Tu cdch thanh vi€n cua mdt to chdc xa hgi hay v i ^ tham gia cac hoit dgng cgng dong cilng Id each de hg tich hgrp vao ddi song x3 hgi cua lang va md rgng mang ludi xS hgi vugt qua cdc n
Trang 1Trao doi va tirong tac xa hoi trong doi song nong thon
Bang Thi Vift Phuvng
Be Quynh Nga
Tdm tat: Trao doi \k tuong tdc xS hgi la mgt trong nhixng chu de quan trgng trong
nghien cdu khoa hgc ^ h$i, nhung lgi it nhgn dugc sy quan tam cua gidi nghien cdu trong nudc Bai vi€t xem xet cac hinh thuc trao ddi va tuong tac xa hgi cua cu dan nong thdn Vi§t Nam tren ca sd dd li§u khao sdt d cac xS thugc tinh Nam Djnh va An Giang Nhutig trao doi, tuong tdc hang ngay giiia cac nhdm hg hang, hang xdm hay b^n b^ la each de ngudi dan tham gia va/ ho§c duy tri cac lien h$ xa hdi t^i d)a phuang Tu cdch thanh vi€n cua mdt to chdc xa hgi hay v i ^ tham gia cac ho(it dgng cgng dong cilng Id each de hg tich hgrp vao ddi song x3 hgi cua lang va md rgng mang ludi xS hgi vugt qua cdc nhom sa cap nhu gia dinh va hg hang; nhung dac trung trong cac khuon mau trao doi x3 hgi khdc nhau trong cu dan ndng thdn
Tvr khda: Tuang tac x3 hdi; trao ddi; ndng thon
1 Md d^u
Xa hgi hgc nghiSn cdu trao ddi xSi hgi tu
gdc dg moi quan h$ qua l^i gida cac chu the
xa h$i, Nhiin hgc coi trao d6i xS h^i \k each
m& cac ck nhan/ nhdm thuc hi^n nghia vy/
b6n phan cua minh ddi vdi ngudi/ nhdm kia
NhQng trao d6i gifta cdc c^ nhan/nhdm nhu
th^ t ^ thftnh cac mang ludi trao ddi xSi hgi
Bai vi^t n^y xem xdt cac d^ing thdc trao
d6i v^ tucmg tdc xa hgi trong ddi s6ng ndng
thdn; nhung dac trung trong c^ch thiic cu
ddn ndng thdn huy dgng cac lien h? xa hdi
vao trong qui trinh trao ddi nham tdi da hda
nhQng lgi ich ma m6i lien h? dd mang 1^
Vi$c xem xdt cSc d ^ g thdc trao ddi xa hgi
khdc nhau, cung nhu cdch thdc cac cA nhan
d$t minh vdo trong nhung trao ddi cy thd,
cd thd giup chung ta nhin sau hon mot
chieu canh cua biln ddi xa hgi trong ndng
thdn Vi§t Nam hign nay Bai viet sur dvmg
CO sd dd Ii?u td kit qua khdo sdt 800 h$ gia
dinh tai bdn xa: Giao Tan, Hdi Vdn (tinh Nam Djnh), My An va Hda Binh (tinh An Giang) vdo nam 2014
2 Trao doi va tinmg tdc xa hgi thdng qua cac cugc gap g&} tiep xuc trvc tiep
2.1 Trao ddi vd tuffng tac xa hpi trong nhom hp hdng
Hg hang vdn van dugc xem la mgt mang ludi xa h^i, cau thanh mgt d ^ g vdn xS hdi quan trgng ddi vdi ngudi ddn ndng thdn Vigc cd ho|c khdng cd hg hang, ba con d gan cOng quyet dinh cac d ^ g thuc trao ddi
xa hdi trong ddi sdng hang ngay Kit qua khao sat t^ Nam Dinh va An Giang cho
*'' Thac sT, Vi§n Xa h$i hgc, Vifn Hdn lam Khoa hgc
xa hgi Vi?t Nam DT: 0912289693
Email: dangvietphuong@yahoo.com Nghign cuu ndy dugc tdi trg bdi Qu5^ ph^t triln Khoa hpc vd Cdng ngh^ au6c gia (Nafosted) trong d^ tdi md s613.3-2012.01
* ' ' Vifn x a h0i hgc, Vifn Hdn ldm Khoa hgc xa hgi ViftNam DT: 0912385446
Email: ngabq@yahoo.com
Trang 2thiy, ve ca ban, ngucri tra Idi (NTL) da sinh
song tgi dja phuong tu khi l|ip hd va hSu het
deu song gan tat ca ba con hg hang cua
minh NTL td nai khac chuyin din cimg
dong thdi la nhimg ngudi cd it ba con hg
hang sdng xung quanh Vi?c cd hg hang
cung cu tru tgi dia phucmg thugn lgi cho cac
trao doi giQa cac thanh vi6n ttong nhdm sa
cdp, khi khoang each dja li khdng phai la
mdt trd nggi trong tuong tac giiia cac thanh
vi6n d ca hai tinh, da so NTL la dan ban
dja deu cho bilt hg g^p gd hg hang hang
tuan Nhdm lam ndng/ lam/ ngu nghiep cd
tan suat thdm hdi ba con, hg hdng thudng
xuy&i han nhdm thuang mgi djch vy va
nhdm nghi khac Khdng cd sy khac bi^t cd y
nghia thdng ke gida dilu ki^n kinh tl cua hg,
gidi tinh, tudi, tinh trgng hdn nhdn cua NTL,
vai ttd ttong gia dmh cua NTL (NTL la chu
hg hay khdng) vdi tan sudt thdm hdi ba con,
hg hdng cua NTL Tyu frung lgi, cd thi thay
nhQng tuong tdc gjQa NTL vdi bd con hg
hdng Id phd bien trong hoat dgng s6ng
thudng nhgt cua cu dan ndng thdn hai tinh
Ngodi vi$c xdc nhdn gdp gd bd con hg
hdng hdng tuan, dd li^u khdng cho phep
xem x6t tinh da dang ciia nhdng ttao ddi xd
hgi phdt sinh tu cdc moi quan hg hg hdng
thdn thugc ndy, ngoai vigc xem dd nhu Id
kenh trao ddi thdng tin Chdng hgn, trong
trudng hgp cd nhdng tuang tac thudng
xuyen, bd con hg hang vd cac thdnh vi6n gia
cQnh cd the ttd thdnh m$t kenh thdng tm dl
mgi ngudi chia se vdi nhau tin tuc Nhung
trong nghiSn cuu nay, chi cd chua ddy 10%
so NTL cho bilt hg nhgn dugc cdc tin tuc
dja phuang tu ba con hg hdng vd cac thdnh
vien ttong gia dinh Ty 1? nay d An Giang
thip hon so vdi Nam Djnh (7,8% so vdi
12,0%), nhung tuong ddng nhau d tdt cd
cac nhdm, du la cd hg hang sdng tai x3 hay khdng Cd ve nhu gida cac liSn minh h? hdng tdn tai cdc dgng ttao doi xa hgi ichac hon la ttao ddi thdng tm Tham khdo them kit qud dilu tra ndng ddn 2009 - 2010*'* co th6 giup gidi thich phdn ndo ve cac quan hf
hg hang d ndng thdn hai viing ddng bJng sdng Hdng vd ding bdng sdng Cihi Long
Da sd NTL (91,7%) d cd hai vung dfing bdng deu ghi nhgn su hd ttg ciia hg hang khi gia dinh cd nhQng vide ldn nhu cum xin, gio chap, ldm nhd, v.v CJ ca hai mifin, NTL deu ghi nhdn sy hd ttg cda hg h^g chd ylu id tien m$t va khi gia dinh c6 vi?c idn, ngudi ttong hg se den dgng vi6n, thSm hdi ho|ic chuc mdng
Day Id diem ddng chu y trong cdc trao ddi va tuong tdc xd hgi giQa cdc nhom hp hdng d ndng thdn Nhung trao dli" thu6ng xuyen giQa NTL vdi cac thdnh vien trong
hg cd the gidp hg thdo go nhung khiic mk,
khd khdn tdc thi Hg hdng cd thi Id nguon dgng vien, an di kip thdi moi khi ai d6 gap khd khdn khdng the gidi quylt Tuy nhien, lien quan den vi§c vay vdn ddu tu cho san xudt, kinh doanh, kit qud khdo sdt khdng cho thdy su ho ttg ve vdn cua hg hdng nhu
la mgt ngudn tai chinh dang chu y d ca hai tinh Nam Dinh va An Giang, ti lg g^ nhu tuygt ddi NTL cho bilt hg khdng diing vfln vay cda bd con hg hang dl ddu tu cho sdn xuit, kinh doanh Trong trudng hgp can vay mgt khodn tiln ldn, hau hit NTL (khoing 73% d ca hai tinh) nghi din ngdn hdng ho8c cac to chuc tin dung chinh thiic Chi ci
*" Cu$c dilu tra tiln hdnh vdo thdng 1/2010 vdi dji
difn 2000 hO gia dinh ndng thon 6 ciz tinh Thii
Binh, Hai Duong, H^u Giang vd An Giang do Vi^ bdi vilt Id thdnh vifn chii chot cua d l tdi
Trang 3khodng 10% nhQng ngudi dugc hdi cho bilt
hg nghi din gia dmh ben chdng ho§^ ben
vg (vdi ti lg nghiSng nhilu hon m^t chut vl
phia gia (Bnh bdn ch6ng) nhu Id nguin hS
ttg tdi chinh khi hg cd nhu cdu Cd thi thiy
rdng nhung ttao dli va tuong tac trong nhdm
hg hdng mang tinh tuong trg lan nhau vd chd
ylu hudng tdi nhQng hd tig phi kinh tl
2.2 Trao doi vd tuomg tdc xa hpi trong
nhdm kdng xdm
Mdi quan h? vdi hdng xdm cd thi dugc
xem nhu mgt chi bdo phan bigt cdc dang
trao doi xd hdi khdc nhau giua ndng thdn va
thanh thi; d dd ndng thdn thudng dugc xem
Id noi vHn duy tri tit cdc mii quan h$ hdng
xdm ldng gieng '*tdi Ida tdt den cd nhau";
cdn khu vyc dd thi lai ddc trung bdi cdc
mdi quan h^ xd giao, chuc ndng vd thiSu
gan kit Kit qud khao sdt cho thdy, ve co
ban, mii quan h§ voi hang xdm hi$n nay d
ndng thdn dugc quy ve mdi quan hg ttSn ca
sd giup dd lain nhau, cd di cd lgi Xu hudng
nay quan trigt chung d mgi nhdm hgc van,
dilu kign kinh tl, nghe nghigp hay ljch sd
cu tni cua NTL
Dilm ddng chu y la su chSnh Igch ddng
kl vl gid tri ^^ NTL d hai tinh gdn cho mdi
lien h? hdng xdm Idng giing: gdn 65% NTL
d Nam Dinh vd gin 45% NTL d An Giang
cho rdng moi quan h? giua hg vdi hang xdm
dya tren ca sd giup dd qua lgi Cung vdi dd,
khodng 38% NTL d An Giang vd gan 28%
NTL d Nam Djnh cho rdng hg vdi hang
xdm cd mii quan hg than thilt nhu ngudi
nhd Theo kit qua td mdt nghien ciiu ve vdn
xa hgi tiln hdnh cdng tgi xd Giao Tdn ndm
2011'^\ 49% NTL cho rang quan hg cua hg
vdi hdng xdm la tten co sd giup dd, dgng
vien, khuyen nhu lan nhau; 47% nhung
ngudi dugc hdi cho bilt hg giQ quan hg
than thilt vdi hdng xdm nhu ngudi nhd; chi 4% cho bilt mii quan hd cua hg d mdc dd chao hdi Sau hai ndm, ket qud khdo sdt cho cung cdu hdi nay d xd Giao Tan hi£n nay tuang ling Id 60% NTL cho ring hg quan
he vdi hang xdm tten ca sd gidp dd Ian nhau vd 30% cho rdng hg cd quan hg than thiet nhu ngudi nha vdi hdng xdm Su chuyen hudng trong cdch NTL d Giao Tdn xdc dinh mdi lien he cua minh V(5i hdng xdm cho thiy gid tri cua cdc tuong tdc vdi hdng xdm dang thay ddi Du sy khdc bi$t ttong cdch ddnh gia vl quan h€ hang xdm cua NTL d hai tinh khdng qud ldn, nhung
su kign nay cd the thach thuc cdc nhdn dinh van tdn tgi trudc nay ve mgt hinh dnh ldng ndng thdn ding bdng sdng Hdng ddng kin vdi cdc mdi lidn h^ b6n chat, than thiet giQa cac thanh vien frong cgng ddng va ve nhung ngudi ndng ddn Nam Bd it bj rang huge vao cac ung xd xa hdi truyen thing Dang trao ddi xa hgi thudng dugc NTL ghi nhgn ttong quan hg vdi hang xdm la cdc hinh thuc trao dli thdng tin Hdng xdm cimg Id mgt kenh ttao ddi thdng tin vl tinh hinh dia phuong Cd khoang 35% NTL ghi nhgn hg biet tin tdc ve dia phuang thdng qua nhimg ngudi hang xdm Ngodi ra, hdng xdm ciing Id nai cung cap nhQng ttg giup tuc thdi tren co sd cd di cd lai, chdng hgn nhu trao ddi nhan cdng trong nhQng Ide viec sdn xuat can ngudn Iao ddng ldn Vigc dli cdng khdng chi dien ra ttong cdc hoat dgng ndng nghidp ma cd ttong sdn xuit hang thu cdng
*^* Nghifin cuTi "Vdn xd hdi irong phdt triin bin
vOng a Dong A " do Vifn Xa h^i hgc tien hdnh thdng
3/2011 tai xa Giao Tan vdi 100 d^i difn hg gia dinh,
sii dvng phucmg phdp dilu tra bdng bdng hoi T&c
gia bai vilt Id thdnh viSn chu ch6t cda d l tdi
Trang 4D6i cong/ v3n cong la d ^ g trao doi xa
hpi dugc NTL ghi nhan trong quan h? voi
hang xom 6 An Giang NWn tit cac hosit
dpng s4n xuit, trong sd 12,6% nhiing ngucri
chuyfa ddi hinh thiic canh tac (ching han,
chuyin tir trSng lua sang trong cSy lau nam,
chuyin tir luan khoanh sang chuyen canh,
hojic chuyin tir trdng trpt sang chan nuoi,
v.v ), chi CO 14,5% NTL cho rjng nguyen
nhan cua su chuy€n doi do la do hpc theo
ba con nong dan xung quanh Ket qua khao
s^t cho thdy su chenh 16ch 13 diem phan
tram gitta An Giang v4 Nam Binh (19,2% 6
An Giang so v6i 6,5% 6 Nam Dinh) trong
vi^c chuyen doi hinh thuc canh tac theo ba
con ndng dan xung quanh
2.3 Trag Si va tieffng lac xS h^i trong
nhom ban be
Cac trao doi va tuong tdc vol nhom b ^
b6 gia djnh mpt dang lien ket xa hgi mo,
vupt ra khoi cac lien h | voi cac nhom sa
cap (nhu gia dinh, hp hang) vi khac biet voi
nhfhig lien h? d\ra tren s^r gan gui vl khdng
gian (nhu hang xom) Vipc kit ban d(ta tren
nhitng tieu chi khac cd thi la do cilng so
thich, cimg nganh nghi, ho^c cimg chia se
mpt khoang thai gian nao dd trong qua khii
Do dd, ngay ca vipc NTL cho biet vl vi$c
g?ip gd biin be cOng d5 la m§t chi bao cho
mOt dsmg tuong tac xa hOi khac, chua ndi
din t ^ suit cua vipc g?p gS Hon 60%
NTL d Nam Djnh va hon 50% NTL d An
Giang cho bilt hp gjp gd ban be hang tuin
hojic hang thang Cd sf khac bipt giita tin
suat hrong tac vdi ban b4 6 hai tinh khao
sat ti Nam Dinh, tuy ti lp NTL gap gd b?n
hk cao hon An Giang, nhung thien vl vipc
gjp nhau vai lin moi thang Cdn d An
Giang, NTL lai cd xu hudng gap gd ban bd
vii lan moi tuin Cd 35% NTL d An Giang
cho biet hp gSp b?n be vai lin/tuin, bit kl
hp la ngudi ban dia hay ngudi nhSp cu 0 Nam Dinh tU khac, v i ^ gjp gd b ^ bt thudng xuyen chu yeu roi vao nhdm dan cu ban dia Mac d i cac bing chiing thvc nghi$m khdng cho phep thilt l(ip moi liSn
hp cd y nghia th6ng k8 gifla ngudn gic cu tni cua hd gia dinh vdi vi$c thilt l$p mang ludi ban be cua NTL, nhimg sv kipn nay co the gpi y ve khudn mau kit b^n cua cu dan thupc hai tinh khao sat
cac trao ddi va tuang tac trong nhom b?in be d An Giang khdng don thuin la vi?c gap gd, giao luu tinh cam; ma d dd la vi?c trao ddi cac kinh nghipm iam an, san xudt Tin suit gap gd ban be cua NTL ti 1{ thu$n vdi sd lupng hp hang sdng tai dja phuang Nghia la, cang cd ddng hp hang sing t^ xa thi ti lp thudng xuyen g ^ gd ban be cang ldn 6 nhung nhdm khdng c6 ho$c co it
hp hang cu tni tai dia phuong thi ciing it hojc hau nhu khdng gap go bsm be Cd ve nhu vijc
md r$ng cac Uen kit nhdm thii cap khong phai la Ilia chon thay thi cho vipc thilu vSng cac lien hp so cap tiung tnidng hpp nay d c& hai tinh Nam Dinh va An Giang Nhu da ndi d tren, cac tucmg tac trong nhdm ban be cho thiy mpt dgng lien kit vd trao ddi xa hdi tich c^rc, chu d$ng hon cua cac ca nhan Ngudi ta bupc phai tham gia vdo cac trao ddi trong cac nhdm so cap (gia dinh, hp hang) va phin nao dd la cac nhom gin giii vl dja vuc (hang xdm); nhung du?c (tuang ddi) tu do lua chpn vi^c lien kit v61 cac nhdm ban be Cac lien kit va trao doi
xa hpi trong nhdm ban be vl thi ma mang nhilu diu in ca nhan hon, thi hi$n nhOng khic bipt rd rpt hem vl cac d^c trung nhan khiu - xa hdi cua NTL khi tham gia vao cac lien kit nay Ching hgn, dil liSu khao sit cho thiy su khac bipt vl gidi tinh trong tk suit gap go bgn be Nam gidi nhin chung
Trang 5thudng xuyen gap ban be han so vdi nu
gidi Cd gin 36% NTL la nam gidi so vdi
khoang 26% NTL la nQ gidi gap ban be
hang ttidn Gin 1/5 sd nam gidi hilm khi/
khdng/ hdu nhu khdng bao gid ggp bgn be;
ttong khi do, t^ 1$ ndy d nd gidi Id gdn 1/3
Ket qua khdo sdt ggi y rdng nam gidi tham
gia tich cyc hon vao nhQng ttao ddi xd hgi
md va cd v6 nhu hg cung chu ddng hon
ttong vigc md rdng cdc lien kit xd hgi ben
ngodi nhdm so cdp Du lidu khao sat cung
cho thiy mdi lien he khd chat chg giQa ttinh
dg hgc van cda NTL vdi muc do gap go bgn
be cua hg Nhung ngudi cd trinh dg hgc van
cao thudng xuyen gap gd ban be hon so vdi
nhdm hgc vin thdp Ngugc lgi, t</ 1$ NTL
hilm khi/ khdng/ hdu nhu khdng bao gid
g?ip gd ban be giam di khi trinh dg hgc vdn
cua ngudi tta ldi tang Idn Cy thi, ty lg
ngudi hiem khi/ khdng/ hdu nhu khdng bao
gid ggp go bgn be cda nhdm khdng di hgc/
tieu hgc Id 37,7%, trung hgc co sd (THCS)
la 20,1% vd ttamg hgc phi thdng (PTTH)
ttd len Id 12,7% Tinh ttgng hdn nhdn cua
NTL cung cd lien quan den mdc dg ggp gd
bgn be cua hg Vdi nhiing ngudi dang cd
vg/ching, ty I^ g$p gd bgn be khdng chenh
Igch nhau nhieu d bdn mdc do Nhung
ngudi dgc than/ Ii than/ Ii di/ gda Igi cd xu
hudng phdn vdo hai thdi cue, hode Id tap
trung d mdc dg cao nhdt (cd 45,9% thudng
xuyen gdp gd ban be) ho|c nghieng vl muc
dg thip nhdt (cd 31,1% hiem khi/ khdng/
hiu nhu khdng bao gid gap go bgn be)
NhQng ngudi ttong gia dinh cd dieu kign
kinh tl tit han thi gdp go bgn be vdi Idn
moi tuin ho§c vdi lln moi thdng Ngugc lgi,
NTL cd dilu ki^n kinh tl cdng kem tW cdng
ft gap go bgn be NhQng ngudi ban dia cd
tan suit g%v gt5 bgn be cao hon so vdi
nhQng nguoi tir noi khdc chuyin den
3 Trao doi va tuong tac xa h§i qua tham gia cac to chdv xa hgi va hoat dgng
xa hdi
3.1 Trao Sixa hpi thdng qua tham gia cdc to chAc xa hpi
Tun hilu cdc dang trao dli vd tuang tdc
xa hdi cua cu dan ndng thdn khdng thS khdng xem xet din viec hg tham gia vdo cdc td chuc xd hgi nhu th6 nao Cdc nghien ciiu trudc day vl ndng dan Vigt Nam, deu cho thdy viec cu ddn ndng thdn tham gia vdo cdc td chiic xa hgi la phd bien Nhilu bdng chiing khoa hgc vd thuc tien
da cho thay sir khdi phuc vd nd rg cua cdc logi hinh td chdc xd hgi d Viet Nam td khi Ddi mdi din nay Theo thing ke cua BO Ngi vy thi sl Iugng cdc hgi thdnh ldp vd hoat ddng tren pham vi todn qudc hien nay
da tang gap 4 ldn so vdi thdi diSm ndm
1990, hien cd khoang 500 tl chiic hogt ddng ttSn quy md todn qudc Sd Iugng cac hgi hoat ddng ttong pham vi tinh, huygn, xd cung cd chieu hudng tdng ro rgt Vdi sd Iugng hgi dugc xdc dinh ndm 1990 Id 300 hgi cdp tinh, din ndm 1995, con sd nay tSng len thdnh 574 hgi Tir nam 2000 din 2005,
cd thdm gin 700 hgi hoat ddng d tdt ca cac tinh/ thanh phi tren cd nudc Theo udc tinh khdng ddy du cua Bg Ndi v\i thi hign cd khoang 4000 td chdc xd hdi hoat dgng d
d p tinh, 10.000 t l chuc d cdp huyen, xa'^\
6 cap dg thdn lang, dac bi$t Id d khu vuc ding bdng sdng Hdng, s\r da dgng va phong phu cua cac t l chdc xa hgi du de dap ung nhu ciu ket nhdm ciia bat ki ai va sir tham gia hogt dgng hdi nhdm Id phd bien ttong
cu ddn ndng thdn dong bdng sdng Hdng
"* Thang VSn Phdc (2010), Tong quan ve hgi, to chuc phi chinh phu vd the chi phdp ly cho cdc td chuc xa hgi d Viit Nam, Hd N$i, Annual NGO
workshop organized by the Vietnam Union of Science and Technology Associations (VUSTA)
Trang 6Nhimg bang chiing thuc nghiem d cap
dp vi md tai hai tinh Nam Dinh va An
Giang cdng xac nh|in svr phd bien cua vipc
tham gia hdi nhdm trong dan cu ndng thdn
khi dti lieu thu dupe cho bilt ti le gan nhu
tuypt dli NTL cho bilt dang tham gia***' it
nhit mpt td chiic/ doan thi/ hpi nao dd tai
dja phuong Su ton tai da dang va phong
phii cua cac td chiic/ doan thi/ phudng hdi
tai cac viing ndng thdn, cimg vdi su tham
gia ddng dao cua cu dan la mdt chi bao cho
chiing ta biet day la mdt "kenh" quan trpng
cho cac trao ddi va tuong tac xa hpi dien ra
d cap dd cpng ddng
Phan tich tuong quan vl viec tham gia
cac td chirc/ doan thi/ phudng hpi giua hai
tinh Nam Djnh va An Giang, dfl lieu khao
sat cho thay ti lp NTL tham gia vao cac ho^t
dpng doan hpi nay d Nam Djnh cao hon so
vdi An Giang, kl ca cac td chiic chinh thiic
(nhung td chiic cd phap nhan, thudng hoat
ddng theo nganh dpc nhu cac Hdi Phu nil,
Doan Thanh nien, Hpi C\fa chiln binh, Hpi
Ngudi cao tudi, v.v ) va td chirc phi chinh
thiic (khdng cd phap nhan, hoat dpng trong
ph^m vi c§ng d^ng, nhu Hpi ddng nien, Hdi
dong ngO, Phudng vang, v.v ) Trung binh,
moi NTL d Nam Dinh tham gia vao khoang
gin 5 td chiic xa hpi khac nhau, trong khi
con sd nay d An Giang la gin 2 td chitc
Ket qua nghien ciiu nay cung thong nhit
vdi kit qua nghien ciiu trudc dd khi tiln
hanh dilu tra ndng dan nam 2009 - 2010
Trong nghien ciiu nay su khac biet vl tham
gia cac hojt d$ng hpi nhdm d hai vung
dong bang sdng Hing va ddng bing sdng
Ciiu Long: d cac xS ddng bing sdng Hdng,
v i ^ tham gia t l chiic xS hdi la thuc tieii
phd biln trong cu dan ndng thdn hon la d
ddng bing sdng Cuu Long Mpt chuyen
khao khac ciia chiing tdi vl cac td chirc xa
hpi tu nguypn cua cu dan ndng thdn ding bing sdng Hdng'" ciing cho thiy ngudi dan ndng thdn d day ciing tham gia vao nhieu d£ing td chiic xa hpi khac nhau
Sv tham gia vao cac td chiic xa hpi d dia phuong nhin tit so lupng t l chiic co thi dl khiin ngudi ta di din kit luan ting "tfnh xS hdi" cua ngudi NTL d Nam Dinh ndi rieng
va d ddng bing sdng Hdng ndi chung cao hon so vdi ngudi dan An Giang, hay d ding bang sdng Ciru Long ndi chung Tuy nhien, neu nghien ciiu kT hon ve ho^t dpng cija cac
td chiic nay cd thi cung cip cho chiing ta mdt gdc nhin khac vl thuc tien trao dli xa hdi d hai viing ding bing nay Kit qua dilu tra ndng dan nam 2010 cho thiy: cac xi dong bang sdng Hdng diu cd nhOng hpi tit nguypn nhu hpi ding nidn, ding ngfl, hSi vai (di chua), hpi huu tri, v.v Hinh thiic
sinh hogt cua cac hpi nay chu ylu la chia st
tinh cam, tham hdi nhau nhiing Idc gia dinli
cd vi$c vui/budn Cac hdi nay hojt dpng khdng nhim muc tieu hpp tac lam an kinh
te ti mpt chilu cjnh khac, lien kit va trao
ddi xS hpi cung la mpt trong nhiing dpng co tham gia cac hpi va doan thi tu nguydn 6
cu d4n ndng thdn ddng bing sdng Hdng Kit qua nghien ciru tiln hanh nam 2014 cung cho thiy tinh hinh tuang tu nhu hen
Cu dan ndng thdn d Nam Dinh tham gia
'*' Trong nhi^u truimg hvp, tliam gia c6 thi chi li
m i khong c6 hoat dOng nio cy the; trong nhttng truimg h(?p khic, tham gia l^i c6 thi mang nghTa !J lim lanh dgo/diing dilu m0t to chiic/ h0i/ phudng; nhimg trong da so tru6ng hvp, tham gia cd nghra Iii
eO ddng gdp, tuin thd v i th^rc hien cie ho^ d^ng mi "
to chl^c dd y6u c^u
''' Nghi&i cuudinhtinhvecict6chiicxah0inr nguy^
or hai xa D6ng Quang (Til Son, BSc Ninh) v i Giao m (Giao Thuy, Nam Djnh) tien hinh vdi ( ^ d i ^ cac iS chiic x i hOi Hr nguydn tir nim 2007 den 2009
Trang 7vdo cdc ttao dli hgi nhdm frgn ca sd giup
dd qua lai mii khi g|ip khd khdn Trong
khi dd, d An Giang lgi cho thdy ngudi ddn
ndng thdn tham gia vdo cdc trao dli
phudng hgi hudng tdi vi^c ho tr(? cdc hdi
vien lam kinh tl
Cd the thiy ring cung nhihig khudn mau
trao doi xa hgi, nhung cac nhdm cu dan gan
cho cdc tuong tac xd hgi ndy nhung y nghia
rat khac nhau Trong khi cu dan ddng bdng
sdng Hdng gin vigc tham gia cdc hogt dgng
h§i nhdm vdi vi§c ddp dng nhdng nhu cdu
tmh thdn ngi tgi cda nhdm nhd (thdm hdi,
chia se tinh cdm, v.v ) vd nhu ciu cd nhdn
(dugc va chgm xa h^i, cd danh tiing, dugrc
vj ne, v.v ); thi nhdm cdc cu dan ding bdng
song Cihi Long cd Igi cd xu hudng thilt lap
cdc hinh thdc trao dli hgp tac trong san
xuit phu hgp vdi cdc nguySn tdc thj trudng,
hudng tdi nhijng m\ic tieu Idm gidu cho hgi
vien ciia minh
3.2 Trao d6i vd tiamg tdc x& hpi trong
tham gia cdc ho^ dpng xS hpi tgi ^ phutmg
Tham gia cac hogt dgng cgng dong cung
la m^t khia cgnh thi hign mgng ludi xd hdi
vd trao dli xd h^i cua cu ddn ndng thdn
Trong sd 800 dgi di^n h$ gia dinh ndng
thdn dugrc khdo sat d hai tinh, chi cd 02
ngudi khdng tham gia bit cd hoat dgng
cgng ding nao Tinh trung binh, moi NTL
tham gia khoang 4 hogt dgng xd hgi Ti Ig
NTL d hai tinh Nam Djnh vd An Giang
tham gia nhieu cdc hogt dgng xd hgi tgi dia
phucmg cho thay tinh tich cyc vd chu dgng
cua cu dan ndng thdn trong giai doan hign
nay Cd 87,6% NTL d hai tinh tham gia cdc
hogt dgng td thi^n; cac hogt dgng lidn quan
d ^ vdn hda, tin ngudng tgi dja phuang
cung thu hut 76,1% ngudi tham gia Cdc
hogt dgng lien quan din thi dye thi thao, sd
thich, gidi tri cd 64,0% ngudi tham gia Cdc hogt dpng nghi nghiep (trao dli kinh nghiem lam an, ky thuat sdn xuat, v.v ) cd 61,9% ngudi tham gia Khodng 50% tham gia cac hogt dgng ddm bdo an ninh trdt t^ tai dia phuang va tren 40% tham gia hoat dgng lien quan den khuyen hgc tgi ^ a phuang Ket qud nghien cuu cimg cho thay cac chieu hudng tham gia hogt dgng xd hgi khdc nhau d hai tinh khao sdt C) Nam Dinh, hogt ddng tu thign (99,0%), hogt ddng lien quan den vdn hda, tin ngudng dia phuang (69,6%) vd hoat ddng khuyin hgc (66,1%)
la 3 hoat ddng thu hut su tham gia ddng ddo nhat cda NTL Trong khi dd, 3 hoat ddng
ma NTL d An Giang tham gia nhieu nhdt Id hogt dgng lien quan den the due thi thao, sd ttiich, giai tri (94,5%), hogt dgng lien quan den vdn hda, tin ngudng dia phuang (82,3%) vd hoat dgng tu thign (76,3%) Xem xet tan suat tham gia cdc hoat dgng nay cda NTL cho thdy mdt hinh dung khac
ve tinh tich cue xa hgi cua NTL Tdn suit tham gia cac hogt dgng Ii€n quan din thi due the thao, sd thich, gidi tri Id cao nhat vdi ty Ig 65,2% tham gia vai Idn/tudn vd 20,7% tham gia 1 IdnAudn hode vdi Idn/thang Tiep theo, cac hoat ddng nghe nghiep (trao ddi kinh nghigm lam an, kT thugt sdn xuit, V.V ) cd tten mdt nda NTL tham gia d muc vai Idn/tudn va 1 lln/tuin hogc vdi Idn/thdng Cdn lai gdn mgt nua tham gia d mdc I Idn/thdng hoac 2 Idn/quy vd 1 lln/quy hoac vai lln/ndm Mdc do tham gia cac boat ddng cgng ddng cao thdp khac nhau mgt phdn do dac thu cda cac hogt ddng vd mdt phin cung do tinh chu dgng, tt'ch cvcc tham gia cda ngudi ddn vdo cac hoat dgng dd Phdn tich kT hon du lieu khdo sdt tai hai tinh, sy khdc bigt gifia sl luong ngudi
Trang 8tham gia va tan suit tham gia cdc boat
dgng cdng thi hien rd CJ Nam Dinh, ttong
khi ty I? gan nhu tuyet dli NTL xdc nhdn
tham gia hogt dgng td thign, thi tin sudt
tham gia vdo cdc hoat dgng ndy cua hg chi
Id mgt vdi lan/nam Tuy thip han Nam
Djnh han 20 dilm phdn ttdm vl ty Ie tham
gia hogt ddng ndy, NTL d An Giang Igi
tiln hdnh cdc hogt ddng ndy thudng xuySn
han: gdn 15% ttong sl hg thyc hign cdc
hogt dgng td thign tren ca sd hdng thang,
gin 1/3 tham gia cdng tdc tu thign hdng
quy vd han mgt nua sd hg Idm tir thign
theo ndm Sy: khdc bigt nay cd thi xudt phdt
tu cung cdch thuc hanh cdc hoat ddng thi^n
nguygn khdc nhau giua hai dja phuang
khao sdt Ve cac hogt dgng lien quan den
vdn hda, tin ngudng tai d}a phucmg, hem
30% NTL d Nam Dinh cho biet hg tham gia
cdc hogt dgng ndy vai ldn moi tudn; cdn d
An Giang, gdn mgt nua so NTL cho bilt hg
chi tham gia cac hogt dgng ndy vdi Idn moi
ndm Ty lg khd cao NTL d Nam Dinh tham
gia hdng tuan vdo cac boat d^ng lien quan
den tdn gido, tin ngudng chd yeu rai vdo
nhdm cu ddn d xa Hdi Vdn - noi cd din
gan mOt nda sl ngudi dugrc hdi Id tin do
Thifin Chua giao Cdc quy djnh cua Thidn
Chua gido dli vdi cac tin dl cua minh cd
thi ddi hdi hg tham gia diu ddn ban vdo
cdc hogt dOng cua nhd thd, chdng hgn nhu
vigc di ll vdo cdc ngay chd nhgt NTL d
An Giang tich c\rc tham gia cac hogt dgng
the thao, gidi tri ban so vdi NTL d Nam
Djnh, vdi han 70% NTL cho bilt hg tham
gia cdc hogt dgng ndy vdi lan mii tuin
Khi phan logi cdc hogt dgng xa hgi thdnh
nhdm hogt dgng hudng tdi Igi ich cgng
ding (tu thign, khuyin hgc, bdo vg an ninh
hit t\[) vd nhdm boat ddng hudng tdi nhu
ciu cd nhan (vdn hda, tin nguong, thi thao,
sd thich, gidi tri vd hogt d§ng nghe nghi?p), kit qua nghiSn ciiu cho thiy NTL d Nam Djnh thien vl cac hogt dgng hudng tdi Igi ich cgng ddng, trong khi d An Giang, cu
dan hai xd khdo sdt tham gia nhilu hon \h
cdc hogt dgng ddp ung nhu cau cd nhSn Tuy nhien, neu cdc boat dgng vi lgi ich cgng ding cda cu dan Nam Dinh khdng dien ra thudng xuydn, dinh ki, ma phiin nhieu mang tinh vy vigc, diln ra mpt vdi ISn
trong nam d An Giang, NTL tham gia cac
boat d$ng xa hgi vdi tin suit ddy ddc hon,
d cd nhdm cdc hogt dgng hudng tdi c$ng ding va nhdm hogt dgng vi nhu cau ca nhdn Nhin chung, nhfing ngudi cd tiinh dp
hgc vdn cao thi cd xu hudng tham gia ck
hogt dpng vi cgng ddng, ttong khi nhQng ngudi cd ttinh dg hgc van thdp thi nghifing
vl cdc hogt dpng ph\ic v\i nhu ciu cd nhSn (trd hoat ddng nghi nghigp thi khdng c6 s\r khdc bigt gifia cdc nhdm hgc vin) Ben cgnh dd, vuat ra khdi khdng gian dja li, ket qud khdo sat cung cho thiy ty Ig tham gia cdc boat ddng cgng ddng phy thugc vao dilu kign kinh tl cda h^, nhihig h^ gia dinh
cd dilu kign kinh tl han thi t^ Ig tham gia cdc hogt dgng c$ng ding cao hon
4 Ket lu^n Thyc tiln trao dli vd tuong tdc xd hgi ttong cu dan ndng thdn thdng qua cdc cugc g§p go tilp xuc tryc tilp, hay thdng qua vi^c tham gia cdc t l chdc xd h0i vd cdc hoat dpng dia phuong cho thiy ddi sing xd hgi cda ngudi dan ndng thdn Viet NhQng trao dli, tuong tac hdng ngdy gifia cdc nh6m hg hdng, hang xdm hay bgn be Id cdch de ngudi dan tham gia vd/ hode duy tri cdc Hen
hg xd hpi tgi dia phucmg Tu cdch thanh vien cua mgt t l chuc xd hdi hay m^t cOng
Trang 9d i n g cung la each d l hp tich hprp vao ddi
song x i h0i ciia lang va md rpng mamg ludi
xa hdi vupt qua cac nhdm s a c i p nhu gia
dinh va hp hang
Nghien ciiu nhan dipn nhimg dac tnmg
trong cac khudn mau trao ddi xa hpi khac
nhau trong cu dan ndng thdn Nhitag trao
doi va tucmg tac trong nhdm hp hang mang
tuih tuong trp lan nhau va chd y l u hudng
tdi nhOng h 5 trp phi kinh t l (3 nhdm hang
xdm, cac trao ddi va tuong tac xa h$i duprc
djc tnmg bdi tinh cd di cd lai, thi hipn qua
vi?c van/ddi cdng giOa nhiing ngudi hang
xdm Trong khi dd, cac trao doi va tucmg
tac vdi nhdm ban be gia djnh mdt dang lien
ket xa hpi md, mang nhilu d i u In ca nhan
hem, t h i hipn nhiing khac bipt rd r$t han v l
cac dac trung nhan k h i u - x i hdi cua NTL
Tuy nliien, k i t qua nghien ciiu cho thiy
vi$c md rpng cac lien k i t nhdm thir c i p
khdng phai la l\ra chpn thay t h i cho viec
thilu ving cac lien h^ so c i p d ca hai tinh
khao sat
Cd sv khac bipt kha ldn v l sd lupng cac
to chuc xa h^i m a cu dan d Nam Dinh va
An Giang tham gia vdi t u each thanh vien
S\r khac bipt ciing nam d y nghta cua viec
tham gia h$i nhdm cua cu dan hai tinh
Trong khi NTL d Nam Djnh g i n vipc tham
gia cac ho?it dpng hpi nhdm vdi vipc dap
ling nhiSng nhu c i u tinh thin npi tji cua
nhdm nhd va nhu c i u c4 nhan, thi nhdm
NTL d An Giang Iju thilf 1 j p cac hinh thitc
hpp tac trong san xuit, lam giau cho hdi
viSn T i n suit tham gia cac hoat dpng xa
h0i t?i dja phucmg cung khac bipt giiia hai
tinh, cu dan Nam Djnh tham gia mang tinh
vv vipc, phong trao; cdn d An Giang, NTL
tham gia cac hoat dpng xa hpi vdi tin suit
day dac hem
Tai lieu t h a m khao
1 Baker, Alan, R.H (1999), Fra«emir)'aTO»(g
the French peasantry: Sociability and voluntary associations in the Loire Valley 1815 - 1914,
Cambrigde: Cambrigde Univeristy Press
2 Bui Quang Dung, DJng Thj Vi^t Phuong
(2011), Bdo cdo Dieu tra nong ddn Vift Nam
2009 - 2010 (Bio c4o nghien clhl), Vien Hin
lam Khoa hpc xa hpi Vi?t Nam
3 Cook, K S (1992), Exchange theory In:
E F B a M L Borgatta (ed.) Encyclopedia of Socigiogy (Vol 2), New York: Macmillan
Publishing Compary, tr 606 - 610
4 Dang Thi Viet Phuong (2015), Tte co7fec(n«
life: the sociology of voluntary associations in North Vietnamese rural areas Hanoi: Vietnam
National University Press
5 Dang Thj Viet Phuong, Bui Quang DGng (2011), "Cac to chirc xa hpi tv nguyen d nong thdn ding bang sdng Hong: Lien kit vi trao dli
xahpi" Tjp chiXahgihgc, so 4 (116), tr.31 - 45
6 Mai Van Hai (2009), "Gia dinh, dong hp
vi thdn lang vdi tu each la cac gid tri ca bin
cua van hoa lang Viet", T^p chi XS hgi hgc, so
1, tr.36-41
7 Nguyin Anh Tuan (2011), "So np ddi
-von xa hpi: djnh dk gidi h^n vl trao doi xS hpi
hay nhthig mii lien he lien chii thi (tiep c(in nhan hpc tir mpt dim ma d ling Nung Phan
Slinh, tinh Thai Nguyen)", T^ip chf Ddn tgc hgc, so 5, U.25 - 34
8 Nguyin Dirc Troyin (1990), "Chuyin doi dinh hudng gia th d ndng thon ddng bing
Bic bp" Tap chi A'd hgi hgc, so 4, tr.27 - 46
9 Nguyin Thj Minh Phuong (2011), "Von
xS hpi cua ndng thdn Vi^t Nam duong d&i (Mpt nghien curu trudng hpp xa Giao Tan, huyen
Giao Thuy, tinh Nam Dinh)" T?p chi Xa hgi hgc, s l 4, U.67 - 79