Sau c ^ each rudng Ait dupc tiin tifinh trong nhiing nfim 1950, ntiilu nOng dfin Hfin Qutfc sd huu difin u'ch dfi'i canh tfic ntid vk mdt phfin dfit nfiy dupc hp hitfn tang dl thuc hifi
Trang 1Gia dinh va Gi6i
S6 5 -2016
Phong trfio Ifing mdl d Hin Quoc vfi mat stf him y ve vai trii ciia phu nOf hting xfiy dung nfing Oifin mdl i Viet Nam
Nguyen Tuan Anh
Khoa xa h{ii h9C Tmdng D91 hpc Khoa h^c Xa hOi vd Nhan van, Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha W i
Tdm t i t : Bfii vifit nfiy bfin vl phong trfio Ifing mdi b Hfin QuSc
vfi qua dd nfiu lfin m$t sfi hfim y dfii vfii vai tro ciia phu nil trong xfiy dung nong thon mdi fi Vi^t Nam'" TrUdc hfit, bfii vifit dl cfip dfin boi canh lich aiJl, phUdng ptiap thVc tiifin, cac giai doan phat
thfinh cfing cua phong trfio Ifing mdi Tren cd sb A6, bfii vifit nhfin
phong trfio ifing mdi cl Hfin Quoc nhU: v i ^ lanh d^o phong trfio vfi sfing kifin ciia ho trong qua trinh thpc hi$n phong trfio Dfiy cflng chfnh 111 nhflng cd sd dl nfiu len m9t so hfim y doi vdi vai
trd dia php nfl trong xfiy dpng ndng thdn mdi b Vifit Nam hifin
nay
Ttf khda: Phi^ nfl; Nong ngtiifip; Nong thon; Ndng thon mdi
1 Dan nhap
Nghi quy^i Hdi nghi lfin thd bfiy Ban ChSp hfinh Trung uong Dfing
Trang 2k h ^ dinh muc tifiu: "Xfiy dimg ndng thdn mdi" (Ban Chfip hfinh Trung uong 2008) Cii th^ hda Nghi quyfi nfiy, Thii hidng Chinh phii ban hfinh
"CJuyft dinh vi vific ban hfinh Bfl tifiu cbi qudc gia vi ndng Ihdn m<M" (Thu tudng Oiinh phii, 2009), "Quyfi't dinh phfi duyfit Chuong trinh Muc tifiu
Qu6c gia v^ xfiy dung ndng thdn mdi giai doan 2010 - 2020" (Thii tufeig
Chinh phii, 2010) "K^ hoach tri^n khai Chuong trinh Muc tifiu Qudc gia xfiy dung ndng thdn mdi giai doan 2010-2020" (Ban chi dao Trung uong Chuong trinh Muc tifiu Qudc gia xfiy dung ndng thdn mdi, 2010) ciing duoc ban hfinh Cho dfin nay chuong trlnh xfiy dung nflng thdn mdi 6 Vifit Nam da di duoc cbfing dfiu tifin (2010-2015) vfi dang duoc tifip tuc thuc hifin trong giai doan 2016-2020
Khoang 40 nfim hudc khi Vifit Nam ttiin khai chuong truih xay dung ndng thdn mdi, d Hfin Qu6c phong trko Ifing mdi^hong l^o cdng ddng
mdi/chifin dich Ifii xfiy dung lai ndng thdn (Saemaul Undong) dupc chmh thdc luyfin b6 bfii dfiu thuc hifin vfio ngfiy 22 thfing 4 nfim 1970 (The National Council of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997: 77) Phong trfio Ifing mdi khdng chi lit du fin phfit triln cdng ddng ndng thdn mfi cdn lfi mdl
du fin bifin dai hda cua Hfin Qudc (Chang Soo Choe 2005: 1) Tinh thfin
vfi tu tudng CO ban ciia phong b^o nfiy dupc thi hifin qua phfit bilu cua
tdng thdng Hfin Qudc then dd Ifi Park Chung-Hee: "Riong trfio Ifing miM
Ihi hifin n6 luc cfii tttifin, hifin dai hda tfing c£ta chdng la t>6i chfnh chiing
la vdi dnh thfin tu luc vfi ddc tfip Chinh phd triln khai cudc vfin ddng nfiy
vdi su tin tudng ctific etian rfing cu^c van dOng se Ifim cho mdi Ifing d Hfin
Qudc ttifinh mdt n d thinh vuong, sung tiic dl stfng" (The National Council
of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997:4) Phong trio Ifing mdi cd gfing tao nfin su hfii hda gifla hifin dai hda vfi bao tdn nhflng gifi trj truyin thtfng; gifla phfit triln kmh ttf vfi bfio tdn cfic gifi ui vfin hda di hin vdi bfio vfi mdi trudng tu ntiifin Phong b^o Ifing mdi dupc dfin dfit b ^ ba gifi tri quan upng ciia Hfin Qutfc la chuyfin cfin, tu cudng vfi hpp tfic (The National Council
of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997: 5)
Cho dtfn nay, sau Wioang 40 nfim kl tfl ngfiy khdi dfiu ciia phong ufio
Ifing mdi d Hfin Qutfc, nhilu nghifin cdu khfic nhau vl phong trfio nfiy dS dupc triln khai Trong bfii vitft nfiy, chiing ldi se dilm lai mdl stf nghifin cflu dang luu J vl phong trfio Ifing mdi d Hfin Qutfc tfl dd gpi ra mdt vfii
Trang 32 Boi canh Ijch sur va phuong phap thtfc hien cua phong trao
lang mdi
Nhilu yfi'u ttf tao nfin btfi cfinh cua phong trfio Ifing mdi d Hfin Qutfc
Tri^c hit, cfin ntifiii manh rfing bang thtf ky Inidc ktii tiln hfinh hifin dai
boa Ifing lfi trung tfim cua AiA stfng ndng thdn Hfin C^tfc Ngucn ndng dfin
Hfin Qutfc dinh cu tbfinh cfic cdng ddng tdc lfi cfic Ifing - noi d vfi lam vific
cfia hp Sau c ^ each rudng Ait dupc tiin tifinh trong nhiing nfim 1950, ntiilu nOng dfin Hfin Qutfc sd huu difin u'ch dfi'i canh tfic ntid vk mdt phfin
dfit nfiy dupc hp hitfn tang dl thuc hifin cfic du fin phat ttiln cdng dtfng
trong [diong trfio Ifing mdi (Joon-Kyung Kim, 2013: 24) Thd hai, mdt trong nhflng ylu ttf tao thufin ldi cho \iee thuc hifin [Aong trfio Ifing mdi
lfi tai thfri dilm trudc ktii triln ktiai ptumg trfio tfing mdi ty Ifi ngudi doc Ihdng vili itiao hay theo hpc nhflng lific hpc nhfit dinh ctiilm ty lfi cao Cu Ihl lfi nlu nhu nfim 1945 stf ngudi ldn mfl chfl 6 Hfin C^tfc khofing 78% thi ty lfi nfiy giam xutfng cdn 14,7% vfio nfim 1968 (Joon-Kyung Kim,
2013:24-25) Thiba, trudc khi triln khai phong li^o Ifing mdi 6 cfic Ifing
Hfin Qutfc da cd nhflng td chtic vfi thifi't chtf co ban Ifim ca sd cho vific xfiy dung phong trfio Cfiu true lanh dao vfi qufin trj Ifing cfic hdi/hifip hdi iruyin thtfng nhu cfiu lac t>d phu nfl, "hpp tfic xa" ndng nghifip; "hpp tfic
xa" tin dung lfi nhung thifi't chfi quan trpng hd trp phong trfio Ifing mdi Ching ban, "hc^ tfic xfi" b'n dung lfi n<ri ndng dfin cd thi gi^ tiln tiil kifim
vfi vay tiln Mdl bd phfin ldn ndng dfin da dua vfio "hop tfic xa" tfn dung
dl vay vtfn chd khdng ptiAi cfic hlnh ihflc tfn dung ktific (Joon-Kyung Kim, 2013:25) Dilu kifin quan trpng tbd tu dl triln ktiai phong trfio Ifing mdi lfi tfii chuih Vdi nhflng nd lire ciia chi'nh phit Hfin CJutfc trong vific cfii cfich hfinh chfnh vl thutf, ngudn thu tit thul tro-g nhflng nam 1970 da gidp Hfin Qutfc gifim phu thudc vifin tro nudc ngofii, theo dudi chinh sach phfit triln cdng nghifip vfi chmh sfich pbfil triln ndng thdn, dfiu tu vfio gifio due vfi co sdha tfing (Joon-Kyung Kim, 2013: 29)
VI phuong phfip ciia pbong trfio Ifing mdi, nghifin cflu ciia Do Hyun
Han (2012) vdi tfin gpi 'The Successful Cases of the Korea's Saemaul Undong (New Community Movement)" (Nhung trudng hpp ttifinh cdng
ciia phcmg trfio cdng ddng mdi d Han Qutfc) da chi ra rfing i^ong trfio nay
bat dfiu bdi mdt chuong trinh ndng ihdn don gian ttong mfla ddng nfim 1970-1971 Vdi chuong trinh nfiy, chinh [rfiii cung cfip cho mdi Ifing mdl stf
Trang 4trp nfiy cfic dfin cu ciia cfic lang huy ddng cfic ngudn luc dl phfit ttiln cflng d&ig Chuong trinh khdi dfiu nfiy da dai dupc nhiing Ihfinh cOng dfing chfi
^ vfi ttd tfifinh mdl hhih mfiu cia phuong phfip Saemaul - mdt [^uong phfip kit hpp giua su hd tro ciia chfnh phi \^ sir tu gidp dd cua dfin Ifing Dfin lang ddng gdp sdc lao ddng vfi dfit dai ciia hp mfi khdng ddi hdi [rfifii ba
tiln Dua trfin nhflng thanh cdng ban dfiu nfiy, ctunh phu vfi dfin cu cfic Ifing
md rdng jAutmg phfip Saemaul dl biln khai nhilu du fin da dang (Do Hyun Han 2012)
Nhu vfiy cd thi ntifin xlt rfing phong trfio Ifing mdi d Hfin Qutfc dupc tifti tifinh trfin co sd cfic cdng ddng ndng thdn - cfic Ifing truyin thtfng noi
ngudi ndng dfin djnh cu Iflu dfii Xfit vl b(A canh lich si^ i^ong trfio Ifing
mdi d Hfin Qutfc da dupc triln khai trfin co sd dat dupc nhflng dilu kifin
quan trpng vi ntifin luc, tfii ctiinh vfi thill chi xa hdi Ndi cfich khfic, cd ba dilu kifin quan trong dl triln khai phong ttfio Ifing m d 6 Hfin Qutfc Tki
nhdi Ifi vtfn con ngudi, vd nhdm dfin stf cd ty Id cao dpc thdng vitft thao,
dupc theo hoc nhung bfic hpc ntifil dinh Thii hai Ifi vtfn xa hdi qua cfic td
chflc, ttiill cbl quan trpng d ndng Ihdn Ifim ca s6 cho vific triln khai phong
trfio Thii ba Ifi vtfn tfii ctifnh, cd su hd ttp, dfiu tu tfl ctiinh phii
3 C ^ giai doan phdt trien cua phong trdo lang mdi
Sau tuyfin btf chfnh thdc triln khai ctiiln dich/phong trfio Ifing md cua Trfng thtfng Park Oiung-Hee ngfiy 22 thfing 4 nfim 1970, phong bfio dfi cd nhilu thay dtfi bong qufi binh phfit biln Nhin mdl cfich tdng Ihl cd thi chia phong ttfio Ifing md Ihfinh 5 giai doan, cu Ihl nhu sau
Giai doan tbd nhfi^t lfi giai doan ttiitft Ifip co sd nln tang ciia phong bfio
Giai doan nfiy kfio dfii trong khoang thdi gian rtr nam 1970 din 1973 Giai doan nfiy bfii dfiu vd chiln dich "xfiy dung tfing ttft hon" Cu thi lfi, chfnh phii da dua ra hudng dfin dtfi vd "Mud du fin d l xfiy dung cfic Ifing ttfl hon" (Ten Projects for ConsttucUng Better Village) nhu lfi mdl chuong bhib Uu' dilm Dl cfii thifin dilu kifin stfng chfnh lAii cfi^p cho hon 33 nghhi Ifing, mdi lang 335 bao xi mfing vfi mdi Ifing bdu chpn mdl nam gidi vfi mdt phu nfl dl ISnh dao dfin ifing xfiy dung k l hoach vfi thuc hifin cfic
du fin cfin thilt dtfi vd Ifing c:fic du fin tap bung vfio: cdi thifin mdi trudng stfng, nfing cao thu nhflp cho hd gia dmh, nflng cao tinh cfin cd, thanh dam tfl bd Idi stfng suy ddi, xfly dtmg mdi ttudng hpp tfic C&ng vd cfic du fin
Trang 5phii tnmg uong dtfn dia phuong CJO sd hufih l u y ^ lanh dao i^ong bfio Ifing m d dupc md dl nfii^ cao ch& lupng ngudn nhfin luc (Hie National Council of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997:12-13)
Giai doan thfl tiai, tfl nfim 1974 dIh 1976, lfi giai doan d^y manh su ptifit triln Dfiy ta giai doan thanh Ifip [^ong ttfio Ifing m d nhu Ifi mtft chiln dich mang tmh qutfc gia Riong tt^o md rdng ra dIh ca nha may vfi
tdng cflng ty Muc lifiu vk pham vi cua {^ong trao dfin dupc md rdng
Nliilu uS chflc, nhfln luc, tfii ctimh dupc huy ddng dio jriiong tifio Vific dfio tao d l {riiuc vu {diong trao dupc dly manh ntifim giup nhung ngudi
lanh dao ptiong tiko nfing cao nfing luc Co tidi gifio due cung dtfn vd nhflng ngudi lao ddng, nhihig ngud lanh dao du lufin va cCm% dfln ndi
chung nhiim dly manh su hilu bill vl [^ong trfio va ttifii dd d d vd [rfiong bfio (Hie Naticmal Council of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997:13-14) Giai doan thfl ba, tfl 1977 din 1979, Ifi giai doan cao dilm Dfly lfi giai doan nfing cao ttifinh tuu ciia ctiitfn dicti Ntifin thdc dupc rfing nfi'u coi cfic Ifing lfi don vi co bfin cua vific thuc thi chiln dich thi se gid han chmmg
binh, nfin [ihong trko tflp tnmg vfio lpi I'ch kinh ttf bfing vific md rdng don
vi CO ban cua [^ong trfio cflng nhu pham vi ciia cfic du fia Phmg trfio cflng lifin kit khu vuc ndng thdn vfi khu vuc dd thi chfit che htm dl cd ttil tao cpng ddng ktft ntfi rdng Vific ctifin nudi vfi tttfng nhiing loai cfiy chuyfin
dung dupc khuy^ ktu'ch Cfic khu/cdng vifin cdng ngtiifip kit nS\ sfin xu£t ndng ngtiifip v d cdng ngtiifip dupc xiy dung troi^ nd tuc gia tfing thu
nhap cho hd gia dinh thdng qua cfic ngudn ptii ndng ngtiifip Vific ctiinh
trang Ifing dupc Aiy manh (TTie National Ctouncil of Saemaul Undong
Movement, 1997: 14-15) Nlu nhu trong giai doan ttudc, cfic Ifing rifing le lfi nhihig don vi co t>an thuc tiifin i^ong trfio thi trong giai doan nfiy cd su lifin ktft giua cfic Ifing dl cfic du fin cd ihl bao phii mdt vflng Dilu nfiy cho
ptilp ntiilu Ifing i^fit triln vfi gdp chtmg tfii nguyfin lu nhifin laj vk ngud dfin d cfic Ifing dupc sfl dung nhung tifin fch cua ca viing Xu hudng nfiy
dfin dtfn vific gia tfing kha nfing phfit triln vfi quan 1$ nhflng du fin ldn nhd vfio vific gia tfing thu nhfip vfi tfch luy ngfin quy qua vific hfin l^i cfic Ifing C!fic cflng ddng ndng thdn - dd thi, cfic t ^ dofin nhfi mfiy triln khai cfic
du fin vfi hoat ddng dfip flng cfic yfiu cfiu vfi chttc nfing mang tfnh t6 chiic (The National Council of Saemaul Undoi^ Movement 1997: 14-15)
Trang 6md dupc dfin dat bd chi'nh i*u nhflng nam 1970 da chuyin sang cho khu
vuc tu nhan Trung tfim Ifing m d Hfin Qutfc dupc dflng k$ nhu lfi m^t tfip dofin ngfiy 1 thang 12 nfim 1980 Ngfiy 13 thfing 12 nfim 1980, dao luflt vi thdc Aiy l6 chdc i^ong ttfio Ifing m d cd hifiu luc Dfiy Ifi chfnh sfich nhfim muc dich trp gidp vfi thuc Aiy dc id chflc phong trfio Ifing md dupc thfinh
Ifip mdt cfich tu nguyfin b d khu vuc tu nhfin Trong giai doan nfiy, phong
bfio cung gap pbM tai titfng lifin quan dtfn qufin 1^ ngfln quy ytfu k6m T\iy
vay, phong ttfio da nfl luc vupt qua nhflng Ific ddng tifiu cue nfiy dl Iffy lai
TOi trd cfia nd dua bfin nhflng cam ktft dtfi m d vk thfii dd tfch cue (The
National Council of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997: 16)
Giai doan thfl nfim, tfl nam 1990 din 1998, lfi giai doan phfit triln tu chii Giai doan nfiy dupc dflc ttung bd vific: cling ctf nln tang cOa su tu qufin vfi tu luc, dfip flng nhu cfiu ciia tu do hda vfi dia phuong hda, nd luc vupt qua khung hoang kinb tl Nhiing du fin uu tifin irong giai doan nfiy tiao gdm: chflm lo mdi trudng stfng ttft hon d cfic cflng dtfng, trao buyin
vfi thdc Aiy vfin hda truyin thtfng, hdi sinh kinh ttf, thiic dly thuong mai
nflng thdn - dd thi, phfit triln mdi trudng tfim vi$c chflm chi, Itfi stfng Ifinh manh, khdi phuc gifi bi dao dflc, Ihdc dly cfic dich vu tu nguyfin Trong giai doan nfiy, hoat ddng gifio due (dtfi vd nhfln vifin ntifi nudc quan chflc cfic cdng ty, sinh vifin vfi dfln chdng ndi chung) dupc coi lfi hat nhfln ciia phong trfio (The National Oiuncil of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997: 17) Tfl nfim 2013, lai Hpi nghi lanh dao Saemaul, Tnmg tam Korea Saemaul Undong tilp bic md ra mdl tiid kj m d ciia hy vpng qua vific tniyln bfi hi tudng cdng dfin vd khiu hifiu "Lfim vific ciing nhau vl hanh pbdc qutfc gia thdng qua Saemaul Undong tiifl hai" (Saemaul Undong Outer, 2016: 12)
Nhu vay, nlu khdng tfnh Saemaul Undong thfl hai thi irfiong trfio Ifing
md da ttai qua nfim giai doan phfit triln vd nhflng dfic dilm rifing cua phong b^o bong mdi giai doan ttfin co sd tinh thfin, tu tudng muc tifiu, du fin id chflc vfi hoal ddng ciia phong ttfio Nhln mdt cfich tdng Ihl, phong
ttfio Ifing md dupc dfinh gia lfi cd vai ttd khdng tbl bfin cai vfi thuc sis finh
hudng dtfn su phai biln vfi hifin dai hda Hfin Qutfc Dl rd hon vl dilu nfiy,
Trang 74 Kk qui chinh va nhumg yeu to tao nen thanh cong cua phong trao
lang mdi
Ktft qufi cua phong trfio Ifing md dupc Ihl tiifin bfin nhilu fiiuang difin
khfic nhau Mdt stf ctil bfio quan bong cd till nfiu lfin dl Ifim minh chdng cho dilu nfiy Trudc hit Ifi vl mfit kinh ttf, phong ttfio Ifing m d da co vai ttd quan ttpng ttong \ific hifin dai hda khu vuc ndng thdn Hfin Qutfc Thfim nfla, phong trfio nfiy cdn tfic ddng dtfn sir phfit triln va hifin dai hda cua ca dfi^t nude Hfin Qutfc (The National Council of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997: 48) Mdt chi bfio cu till vl khia canh kinh ttf Ifi su gia tfing tiiu nhfip ciia hd gia dinh ndng dfln Hfin Qudc sau 10 nflm thiA: hifin
phong tiko Ifing md Cu till lfi nflm 1970 trung blnh mdt hd gia dhih ndng
dfln d Hfin Qutfc cd tfiu nhap lfi 255.800 Korean won Con stf nfiy tang lfin
L 2.227.500 Korean won nfim 1979 (The National CouncU of Saemaul
r Undong Movement, 1997: 23) Kinh ttf cfic Ifing, khu vuc ndng thdn phfii triln vd CO gid hda ndng nghifip dupc ihiic dly, quan I^ sfin xufit ndng
nghifip Aitac cimg ctf dfin dtfn nfing sufi^l trong san xull ndng nghifip tfing
lfin (The National Council of Saemaul Undong Movement 1997: 49-50) Dtfn cud Ihflp k;^ 1970, Hfin Qutfc dfi vupt qua dupc thfim hut dai dfing d d
vd vific cung cfip luong thuc bong nudc (Asian E)eveIopment Bank, 2012) Tlifim nfla, phong ttfio Ifing md cung lfim ttiay dtfi mang tfnh cfich mang hfi ihtfng co sd ha ting ndng thdn Hfin Qutfc nhu dudig sfi ciu ctfng, he Ihtfng cung d p nudc, ntifi cfla, hfi thtfng lud difin v.v (The National Council of Saemaul Undong Movement 1997: 22)
VI mat xa hdi, phong bfio Ifing md da nfing cao co hdi gifio due vfi hudng thu vfin hda cua ngud dfin Chfing ban, bong Hnh vuc gifio due, ttong giai doan 1969-1979 ed khoang 12% dtfn 13% chti hd gia dinh ndng
thdn cd hoc vin trung hpc hofic cao hem Con stf nfiy Iflng lfin 30% vfio nam
1979 Stf ngud ttong dd tudi di hpc (6 din 24 tudi) 6 khu vuc ndng thdn tfing tfl 59% nfim 1970 lfin 71,5% nflm 1975 (TTie National C:ouncil of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997: 50) Sinh boat d ndng thdn cung dupc hifin dai hda Cu tbl lfi nhilu hp gia dinh cd thill bi difin liJr, mfiy mdc ndng nghifip CXing vd gifio due vfi vfin hda, dfin chii bda dd stfng xa hdi vfi vi thi ciia phu nfl cung dupc gia tang (The National Council of Saemaul Undong Movement, 1997: 50-51)
Trang 8eua phong ttko Ifi lam thay dtfi tiiai dd ciia ngud dfln theo hudng tfch cue
Khao sfil nam 1970 cho thfiy 52% stf n g i ^ dupc hdi suy nghi tfch cue vl
"tu luc", "nfl luc cua bfin thfln" Con stf nfiy tflng lfin 82% d cudc khao sfit
nfim 1975 Mtft ktft qufi ciia khao sfit nfim 1970 cho Ihify chi c6 48,9% stf ngud dupc hoi ndi nhflng ngud xung quanh hp vfi ban tiifin hp sfin ldng
c h ^ ntifin cfich nghl md, cdng nghfi md vfi phuong phfip m d Cbn stf nfiy tflng lfin 80.5% nfim 1975 (The National Council of Saemaul Undong Movemenl 1997: 52)
Dfinh gifi vl ktft qufi ciia phong ttfio Ifing md, nhfi nghifin cflu Do Hyun Han (2012) cho bill cfic cutfc khao sfit d pham vi qutfc gia cho thfiy hfiu
bit ngud dfln Hfin Qutfc ta hfio cho rfing chifin dich hifin dai hda ndng
tiidn nfiy lfi mdt trong nhttng tn^ng hpp Ihfinh cdng nhfit cua lich sii Hfin Qutfc hifin dai Hiong ttfio Ifing md hay phong trfio cdng dtfng m d nfiy Ifi mdt md hinh thfinh cdng ciia xoa ddi gifim nghfio thay dtfi thfii dp/cfich mang tinh thfin vfi tiifin dai hda ndng thdn Hiong trfio nfiy tao luc dly cho hifin dai hda ndng thdn vfi tfing trudng kinh ttf ciia Hfin Qutfc thflp nifin
1970 Thfinh cflng ciia phong trfio da ddng gdp Idi cho su phfit triln ciia
dc khu vuc ndng thdn vfi lao ddng Ii;c cho ngud dfin mong mutfn vl si^
ttiinh vupng, gifiu cd hon ttong luong lai (Do Hyun Han, 2012) CSng vd nghifin cflu cua Do Hyun Han, Sooyoung Park (2009) dfi chi
ra rfing phong trfio Ifing md da gdp phin gifim khofing cfich phfii biln gifla cfic dd till vfi cfic viing ndng thdn Su ttifinh cdng ciia chuong trinh nfiy dua bfin \ific vfln dung nhflng chiln lupc ca bin vl giam nghfio ttong btfi cfinh Hfin Qutfc cflng vd vific tao co hdi vfi U^o quyln cho ngud dan ndng thdn Bfii hpc quan trpng nhfit tfl phong ttfio Ifing m d lfi phong trfio da tao ra bifin i ^ p vfi chitfn lupc phu hpp vfi vfin dung dupc b d canh xa hpi, kinh ttf, chinh tti cu till C^c nudc dang phfii ttiln nfin nghifin cdu bd cfinh ciia
hp cin trpng dl cd gifii ptifip phCt hpp vd btfi cfinh ciia cfic nudc dd (Sooyoung Park, 2009)
Dfinh gifi thfinh cdng cua phong ttfio Saemaul Undong d Hfin Qutfc, nhfi nghifin cflu Reed (2000) cung cho rfing mdl IJ do quan ttpng dl hpc hdi phong bfio nfiy Ifi phong ttfio dat duoc thfinh cflng ttong khofing tiid gian rfit ngfin, chi bong ttifip ky 1970 Trong tiid gian ngfln nhu vfiy mfi phong bfio da nflng cao tiiu nhap, cai thifin d d stfng 6 cfic vflng ndng tiifln vfi
Trang 9thfii bai trfin thtf gid trong vific plial triln cdng ddng ndng thdn Vi vfiy, I^ong t r ^ lang md cin dupc quan tfim nghifin cflu (Reed, 2010)
Mdl tnmg nhflng cfiu hoi quan trpng dfii ra lfi nhung nhfin ttf quan trpng
nfio gdp phin Ifim nfin thfinh cdng cita fdiong bao lang m d d Han Qutfc
WivinAi nfiy, Chang Soo Choe (2005) da chi ra rflng phtmg bfio Saemaul
Undfflig ciia Hfin Qutfc da dupc tiifla nhfin rdng rai trfin thtf gid lfi md hinh
I ^ t ttiln cdng ddng ndng tiidn thfinh cdng Cd mflt stf ytfu ttf then chtfl
t ^ nfin Ihfinh cflng cua Saemaul Undong Thii nhdi, su hd tig va budng
dfin ctia ctifnh phu ttimg uong d d vd phong ttfio ddng vai trd vd cflng
quan trpng ttong tofin bd thd gian ciia phong trfio Thii hai, phong trfio c6
su tham gia rdng rai cita cfic ting ldp nhfln dfin Thd ba, phong trfio lao ra
ttifinh cdng ldn bd nudi dudng ting Idp lanh dao cdng ddng dupc blu lfin
bd ctifnh nhflng ngud dfln ndng thdn Cudi cung, nhu la mdt phong tiko
dtfi md tu tudng, phong trfio nfiy da lfim cho ngud dfln ttiflin dim tinb ttiln cin cb, su tin cfiy tin nhau vfi tinh thin hpp tfic (Chang Soo Choe, 2005)
5 Vai tr6 phy nur trong phong trao l ^ g mdi d Hdn Quoc va ham y doi
vdi vai trd phii nijr trong xay d^ng nong thon mdi d Viet Nam
Mtft trong nhflng blnh difin dfing quan lfim ktii dl cflp din phong ttfio Ifing md d Hfin Qutfc Ifi vai trd cua phu nfl Vai trd cua phu nfl trong jrfiong trfio Ifing md dupc tbl hifin trfin ntiilu [rfiuong difin
Truac hit Ifi vai trd lanh dao phong trfio ciia phu nfl Ngay tfl giai doan
diu cua phong trfio, vai trd lanh dao cua phu nfl da dupc ihl hifin rd C^ thi lfi ngay tfl dfiu, tai mdi Ifing, mdt ngud dfin dng vfi mdl ngud phu nu
se dupc blu chpn dl lanh dao phong trao d Ifing ttong vific xfiy dimg ktf hoach vfi thuc hifin cfic du fin d n thitfl d d vd Ifing (Ttie Natitmal Council
of Saemaul Undong Movemenl, 1997: 14) Dilu nfiy tao dilu kifin cho phu nfl ptilt triln ky nflng lanh dao ciia hp cung nhu md ra nhihig co hdi md ddi vd hp (Do Hyun Han, 2012: 11) Vific phu nfl dupc blu Ifi lanh dao mang lai nhilu tfic ddng tfch cue cho phong trfio d d c Ifing, c h ^ g han nhu: gia tflng su ttiam gia ciia phu nfl vfio phong trao, thuc dly su ttiam gia phong trdo/du fin d nhihig nam gid cdn ludng lu phfi phan Id stfng khdng Ifinh manh d nam gid, cai thifin Id stfng, thflc dly vific hpc hfinh dly manh unh ttiln hi^ tfic vfi chuong ttinh tfn dung litfi kifim (Asian Development Bank 2012:37) Vd tilm nfing quan trpng cua phu nfl trong phong trfia d c ntifi lanh dao da khuyin khfch vfi ttf chdc d c tdp dfio tao
I
Trang 10vi lanh dao cho phu nfl (Chang Soo Choe, 2005: 11)
Thd hai, vai trd ciia phu nfl ttong phong ttao tfing m d cdn dupc tbl
hifin qua d c ttf cbdc/hifip hdi ciia phu nfl Ching ban, cflu lac bfl d c bfi
me cd vai trd dfing kl trong qufi trinh Ihuc hifin phong trfio Vf dy, d Ifing Unsi I-ri cua tinh Gyeonggi, d u lac t>d d e t)fi me da gfly qujr cua cfiu lac t)d (dua trfin vific hp tifi'l kifim gao, thu hfii rau tu ntiifin vfi cdng lao ddng
do hp lfim vific cho du fin trdng rihig) dl xfiy dung mdt ctiiS: d u 6 trong Ifing (Asian Development Bank, 2012: 37)
Thdba, vai trd ciia phu nfl ttong phong ttfio Ifing m d cdn dupc thi hifin
qua nhflng sfing kiln ciia pbij nfl trong qufi ttinh thuc hifin phong trfio, Nhilu phu nfl da cd nhihig sfing kitfn dupc fip dung trong thyc t l nhu don gian hda quin fio tang ll, cai thifin nhfi btfp cho kinh ttf vfi hifiu qui, hay lfi thay dtfi thdi quen udng rupu, hut thudc vfi cd bac phd bitfn trong nam gid Mdt vf dy cu thi lfi d u lac bd d c bfi vp d Ifing Ctiigok ciia tinh South
Gyeongsang da ttf chflc mdt cflu lac bd tfii chfnh nho dl d i ihifin tiiitfl bi
nhfi btfp Ba mud Ihfinh vifin cua cflu lac t)d mfii thfing mdi ngud ddng gdp
1000 Won Sd tiln nfiy sfi dupc dflng dl d i tiiifin nhfi W^ cho mdl tiifinh vifin Sau ba mud thfing, tfii d cfic ihfinh vifin cita cflu lac bfl da cd cfin bip dupc d i tiiifin (Asian Development Bank, 2012: 37)
Tfl phong trfio Ifing md vfi vai ttd ciia phy nfl trong phong ttfio Ifing md
d Hfin Qutfc, chung la cd till nfiu lfin vfii dilm lifin quan din xfly dung ndng tiidn md va vai trd i^iy nfl trong xfly dung nflng thfln m d 6 Vifit Nam nhu sau
Thd nhal, chuong ttinh xfly dung nflng thtfn m d nfin tiln hfinh dua btfn
vific ttiln khai d c du fin d n thitfl dtfi vd tflng Ifing xa/dia phuong cy till Tfly vfio bd canh ciia tflng Ifing xa dl xfic dinh sir cin tiiitft cQa d c
du fin, vfi tfl dd xfiy dyng ktf hoach, ttiln khai dy fin Khdng nfin rflp khudn ddng loat d c du fin gitfng nhau 6 t^l d d c dja phuong vflng miln Trong qufi ttlnh xfiy dung vfi triln khai cfic dy fin dd, phu nfl cin ddng vai bo lanh dao du fin cflng vd nam gid Vific phy nfl ddng vai Ird Ifinh dao du an cflng nam gid se dly manh su tiiam gia ciia nfl gid vfio cfic du fin, phfit huy sfing kitfn, tilm nflng ciia phy nfla trong qui ttlnh xfiy dyng ndng thdn md
Thd hai cin [rfifit huy vai bd cua cfic ttf chflc phu nfl d ndng tiidn bong