Trong do ndi bat Id cdch tiep can tdng tich hop ly thuyet kinh ti' hgc - xd hdi hpe vd xa hdi hpe - kinh ti' hgc vdi mgt sdly thuyet kinh dien vd hiin dgi vi ngudn gdc cua sUgidu cd, ly
Trang 1Tong tich hgp ly thuyet kinh te hoc va xa hoi hoc trong nghien cihi phan tang xa hoi
Le N g o c H u n g ' * '
T d m t i t : Phdn tdng xd hgi dien ra tren nhieu chieu cgnh kinh te - xd hgi khac nhau Do vgy, cdn van dung cdch tii'p can tdng tich hop cdc ly thuyet khac nhau khi nghien cdu phan tdng xd hgi Trong do ndi bat Id cdch tiep can tdng tich hop ly thuyet kinh ti' hgc - xd hdi hpe vd xa hdi hpe - kinh ti' hgc vdi mgt sdly thuyet kinh dien vd hiin dgi vi ngudn gdc cua sUgidu cd, ly thuyet vi tdng trUdng vd phdt trien dUa trin cdc yiu to'ky thugt, quyin tii do, thiet che vd cdc logi vdn con ngUdi, vdn sdng tgo vd cdc logi von phi vgt the khde TU gdc do tdng tich hop ly thuyit co the xem xet phdn tdng xd hgi vi tien lUOng ciia nhiing ngUdi ldm cdng dn lUang d Viet Nam nhu Id mgt trUdng hOp nghien cdu cu the Diiu ndy gOi ra cdc hUdng nghien cUu tiep theo ve viec van dung tong tich hap cdc ly thuyet vi vdn ngUdi, vi thi'trong cau trdc cua he thdng sdn xudt kinh doanh, chdc ndng nghi nghiep de cd the ndm bdt duac cdc chiiu cgnh vd cdc xu hUdng cua phdn tdng xd hgi d Viit Nam hien nay
Tfl k h o a : Td'ng tich hpp, Ly thuyet kinh t l h p c , Ly thuyet xa hpi hoc, P b a n tang xa hdi, Vdn ngUdi, Quyen t u do, Ngheo ddi Tang trUdng
1 Tifng tich hop ly thuyet kinli te hoc - xa hdl hoc
Mdt bieu bien ro nha't cua tdng tich
bdp each tidp can kinh te hoc - xa bdi
hpe la kinh te' bpc ngay cang quan tam
nghien cflu cac va'n de xa hdi va cbi ra
cac nguyen nhan, cac cd c b l va cac be
qua xa bdi cua cac hien tUdng kinh td',
qua trinh kinh te Theo each tiep can ly
thuyet kinh te bpc, sii phan tang v l
kinh td', vi du phan tang ve thu nhap,
cbi tieu, tai san, quyet dinh sii phan
t i n g xa bdi Tuy nhien, xem xet ky cd
'*' GSTS Vidn Xa hoi hoc, Hoc vien Chinh tri
thd tha'y cac ly thuyd't kinh td' hoc khac nhau lai chi r a cac ngudn gdc khac nhau cua su giau cd va do vay chi ra ngudn gdc khac n h a u cua s u pban t i n g xa bpi Nam 1776, dng td cua nganh kinh te hoc hien dai la Adam Smith da dat r a cau hdi ve ngudn goe cua su giau cd cua cac quoc gia Cau t r a ldi cua dng la sU pban cdng lao dpng hdp ly, "tidn tie'n" trong
xa hdi the hidn qua vide hinh t h a n h cac nganh n g h i vdi t i n h chuydn mdn hda, chuyen nghiep hda cao gifla cac ca nhan trong xa bpi va sU phan cdng bdp ly gifla
n h a nUdc va thi trudng la ngudn gdc cua
Trang 2te hoc ve su p h a n cdng lao ddng trong xa
hpi, dng cho r i n g toan bp san lUdng
b i n g n a m cua da't dai va lao ddng cua
mdi nudc, tflc la toan bp gia t i l n cua san
lUdng h a n g n a m cua mdi nUdc, ta't
nhien, t u p h a n hda t h a n h ba loai la t i l n
cdng lao dpng, t i l n tbud dat va ldi
n h u a n cua t i l n vdn, va tUdng flng tao
t h a n h t i l n t h u nbap cua ta't ca mpi
ngfldi thudc ba t a n g Idp xa hdi khac
nhau l l n lUdt tfl t i n g tba'p d i n t i n g cao
la: nhflng ngUdi sd'ng bang t i l n cdng lao
ddng, nhflng ngUdi sd'ng b i n g t i l n cho
thue da't dai va nhflng ngfldi sd'ng b i n g
ldi nhuan Trong he thd'ng p h a n t a n g xa
hdi nay, Adam S m i t h canh bao sii can
thiep vi ddng cd ldi n h u a n cua tang Idp
chdp bu, t a n g Idp t r e n cung va do vay
c i n phai canh giac vdi thai dp va h a n h
vi, ldi ndi va viec lam cua t i n g Idp nay
moi khi ho dUa r a mdt quydt dinh ddl
vdi va'n d l cua toan xa hdi V l d i l u nay,
Adam S m i t h vid't vao nam 1776 nhU
sau: "Ba't ky mpt dao luat mdi nao, hay
luat le nao do t i n g Idp nay d l xUdng,
c i n phai dUdc nghe ngdng ra't than
trpng va chi dUdc thdng qua sau khi da
nghien cflu, xem xet mot each ky ludng
nha't, vdi sU tap t r u n g nha't Dao luat dd
xua't p h a t tfl mdt t a n g Idp ma ldi ich cua
hp khdng bao gid ddng nha't vdi ldi ich
chung cua dan chung, mdt t i n g Idp ma
muc dich chinh la Ifla ddl va ap bflc
q u i n chung de thu cho dUpc ldi nhuan
tdi da" (Adam Smith, 1997, tr.384)
Hoc thuyet kinh td' bpc chinh tri cua
Karl Marx nha'n m a n h tdi cac nguyen
n h a n kinh t l cua sU phan chia giai d p
va sU phan t i n g xa hdi Theo Marx, sii
phan t i n g xa bdi la k i t qua cua sii pban
chia giai d p va sU hinh t h a n h ca'u true
xa bdi trong dd giai ca'p n i m gifl tfl lieu
thdng tri va chiem gifl vi tri d t i n g Idp tren, t i n g chdp bu va giai ca'p khdng cd
t u lieu san xua't la giai ca'p bi tri bi d l y xudng t a n g dudi, t h a m chi t i n g day cua ca'u t n i c p h a n t i n g xa hpi Hoc thuyet Marx chi ro, cd sd cua ca'u trflc xa hpi va
sU p b a n t i n g xa bpi la phUdng thflc san xua't va phUdng thflc trao dd'i gifla ngUdi vdi ngudi D i l u nay ngu y r i n g , cflng vdi yeu td kinh t l ddng vai trd quyet dinh, nhUng khdng phai la duy nha't, cac yeu
to n h u cac tbiet chd' chinh tri, van hda,
xa hpi cung ddng nhflng vai trd ra't quan trpng ddl vdi sU van dpng, bid'n dd'i ca'u true xa hpi, phan t i n g xa hdi Marx da chi r a xu hudng chung la su phan t i n g
xa hpi bid'n dd'i tfl trang t h i i ba't cdng, ba't binh dang xa hpi sang trang thai cdng b i n g , binh d i n g xa hdi Marx cung chi ra nguyen n h a n va con dudng bidn ddi cd tinh each mang cua su phan t i n g
xa hpi va sU bien dd'i dd la mdt qua trinh each mang ra't lau dai trong cd sd ha
t i n g kinh td', ky t h u a t va thUdng t i n g kidn trflc, tinh t h i n , y thflc xa hdi Khi van dung bpc t h u y i t Marx vao danh gia thuc t r a n g va vach r a xu hfldng bien ddi
sU pban t a n g xa hdi, c i n chu y tdi nhflng yeu to' phi kinh td' nhU xu hudng
h a n h ddng cua cac giai ca'p, cac tang Idp
xa hpi vdi t r i n b dp nhan thflc, tinh tU giac va sU tidn bd khoa bpc, cdng nghe Cac n h a kinh t l hoc nd'i tieng n h u Theodore W Schultz, Athur Lewis, Gary Becker ra't quan tam nghien cflu va'n d l ngheo ddi va da phat trien nhflng chuydn nganh quan trpng nhU
"Kinh te bpc phat trien" va "Kinh t l bpc
v l ngheo ddi" Theodore Schultz da md
d i u bai p h a t b i l u nhan Giai thudng Nobel v l kinh td' bpc cua minh nam
1979 b i n g mdt cau ndi nd'i tieng, hoan
Trang 3Tong tich hop ly thuyet kinh te hoc va xa hoi hoc trong nghien cmi phan tang xa hoi
Ld N g o c H u n g ' " '
Torn t a t : Phan tdng xd hdi diin ra tren nhieu chieu cgnh kinh te - xd hdi khac nhau Do vgy, cdn van dung cdch tiep can tdng tick hop cdc ly thuyet khde nhau khi nghien cUu phdn tdng xd hpi Trong do ndi bat Id cdch tiep can tdng tich hop ly thuyit kinh te'hgc - xd hgi hgc vd xd hgi hgc • kinh tehpc vdi mgt sdly thuyet kinh dien vd hiin dgi vi ngudn gdc cua sU gidu co, ly thuyet vi tdng trUdng vd phdt trien dUa tren cdc yeu to'ky thugt, quyin tii do, thiet chi' vd cdc logi vdn con ngtidi, von sdng tgo vd cdc logi vdn phi vgt the khac TU gdc dp tdng tich hap ly thuyet cd the xem xet phdn tdng xd hdi vi tiin lUang cua nhiing ngUdi ldm cdng dn lUdng b Viet Nam nhu la mpt trUdng hop nghiin cdu cu thi Diiu ndy gOi ra cdc hUdng nghiin cUu tiep theo vi viic van dung tdng tich hOp cdc ly thuyet vi vdn ngUdi, vi the trong cdu true cua he thd'ng sdn xudt kinh doanh, chUc ndng nghi nghiep de co the ndm bdt dugc cdc chieu cgnh vd cdc xu hUdng cua phdn tdng xd hgi d Viit Nam hien nay
Tfl k h d a : Td'ng tich hdp, Ly thuyet kinh t l hpe, Ly thuyet xa hpi bpc, P h a n t i n g xa hdi, Vd'n ngudi, Quyen tU do, Ngheo ddi Tang trUdng
1 Tdng tich hop IV thuydt kinh t^hoc - xa hdl hoc
Mpt bieu hien ro nha't cua td'ng tich
hdp each tiep can kinh te bpc - xa hpi
bpc la kinh te' bpc ngay cang quan tam
nghien cflu cac va'n de xa hpi va chi ra
cac nguyen nhan, cac cd che' va cac he
qua xa hdi cua cac hien tUdng kinh te,
qua trinh kinh te Theo each tilp can ly
thuyd't kinh td' hoc, su phan tang v l
kinh te', vi du phan t i n g v l thu nhap,
chi tieu, tai san, quyet dinh sii phan
t i n g xa hpi Tuy nhien, xem xdt ky cd
'•' GS.TS., Vien Xa hoi hoc Hoc vien Chinh tri
the tha'y cac ly thuyd't kinh te hpe khac
n h a u lai chi ra cac ngudn gdc k h l c nhau cua sU giau cd va do vay cbi ra ngudn gd'c khac n h a u cua sii p h a n t i n g xa hdi Nam 1776, dng to cua nganh kinh td'hpc hien dai la Adam Smith da dat r a cau hdi v l ngudn gdc cua sU giau cd cua cac qud'c gia Cau t r a ldi cua dng la sU phan cdng lao dpng hdp ly, "tien tidn" trong
xa hdi the bidn qua vide hinh t h a n h cac nganh n g b l vdi t i n h chuyen mdn hda, chuydn nghiep hda cao gifla cac ca nhan trong xa hdi va sU p h a n cdng hdp ly gifla nha nUdc va thi trUdng la ngudn goe cua
Trang 4te hoc v l sii p h a n cdng lao ddng trong xa
hpi, dng cho r i n g toan bd san lUdng
h a n g n a m cua da't dai va lao ddng cua
mdi nudc, tflc la toan bd gia tien cua san
lUdng h a n g n a m cua mdi nUdc, ta't
nhien, t u p h a n hda t h a n h ba loai la t i l n
cdng lao dpng, tien thud da't va ldi
n h u a n cua tien vd'n, va tUdng flng tao
t h a n h t i l n t h u nh^p cua ta't ca mpi
ngUdi thudc ba t i n g Idp xa hdi khac
nhau l l n lupt tfl t a n g tba'p dd'n t i n g cao
la: nhflng ngUdi sd'ng b i n g t i l n cdng lao
ddng, nhflng ngUdi sd'ng b i n g t i l n cho
thue da't dai va nhflng ngudi sd'ng b i n g
ldi nhuan Trong he thd'ng p h a n t i n g xa
bdi nay, Adam S m i t h canh bao sii can
thiep vi ddng cd ldi n h u a n cua t i n g Idp
chdp bu, t a n g Idp t r e n cung va do vay
c i n phai canh giac vdi t h a i dp va h a n h
vi, ldi ndi va viec lam ciia t i n g Idp nay
mdi khi ho d u a r a mpt quyet dinh ddl
vdi va'n de cua toan xa hdi V l d i l u nay,
Adam S m i t h vid't vao nam 1776 n h u
sau: "Ba't ky mot dao luat mdi nao, hay
Iuat le nao do t a n g Idp nay d l xUdng,
c i n phai dUdc nghe ngdng ra't than
trpng va chi dUpc thdng qua sau khi da
nghidn cflu, xem xet mdt each ky lUdng
nha't, vdi sU t a p t r u n g nhat Dao luat dd
xua't p h a t tfl mpt t i n g Idp ma ldi ich cua
ho khdng bao gid ddng nha't vdi ldi ich
chung cua dan chung, mot t i n g Idp ma
muc dich chinh la Ifla ddl va ap bflc
quan chung de thu cho dUdc ldi n h u a n
tdi da" (Adam Smith, 1997, tr.384)
Hoc thuyet kinh te' hpe chinh tri cua
Karl Marx nha'n m a n h tdi cac nguyen
n h a n kinh te ciia sii phan chia giai ca'p
va sU phan t i n g xa hdi Theo Marx, sii
p h a n t i n g xa hdi la kd't qua cua sU phan
chia giai ca'p va sfl hinh t h a n h ca'u tnic
xa hdi trong dd giai ca'p n i m gifl tU lieu
thd'ng tri va chiem gifl vi tri d t i n g Idp tren, t a n g chdp bu va giai ca'p kbdng cd
t u lieu san xua't la giai ca'p bi tri hi d l y xud'ng t i n g dUdi, t h a m chi t i n g day cua ca'u trflc p h a n t i n g xa hdi Hoc thuyet Marx chi ro, cd sd cua ca'u true xa hpi va sii p h a n t a n g xa bdi la phUdng thflc san xua't va phUdng thflc trao dd'i gifla ngUdi vdi ngudi D i l u nay ngu y r i n g , cflng vdi yeu td kinh te ddng vai trd quyet dinh, nhflng khdng phai la duy nha't, cac yeu td' n h u cac thiet che chinh tri, van hda,
xa hdi cung ddng nhflng vai trd ra't quan trpng ddl vdi sU van ddng, bid'n dd'i ca'u trflc xa hdi, p h a n t i n g xa hpi Marx da chi r a xu hudng chung la sU phan t i n g
xa hdi bien ddi tfl trang thai ba't cdng, ba't binh dang xa bdi sang trang thai cdng bang, binh dang xa bdi Marx cflng chi r a nguyen n h a n va con dUdng bien ddi cd t i n h each mang cua sU phan t i n g
xa hpi va su bid'n dd'i dd la mot qua trinh each mang r a t lau dai trong cd sd ha
t i n g kinh te, ky t h u a t va thUdng t i n g kid'n true, tinh t h i n , y thflc xa hpi Khi van dung bpc thuyet Marx vao danh gia thlic t r a n g va vach r a xu hudng bien ddi
sii phan t i n g xa hpi, c i n chu f tdi
nhflng yeu td' phi kinh te' nhfl xu budng
h a n h ddng cua cac giai ca'p, cac t i n g Idp
xa hdi vdi t r i n h dp nhan thflc, tinh tii giac va su tien bp khoa bpc, cdng nghd
Cac n h a kinh te' bpc nd'i t i l n g nhU Theodore W Schultz, Athur Lewis, Gary Becker ra't quan tam nghidn cflu va'n d l ngheo ddi va da phat trien nhflng chuyen nganh quan trpng nhU
"Kinh te' hpe phat trien" va "Kinh te bpc
v l ngheo ddi" Theodore Schultz da md
d i u bai p h a t bieu n h a n Giai thudng Nobel v l kinh te hoc cua minh nam
1979 b i n g mpt cau ndi noi tieng, hoan
Trang 5td': " H l u bet mpi ngudi t r e n t h e gidi la
nghdo, vay neu chflng ta hieu kinh te'
hpe ve nghdo ddi, thi chung ta cd the
bieu biet v l mot bd phan Idn cua kinh te
bpc" (Theodore W Schultz, 2000,
tr.575-593) Cflng cd t h e ndi tUdng tU nhU vay
ddl vdi each t i l p can kinh te bpc v l sU
phan t i n g xa hdi: neu hieu rd sU phan
bda giau nghdo, p h a n hda xa hdi thi
chung ta cd the hieu rd ban cha't va
nguyen n h a n cua sU p h a n t i n g xa hdi
NhUng tai sao lai ngheo khd? Su
phan hda giau ngheo la do dau? Cac
t h a n h tUu kinh te' hpe dang lam giau
thdm h i l u b i i t xa hdi hoc v l cac nguydn
nhan kinh t l (vi du can can thUdng mai
trong nudc va qud'c td) va nguyen n h a n
phi kinh te' (vi du hpe va'n tba'p, tay
n g h i kem va sU cd lap) cua sU nghdo
khd, phan hda xa bdi, phan t i n g xa hpi
va ba't binh d i n g xa hpi tren cac ca'p dd
tfl vi md gdm ngudi nghdo, hp nghdo d i n
vi md la vflng nghdo, quoc gia ngheo,
khu VUc nghdo
Ket qua cua sU pban bda giau nghdo
la ngUdi nghdo bi rdi xudng t i n g day
cua thang bac phan t i n g xa hdi va
ngudi giau ndi len t i n g tren, n i m gifl
p h l n Idn quyln lUc, uy tin va cua cai
cua toan xa hpi Trong qua trinh nay,
ra't cd the mot so' ngudi bi ma't tai san
trd nen nghdo ddi, nhung nhflng ngUdi
dd khdng nha't tbiet hi rdi xudng t i n g
day cua xa hdi bdi vi tinh trang dd cd
the cbi mang tinh tam thdi Ngudi
ngheo kinh nidn cd the may m i n cd tai
san, vi du do trung so ddc die, nhung
v i n cd t b I bi ngheo do khong biet sfl
dung sd tiln kiem dUdc nha't thdi dd
Nhflng ngudi cd uy tin xa bdi hoac ngudi
n i m gifl quyen Iuc deu cd the trd nen
giau cd, nhUng nhflng ngudi giau chUa
chic da cd uy tin va vi the' cao trong be
thd'ng phan t i n g xa hdi D i l u nay cho th^y tinb phflc t a p va t i n h linh boat, nang ddng ciia cac qua t r i n b di ddng xa hpi, cd ddng xa hoi cua sii p h a n hda giau ngheo va p b a n t i n g xa hdi
Mdi quan he gifla kinh t l va xa hpi dUdc bdc Id rd qua cac nghien cflu v l mdi tfldng quan gifla t a n g trfldng kinh t l va ba't binh dang xa hpi Cac nha nghien cflu khdng diing lai d nhan dinh r i n g kinh td' la n h a n td' quyet dinh ddl vdi sii ba't binh d i n g xa hpi ma di sau tim bieu mdi tUdng tae qua lai gifla hai hidn tUdng nay Khai nidm t a n g trudng kinh td' dUdc dflng de chi sfl tang Idn bin vflng cua ca k h a nang cung ca'p hang hda kinh te' va k h a nang doi mdi cong nghd va d i l u chinh mpt each phfl hdp cac thidt che kinh td', vSn hda, xa bpi Quan niem nbU vay da ham chfla vai trd quan trpng cua hai ydu to' phi kinh te' - cdng nghe va thiet chd' xa hpi doi v6i
t a n g trudng kinh t l Simon Kuznets dinh nghia: t a n g trudng kinh te' la "sii tang len trong dai b a n cua kba nang cung ca'p cac h a n g hda kinh t l ngay cang da dang cua n h a n dan, kha nang lien tue phat trien nay diia trdn cd sd cdng nghe tien tien, nhflng dilu chmh
ve thd chd' va be tfl tudng ma nd ddi hdi" (Simon Kuznets, 1980, tr.l44)'*' Nhflng nUdc nghdo cd dac diem chung, vi du
n h u Kuznets da chi ra, la nang sua't lao dpng tba'p, kinh te dUa vao ndng nghidp
va nganh khai tbac, quy md san xuat nhd, quy md dan so' Idn Su tang trUdng kinh t l ddi hdi cac n h a n to' kinh te (vi
du tang vd'n d i u tU, chuyen ddi cd ca'u kinh te, ky t h u a t cdng nghe tien tien) va
'*' Simon Kuznets (1901-1985) dildc Giai thitdng Nobel v l khoa hoc kinh te nam 1971 do c6 cong dem lai "mot each nhin mdi - sau s^c d^i vdi cSiu
Trang 6• mdt k h u d n khd chinh tri va xa hdi dn
dinh n h u n g iinh boat, du k h a nang chap
n h a n s u t h a y ddi ve ca'u true va giai
quydt cac xung dot m a nd tao ra"
(Simon Kuznets, 1980, tr.l58)
Cdng t r i n h nghien cflu nd'i tieng cua
A r t h u r Lewis v l sU ngheo ddi va t a n g
trudng k i n h te' da dUa r a hai mo h i n b
giai thich mdi quan hd nay tren hai ca'p
dp: ngheo ddi d mdt nudc cham phat
trien va sU ba't binh d i n g gifla nUdc
cham p h a t trien va nUdc p h a t trien (Sir
Arthur Lewis, 2000,.tr.601-618)*'' Theo
Lewis, mdt nudc cham p h a t t r i l n cd da
so' dan cu sd'ng b i n g kinh td' ndng
nghidp "tu cung tU cap" va mot bp phan
sd'ng b i n g kinh td' cdng nghidp - dich vu
Men dai, Su t a n g trUdng n h a n h chdng
dinh hudng vao thi trUdng cua khu vuc
kinh td' hien dai la do dupc d i u t u m a n h
me va ddi dao tfl cac ngudn luc, trong dd
cd ngudn n h a n cdng re cua khu vuc
ndng thdn K i t qua la kinh t l hidn dai d
khu vUc t a p t r u n g it dan cU (vi du cbi
chiem khoang 20 - 30%) phat t r i l n vUdt
trpi so vdi k i n h te d khu vUc ndng thdn
ddng dan cU (vi du chiem 70 - 80%)
D i l u dd cd nghia la tang trUdng kinh te
d nhflng nUdc cham p h a t tridn gan Uln
vdi sU nghdo ddi t a p t r u n g d ndng thdn
va sU ba't b i n b d i n g xa bpi gia tang gifla
t h a n h thi va ndng thdn, gifla cac nganh
cdng nghiep - dich vu hien dai vdi
nganh ndng nghiep truyen thd'ng
Md hinh ba't binh d i n g ndi dia nay
cua Lewis boan toan cd the ap dung d l
giai thich sU ba't binb d i n g gifla cac nUdc
'•' Sir Arthur Lewis (sinh nam 1915) ciing vdi
TheodoisW Schultz (sinh nSm 1902) ditOc nhSn
chung Ciiai ihuSng Nobel ve khoa hoc kinh te
phat trien kinh te, ngh^o doi va ba't binh d i n g 6
cdng nghidp phat trien va cac nUdc ndng nghiep cham phat trien trdn thd' gidi
c a c nudc ngheo xua't k h I u cac san p h i m ndng nghiep va nguyen lieu trong khi cac nUdc giau xua't khau san pham cdng nghidp va t h a n h pham dUdc che bien sau Nang su^t lao ddng ndng nghidp tha'p so vdi nang sua't lao ddng cdng nghiep va can can thUdng mai qud'c t l phu thudc vao nUdc giau la nhflng nguydn n h a n cua sii phan tang xa hdi de'n mflc ba't binh d i n g gifla bai nhdm nudc nay
Cach giai thich mdi quan he gifla tang trudng kinh te va ba't binh d i n g xa hdi cua Lewis gdi r a hudng nghien cflu nguyen n h a n phi kinh te: vai trd cua sU
d i u t u giao due, cua vd'n ngUdi ddl vdi
phat trien kinh t l Schultz vk Becker da
ra't t h a n h cdng trong vide phat trien hudng nghien cflu nay Schultz da chi ra
Uu thd' ldi sua't cao hdn h l n cua vdn ngudi d cac nUdc giau so vdi nudc nghdo
va tfl dd di den giai thich tai sao cac nUdc giau d i u t u n h i l u va n h a n h vao giao due bdn b i n so vdi cac linh vflc khac Ong r u t ra kd't luan cd tinh td'ng tich hdp r a t cao trong each tiep can kinh
t l bpc va tidp can xa hdi hoc v l mdi quan he bidn chflng gifla cai kinh td' va cai xa bpi Schultz vid't: " d i u t u vao cai thien cha't lUdng dan cU cd the tang cudng dang ke trien vpng kinh te va phflc ldi cho ngUdi nghdo" (Sir Arthur Lewis, 2000, tr.580)
Nha kinh td' hoc Gary Becker nd'i tidng vdi each tiep can "vd'n ngudi" (human capital) (Gary S Becker, 2000, tr.70-104) da nhaji m a n h vai trd cua vide d i u t u vao giao due va dao tao d l nang cao vd'n ngudi n h i m ldi ich k^ vpng lau dai D i l u quan trpng' la k i t
Trang 7quyet dinh cua cac cha me va nha
doanh nghiep thupc ca'p vi md va cua
cac nha hoach dinh chinh sach cua bd,
nganh va qudc gia thudc ca'p vi md khi
hp ludn phai t i n h toan, so sanh chi phi
trUdc m i t vdi ldi ich cd the dat dUdc
trong tUdng lai Tam nhin xa 6 day dUdc
bieu la ky vpng ve ldi ich trong tUdng
lai Mpt bp pban ngUdi ngheo cd t i m
nhin xa khi ra quyet dinh cho con bpc
len dai hoc b i n g mpi each khi ban than
va gia dinh hp phai chi phi ra't Idn cho
viec thuc hidn quyet dinh dd: bp cd t b I
phai giam bdt nhflng muc cbi tieu
kbdng true tiep lien quan tdi vide bpc
tap cua con cai, ddng thdi phai tim each
them thu nhap de bfl d i p cho nhflng chi
phi bpc tap ma theo each tidp can cua
Becker la d i u t u vd'n ngudi cho ky vpng
nghe nghiep dUdc tra cdng cao Nhflng
bac cha me ngheo nay da cd t i m nhin xa
v l gia tri cua vd'n ngUdi ddi vdi kha
nang tim dUdc vide lam dn dinh vdi thu
nhap cao cua con cai bp Tren tbUc te',
nhflng quyet dinh d i u tU cho con bpc
tap cua cac bac cha me nay da dUdc den
dap: cupc ddi ngheo ddi cua cha me da
kbdng di t r u y i n lai cho thd' be con cua
hp, ma trai lai, nhflng ngUdi con cua hp
nhd k i t qua hpe tap nha't la nhd hoc va
td't nghidp cac trudng dai bpc ndn cd
the da dd'i ddi, dd'i cudc ddi ngheo la'y
cupc ddi kha gia, t h a m chi la giau cd
Ndi each khac, thdng qua d i u tU vao
vd'n ngUdi, cac ca nhan, gia dinh cd t h e
di dpng tfl t a n g Idp t h i p Idn t i n g Idp
cao bdn thupc giai t i n g trung luu,
tham chi la giai t i n g tbudng luu ciia bd
thd'ng phan t i n g xa hdi
Bat d i u tfl cdng trinh nghien cflu
n i y cua Gary Becker, da xua't hidn cac
loai md hinh ly thuyd't nham phat hidn
trudng kinh te va p h a t t r i l n xa hdi Cac
nd lUc nghien ciiu tdng tich hdp kinh te bpc va xa hdi bpc hfla hen dem Iai n h i l u kd't qua mong mudn bdi vi ludn tinb den cac n h a n to' kinh te' va phi kinh te' cua
sU tang trudng kinh td' va phat trien xa hdi Trong s l dd can ke tdi hudng nghien cflu td'ng tich hdp kinh te hpe
-xa hdi hoc v l xda ddi, giam ngheo, v l
q u y l n con ngUdi trong phat trien va ve nang lUc con ngUdi trong cac qua trinh
xa hpi cua sii p h a t trien b i n vflng Mdt sd n h a nghien cflu v l sU tang trudng kinh td' d nhflng nUdc cham phat trien va nhflng nudc dang phat trid'n trong nfla cudi t h i ky XX da tap trung vao va'n d l nghdo ddi va tang trudng kinh t l Mpt trong nhflng ket luan cd tinb phUdng p h a p l u a n ddl vdi cac qua
t r i n b phat tridn kinh t l - xa bpi d nhflng nUdc nay la: hay b i t d i u tfl nhflng ngfldi ngheo kho (Robert Chambers, 1991) Theo quan diem nay, tang trudng k i n h t e b i t d i u khdng phai tfl vide vay vd'n tai chinh hay ddi mdi ky
t h u a t ddn t h u i n ma tfl viec tim hieu nhflng khd k h a n , nhflng mdi quan tam
va van hda cua ngudi nghdo va tim each giup ngudi ngheo p h a t trien tri thflc, nang lUc, ky nang va thay ddi thai dp,
h a n h vi dd hp t u xda ddi, giam ngheo Cach tiep can nay da dUdc Robert Chambers, Amartya Sen va cac ddng sU
ap dung va tdng ket vid't t h a n h sach xua't ban vao nhflng nam 1980 Su nghdo khd bieu hidn ra la sU thieu thdn cac phUdng tien vat cha't de san xua't va sinh hoat h a n g ngay cua ca n h a n va gia dinh N h u n g tha't hpe, dm dau bdnh tat,
su cd lap, hoac bao luc gia dinh cung cd
t h e gay tba't nghiep va giam thu nbap dan de'n sii ngheo ddi Cac tae gia nay
Trang 8vdng l u i n quan cua ngheo ddi va gpi nd
la "biy nghdo khd'" ma ba't ky mdt ngUdi
hay mpt gia dinh t h a m chi ca mdt cdng
ddng xa bpi cd t h e m i c phai Giai phap
phdng t r a n h va thao gd khdi bay nghdo
khd la nghien cflu p h a t hidn r a cac m i t
xich cua b i y nghdo khd de kip thdi ta'n
cong vao nhflng m i t xich cd ban, quan
trpng nha't, xung ydu nha't Trong so' dd
cd yeu td' t r i n h dp bpc va'n, t r i n h dp
chuyen mdn ky t h u a t va q u y l n nang
Amartya Sen - n h a kinh t l bpc
ngudi An Dp dUdc Giai thudng Nobel v l
kinh te n a m 1999 da dua ra thuyet
"Phat trien la md rdng quyen liia chpn"
thay cho thuyet "Phat trien la tang
trudng k i n b te" (Amartya Sen, 2002)
Tang trudng kinh te' (thu nhap) la cUc
k$ quan trpng n h u n g d6 kbdng phai la
muc dich tU t h a n Gid'ng nhU cau
chuyen cd An Dp v l y nghia cua cupc
sd'ng va sU giau cd Cau bdi cd xUa la:
cua cai cd lam cho con ngUdi ba't tfl
khdng? Cau t r a ldi la: kbdng Bdi vi
ngudi giau v i n chet Vay tbi giau cd de
lam gi?! Nha hien triet Hy Lap cd dai la
Aristotle cung tflng ndi r i n g , cua cai rd
r a n g khdng phai la thfl chflng ta tim
kilm, bdi vi cua cai chi ddn gian la cd
ich ldi va de dflng cbo mdt thfl khac Tflc
la cua cai hay su giau cd cbi la cdng cu,
la phudng tien de dat muc dich la hanh
phuc va p h a t trien
Do vay, sU p h a t t r i l n b i n vflng bao
b a m sU p h a t trien van hda, giao due,
sflc khoe, la sU md rpng q u y l n t h a m gia
q u a n ly xa hdi, quyen lua chpn cac cd
hdi, la n a n g cao n a n g luc thuc hien cac
quyen va thiic hidn cac quyet dinh da
lua chpn cho mpi ngUdi Amartya Sen
cho r i n g , ddi ngheo chi xay r a ddl vdi
nhflng ngudi dan khdng cd cd hdi,
tieng ndi ddl vdi ai, nha't la ddl vdi bd may l a n h dao, quan ly d cdng ddng xa bdi ndi hp sinh sd'ng Chinh phu va gidi
l a n h dao, quan ly se ra't it quan t a m tdi
"xda ddi giam ngheo" chflng nao ma hp khdng cd thdng tin ve chflng, kbdng chiu sflc ep cua dU l u a n xa bdi ddi boi
hp pbai chiu t r a c h nhidm v l n a n ngheo ddi Mdt ly do ra't ddn gian cua sU thd d vdi ngheo ddi la b a n t h a n bp chUa bao gid bi ngheo ddi hoac ddn gian la ho da quen sii ngheo ddi ma chinh hp da t r a i qua Do dd, ngUdi nghdo c i n phai len tieng v l sU ngheo khd va cac n h a nghien cflu c i n thdng tin chinh x l e va
d l y du ve tinh t r a n g p h a n hda giau ngheo va xu hUdng bid'n ddi phan t i n g
xa hdi de cac n h a hoach dinh chinh sach dieu chinh, doi mdi cac chUdng
t r i n h h a n h ddng cbo phfl hdp
Cd t h i ndi, Amartya Sen la ngudi cd cong md r a trao luu xem xet va'n d l b i t binb d i n g xa bpi va t a n g trUdng kinh te tfl gdc dp tdng tich hdp khoa bpc kinh te hoc vdi xa hdi bpc va chinh tri bpc d cudi the" ky XX Bdi vi, dng da nha'n manh tdi quyen cua con ngUdi, tdi vai trd cua vide
md rdng quyln va nang cao nang liic thlic bien cac q u y l n tU do kinh doanh, bpc tap, cham sdc sflc khoe va tham gia vao cac qua trinh chinh tri-xa hpi trong xda ddi giam ngheo, tang tnidng kinh te
va phat trien xa hpi Mdt sd' nha kinh te' bpc ndi tieng khac, vi du nhu Joseph Stiglitz, da phat t r i l n budng tiep can
nay khi dua r a t h u y i t phat trien tokn
didn, trong dd nha'n m a n h vai trd cua thdng tin va sU t h a m gia cua ngudi dan trong cac qua t r i n h cua xa hdi Khdng chl ngUdi nghdo ma ta't ca cac t i n g Idp
xa hpi d i u can dUdc t h a m gia vao cac qua t r i n b quan ly xa hpi de thiic hidn
Trang 924
nhu vide phat trien nang lUc con ngUdi
la muc tidu cua sU phat trien, ban t h a n
sU tham gia xa bpi ciing trd t h a n h muc
tidu cua sU phat trien xa hpi Tinh cd
dpng va su di ddng xa hpi se tang len va
cac cd hdi phat trien se md r a nhieu hdn
vdi sii tham gia chu dpng va tich cUc cua
cac ca nhan, gia dinh, td chflc, tang Idp,
giai t i n g xa bdi
Do dd, vide tdn trpng cac quyln con
ngudi trong qua t r i n h phat tridn xa hpi
va nha't la vide nang cao nang liic thUc
hien cac quyen t u do cua con ngudi da
dupc phap luat quy dinh, vide tbUc hien
dan chu hda, viec md rdng cac cd hdi
tham gia vao qua trinh xa hpi la nhflng
y i u td mdi gdp p h l n xda ddi, giam
ngheo va cai thidn ddi sd'ng cua cac giai
ting xa hdi
2 TlJng tich hop ly thuyet xa hOI hgc - kinh t^ hoc
Max Weber la nha xa hpi hoc dong
thdi la nha nhan bpc van bda xa bpi
ngudi Dflc da dUa ra each tiep can ly
thuyd't ndi tidng nha'n manh tae ddng
thuc d l y cua yd'u td' tdn giao, cu the la
cudc Cai each Tin lanh (Protestan
Reformation) ddl vdi sii phat trien kinh
te TBCN hidn dai d phUdng Tay Weber
chi ra r i n g , su k i t hdp tai tinh gifla
"dao dflc Tin lanh" vdi "tinh t h i n cua
chu nghla t u ban" trong lich sfl phUdng
Tay da tao nen ddng lUc va ngudn liic
lam cho con ngudi h a n h ddng theo kieu
duy ly - cdng cu, phUdng tien vdi ngbia
la ludn tinh toan de h a n h dpng dat dudc
hieu qua cao nha't (Max Weber, 2008;
Xem thdm: Le Ngoc Hflng, 2011) Tfl dd
xuat hien su pban t i n g xa hdi dUa trdn
sii phan hda v l h a n h ddng xa hdi, theo
dd nhflng ngudi cham chi, chiu khd, t i l t
kidm, iam vide khdng ngdi nghi mot
each trung thUc, cdi md, lao ddng n h u
dUdc vinh danh, dUdc Idn thien dang; cdn nhflng ke ludi bieng, lang phi, gian ddi tbi hi trflng phat, bi day xud'ng dia nguc Cach giai thfch kieu n h a n hpe van hda, cu t h e la vide de cao yeu to' dao dflc tdn giao va t i n h t h i n cua CNTB, nhu chinh Weber nha'n m a n h cd y nghia bd sung ma khdng t h a y the cho each giai thich nha'n m a n h cac d i l u kidn kinh t l
n h u Marx da chi r a ddl vdi sU phan t i n g
xa hdi Weber vSn ke thfla each tiep can kinh te bpc nhUng chi ro cac yeu td' kinh
te va ca yd'u to' chinh tri cung vdi yeu to van hda, yd'u to xa bpi d i u tUdng tae, tdng tich hdp vdi n h a u de tao ra cac can cfl cua su p b a n hda giau ngheo va phan
t i n g xa hdi
Tuy nhidn, v i n cd mdt so' nha nghidn cflu d a n h gia mdt each may m6c
ve each tiep can mang t i n h td'ng tich bdp xa bpi bpc - k i n b t l hoc cua Weber
v l phan t i n g xa hdi Do khdng chu y de'n dilu nay nen mpt sd' n h a nghidn cflu dUdng dai, vi du Acemoglu va Robinson, da vien d i n sfl tang trudng kinb te, p h a t trien xa hdi cua Nhat Ban, Singapore, H a n Qud'c va ca Trung Qudc de' p b a n bidn each tiep can nha'n manh yeu td' van hda, tdn giao cua Weber (Daron Acemoglu va J a m e s A Robinson, 2014, tr.86-94) Hai tae gia nay cho r i n g , cac y i u to nhan hoc, tdn giao va niem tin, t h a i dp van hda thay ddi ra't cham chap va.khdng cd kha nang giai thich ddl vdi su t a n g trudng kinh t l , phat trien xa hpi va phan t i n g xa hdi thudng d i i n r a n h a n h chdng Tuy nhidn, cac nghien cflu khac vi du nhu nghien ciiu cua Richard Florida, Peter Murphy, Eduardo de la Fuente va cac ddng sii phat hien r a s u sang tao va ddng cd duy
my vdi tinh each la tinh t h i n mdi, ddng