76 Trao doi nghiep VU xdhpihge.sS3i3s.2oi6 NGHIEN Ciru HOA NHAP XA HOI CUA NGU"C5I THIET THOI QUA CAC CONG TRINH NGHIEN ClTUXA HQI HX; PHAM V A N QUYfrr" T R A N V A N KHAM" Torn tdt
Trang 176 Trao doi nghiep VU xdhpihge.sS3(i3s).2oi6
NGHIEN Ciru HOA NHAP XA HOI CUA NGU"C5I THIET THOI QUA
CAC CONG TRINH NGHIEN ClTUXA HQI H(X;
PHAM V A N QUYfrr"
T R A N V A N KHAM"
Torn tdt: Nghien cdu vi hda nhgp xd hdi rdt dupe quan tdm tiong cdc nghien dm
xd hpi d nhieu qudc gig phuang Tdy dyg tren cdc quan diim cua ly thuyit cdu tide chdc
ndng hf thdng hay phdt tiiin xd hpi din cdc vdn di thyc tiin hudng din cdc md hinh tip
giiip tii gdc dp ludt hpc nhdn hpc, xd hpi hpc, tdm ly hpc, cdng tdc xd hpi Bdi viit ndy
divao phdn tich tdng lupc cdc xu hudng nghien cuu vi mdt ly thuyit vd thyc tifn tir cdch
tiep cdn hda nhgp xd hpi tien the gidi vd Vift Nam, di qua dd chi ra nhiing vdn di ddt ra
Uu nghien ciu vi cdc nhdm thift thdi, di bj tdn thuang a Vift Nam tiong qud tiinh dd thi
hda, cdng nghi$p hda cUng nhu tiong bdi cdnh xdy dvng cdc md hinh an sinh xd hdi vi
djchvyxdhpi
r'i-**rfg: hda nh§p xd hpi, tfiift tfidi, elu ttuc ehiic ndng, hf tfiing xd hdi
1 Dan nhgp
cd <, n S "^^^ t^^'^^ "J''^'^ " ^ ^'^ *^' '^ '"^* '^°"8 nhihig chu dl nghifn ciu
I t t c I d r t e ^ a t ^'r^^t "t u ^ / " ^ " « ""^ 8i4 cdi tftif n sy phdn phii cic
A-^m ? / ^ ' ^ - " 'u"i® ^"^ "^'^" <=*^ * ""<*<= "8°^i ^^ * Vift Nam vdi nhilu quan
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2 Nghien e*u ede quan diim ly thuyit vl hda nhap xd h§i
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Trang 2Phgm Vdn Quyit Trdn Vdn Kham 77
su k S f T '"."' ''^^("'hesion) cd tfif tfiay tfie cho nhau, nhung ciing cd till su dyng vdi
n g S T S ^ d«d^.nhmi mgnh ttong nhimg ttudng hpp cu ibk Nghifn cuu cua UNWSD
A 3 n ' ^ - ^ ' " ^ ^^ ^' ^^ mpt sd ngudi nd la muc tieu ciia sir hda nhgp, nghia
g S la e S , ^ ' binh ddng cho tat ca mpi ngudi ,Cdn vdi nhimg n ^ k S ! i 6 S n
hoi dirSl-!^'"^'^- ^ ^ ° ^ ^''° rdng hpi nhap xd hpi la mpt ttong chum cac tiiuat nga xa
xd hpi ben vung, an t o ^ cdng bdng, tdn ttpng su da dang, bmh ding, teo dyng ca hfi
^t° 7'''^'"/•,.M^if?.thnat.ng« khde ciing nhdm tfiuc diy nhiing mu^ tieu K h S nhgp xdhp., CO ket xa hpi va vdn xa hpi (Laidlaw Foundation, 2002) ' °'^«'»»« i^t sd^^N?."^''.h^h'-* nMn/ nhdm vdo xd hdi da duoe cac nha xa hdi hoc quan tam tti rat som No la sy tfie hipn day du nhdt mdi quan hf qua lai gida cd nhdn vd xd hdi T k 2 qud eua q u a t i ^ xd hdi hda Cdc nhd chuc ndng l u ^ ttinlSng nguTSdrnin S ^ u
Ttl^i^^^'"^ (1858-1917), H Spencer (1820-1903), V P ^ t o ( m 8 - l T 2 ) S n
f « £ l S t T (^««'-'^55)' B- Malinowski (1884-1955) vd sau i y V d T P a i o S ( a p 9 7 9 ) , R Meilton (1910-2003) P Blau (1918-2002) ' diu cd nhOng e d n g S nghien cuu noi tiing df cap dfn vin de nay ^ ^
h-A S,^''u'^u^ ^^' ^'^ '^" *'^" ''^ '^hu tiiuyit nay diu nhin manh din sy hpi nhdp su
S t d t b ^T " l ^ t ^ ' ^ " ^ *="" thdnh cua chmh till xd hpi tiieo nhSig c h d ? L ^ tiinl v^ilh- ^ ' • ^ 5 ' ^ ' ' " = ^ " ^ ^ ^ " ^ ^- Durkheim, ngay tti tfii ky 19 dd ilt nii tteng vo khai mpm «?o«« *i, x<J A^i, cd npi dung gin vdi khdi nifm hpi n ^ ) xd hii d Z
dupe su dyng bpn nay (Lf Ngpc Hiing 2002) Durkheim vdi khdi nif m ^ kk^Zf
khong nhihig dd lam rd dupe npi dmig, eo chi, cdch tfiue cua hpi nhgp xd hdi md S i cW
ra sue mgnh tgo nfn sy hpi nhgp cua cd nhdn xd hpi "W xa npi, ma cdn ch
^ Nha xd hii hpc nii tiing ngudi Anh H Spencer dd ndi vl sy c i gdng tin tai cua
moi ca tfie frpng sy cdn bdng khdng dn djnh giOa eo tfil vd mdi ttudng v i ^ y co tfJludn
phdi luu y din sy khde bift dl^ giii sy can bdng dd, ddng tbai c O n g l tfiil'n^ va S S
£ f h I r ^ h^"^ nipm ve 's.eu CO tfif xd hpi, dng cho ring co tfii xd hpi g m nhilu thdnh phan phuc tgp vdi nhung ehiic ndng khdc nhau ttong khudn khi eua co tfii ndy vd
i,h 7 ~ " 8 nghifn cuu lifn quan <J^svhpinh|lpcuacdctfianhtixdhiivdieactiidnhti
khdc ttong ciu ttuc xdhf., A Radelifife-Broi™ dd xem xet mSi tfil c A h p i r ^ l S h i
hd hda md nd dupe co Id eh,«n Ngay cd khi xung dpt xay ra, tfii S i u nay d u p e ^ K
Zl s"y f987: ? o i " " ^ •"" °"^ '^ "«^ *"^ ^' ^^^ * i chi hda mton,lni^Z
hiiShdpci^cdc tfidnh t i d u f r « : ' : ; d r t i r n g ^ J ? i S n t ? i t S M ^
Nhu, chmig hiu hit cdc nhd xd hpi hpc tf«, tfmyl, d u ttuc chuc ndng diu dd cd cdc
Trang 378 N^en ciiu hda nh^xd hgi cua nguai thift thai
nghifn ciiu vf hpi nhap x2 hpi, diu dd ly gidi vf sy hpi nhgp, sy lifn kit, sy thich iing ciia cdc thanh td xd hdi trong cdu tnic hf thing xd hpi, dii dd la cdc yiu to cd nhan, nhdm, ti chiic xd hdi, thift che xd hpi hay Id ede yiu td hanh vi
Nhflng ndm ddu thgp ky 80 cua thi ky trudc da chiing kiin cac nghifn cihi vd hogt
dpng d cdc nude phdt ttiin nhu Anh, Phdp, My, Canada, Uc hudng din vin di logi ttii
xd hpi (social exclusion) gdn liin vdi nhihig vin di nghfo ddi, vifc lam Djnh hudng niy dupe phdt triin vd ngdy cdng quan tdm nhifu hon din cdc khia cgnh vdn hda, xd hfi va dan dupe chuyen tfianh npi dung hda nhap xd hpi Song chii yiu la cdc nghifn ciiu hudng den gidi quyet cdc vin di cua tfiyc ti xa hpi, ddc bift vl sy hda nhdp xd hpi cua cdc nhdm yeu tfi6, de bj ton tfiuong Sau day xin lupc qua mpt s i nghifn ciiu tifu biiu cd dnh hudng nhat djnh dfn cdc xu hudng, quan diim dd
Bdn lugn vl hda nhgp xd hpi, nhilu nghifn ciiu cho rdng d n xem x6t nd tiong mdi
quan hf VOT logi trie xd hpi (social exclusion) (Abbott vd Mceonkey, 2006) Hai quan
nifm ndy can phdn tich ttong moi quan hf ttrong h i nhdm nh§n ra x d t phdt diim cho vife phdn tieh cdc van df lien quan Nhilu nghien ciiu da lam rd npi dung vi logi ttir xi hfi vd nhihig dii sdeh de gidm sy logi ttii, hudng tdi hda nhgp xd hpi (Sylver vd Miller 2003; Parr vd cpng sy, 2004; Levitas, 2006; Buekmaster vd Thomas, 2009)
Vl logi ttir xd hfi, Linou chii y nhilu din ehilu cgnh kinh te, cdn Sylver vd Miller nhan mgnh dd Id sy cdt dut cdc mii quan hf xd hfi vd ttdi nghifm vl sy phdn bift dii xii Levitas thi coi b, logi ttii xd hpi Id nhflng ngudi edm nh|n dupe sy tfiiiu tiiin v|t chit vi
sy hgn che ede co hpi tiiam gia vdo nhflng hogt dfng vdn hda xd hii Tuong tti Buekmaster vd ITiomas coi dd Id nhflng ngudi bj logi khdi sy h i ttp xd hpi, bj mit di cic
md quan hp xd hp vd khdng cd co hpi tiiam gia vdo ddi sing kinh tl, xd hfi vd chinh ttj (Cobigo vd cfng sy, 2012)
mt si tdc ^ d khdc till ludn gdn hda nhap xd hpi vdi logi ttir xd hii, so sdnh vd Idm
rd sy gdn kit vd kMc bift gifla chdng (Cappo D, C Jackson M Craig, La.dlaw Fou^tetion vd nhieu tdc p a khdc) Trong khi Jackson (1999) cho rdng hda nh^p xd hfi c6
6 n / S ? "" 'I T ^ u f ^^'' ^ ^"PP° (2002) Igi ddt hda nh^p bfn cgnh sy logi'ttii
S i c b t ? - ^ r ; ' ^"'.^ " ^ ^"^'^ « " ^\ "'^ ^* "^^ •"'• " g ^ « ^ t h r c 6 gidSj sy
khdc b.?t gifla hp dupe tdn frpng vd cdc nhu d u c a bdn dupe ddp ling ' « '^^ *•
tton TUfl^^u^^ ?^^^ "'I '"'^ ^ ' ^ ^^'' "h« "-9* ^^ hudng chinh ttj quan
S Xd S t n t ^ h • " ^ ' ° ' " f * / ^ • " • ^ ""^ "^ 8ia tdng cda phan hda xd hfi H6a
nhdp xd hi., ttxing Chung myc ndo dd Id sy phdn img cua logi ttir xd hdi Trfn co sd
T l ^ i T c - ^ - ' ^ 'r " ^ ^ ' ''^'' Q"^ '' ' " ' - '=^^»' hiiu bTit V h d X xi
e l S i S t ^ ; ^ " ^ " " ^ * ^ f ^f ^^' ^*" " ^ P "2 hii Id ndi vl sy ddm b r S i d c
rhS'dt"rfrptgrjptif;t^^^^^^
dii J v « t ? ; n V t^a h - ^- "^ "^"^ ' ? (2°,°*>' ^""^"^ (2009) vifc xem hda nh4p xS hfi chd Sdnt ZiTil?l S'th" ^ ' ^ »^ vd din din nhin manh vdo hdngTcua n6 cdn S l n d t J i d i ' S c ^ l J ' S - f l-*'^' " ^ P ' ' ' ^^' '"^ ^ "hdn Dd L mft ido
?nguyf„ k J T ^ ' M i ° S , ' ^ S '"^ ' " " * ^ ' ' ' "8"« ^=""8 d p djch vy vd cdc nguin
hdng^'i t h ^ ^ ^ v f ; S h p ? " " ' ^ - ^ y ^ ^ vin dl hda nh|p xd hii d r s y
Trang 4Phgm van Quyit TrAi Vdn Khan 79
tit)no^k^^''^'^^^^'^'^^'^S'^^^hpinhdpxdhpi,ton
X T e n ^ ^!^ ^^t^ kha ndng xdy ra bao lyc vacungdpnfntangchosuhpptdc
Q i S ^ n ? T^ '"° " ^ "^•"^' " ^ ^ ve hda^di nhap xa hpi da hudng din mot
S S S n S " ' ' ' ^ ^ ' " ' ^ " ° " ^ ^ ' ^ ' ^ ' ^ ^ « ' = ^ « = V K : c d a x d S t i f p Z
Qui Mull hSi nhip xa Mi Ihuy^o kbich ihiic hiSn vijc -dta v(H »han- bhl ,a»
n A h S " 7 ^ ^ hpi nhgp Xd hpi ttfn ca sd gidi quyit cac yiu ti d u tfidnh cua nd Id
n^hudng d dupe nh.eu tde g.a chii ttpng phdn tich Khi dua ra ede tifu chi K t e
np dung va ban chat cua hda nhgp xd hpi, Cobigo and Stt«rt (2010) dl ^ bin p h T
tti cong cyde tfnic diy hda nhgp xd hpi Thii nhit, gdn vdi phap ehi v l S h i h l S
Id bao vf nhihig quyin chinh dang yd ttr do cua ngudi khuyit t^tTtfiii hai S u ^ i c S
2 ^:L^ ^' '^ ^^^"^'' ^ ^' ^^ ^^^' ^^ vd tL^::um
TiAn H^"^*^.^ ^ ° ™ ^ * ^'^*^"*' thi Xdc djnh 4 khia canh cua hpi nhgp xd hdi Id- 1)
T eu dung: khd ndng mua hang hda vd eac djch vy nhu tiiu nhap; 2) s r S S m 'ja
vdo cdc hogt dpng kmh tf vd cdc gid ttj xd hpi nhu vifc l a r T S m W ^ ^ ^ d Slo^l
r " ^ T ? ' ! : ' ^ " ° ' V ' ? ' ^ '"^ tri: tiiam gia d c d c ^ a ^ h u ^ q l : ' S a " r v i r r a
cdc quye d ^ tfidng qua blu cu ho|c Id tfuinh vien cua ban Vfn dpng blu S TsuSZ
g.a xd hp vdi gia dtah, bgn bf vd cpng ding (Cobigo vd cpngly 2?°!)
d mpt khia cgnh khdc, tiieo hudng tiip cgn tinie diy hda nhgp xd hdi nhilu tdc HA
^n.f^^^H'ln^^ ddm bdo sy bmh ddng tf«, ^ f l ^ g S c Z \ t t ^ £
tl chlnh fr,, xd hi (C Ferguson, V Cobigo vd cpng sy, Laidtov FounSon)
3 „ „ / ^ ' J f t!!^ "f? *^A*"^^ " 1 ^ ^ ^ Clare Ferguson (2008) hudng din phdn tt'ch
n h « ? S - ' S h " ^ f h^«- Ba qud ttinh niy Id khdc bift n h J ^ g d J S v S
nhai^ tiie hipn cy tfil phgm vi, md vdi nd mpi ngudi cd tfil sing vd i L v i f c v S ^ t T
CO sd binh ddng: 1) Cdng nhdn ede nhdm xd hpi, cdc nia ^ h ^ v r i Z U ? i M ^
nhdmtfiiic diy tdt, ttpng phim gid vd sy hpp'^tdc; 2 ) ^ S i ^ ^ ^ n d f c ^ t ^ J l
dam bdo rang cac Ipi ch eua cdc nhdm khdc nhau duoc tinh dAn t m n T ^ cnmn in ae
Trang 5til bd eac quan difm dao diic cd xu hudng dp ddt quan difm cua nhdm thing trj vd hudng
tdi mpt each tiep can tdn trpng ky vpng, sy lya chpn, vd nhu d u cd nhdn; thii ba, hda
nh|^ xd hpi dupe xem xft tir quan diim phdt triin ma d dd hda nhgp xd hpi cda mpt ngirdi
cdi thifn vdi nhifu eo hpi df ttrong tdc va tham gia vao cdc hogt d0ng vdi nhflng ngudi
khdc; thii tu, can cd sy do ludng hda nhdp xa hpi vl sy phy thupe xd hii va hgnh phiic cda
mpt ngudi
O Vift Nam, nhOng nghifn cim ly thuyit vl hda nhgp xa hii chua nhilu Mpt si
cdng trinh cdng bi lien quan din chii dk ndy vin chu yiu dupe phan tt'ch tt-fin co sd khii
nifm ldm vifc phu hpp vdi nghien ciiu vi hda nhgp xa hpi cda mpt nhdm yiu till cy tfif
(Tran Nguyft Minh Thu, 2014) Vifc xem xft, tifp cgn hda nhgp xd hpi cQng chii yiu
tfieo hudng tdng cudng tfnic diy hda n h ^ xa hpi dii vdi cdc nhdm yiu tfii (Trin Vdn
Kham, 2011; Phgm Vdn (Juyit vd Trin Vdn Kham, 2016; Trung tdm Nghifn ciiu Vift
Nam vd Ddng A, Dgi hpc (Juie gia Thdnh phi Hi Chi Minh, 2016)
Nhu vgy, ttr cuii nhihig ndm 70 ciia the ky ttirdc din nay dd cd rit nhiiu cdng trinh
n ^ f n ciiu, hpi tfido bdn vl hda nhgp xd hpi, giup tfilu hiiu vi bdn chit, npi dung vd cdc
ttep cfn chu yiu tdi van de hda nhgp xd hfi Tiip c|n hda nhdp xd hpi tfieo hudng logi ttii
xd hf tfiudng gdn vdi sy logi tttr vf kinh tl, dupe quan tdm nhilu ttong giai dogn ttudc
nhflng ndm 90 cua tfil ky ttudc Tiip cfn tfieo hudng tfuie diy tdng cudng hda nh&, xd
hf., mang tinh todn difn hon, dd tfiing ttj vd dupe ddng ddo cdc ttimg tam, cdc ti chiic
chmh ttj xd hfi, cdc nhd nghifn ciiu quan tdm ki ttr sau Hfi nghj Thupng dinh Thi gidi
vf phdt ttien xd hpi d Copenhagen, ndm 1995
3 Hda nh$p xi hpi ciia ngvdi thift thdi
Hda nhfp xd hfi Id djnh hudng tgo ra mft xd hfi, md d dd mpi ngudi dupe h6a
mmh vdo cdc hogt dfng chmig eiia xd hfi, thi hifn dupe vai ttd, tiing ndi, vd sy inh
hudng cda ed nhdn Khdi nifm hda nh$p xd hfi tfiudng dupe si^ dyng cho qud ttinh tfiam
r T « *.f ^"J^ "^^"^"^ ^^' ^^ *=**= '^'^'" ^ *^t' "h6m yiu till hay nhdm dl bj
I h l v T ^ , -^ I f '^/"!''^•'^' "h^^B hj hgn chi hay thua tfiift han cdc nhdm xd hfi
? f hJT* u'"" ^^' i *^" ""^ ^^ "^"^ '^ hfi kiim sing, hole vl ndng lyc dl tfiyc
X d S n ^ V ^ t i " ^ "^^ ^"« ' ' H " ' '^' thrtfiufTcdc n h d m S hfi v«
S c^bjS S K ' •^^" "'^ '='"« '^"«' '^ *=^"« •'^"^ - >^ - ^-^^^ ^*
Quan nifm vl bit Ipi/tfiift tfidi (disadvantage) dupe mft logt tdc gid dh cdo eln ddv
mmg cuin sdeh "Social Woric and Disadvantage: Addressing L ro^^ of s t i ^ and
S^h"^ fhl-^f'''• ' * ^'^"' 2°°^- Nghien eiiu ndy e J g chi rTlkbSZ S a
cdc nhdm xd hi ndy ndm d chlnh frong nhfn tfiiic cua xd hfi vd vifc IdTmto su bit iS
S ; $ ? ^ v r n h t n ^ ? 2 , ; ^ ^ ' ^ ^ ^ - - « - i n ^ - ^ n v d e £ h X t n U ^ ^
nhAn,^?^'* ' ^ cda Mayer (2003) dua ra quan nifm chung vl nhdm tfiift tfidi tfieo dd
nhdm ndy niy dupe xiy dyng dya ttf n: (a) cdc tifu chi vi ddn tic,Vghto d S r i S T h ^
L ^ u ' f i t " 1 " ! ^ "«i ti^ d n din ede phuang tfnic c ^ L S ^ r ^ ^ Z ^
S S m t l t r t S : ! l f J ^ " ; ^ ' ' tiip d n niy dd vupt qud nhflng d|c L g C J A I S
^ d i l f m n J ^ ^ "t^-^ '^•••^ '^ ^ '^ t'^" '^ dilu^fn^hung ciiS ^S,
tf«o dd nhdm niy dang phd di mdt vdi nhilu rdo cdn frong cuic siog Dl Jdi quyit ha;
Trang 6Phgm Vdn Quyit Trdn Vdn Kham 81
xod £ f L ^ ^ ^ ^1 •"? ca nhan hay cua nhdm, phdi tim ra Cdc gidi phdp lam gidm hay Snh v i x ^ o t T - ' ^ ' " " ^ " ^ ^ '^-""y^" cho cac cd nhan bj S tfidili hp t^
mnihjArpt qua nhung rao can vd ttfp can dfn nhung ngudn lyc d n tfiiit cho cupc^ng
md J ^ ^ , l ^ ^ t I' ^ ^ ^ ^ " ^ (2°'2>' ' ^ • ° *^?t "hdi la nhung ngudi
ZTJ^Z^^- '"? hp hoan toan "batlpi" cho hp; hp bi tii chii vifc tiip^ v S
tiSl W n d Z t j ^ ' * ^ * ? ' * ' ^ '."^ '^"^ "^"^ ' ' " y ^ *^ '^hu, ttdch n h ^ l d n g Z
trpng, quyen dupe su ho ttp eua cdng ddng, cac dich vu cdng cpng va an sinh xa hdi
n anXcic r ' ^ ' ^ °/'^85) de cgp ttong nghifn ciiu vf "Protecting tfie vuhierable- a
3 , t ? i " * ' '^"'^ " « " * • " ^ « ^ Cox (2000) CM ra rfc hW, i S c Z ^ b i Z t a ^
nhan 6 cic giai do(m Up Nh6m b thift thii dfc biet la tr^ «„ li AA:^I_ ? nslhienduvScScchTOngtrtAhUaf;, c i : X i 2 » ! S , S ^ ? V T " " ' * ' ! "
™i Irt cii gia dl,* cic b o , « h g w S V ^ S t ^ S Z " - ^ " ! ? ^ " ^ f ^
^ « b o i h p , x i , ™ c i c „ , f ^ Z % S 5 r £ ^ , ' 2 S X *
K S p " l T i : ? i : , r - 'i'" '*«'-•''«''« I- cat* »S.g"S2-|?^
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^.tr*ichnylttft t t * 4 v ( 4 I d ^ ' S l S S ^ ^ ^ S t " S i 2 ^ " ™ ? " ^ ' ™ chm An nin, 200 C t g Chi ra n,^ iCt Cic J Z l ^ j ^ r S , " : : ^ ' , " - 1 " ^
Trang 782 Nghien diu hda nh^xd hgi cua ngudi thi ft thdi
nhgp ciing nhu tdc dpng eua gido dye dii vdi qua trinh hpe t$p suit ddi vdi sy hod nh|p
xd hpi cua cdc nhdm dii tupng yfu thi
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