Lftc lap kg hogch xdy dyng muong nude, hp da nghT ddn vife can eft vao ngudn nudc md xde djnh ro tuygn dudng efta muong di, budc ddu udc luong dupc dp ddi efta muong, sftc chfta nudc eua
Trang 1N/VAI NET VE HE THONG KENH JViaONG Vdl Ddi SONG
• QUA DAN TOC HA NHJ VAN NAM TRUNG QUOC
GS DL/ONG L g c KIM
Hoc vien HongHd, Vdn Nam, Trung Quoc
Tdm tdt: Hf thdng kgnh muong efta ddn tgc Ha Nhi la sy ket tinh va tri tuf efta td tien,
cfing la sy sdng tao vT dgi efta tl tien Khdi nguin cua bf thdng kenh muong vftng son eude Ai Lao - Van Nam ehinh la canh tdc rudng bac thang Td tien efta ngudi Ha Nhi cu trft trgn vung som cudc Ai Lao ngay nay trong qud trinh phdt ttien ljch sft hang ngan nam, bang chinb ddi tay cdn cu va tti tuf thdng minh efta minh, de sdng tao ngn he thdng kenh muang va ngn vdn hda eanh tdc rupng bae thang sdn lan huy hoang Bai viet ndy thdng qua vifc didu tia nghien cuu thyc tg, khdng chi lam rd hf tbong kenh muang dupc td tien dan tdc Hd Nhi bdn Tpa Lgc, ma cdn dg cap tdi cdc van dg quygn sd hfiu, qudn ly kgnh muong vd phdn phdi ngudn nudc
Tft khda: Ddn lpc Hd Nhi Trung Quoc vdn hda kenh muang
Tpa Lae la mpt ban thude xa Bao
Hoa ehau Hdng Hd tinh Van
Nam, thugc doan nfti phIa Nam
nui Ai Lao, ed ngudi dan tgc Ha Nhi va
dan tde Di cung chung sdng Toan bdn co
282 hp, 1315 ngudi (dan tdc Ha Nhi cd
144 hp 725 ngudi, ddn tde Di cd 138 hg,
590 ngudi) Ban nay trude do gia tpc hg
Pho dan tgc Ha Nhi dyng lgn, sau d6 gia
tdc hg Duong vd hp Truomg efta dan tde Di
mdi di cu ddn Tft xua tdi nay, hai dan tde
trong bdn ludn chung sing hda thudn vdi
nhau Nhu trong bdn co dam eudi, vife
tang va le tet thudng thi theo phong tuc
cua timg nha de eft hanh vifc hieu hy va ddn le Nhung vifc tg ll Trgi Than, Trai Mdn, lg md gigng nudc va dao muong nude lgi do ed bdn eftng nhau lam Bai vilt di sau nghign eftu, phan tich nhiing khia cgnh ljch sft, dao muang khai cdng
va rudng bgc thang efta ngudi dan ban Tpa Lae
1 Ban Lac, rirng va nguon nirdc
1.1 Lich su vd mdi truomg Bdn Lgc
Tpa Lgc la diln djeh tft "Ting Lao" ciia tigng Ha Nhi Tdng Lao ed nghia la mudn phuang tu hpi vg sinh sing Theo ttuygn
Trang 2mifng cua nhftng ngudi gia ttong bdn va
ghi ehep ttong "phi hf gia tdc hg Duong",
ban nay xay dyng vao gifta ddi Khang Hy
nhd Thanh (khong r5 thdi gian eu thi), lftc
do thupc hat Lge Khung Thi Sd, chau
Thach Binh, phu Ldm An Nam Dan Quic
22 (nam 1933), quy vl xa Lac Khung, khu
6, huyfn Thgch Btnh Nam 1950 lap ngn
huyfn Hdng Ha, van thupc xa Lac Khung
Nam 1954 khi quy hogch hanh chinh
chuygn vl xa Bao Hoa (khu Gidp Din)
thudc Khu 2, huyfn Hdng Hd Tu nam
1970 den nay thugc xa Bao Hoa, huyfn
Hong Ha
Dien tich rumg va nfti tren dia bdn la
hon 430 hecta, trong do: dien tich rftng
132 hecta (rimg tap thg 96 hecta, rimg tu
hiiu 36 hecta), difn tieh dat hoang, niii
hoang la 298 hecta (nfti hoang 201 hecta,
dat hoang 97 hecta), ti le rimg che phft
30.7% Tham thuc vat rftng nhift ddi Thi
nhudng pha ttdn giua dit do, hodng thd va
dat nau do hda trdn Khi hgu binh quan
nam la 17.6°C, thdng 1 lgnh nhit va thang
7 ndng nhat Lupng mua hang nam la
1485.3 mm, thdng 5 dgn thdng 10 Id miia
mua, lupmg nude mua ehiim 80% lupng
nude mua ca ndm Noi cao nhat d day so
vdi myc nudc bien la 2120m (nui Sft Tat
Dang), nai thap nhit so vdi mue nude biln
840m (ven bd sdng Duong Ngd Cuu)
Nguon nude chu yeu la thupng du sdng
Man Ban, sdng Tpa Lge Ting difn tieh
dit canh tac la 1438.44 mau, ttong do
NGHIEN CIJU TRUNG QUO'C so 12 (172) - 2015 —
rudng nudc chiem 1200 miu, dong cd chigm 238.44 mau Tdng san lupmg luomg thyc dgt 543095kg, tong thu nhap kinh te dgt 176211 nhan ddn te Binh quan luang thyc diu ngudi la 413kg, binh quan thu nhgp kinh tl tren diu ngudi la 1340 Nhan dantf
1.2 Ritng vd ngudn nirdc
Trudc ndm 1950, ban Tpa Lae cd 132 hecta rimg Lftc nay, eac vung rimg nguygn sinh ndm trgn dia phan cua ban nhu "nfti Sinh Dd Lgp Khuech, nfti Sft Tat Dang, nfti Hach Dogt Binh, nfti Minaka, nfti Henshengpian", eo the gpi vdi eai ten hd nude xanh ctia noi day Nguin nude chdy
ra tft nhiing cdnh rimg nay da tudi lgn bang ngdn mau rugng (ban Tga Lac cd hon mpt nghin mau rupng) Sau nam 1957, do difn tieh rimg bj tan pha nghiem trpng, ngudn nudc gidm thigu, mdt bp phan khdng nhd rudng nude bign thdnh rugng kho, ddng nudc cua bdn ciing trd nen nhd ban, nude dftng trong sinh hogt cua eon ngudi eung ngdy eang khd khan Hifn tai, nudc dung trong sinh hogt cua ba con trong ban phdi dan tft noi each xa bdn tdi 5km Nhung theo nam thdng, ciing vdi dp lyc dan sl tdng trudng, vifc tan phd rimg xdy ra nghiem trpng, din tdi hifn tupng lfi quet
va xdi mon dat Mudi nam trd lgi day, eft tdi mfta mua, lu lyt lgi cdng tSng them, dit ndng nghifp bj ngdp nang Sy tdn pbd qua mfte eiia con ngudi dli vdi bf sinh thdi thi
45
Trang 3sy bao thft cua ty nhien danh eho eon
ngudi cung ngay edng nghiem tigng
Nguin nudc ehay qua noi ddy chfnh la
song Man Ban, thupc nhdnh sdng Hdng
Song Mgn Ban bit nguin tft khu rftng
nguygn sinh tren mii Sinh Dd Lgp Khuich
va rimg nguygn sinh tien nui Sft Tat DSng
Nudc tu hai khu rimg nguygn sinh nay
chdy ra, sau khi di vdo ven ban Tpa Lae thi
trd thanh "sdng Tpa Lae" Sau dd tft Tpa
Lge chdy qua cdc bdn Gid 6, Bich Cu, Bi
Xa rdi nhdp vdo Mgn Bdn mdi, nen cd cai
tdn la "sdng Man Ban" Tu Mgn Ban mdi
chdy dgn dap Mdnh Long, dupe ggi la
"sdng Manh Long" Tft dap Manh Long
chgy qua edc bdn Thit Tinh, Thi Ddi, sau
khi chdy qua phia sau ban Dgi Hdc Cdng
thi nhdp vao ddng sdng Hlng Doan chay
qua ban Tpa Lgc khoang 12 km
1.3 Logi htnh kinh mirang
Kenh muong efta dan tde Ha Nhi tten
vung niii Ai Lao dupc chia lam ba logi la
muong quan, muong ban vd muong tu
nhan Dong muong eua ban Tpa Lac ehi cd
muong bdn va muong tu nhan Xin ndu
mgt so net khdi quat vg tinh hmh kgnh
muong chinb efta ban ndy
Mpt Id "muang lan San NgU Sa Pa"
Con muong nay la eon muong ddn nudc
do hai bdn Tpa Lae va Gid Ngu Luc cftng
ddo Bat dau ddo tu ndm 1940 din ndm
1942 mdi xong, diu ngudn tu "minaka"
dgn culi nguin la bdn Tpa Lgc, ddi 3 km,
tdng difn tich tudi tigu la hon 112 mdu, trong do ban Tpa Lgc la hom 50 miu, bdn Gia Ngu Lue la ban 62 mau
Hai la "muang Gid O", eon muang nay
la con muong dan nude do hai bdn Tga Lgc va Gid 6 cimg dao Bdt diu ddo tft nam 1935, dau muong bat nguon tft "Hgc Ddng Lgc" den cudi muong Id "Long Ma", dai 4 km, tdng dien tfch tudi tieu la ban
550 mau, trong dd bdn Tpa Lgc la hon 140 mau, ban Gia 6 la 410 mau
Ba la "muang Dao Ld Ca", muong nay
Id con muang ddn nude do hai ban Tga Lge va ban Gid Ngft Lue cung ddo Khong
ro thdi gian dao, dau muong bit nguin tu ehan ban Tpa Lge den cudi muong la "niii
Ta La Bdng ", dai 3 km, tdng difn tfch tudi tieu la ban 210 miu, ttong do ban Tpa Lgc
la 145 mau, bdn Gid Ngu Lue Id 65 mau
Bdn Id "muang Son Ca", muang nay la
con muong dan nudc do hai ban Tga Lgc
va ban Bich Cu cung bd cdng sftc ra dao Bit diu dao tft nam 1950, diu muong bit ngudn tft dau cdu Gebili din culi muong
la ben ven ban Bieh Cu, ddi 3,5 km, ting difn tich tudi tieu la ban 270 mdu, ttong
dd bdn Tpa Lae Id hom 130 mdu, bdn Bich Culdhon 140 mau
Ndm Id "muong Bdng Lgp Khuich",
muong nay Id muong dan nudc do tap thi cu dan ban Tpa Lac eimg bd cdng sftc ra dao Khdng ro thdi gian dao, diu muong bit ngudn tft chdn bdn Gia Ngu Luc din cudi muong la "Bang Lap Quang", dai 2.5 km, tdng difn tich tudi tieu la horn 165 mdu
Trang 4Sdu la "muang nudc Lpng Xu ", muong
nay la muong dan nudc do tap thi eu ddn
bdn Tpa Lge cung bd cong sftc ra ddo
Dupc dao vdo ndm 1950, diu mucmg bit
ngudn tu "Ha Bd Dftc Bang Ddp" din eudi
muang Id "A Cde Mae Ml Dudng", dai 3
km, ting difn tich tudi tieu la hon 130 miu
Bdy la "mucmg nudc Ha Bd Due",
muong nay la do ba ho nhd Ly Van Hpc,
Ly Son efta ban Tpa Lgc cftng bd cdng sftc
ra dao Duoe dao vao ndm 1949, diu
muang bat ngudn tft "A Ca Dl Nguyft
Dd" cudi muang la "Ha Bd Dftc Bang
Ddp", ddi 1.5 km, tong difn tieh tudi tigu
la 64 mau, day Id eon muang tu nhan
Tdm la "mirang nudc Duang Ngo Cicu",
muong ndy la con muang ddn nude do bin
hd Phd Dftng Chau, Truomg A Sau cua bdn
Tpa Lgc cung bo cong sue ra dao Dupe dao
vdo nam 1948, dau muong bat nguon tu "Ha
Bat Dftc Tha Dang Mae Dudng" den cuoi
muong la "Duong Ngd Cim Bang Can", dai
2km, tdng difn tich tudi tieu la 115 mau, day
Id eon muong tu nhan
Trong tdm eon muong ke ttdn, cac
muong tft I dgn 4 la thude sd hiiu efta tap
the hai ban; 5 den 6 la thugc sd hum tap the
efta ban Tpa Lgc; 7 den 8 la ede muong
thupe sd hiiu efta bd phan cu dan ban Tpa
Lgc Tong difn tich tudi tidu la hon 1615
mdu, trong do rupng ndng nghiep cua ban
Tpa Lae Id 960 mau, cac ban edn lgi ehiem
655 mau Ngodi ra vdn cdn mdt sd con
sdng nhd le
2 Nguyen Iy cau tao muong va trinh tu* quan ly mutfng
2.1 cdu tgo mirang vd quyen sd hiru 2.1.1 Cdu tgo muang nuac
Dan tde Ha Nhi va dan tpc Di d bdn Tpa Lgc la nhiing ngudi di cu tu phia Bic bd sdng Hdng den viing nui Ai Lao trong khoang nhiing nam eudi ddi nha Minh ddu ddi nha Thanh Lftc hp tdi ban nay djnh eu, nhumg vftng ddt ddng bang phi nhieu d day
va hf thdng tudi tieu da bi ban dgn trudc
hg chigm mat La ngudi dgn sau, ngudi Ha Nhi d bdn Tpa Lge ehi edn bigt tidng Ifta khd trgn sudn nfti va cde edy tidng ua dat kho khac Sau nay, dua tten co sd ttdng trgt tren ddt khd hgn san ed cftng vdi sy tuan theo moi trudng sinh thdi va quy Iugt bien hda efta ty nhien, hp da tan dung hgt sftc dgc diem dia hinh, khi hau, tham thyc vdt cua vftng ndy, cftng vdi uu the dia hinh "nui cao dgn dau thi nude eao dgn do", d vung doc thodi de tudi tidu, hp dya theo dja hinh nfti ma dao muang va lam rudng bde thang Lftc lap kg hogch xdy dyng muong nude, hp da nghT ddn vife can eft vao ngudn nudc md xde djnh ro tuygn dudng efta muong di, budc ddu udc luong dupc dp ddi efta muong, sftc chfta nudc eua mucmg va khd ndng md rpng bao nhieu difn tfch rudng bgc thang Trudc khi khdi cdng, thi d dau muong liy 1 eon ga
va I con vit lam ll cftng thd dia vd thin muong, eau mong nhgn dupe sy giftp dd Clia thin linh Ngudi Ha Nhi cl dgi khi dao muong hg khdng cd ede thilt bj hifn dgi
NGHliN CUU TRUNG QUO'C so 12 (172) - 2015 ^
47
Trang 5nhu may do va thuoc no nhu bay gid, ddo
dupc mudi may kilomet muang that khong
phdi la mpt ehuyfn de dang Phuong phap
ddo efta hp la: Tft noi cd ngudn nudc bat
ddu dao, d vftng nude ehay xigt hp xay 1
cdi dap dde nghieng khoang 5m dgn 10m
dg lam giam bdt tie dp nudc Bd dg dung
cpe gd va tte ldm tru, dip bing da, giua
cdc epe go tbi dung ddy mdy dai bugc chat,
lam kign cd bd de Sau dd, viing diu ngudn
se ddo muong dan nudc va ddo di phin dat
vd dd ehan ddng chdy cua nudc, tigp tuc
dao theo ehieu nudc chay cho den diem
cudi cung thi thdi Neu trong qua ttinh dao
muong qua rimg ma gdp phdi ranh nudc
(hoac kgnh nudc dang chay trong rimg) thi
dftng nhfimg cdy thdn ddi va thang nhu tre,
thdn edy dfta tgo thanh I mdng dan nudc;
neu gap phai muong nudc vln cd tft trudc,
thi trgn muong nude dao 1 eai cdng dg dan
nudc Trong qua trinh ddo muong, dya vao
difn tfch tudi tigu md moi mdt dogn
muong se dg ra 1 cdng eho nude chay ra,
cdng nay chinh la diem phdn nudc eho
vftng dd, va ed the dao thgm muong nhd,
mucmg nhd nay lai ed the dao them mdt sl
nhdnh nhd khac Cft nhu vdy, qua nhilu thi
hf hp khdng ngimg no luc cuoi cftng cfing
ddo ^upe hf thdng muong nudc tudi tieu
ngang dpc chgy khip cdc rudng bac thang
Sau khi nudc Cdng hoa nhan dan Trung
Hoa tbanh lap, Trung Qudc rat coi ttpng
vifc xdy dyng thuy lpi ndng nghifp, khdng
chi sfta chfta mdt sd muong mdng san co
ma cdn khoi dao them mft sl muong khac
nfta Den nam 2010, ban Tga Lgc cd 38
eon mucmg Idn nhd Trudc ddy, muong nudc deu dupe dap bang ddt do vgy de sat
Id Sau nam 1990, ehinh quyen dia phuang
da bd tign ra de xdy dyng mdt sd muong chinh bing xi mang Muong nudc cua ngudi Ha Nhi ehu ygu dupe dan tft tiong rimg mii, dim, suoi Binh thudng, Iupng nudc chay trong cac con muang chinh se phy thupe vdo eac nhanh muong, cdc nhanh ndy se phu thude vao difn tt'ch tudi tigu md chia ra, eac nhdnh mucmg khdng gilng nhau lai duac phan den edc sudn ddc efta rupng bdc thang Ddng nude se tft rufng eao chdy vao cong, sau khi tudi day, nudc sg lgi chay tft cdng thodt xudng chd rugng thap, tien ddy thi chdy xudng, dan dan tudi bet eac tang cua rudng bdc thang Tft xa nhin Igi, cac cong nudc cua mgng bae thang giong nhu eac thdc nudc treo d giua trign nui
2 J.2 Quyin sd hint kenh muang
Muong mang cua ngudi Ha Nhi gdm muong phan quan, muong bdn vd muang
tu nhan Ndm 1956 ttd ve trudc, quyen sd huu kenh muang se dya theo nguygn tie ai dao muong thi muang sg thudc ve ngudi
dd Co nhiing con mucmg do 2 den 3 ban cftng ddo, cd kenh muong do 1 ban tap trung ddo, cd kenh muong do 1 gia dinh dao, cd kenh muong sau khi ddo xong tlu ban cho ngudi khac, do vgy ma quyen sd hfiu dien biln rit phftc tgp Vi du, "muong Duong Ngd Cftu" la do mpt bp phdn dan trong bdn Tpa Lac ddu tu cdng sue ddo len,
do vdy quyen sd huti con muang nay chi
Trang 6thudc vg mpt vdi hp dd; "mucmg Bdi Lap
Khuech " la do toan ban Tpa Lgc tap trung
ddu tu cong sftc vdo ldm do vdy quyln sd
hfiu se thudc ve cd ban; "muong Ha Bd
Dftc" la do 5 nha dau tu eong sue vao ddo,
gim Ly Vdn Hpe, Ly Son, Duomg Tgi
Himg do vay quygn sd hum thupc vl 5
nhd nay; "muong Me Xich Ddng" la do
nhd Duomg No Pbdt ddo, do vdy quyln sd
hiiu se thupc vl nha nay Ndm 1958 sau
khi edng xa boa, cho du la muong cu dg lai
hay Id muong mdi dao, tit cd diu thupc
quygn sd hum cua tap thg Ndm 1981, sau
khi tien hdnh ehe dp cai cdch rudng ddt,
quyen sd hiiu kenh mucmg thudc vl ai thi
ngudi do hudng lpi Nhiing con muong
nay trai ddi trdn nhfimg thfta rudng cua
nhieu hg gia dinh cua cac ban khac nhau,
do vgy ma tinh ttang eftng mdt con muang
md nhieu gia dinh khdng eimg mot ban
diing chung ciing rat nhieu Vi dy nhu
nhOmg eon muong "Son Ngfi Sa Pa", "Gia
6", "Som Ca" nim trong tinh trgng nay
2.2 Qudn ly muffng vd phuffng phdp
phdn chia ngudn nudc
2.2.1 Quanly muang
Trudc nam 1949, muong nudc eiia
ngudi Ha Nhi bit kg la mucmg quanh
nucmg ban, muang tu eua tu nhan deu do
ngudi dge trdch quan ly, ngudi Ha Nhi ggi
bing tgn " Au Ca A Ba" "Au Ca A Ba"
phu ttach vifc sfta chfta bdo vf kenh
muong Lftc muong tie nghen, sut Id thi
thudng do Au Ca A Ba khoi ngudn va sfta
NGHIEN CUU TRUNG QUtfC so 12 (172) - 2015 —
chfta NIU nhu cdng trinh sfta chfta ldn thi
do Au Ca A Ba dftng ra to ehuc cdc ho dimg chung kenh muomg cung sua ehua Tren thyc tl, tuy Au Ca A Ba phy trdch vife sfta chfta bdo ve muomg nhung tat ed cac gia dinh cung diing ehung deu tu giae bao vf va sua chfta muomg, chi can nhin thiy muong bj tie nghen hoge sut Id thi ai
ai efing phai tign hanh khai ddng Ddy ehinh Id mot hanh ddng ve su nhdn thftc quan hf gifta rudng dong va thfty loi trong qua trinh thye tiln trdng rufng bgc thang trong mpt thdi gian dai eiia td tidn ngudi
Ha Nhi Au Ca A Ba kbdng phu traeh phan phdi nudc va boa giai viee tranh chap thfty lpi Hp chi phu trdch vifc bao cao cde van
dg lien quan cbo trudng ban vd ngudi quan
ly kenh mucmg dg hp giai quyet
2.2.2 Phuang phdp phdn chia ngudn nuac
Phuong phap pban chia ngudn nudc truyin thing cua ngudi Ha Nhi gdm ed 4 loai sau: "Au Thau Thau","Au Thdng Tung", "Au Hac San", "Au Thft Ddu" Sau ddy, chftng tdi xin gidi thieu so qua vg cdc
loai da neu d tren: Thu nhdt la Au Thdu
Thiu: Au nghTa la nudc, Thau Thau nghTa
la khae gd, tidng Hdn ed nghTa la khie gd phan nude De su dung ngudn nude hop ly, tranh nhiing tranh chdp vg thuy lpi, giam thieu tdi da sue ngudi dau tu, dya vao lupng dan nudc cua mpt con muomg co thg tudi tigu cho dien tich rupng bgc thang nhigu hay it, thdng qua sy thuang lupng cua cac chu dign, quy dinh mdi thfta rupng
49
Trang 7dupc cdp bao nhigu nude, va lugmg nudc
dd dupc khae tren mpt thanh gd, dua tbeo
tuan tu tft dau muomg tdi eudi muong, ddt
thanh gd ndy tgi diem cdng phan nudc dg
muomg nudc ty dpng phan nudc Go da
khac hoan ehinh roi thi cft theo do md
dung khdng dupc thay dli Muang ldn
khdc gd phan nudc tdi muong nhd, muang
nhd khdc gd phan nude tdi rudng, tang
tang ldp ldp, ddi ddi dya vdo md dftng theo,
ngudi ngudi tuan thii Thir hai do la Au
Thong Tung, Au la nudc, Thdng Tung
nghia la luan luu, nghTa tiing Han la luan
luu dan nudc hodc phdn dogn dan nudc
Moi nam vdo tbdng 2 thdng 3 lftc tinh trang
sft dung nudc trd nen cang thang, de thugn
lai eho eae hd trdng ttgt, dua vao dien tieh
tudi tieu nhieu hay ft, tbdng qua vice
thuang lugmg, chia mucmg nudc tbanh
may dogn, thudng thi phdn thanh 3 dogn,
luan luu xd nudc tft xa tdi gan, cd luc sg
bdc tham dg xem doan ndo dupe ddn nudc
trudc, eho nao vdn chua dgn lupt nhgn
nudc thi phai tu ddng dong cdng lai, khdng
dupe nhgn nudc, khi nao tdi lupt thi md
edng I ngay I dem Thii: ba dd la Au Hic
San, Au la nudc, Au Hac la edng nudc,
mifng edng (thuy khau), San nghTa la xa
nude, nghTa tigng Hdn la md chd mifng
cong nudc vdo rugng, digu nay duoc tien
hdnh gifta hai hg gia dinh cd quan hf tdt
Vi du rugng cua bgn A d phfa tren, do vay
ngudn nudc tuong ddi ddi dao, rupng nhd
ben B d phfa dudi, trong tinh trang lugng
nude khdng dii thi khdng tien hanh tring
trpt dupc, ben B se ehft ddng thuang luong vdi bgn A, sau khi bgn A ddng y, ben B se dan mpt bp phgn nude tft chd chfta nudc efta bgn A vao rudng cua minh Trong thdi gian dan nudc theo quy djnh, neu nudc chay vao rupng cua hd khac thi khdng duac tuy tien sft dung, Phucmg phap de xu
ly vifc nay la: tai chd mifng cdng de xa nude vao rufng eua hp gia dinh khac cam mgt canh edy, bigu thi ngudn nudc nay la ddn tft thfta rudng cua ngudi bgn tdt den,
cac hg khae khdng duac diing Thu tu do
la Au Thft Ddu: Au la nudc, Thft la khiic hodc dudi, Dau la chat dftt, vdi y nghTa la chat dftt dudi ngudn nude hogc dudi muomg Moi mdt mucmg nudc khi dao deu
ed mdt difn tich khu vyc tudi tieu nhat djnh, dudi muong thudng lay mdt sudn niii hay mdt ddc mii nao dd ldm edt mdc gidi, cpt moc nay la ranh gidi khdng eho rupng
d ben ngoai hogc rugng mdi md d ben trong chua co sy dong y thi khdng dugc phep sft dung nudc ttong mucmg nay ludi tieu Trft khi dugc sy ddng y cua hd tudi tieu ban dau, bode lupng nudc cua bg tudi tigu ban dau du thua md tu dpng chay xudng phia dudi, rudng bgc thang ciia ho mdi md dupe phep sft dung
2.3 lien cdng cho ngirdi qudn ly micffng vd xu-phgt doi vdi ngudi trom nudc 2.3.1 Tiin cdng cho ngu&i qudn ly muang
Tiln edng cua Au Ca A Ba (muong trudng) ehi la thdc, khdng dung tiln va cac vat pham khae dg tra Trude khi nudc
Trang 8Cgng hoa nhdn dan Trung Hoa thanh lap
(1949), ngudi ta can eft vao mdi thfta
rupng thu hoaeh dupe bao nhigu thdc dl
tinh, do vgy vife ttd tien cdng cho Au Ca A
Ba eiing dya vao lugmg thoc thu hogch
dupc ma cac hp gia dinh da sft dung kenh
mucmg nay tudi tigu cho rudng eiia minh
de tinh todn Vi du "kgnh muong Son Ngu
Sa Pa" do bdn Tpa Lge va bdn Gia Ngu
Luc eftng dao Muong ddi 3 km, tdng difn
tich tudi tieu ban 112 mau Trong dd, ban
Tga Lgc la hem 50 mau, ban Gid Ngu Lue
hon 62 mdu Trude khi vao hop tac xd
ndng nghifp, 2 muong ehu eua 2 ldng se
ban bae vdi nhau de ehpn ra mgt ngudi
muong trudng duac mpi ngudi tin nhifm
de dftng ra quan ly muomg, tidn cdng eua
muomg trudng Id mdi mdu rugng thu 1 dau
thdc (khoang 10kg), ngudi quan ly muomg
nay, mdi ndm tien cdng cd the dupc 1120
kg thdc Ngodi ra, neu muong la eua mdt
ban, thi ed 2 cdch tra tign cdng eho Au Ca
A Ba: Thu nhdt dya vao difn tieh mdu
rudng efta hd diing kenh muang de tfnh
tign cdng; thir hai la tat ca eae hp dung
kdnh muomg se cdt mdt pban rudng eho Au
Ca A Ba ttdng trpt, eoi nhu la tign cdng
Tu ndm 1958 din 1980, ttong thdi gian
nay, 2 bdn ciing su dyng kenh muong thi
mdi ban quan ly mdt nam (ludn phien qudn
ly), tign cdng cua Au Ca A Ba do dpi san
xuat cham cdng, tham gia phan phdi lao
dgng xd vien Tu nam 1981 den nay, vg co
bdn da khdi phuc lgi hinh thftc qudn ly
truygn thdng
2.3 2 Xir phgt ddi vai ngudi trdm nu&c
Hinh phat trong vifc qudn ly nguon nude cua ngudi Ha Nhi chii ygu la ddi vdi
ke ttpm nude, mue dich cua vifc nay la nhim phong tranh, rang bugc, khong ehg hanh vi trgm nudc, nhdm bao vf, phdn phli hpp ly sft dung nudc trong rupng bdc thang Thudng thi vife xft phgt va qudn ly ngudn nude, mdi bdn efta ngudi Ha Nhi dgu cd quy djnh chung, ai ai cung bigt, nhung bifn phdp xu phgt cu the thi do cde ban ty djnh liy, ed khi la nhirng ngudi dung chung kenh mucmg cung thdo luan vd dua ra quy dinh Hanh vi trgm nude dugc bigu hifn chii ygu dudi 4 hinh thftc sau:
Mot Id ngudn nudc cua rupng nha ben dudi
khdng du, ttdm nudc ciia nha bdn tren, sau kbi md edng nudc cua muang se ddn nude cua nha ben tren xudng nyiomg cua minh
Hai Id bd mdi lap diln cbua dupe su ebo
phep eua ngudi khdc dd ty y din nudc tu
muong cua ngudi kbac Ba Id cung mpt
con muang luan phien dan nude tudi tigu, trong khi ngudi khdc dang tien hanh tudi tieu thi ty y din nude vao rupng eua minh
Bon la, nha ben dudi phd bd rugng eua nha
bgn tren dl ldy nudc Trong nhfimg each tren, bit ludn dimg each ndo di nfta dg lay nude dgu bj eoi Id hanh vi an trdm nudc, chi can bj mucmg ehu phdt hien, thi ke trdm nude se bj muomg cbu tidn banh xft phat Viec xft phat ndy se dya vao tieu chuin ma eae hp dung kenh muang nay da dua ra trong qua trinh thuang lupng tft ban diu Viec xft phat ddi vdi nhumg ke trpm
Trang 9nudc chft yeu la phat tien, ndu khong cd
tign thi lay nhfimg thft co gia tri tuomg
ducmg d l nop phgt nhu lpn, gd, vjt Neu
trdm nudc mang tinh chdt nghigm trpng,
thi do cdc ehu dien diing chung kgnh
muong nay efta eac ban hpp nhau lai, phd
vd tdt ea bd rupng cua ke trgm nudc, lam
nude chay hgt ra ngodi, vdi tinh chat thg
hifn day Id hinh phgt ngng nhat ma ke trpm
nudc pbai chiu
Ket luan
Tft nhiing van dg ngu trgn, ehung ta
khdng khd nhdn ra, ngudi Ha Nbi va ngudi
Di eiia ban Tpa Lac la mdt ban dodn kdt
boa thudn, hp cung Id dien hinb eho cdc
dan tpc tring lua nudc tren rupng bgc
thang, eanh tac Ifta nudc trgn rudng bgc
thang la tdm diem van minh ndng nghifp
ciia hp May nghin ndm trudc, td tidn ciia
bp da tft eao nguyen Thanh Tang xa xdi
den vung dit Tft Xuyen khu vye song Dai
Do, Nba Long, An Ninh, va bit diu tft khu
vue sdng An Ninh ma dan din di chuyln
tdi khu vuc viing nui An Lao cua Van Nam
C do, ban dau cupc sdng cua hg la tring
trpt trgn viing dat khd Sau nay tbiy dupc,
d day sdng ngdi ehang chjt, muong suli
trong rimg day dac, nfti non trung difp, cay
xanh che phft, luang mua dli dao, "nfti cao
den dau, nudc cao din do" Hp da tan dyng
ddc diem mdi trudng tu nhign d day, no luc
khdng ngimg ddo muong xe mang, pha mii
lam ddng bing, tao ra vdn hda trdng trgt
trgn rupng bdc thang va he thing mucmg
mang tudi tigu ndi tiing tren thi gidi
Ddng thdi, ttong cupe sdng van hda trdng trpt trgn rudng bgc thang trudng ky, da tdng ket ra dupc hf thing qudn ly vdn minh trdng tipt tren rupng bdc thang va van minh muomg mang khoa hpc dde dao nguyen thuy Hinh thuc quan ly nay, khdng chi chigm mpt vj tri quan trpng khdng thi thay thg trong su sach kgnh muong thi gidi
md edn cd gid trj tham khao quan ttgng trong vife xay dung nen van minh kgnh mucmg trong thdi hifn dgi
Nam 2015 mdt tin vui den vdi ngudi Ha Nhi chdu Hong Hd la rupng bge thang da dupc td chftc UNESCO vinh danh la di san van hda thg gidi
Ngudi dich: Ha Hfi TiSn
Hpc vien Hong Hi, Vin Nam, Trung Qufic
52
TAI LI$U THAIVI KHAO
[1] Chinh phit Nhan dan Huyfn Hlng Ha,
Dia danh Huyen Hdng Hd [M] Con Minh, Nha
xuit bin Dan tgc Van Nam, nam 1991
[2] Ll Yeu sit, 5M- Vdn minh Khoa hgc Trung
Hoa M], Thugng Hai, Nha xuit bin Thugng Hai
Nhan din, nim 2010
[31 Hiing Tinh, Trjuh Hilu Van, Vdn hda
nudc vd nudc bdo ve mdi tnrdng [M] Bic Kinh,
Nha xuat ban sach bio Trung Quic, nim 2008
— NGHIEN c i u TRUNG QUd'C so' 12 (172) - 2015