng d Viet
Nam trong cac the ki trude Cae nho sT
khoa bang la mpt bg phan cu dan co dia vi
eao trong cgng ddng ngudi gde Hoa d Viet
Nam vao thdi Nguyen Ddng thdi, hg
cGng ed su lien ket va quan he gan bo vdi
cac nhan sT ban dia trong eac boat ddng
van hda - xa hgi ndi chung, Viee thanh lap
hdi Minh Van, xay dung mieu Van
Thanh cho thay su hda nhap ngay cang
sau vao ddi sdng van boa giao due dia
phuong ciia cdng ddng ngudi Hoa Minh
Huang Dilu dd cung chimg td rang chinh
quyln nha Nguyen da tao mgi dieu kien
thuan lgi cho ngudi Hoa hdi nhap mdt
each manh me, toan dien vao xa hpi Viet
Nam tren ca phuang dien chinh trj, kinh te
va van hda, giao due Hp da trd thanh mpt
bd phan cu dan quan trgng, ddng vai trd tich cue ddi vdi sir phat trien kinh te thuong mai va hinh thanh sac thai van hda ddc dao d timg dia phuong
CHU THiCH:
Li Tana, Nguyen Cam Thuy: "Bia chir Hdn
trong Hdi guan ngudi Hoa lgi thanh phd Hd Chi Minh ••, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hoi, 1999, tr 20
"Dai Nam hoi dien sir le", Vien SCr hoc, Nxb
Thuan Hoa-Hul, 1993, tr 303
' Nguyen Cam Thuy chii bien: "Dinh cu cua
nguai Hoa Iren ddt Nam Bd (lie the ky XVII den nam 1945) ", Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2000
tr 190, 157
Li Tana, Nguyen Cam Thuy, sdd, tr 465
^ Nguyen Cam Thuy chu bien, sdd, tr 189
* Nguyen Chi Trung, Tran Van An: "Xa Minh
Huang vai Thucmg cdng Hoi An the ky XVII-XIX", Trung Tam Quan ly va bao ton di
tich Quang Nam, 2005, tr 38
^ Nguyen Cam Thiiy chu bien, sdd, tr 225
** Pham Thiic Hong trong cuon "Vdn hgc Hdn
Ndm trong Di lich co Hoi An", Nxb Da Nang,
2003, tr 21
' Nguyin cim Thiiy chii bien, sach da dan, tr
317
'° Tang Xuyen, Pham Thuc Hong: "Dinh Tien
hiin Minh huong, Hdi An ", Nxb Da Nang, 2010, tr
45, 46
" Nguyin cim Thuy chu bien, sach da dan, tr 261,263
'^ Tang Xuyen, Pham Thuc Hong, sdd, tr 71,
72
'•" Pham Thiic Hong, "Mieu Quan Thanh
(chua Ong) Hgi An", Nxb Lao Dong, 2008, tr 75
''^ Nguyin Sinh Duy, "Qudng Nam vd nhitng
vdn di su hoc", Nxb Van hoa - Thong tin, Ha Noi,
2006, tr 79
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