Mat so van de ve an ninh con ngudi Mac du ra ddi tir khd sdm nhung phdi tdi nam 1994, khdi nidm an ninh con ngudi mdi dugc dinh nghia chinh thiic trong Bdo cdo Phat tridn con ngudi cua
Trang 1Thach thiPC an ninh con ngiFai
trong boi canh toan cau hoa
TRAN MANH TAO
Qud irinh todn cdu hoa, khu vuc hoa vd da cue hoa dang htnh thanh nen mpl'fhe gidi mai, "phdng " han song cung dan xen, tiim dn nhieu bdt on va phuc tgp han Song song vdi nhirng ca hoi, cdc hiim hga mai ciing bat ddu bung phdi Trong bdi cdnh do, ben cgnh an ninh qudc gia viec bdo ddm vd thuc ihi an ninh con nguai tra ihdnh mdt npi dung irgng tdm trong muc lieu gin giu an ninh noi chung cUng nhu cdc chiin lugc phdt trien quoc gia, khu vuc vd quoc te Bdi viet ndy lap trung phdn tich nhiing Ihdch thitc lir qud trinh loan cdu hoa dang noi lin hien nay doi vai muc tiiu bdo ddm an ninh con nguai
Tir khoa An ninh con nguai, lodn cdu hoa, bien doi khi hdu, khung bo, ddn chu, di cu
1 Quan diem chung ve an ninh con ngirdi
va toan cau hoa
1.1 Mat so van de ve an ninh con ngudi
Mac du ra ddi tir khd sdm nhung phdi tdi
nam 1994, khdi nidm an ninh con ngudi mdi
dugc dinh nghia chinh thiic trong Bdo cdo Phat
tridn con ngudi cua UNDP: An ninh con ngudi
la sy "an toan trudc cac de doa thudng xuyen
nhu ngheo ddi, bdnh lat, vd ap bdc; d i n g thdi
ciing la su bao ve khdi nhirng tdn hai va gidn
doan bat ngd trong ddi song hang ngay dii Id tai
gia dinh, nai lam vide, hay trong cdc cdng ddng
xa hdi"' An ninh con ngudi theo dinh nghia
nay la viec dam bdo cho cdc ca nhan va cgng
'Vign Kinh tk vi Chfnli trj the gi&i
'UNDP (1994)
ddng thodt khdi nhiing noi sg hai Tdi nam
2003, khai nidm nay dugc md rdng bdi Uy ban
An ninh con ngudi cua Lidn hgp qudc (LHQ), theo do, an ninh con ngudi dugc dinh nghia la
"vide bdo ve cac gid trj co ban trong cudc sdng cua mgi ngudi theo hudng ldng cudng khd ndng
ty do lua chgn va hudng thy cua con ngudi (freedom from want), bao vd con ngudi khoi nhiing mdi de dga va tinh hudng nguy hidm hien hiiu d khdp
nai"^-Ngoai ra, con rat nhilu nhiing khai nidm khdc nhau vd an ninh con ngudi nhu dinh nghia ciia cyu Tdng thu ky LHQ Kofi Annan (2001) khi nhan manh tdi ba cdu phan cua an ninh con ngudi la tu do mong mudn, ty do thodt khdi noi
Commission on Human Security, 2003
Trang 2sg hai va tu do sdng vdi nhan pham ciia minh
Nhidu hgc gid Ihi cho ring an ninh con ngudi la
tu do mong mudn, ty do thodt khdi noi sg hai va
tu do cho the he tuong lai k l thira mdt mdi
trudng ty nhien trong lanh (Amouyel, 2006)
Cac qudc gia nhu Nhat Ban dua ra mdt khai
niem ridng trong dd khing dinh "an ninh con
ngudi Id sy duy tri va bao vd cudc sdng ciing
nhu nhan pham cua con ngudi An ninh con
ngudi chi cd thd dugc dam bao khi cac cd nhan
dugc ty do mong mudn vd tu do thodt khdi
nhiing noi sg hai"; hay Canada thi thu hep khai
niem an ninh con ngudi theo hudng "bao ddm
an toan cho con ngudi thdng qua vide bdo ve
cac cd nhan trudc nhiing de dga ve bao luc"
Tuy nhidn, du theo each hidu nao thi khai
nidra an ninh con ngudi ve co ban ddu la su
dam bao cho con ngudi dugc ty do thodt khdi
noi sg hai (freedom from fear) vd tu do mong
mudn (freedom from want)
Dd cu the hda cho khdi nidm an ninh con
ngudi, Bao cdo Phdt tridn con ngudi ciia UNDP
(1994) da dua ra bay thanh td cau thdnh nen an
ninh con ngudi: i) An ninh kinh td: bao dam
muc thu nhap co ban cho con ngudi, an sinh xa
hdi du kha ndng ho trg cho nhung ngudi ngheo
vd dd bi tdn thuang trong xa hdi; ii) an ninh
luong thuc: bdo dam cho lat cd mgi ngudi cd
khd nang tilp can vdi ngudn luong thuc ca ban
va du dinh duong; iii) an ninh y td: ddm bao sue
khde tdt cho con ngudi, khong bi nhiem/ldy
benh; iv) an ninh mdi trudng: bao dam mdi
trudng khdng bi d nhiem, khdng xdy ra thidn
tai; v) an ninh cd nhan: bao vd cdc ca nhan khdi
nhiing hanh vi bao lyc ddi vdi than thd hg; vi)
an ninh cdng ddng: duy Iri ban sdc van hod,
ddm bao an ninh cho cac thanh vien trong cgng
ddng; vii) an ninh chinh Iri: dam bao cac quyin
CO bdn cua con ngudi dugc ldn trgng
J.2 Quan diem ve tdc dpng cda todn cdu
hda ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi
Trdn quan diem toan cdu hda la xu the khdch
quan, tit ylu va cd tinh hai mat, nhiing ldc ddng
cua toan cdu hda ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi Cling chiia dung mat tich cue va tidu cue Todn cau hoa ro rang da mang lai nhidu lgi ich cho su phdt tridn cua xa hdi ciing nhu su thinh vugng ciia cdc qudc gia Ty do thuang mai va cac ddng vdn dau tu gdp phan dang kd trong vide thuc day tang irudng kinh td, tang vide lam, thu nhap, cai thidn chdt lugng sdng cua ngudi dan, dam bdo an ninh luong thyc vd xda ngheo cho mdt bd phan dan chung Ben canh dd, con ngudi trong the gidi mdi, nhiing cdng dan toan cau cung cd thdm nhidu co hdi tiep can vdi giao due, y td cung nhiing co hdi chdm soc sue khde day du hcm vdi chat lugng ldl hon Toan cau hda giup gidi quyet cdc van de vugt ngoai bien gidi qudc gia cd tac dgng tryc liep tdi an ninh con ngudi nhu tgi pham xuydn quoc gia, nan budn ngudi ma khdng mdt qudc gia dan le nao cd the tu giai quyel mdt each triet de Tuy nhien, loan cau hda cung dang dat ra nhiing thdch thuc Idn ddi vdi muc lieu ddm bdo
an ninh con ngudi tren the gidi Qud trinh nhat Ihd hda thd gidi tac dgng tdi an ninh con ngudi Iheo hai hudng sau:
Thir nhdi, qud trinh toan cau hda vd hgi nhap
qudc te dang gdn cdc qudc gia vdi nhiing dieu kien rang bugc nhat dinh khien moi nudc khi tham gia vao qua trinh nay phai chap nhdn lya chgn, hay tam Ihdi tir bd nhdng muc tidu cua minh, md khi thyc hien nhirng cam kel se c6 thd anh hudng tich cyc hoac tidu cyc tdi an ninh con ngudi Chang han nhu neu Chinh phu tuan thii cdc thoa thuan lien quan tdi chinh sdch bdo
hd, hd trg dau lu hay chinh sach thud khda cd the ldc ddng ldi van dd vide lam hay thu nhap ldi thidu cua mgt bd phan ngudi dan, hoac khi thuc hidn nhiing dieu khoan ve xa hdi ddn sy hay quyen sd hiiu tri tue co the se dem lai nhiing tdc ddng khdng mong mudn lidn quan tdi mdt trong nhiing khia canh cua an ninh con ngudi nhu ldm thay ddi ban sac vdn hda, lidn ket cgng ddng Vi the, du lua chgn theo cdch
Nhdng vin di KINH Tt VA CHiNH TRj TH^ GIOI So 9(233) 2015- ' 3 1
Trang 3ndo ihi cac qudc gia ddu de lai nhiing hau qud
ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi Vi the, cdc chinh
phu phdi can nhac lya chgn budc di va giai
phdp tdi uu de vira dam bao an ninh con ngudi
trong pham vi qudc gia, vira vi lgi ich cua loan
cdu hoa
Thir hai, todn cau hda khong chi lam suy
giam vai trd cua nhd nudc ma con khien xd hdi
hien dai Ird ndn thieu an toan va nhieu nguy ca
hon Nhiing nguy co nay cd the la su xudng cip
ciia moi Irudng, suy thoai kinh t l , can kiet ve tai
nguydn, di cu, tdi pham, ngheo ddi, xung dot
hay khiing bd
Nhiing de dga nay mdt mat xuit phdt lir
nhiing van de ndi lai trong Idng cac qudc gia do
su yeu kem cua bd may qudn ly, lap qudn van
hda dac trung hay sy tyt hau trdn nhidu phuang
didn ciia ddi sdng xa hdi Mat khdc, ciing cd thi
xual phdt tir qud trinh toan cdu hda va hdi nhap
qudc td khien cac thach thiic ngay cdng trd ndn
phiic t£ip va nghidm trgng nhu loan ciu hda
kinh Id, bimg nd dan sd, biln ddi khi hdu loan
cau, chu nghia khung bd, lan sdng di cu va phd
bien vii khi hat nhan Nhtmg de dga nay co
mdi lidn he va anh hudng lan nhau Vi du nhu
nhiing hiem hga loan cdu se trd nen nghidm
Irgng hon ddi vdi mdt qudc gia tri trd, cham
phat tridn, vd thidu dan chu Ngugc lai, su ylu
kem trong qudn ly d mdi hodc mdt vai qudc gia
cd thi la nguyen nhan g l c re gdy ra nhdng de
dga todn cau ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi ma diln
hinh la biln dli khf hau
2 Nhihig thach thuc doi vdi an ninh con
ngirdi trong bii canh toan c i u hda
2.1 Bien doi khi hgu todn cdu
Cd thd ndi, bidn ddi khi hau ldc ddng tdi ca
bdy thdnh td cua an ninh con ngudi Cdc tac
ddng nay cdn trd nen phuc tap hon ddi vdi
nhung nhdm ngudi va nhiing khu vye dd bi t i n
thuang trong xa hdi nhu khu vuc hau chiln, nhiing qudc gia ngheo ddi, cdc nhdm phu nii, tre em va ngudi dan di cu va ddc biet la trong didu kidn bidn ddi khi hdu toan cdu co nhilu dien bien xau nhu hien nay Trong vdng hon 80 ndm' tu nam 1920 den 2005, nhidt do trung binh
trdn bd mat dia cau da am ldn gan 1 °C vd tdng
rat nhanh trong mgt vdi nam trd lai day Nhiing
ky luc nhidt do lidn tiep dugc xac lap, trong do ndm 2014 dugc coi la ndm nang ndng nhat lich sir ngdnh khi tugng Du bdo nhidt do toan cau van se tiep tuc ldng them 0,3 ldi 1,7 do niia ngay cd khi cdc bidn phap giam thidu khi thai dugc Ihuc thi Cdn trong kich bdn xau nhat, nhidl do toan cau cd the tdng them tir 2,6 den
4 , 8 d d ( S t o c k e r e t a l , 2 0 1 3 ) Trudc nhirng dien bidn cua hidn tugng bien ddi khi hau nhu vay, an ninh con ngudi dang dugc ddt trong tinh trang bao ddng bdi bien ddi khi hau dugc coi la nhan td quan trgng nhit de dga an ninh con ngudi
Thir nhal, bidn ddi khi hau tdc ddng tdi an
ninh sinh kd Bieu hien ro nhit la kha nang tilp can vdi luang thuc, nha d, nudc sach, vide lam
va phong tranh rui ro ddi vdi sue khde bi han chd tdi da khi Ihidn tai xay ra Ben canh do, nhiet do ldng, lugng mua giam vd ngudn nudc trd nen khan hidm do nhiing biln ddng cue doan ciia ihdi tidt la nguyen nhan khiln he ihdng san xuat ndng nghidp va chan nudi d nhidu qudc gia bi anh hudng Dil trdng thu hep
do bi nhiem man, ngdp ung hay khd cin dan ldi mat mua, mdt mat khidn san lugng hoa mdu sut giam, ddng thdi ngudi ndng dan mit ddt ciing bi tudc di viec lam cung nhilu co hdi kinh t l va xa hdi khdc Nghiem trgng hon, chung cdn gay ra nhiing he lyy nhu tinh trang mit an ninh lucmg thyc, an ninh ngudn nudc vd bit dn kinh Id qudc gia, ddc bidt d nhiing nudc ma nin ndng nghidp
cd dong gdp ldn cho GDP (xem Bdng 1)
Trang 4Bdng 1: Nhu'ng tac dong cua bien doi khi hau doi vdi an ninh sinh ke
Tac dong
Cac
nhu
cau
thilt
yeu
khdng
dugc
dam
bdo
Xdi
mdn
sinh
ke va
khd
nang
cua
con
ngudi
Tai san
sinh ke
Ngudn
nudc
sach
Mai mat
cac tai
san vdt
chdt vd
ncri cu
tni
Ndng
nghidp
va an
ninh
luang
thuc
Vdn con
ngudi
(sire
khde,
giao
dye)
Nhu'ng tac dong hiSn hiiu
Tai sdn sinh ke bi mat hodc phdi bdn
di khi thien tai xay ra;
Mat dat trdng do xdi Id, lu lut, dit
ngap man
Sdng bang lan chay tdi ha ngudn cdc
ddng sdng gay dp lyc thiiy lgi va sinh
kd, xdi mdn cac nen vdn hda (vdn
minh lua nudc)
Lu lyt phd hiiy nhd cira va tdi san ciia
ngudi dan ciing nhu khd ndng dap
ling nhu cau thiet yeu cua con ngudi
Nudc bidn dang va su gia tang tan
suat cua cdc hidn tugng thdi tiet cyc
doan lam tang nguy co mat nhd cda,
mang song, hu hai cdc co sd ha tang
vd he Ihdng giao thdng
Su tucmg tac gida bien ddi khi hau
vdi ngheo ddi vd cac nhan td chinh
tri, mdi trudng, va the chd gay ra tac
ddng tidu cue ddi vdi san lugng ndng
nghidp va ldm nghidm trgng Ihdm
tinh trang mat an ninh luong thuc
Thilu hyt lucmg ihuc, thieu kha nang
tilp can vdi ngudn nudc sach va dieu
kien ve sinh tdi thieu, nhd cua bj phd
huy, ngudi ddn phdi thay ddi noi sinh
sdng tac ddng tidu cyc tdi siic khoe
cua cdc cd nhan;
Han han va lu lut gia tdng tinh trang
lao ddng trd em;
Han c h l kha nang ldi trudng
Nhirng tac dong tiem tang
Giam sdn lugng hoa mau chu luc, ngheo ddi gia ldng;
Tac ddng tdi ddi sdng cua nhirng ngudi ndng dan san xudt nho le;
Ap lyc ddi vdi cdc tai sdn sinh ke do mat dat;
Anh hudng tdi kha nang tiep can ngudn nudc sach an loan
Biln rait cac vung dem thuy van (hydrological buffer)
Lii lyt cd the gay ra nhieu tdn that ve kinh te
Nhiet do tang vd su bidn thien khdng ngimg cua lugng mua Id nguyen nhan gay ra ngheo ddi va mat kd sinh nhai
Tac dgng tdi ndng suat san xudt luong thuc va su lay lan sdt ret Tac ddng cua lii lui cd thd lam gia tdng ty le tu vong
Ngudn: Adger, et al, 2014
NhCrng vin di KINH TE VA CHiNH TRj THfi GICTI So 9(233)
Trang 52015-Thach thuc an ninh con ngudi,
Thif hai, biln ddi khi hau cd xu hudng anh
hudng tdi an ninh cgng ddng theo nghia lam xdi
mdn cac ndn van hda vd ban sac dan tgc, nhat Id
ddi vdi nhdm ngudi ban dia, cac bd lac va
nhiing nhdm xa hgi sing phy thudc vao ly
nhidn Cac tac ddng mdi trudng hay nhidt do
ldm suy giam hodc mat di nhieu gidng loai sinh
vat, thay ddi noi cu ngy cua chung, tham chi
bien ddi dilu kidn sdng cda nhiing ngudi ban
dia (vi du nhu thu hep dien tich rung ) hay cac
di sdn van hda anh hudng tdi hoat ddng hai
lugm, sdn bdn va sinh hoat tap thd cua ngudi
dan Nhiing thdch ihdc nay khdng chi ldm anh
hudng tdi cdc net vdn hda va sinh kd ddc trung
ma cdn de dga nghidm trgng tdi ngudn luong
thuc hang ngay va gidn tidp tac ddng tdi siic
khde cua hg"* Han hdn keo dai dugc cho d
nguyen nhan gidn tidp ddn tdi sy sup dd cua dd
qudc Khmer d luu vuc sdng Me Cdng dau thd
ky XV* va nhiing thay ddi bat thudng cua cdc
hidn tugng thai liet cue doan cung phan nao ly
giai cho su tidu vong hang loat nhiing ndn vdn
minh cua nhan loai nhu ndn van minh Maya cd,
ndn vdn minh Anasazi, Akkadian va Mochica
Trudc nhiing bien doi ciia mdi trudng, cdc
nhdm xa hdi khd cd thd khang cy md chi cd thd
tu didu chinh de thich nghi vdi didu kien moi
trudng mdi, song khi ay cung ddng nghTa vdi
vide cac ndn vdn hda bdn dia se dan bi bdo mdn
Tuy nhidn, trong trudng hgp cac bd lac tim each
bdo ve nen vdn hda cua minh thi hg da chap
nhan dat an ninh cd nhan trudc nhiing de dga
mdi Vi du nhu khi cdc bd lac quylt tdm khdng
di ddi khdi nhiing khu vye dugc canh bao se
chiu anh hudng cua bidn ddi khi hau thi nguy
CO thiet hai ve tinh mang va tdi sdn ciia nhom
ngudi nay la rat ldn
' Rybraten vk Hovelsrud, 2010,
* Buckle, et al (2010): Climate as a Contributing Factor
in the Demise of Angkor, Cambodia Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, Vol 107(15)
'DeMenocal,2001
Thic ba, bien ddi khi hdu gia ldng sue ep di
cu khdi nhiing khu vye da bi anh hudng hodc de
bi tdn thuong bdi bien ddi khi hau Cac hien tugng ihidn nhidn nhu lii lyt Id ldc thudng xuyen dien ra khien nhidu gia dinh mat di nha cira, noi cu ngy, raiia mang cung tai sdn vat chil, bugc hg phai tim tdi mgt noi d mdi an toan hon hodc ngudi dan bj di ddi de chinh quydn khdi phuc lai cac co sd ha ting bj pha buy Cac nghien ciiu chi ra rdng, viec di chuydn chd d du chu ddng hay hi ddng diu lam nay sinh tac dgng tieu cue ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi
cd trdn phuang dien kinh td, xa hdi lan siic khoe (Adams et al., 2009) Ddc biet, phu nu la nhom
de bi tdn thuang nhilu hon cd bdi hg co the danh rait cdc raang ludi xa hgi bao trg, cac ngudn vdn xa hdi vd de gap phdi nhiing van de
vl sue khde Ngoai ra, vide di cu tdi nhiing noi
d mdi, xa xdi thudng ddi hdi mgt ngudn luc con ngudi vd tai chinh ddng kd, vi the nhiing ngudi
cd hoan canh khd khdn thudng khdng du tiem lyc dl di chuyin Hg, nhdm ngudi de ton thuang, lai tidp tuc roi vao vdng xoay luan quan cua ngheo ddi, thidn tai va benh tat
Thtr tu, bidn ddi khi hau la ngudn gde cua
xung ddi vii trang va bao luc, khdng chi giira cac nudc ma cdn trong ngi bg mdt qudc gia, tac ddng tdi an ninh ca nhdn, an ninh cdng ddng va
an ninh chinh tri O cdp do todn cau, lo ngai gia tdng khi nhiing cuge chay dua gianh quyen khai thdc tai nguyen khan hidm, vi dy nhu d Bac Cue
vd luu vye cdc con sdng giiia nhidu qudc gia bat ddu dugc khdi ddng Q cdp dd qudc gia, bidn ddi khi hau cd the lam sup do ca mgt he thdng chinh tri trdn dien rdng hay lam bimg nd cac cudc cdch mang ddi chuyin giao quyen luc khi
bd may nha nudc khdng gidi quydt dugc nhiing bat dn xa hgi do biln ddi khi hau gay nen^ Noi chien ndy sinh do bit ddng vdi cac quydt dinh phan bd ngudn luc va tdi nguyen Ihien nhien, hoac nhd nudc khdng thi giai quylt va xu ly
* Adger, et al, 214
34r - NtlUng vin di KINH T6 VA CHINH TRj T H 6 GICTI So 9(233) 2015
Trang 6cdng bang va hgp ly cac cu sdc kinh tl do thidn
lai (bidn ddi khi hau gay ra)
Ngoai ra, nhiing bien phap giam thilu vd
ihich ung vdi bien ddi khi hau cung cd thi lam
gia tang nguy co xung dot va tdn thucmg cho
mdt sd nhdm xd hdi Vi du diln hinh la nhijng
xung dot chinh tri ddn td vide phan bd quyin
h ^ va lgi ich khai thac tdi nguyen thien nhidn
bat hgp ly, han che sir dung dit dai va mdt sd
loai tai nguydn nhal dinh, vide khuyin khich sdn
xuat nhien Hdu sinh hgc gay ra tinh trang chilm
huu dat dai de trdng cay ' Cdc bidn phap
giam thilu biln ddi khi hdu nhu keu ggi su
dung cac san pham nang lugng cd ham lugng
carbon thap cdng dan tdi nhiing xung dot xa hdi
nghidm trgng gdy mat an ninh con ngudi Vi dy
nhu vide su dung nang lugng hat nhdn cd thi
lam gia tang nguy ca phd biln vu khi hat nhan
va cac vy khimg bd bang hat nhan, hay vide su
dung thuy ndng cd thd dan tdi xung dot tir
nhiing de nghi ngudi dan di ddi dl xay dyng
nha may vd dap thuy dien^
Thir nam, cac hien tugng thdi tiet cue doan
cd the phd huy co sd ha tang thidt ydu ddi vdi
ngudn nudc, cac didu kidn ve sinh, nang lugng,
va giao thdng Vi du, bidn ddi khi hau lam trim
trgng hon cdc van dd ve ngudn cung nudc sach
d do thi Cy thd la khi nhidt do tang vd lugng
mua giam mdt mat se lam gidm ngudn nudc
sach cho sinh hoat, mdt mat se gay ra sy thidu
hut ngudn nudc lam mdt cho cdc nha may dien,
din tdi san lugng didn bi cdt giam; anh hudng
tdi ngudn cung didn va nhu cau kdt ndi cua
ngudi dan Lii lut Id ddt, chay rimg, bao
tuyet ciing cd kha ndng pha huy co sd vdl
chat ha tang phuc vu cho nhiing nhu cau co ban
cua con ngudi Cac hien tugng nay ciing ban
chd kha ndng nha nudc cung iing cdc dich vu xa
hdi de ddm bao an ninh cho con ngudi Bdnh
vidn se gap nhieu kho khan trong viec cdp ciiu
ngudi bdnh khi bao tuydt xay ra hay ddi ngii
canh sat khdng the phuc vu ngudi dan trong nhiing didu kidn thdi tilt nguy hidm Cac djch vu ve giao thdng ciing bi ngung tre neu dudng sa, san bay, cau cdng bi pha huy bdi yeu Id thdi liet
2.2, Chu nghia khung bo vd cupe chien chong khiing bo
Mac du ra ddi tir cdch day hang nghin nam, nhung phai tdi khi qua trinh toan cau hda chinh thirc bimg nd thi chu nghTa khung bd mdi thuc
sy trdi day manh me Toan cau hda la chat xuc ldc quan trgng cho su Idn manh va bien tudng ciia chu nghTa khiing bd khi viec kdu ggi cac ngudn tai trg, vide di chuyen giiia cdc qudc gia, van chuyen vu khf va kdt ndi thdng tin gida cdc
Id chuc khung bd trd nen thuan lgi hon bao gid hdt Chinh vi thd, chi Irong vdng chua day 15 nam, nhdn loai da chiing kidn sy cdn quet cua chu nghTa khung bd d khdp noi trdn ihd gidi, tir
My - "ke thu sd mgt" cua chii nghia Hdi giao cyc doan, tdi cac qudc gia ddng minh chau Au nhu Anh, Phdp, Tay Ban Nha hay nhiing manh dal thdnh chidn d Nam A va ngay ca cac qudc gia vin dugc coi la diem ddn yen binh ciia thd gidi nhu Na Uy va Australia Cac boat ddng tham sdt con tin cua nhom khiing bd IS mdi day nhdt trong ndm 2014 - 2015 va su xuit hidn cua Nha nudc Hdi gido tu xung IS la mdt bdng chung mdi vd muc do nguy hidm va bao lyc cua chu nghTa khiing bd
Ngay trong dinh nghia vl chu nghia khung
bd ciing da ngam dinh cac tac ddng lieu cue cua
nd ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi: "Khung bd la hanh ddng su dung vii trang bao luc hodc phi bao luc nhung gay thidt mang, thuang vong va hoang raang, sg hai tdi cac nhdm xa hgi va cdng ddng, vi muc dich chinh iri hoac ldn giao, lam tdn hai ca ve vai chat va tinh thin cua ngudi dan"' Su kien ngay 11/9/2001 ddnh ddu su trd
'Borrassetal,2010
*DeSherbinmetal., 2011
' Dilu 1 C6ng udc Tokn dien vl Chu nghTa Khung bl
Quic tl nam 2002, Dilu 1 Cong iroc Ching va Trimg nam 1937
NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj TH^ Gldl So 9(233)
Trang 72015-Thach thdc an nmh con ngudi
lai cua chu nghTa khung bd qudc te vd la mdt
minh chung rd rang nhat cho lac dgng cua
khiing bd ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi Vu khung
bd da gay ra nhiing Ihiet hai ndng nd ve tinh
raang va ldi san: Gan 3.000 ngudi thidt mang,
hang chyc nghin ngudi khac bi thuong, nhidu
CO sd vdl chat bi phd hiiy, he thdng giao thdng
vd thdng tin lien lac ciia My gan nhu Id liet Su
kidn nay ciing da ldm ngung tre thi trudng
chiing khodn, cdc hoai ddng kinh te d nhirng
khu vuc giap ranh, va ve lau dai dnh hudng
nghiem trgng tdi long tin cua gidi ddu tu vd
loan bg nen kinh te My Nhiing he qud tir cudc
khung bd ndy dugc xac dinh cdn keo ddi nhidu
ndm sau khi chat va khi ddc tu vy nd tiep tyc
anh hudng tdi siic khoe cua cac nhan vidn cuu
hg va ngudi dan sdng xung quanh
Trudc nhiing de dga cua chu nghTa khung bd
vdi su tdn vong cua nhan loai, cdc chien dich
chdng khiing bd da dugc nhidu qudc gia khdi
xudng trong do di dau la My, Anh va cac nudc
ddng minh Nhung trdi vdi su menh mang Iai
hda binh, an ninh va dn dinh xa hdi, cudc chidn
chdng khung bd lai dang di ngugc vdi muc tieu
dam bao an ninh con ngudi Hau qud ciia nd ddi
vdi an ninh con ngudi thdm chi cdn tram trgng
hon chu nghTa khung bd, khong chi d rauc do
ma cdn d pham vi anh hudng Nhidu nhan dinh
da chi ra rang ban chat cua chien dich chdng
khiing bd thuc chat Id mdt cudc chien tranh xara
lugc, buy hoai nhirng nd lyc bao ve quyen con
ngudi va an ninh con ngudi vdi chdl chdc, bao
lyc va ddi ngheo "*
Trong vong 10 ndra kd tu khi cudc chien
chdng khung bd dugc chinh quydn Bush phdt
ddng, sd ngudi chel tai cdc chidn trudng Iraq,
Pakistan va Afghanistan da len tdi 225.000
ngudi, sd ngudi bi thuong cung vugt qua con s l
365.000 ngudi gdm cd qudn ddi vd dan thudng
Thiet hai ve kinh te udc tinh roi vdo khoang 3,7
ldi 4,4 s l nghin ty U S D " Trong khi chi tieu cho qudc phdng va cdc can cir quan ddi tdng rd rdl thi chi tidu cho ha ting cdng cdng d My sut gidm dang kd, Nhieu ngudi da ggi giai doan
2001 - 2011 la thap ky tham hut co sd ha ting d
My Khdng chi tdc ddng tdi nen kinh td My ma kinh t l cdc qudc gia Pakistan, Iraq va Afghanistan cdng bi anh hudng nang ne Bdt dn chinh tri vd bao lyc leo thang da khien moi trudng kinh doanh d nhiing quoc gia nay trd nen kem h i p ddn Doanh thu tir ddu md gidm sul, thit nghiep Iran Ian va ngheo ddi gia ldng Nhilu quyin con ngudi co bdn bi xara pham, ddc bidt la cac quyen ty do cd nhan bdi cdc bien phap chdng khung bd cua My nhu theo ddi vd nghe len dien thoai, kidm duyel ihdng tin (vi pham quyen ridng tu), true xudt nhieu ca nhan
do nghi ngd lidn quan tdi cdc td chuc khung bd (quydn tu do di lai), giam giii Irai phep cac nghi can khung bd (quyen dugc xel xir cdng bdng) Rat nhieu nghi can khiing bd da bi bat giu va tra tdn da man trong cac nha tu tai vinh Guantanamo, Cuba, Afghanistan va tren khdp nudc My An ninh mdi trudng d Pakistan, Iraq
vd Afghanistan cung bi hiiy hoai nghiem trgng
do khi thai tu cac ddng co quan sy cung mdi lugng uranium khdng Id ttr bom vd cdc loai dan dugc Ngudn nudc, khi va dat bi d nhidm nang
ne khdng chi ldc dgng tdi ddi sdng cua ngudi dan raa cdn tdi sdc khde cua hg khi lugng khi
vd chat thai cd chua chi va thach tin cd thd anh hudng tdi he hd hap va gay ra cac loai bdnh
ve tim mach
Cd the ndi, chu nghTa khung bd va ngay ca cudc chidn chdng khung bd dang gay ra nhung hau qua kho ludng doi vdi an ninh con ngudi,
cu the la vdi an ninh cd nhdn (ngudi dan bi thucmg va ihiet mang), an ninh radi irudng (d nhidm radi trudng do khi ddc, d nhidra ngudn nudc, dat), an ninh kinh Id (giam ca hgi ddu tu kinh doanh, ngudi dan khdng co vide lam, an
Marhia& Davies, 2013 Eisenhower Study Group, 2011
367 - NhOng vin di KINH Tt VA CHiNH TR! THt GIOI So 9(233) 2015
Trang 8ninh sinh ke bi de dga), an ninh chlnh tri (quyen
con ngudi bi vi phara)
2 3 Ap luc tie cdc dong di cu qudc te
Di cu qudc Id thyc chit dd tin tai tir rit lau
nhung trong bdi canh toan cau hda hidn nay, xu
hudng nay mdi Ird nen phd biln Cung gidng
vdi qua trinh toan cau hda, di cu qudc tl dem lai
nhiing tdc dgng lich cyc va tieu cyc ddi vdi sy
phdt trien xa hdi ndi chung va an ninh con
ngudi ndi ridng Mgt mat, di cu tao didu kien
Ihuan lgi cho vide thyc hien muc lieu ddm bdo
an ninh con ngudi theo nghta ddm bdo lu do
mong muon vd tu do lira chgn cho ngudi dan
Cu the, di cu giup cdc cd nhan tim kiem mdi
trudng sdng phu hgp, md rdng ca hdi hgc lap va
lam vide, gdp phan nang cao thu nhap va chat
lugng cudc sdng Ben canh dd, di cu cung chinh
la qua trinh dau tranh dd gianh lay sir lu do
thodt khoi noi sg hdi cua mgt bd phan ddn cu, vi
du nhu nhung ngudi ti nan chinh tri hay nhiing
ngudi di cu bdt ddc dt (ly bdo ve mang sdng cua
chinh minh khdi nhiing khu vuc xdy ra xung
dot, chidn tranh, cdc vi pham nhan quyen va
tinh Irang phan biet ddi xir) Tuy nhidn, ldn
sdng di cu qudc td cung dang tao ra nhieu tdc
ddng tieu cyc ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi trong
qud trinh di cu cung nhu trong qud trinh dn dinh
cudc sdng sau di cu
Thir nhdt, ngudi di cu thudng phdi ddi mat
vdi nhiing de dga an ninh ca nhdn nghidm trgng
trong qua trinh di cu Trong dd, lam dung tinh
due trong cdc trai ti nan la hinh thuc phd bien
nhit, ddc bidt la ddi vdi nhdm phy nu, tre em va
nhdm ngudi dd tdn thucmg Nhdm ngudi nay
thudng bi cudng hilp bdi chinh nhan vidn ciru
trg nhdn dao, thdm chi la thay cd gido cua hg
Theo Td chdc An xa Qudc tl (2010), radi ndm
cd hang tram ngudi nhdp cu trdi phep tir
Mexico sang My bi mit tich, bi danh dap hoac
bi sat hai Bdo cao ciing cho biet 6 trdn 10 phu
nii di cu bi cudng hiep trong qua trinh di
chuydn tu Mexico sang My Khdng nhung vay, ngudi di cu cdn diing trudc riii ro cao la nan nhan cua nan budn ban ngudi, bi boc lot, ldm nd
Id hodc phai lam viec trong cac nha chua
Thir hai, nhiing ngudi di cu trong hanh trinh
di chuyin ciing phai ddi raai vdi nhieu hidm hga
de dga tdi tinh mang, nguy ca bj ddi, khdt, phai chip nhdn thilu thon cac didu kien ve sinh tdi thilu, han chl tii da khd nang tilp can vdi thudc men vd chdm sdc y te Khung hoang ngudi di cu nam 2014 - 2015 d Dia Trung Hai
va Ddng Nam A la mdt vi dy cho nhiing thdch ihuc thyc su cua di cu qudc td ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi Tinh ldi cudi ndm 2014, sd ngudi di
cu vugt Dia Trung Hai vdo chau Au da vugt qua con sd 219.000 ngudi, ldng gap bdn ldn so vdi thdi dilm nam 2013 Sd lugng ngudi di cu tdng vgt ddng nghta vdi so ngudi bi thiet mang trong hanh trinh vugt bidn ciing tang len Chi tinh rieng trong bdn thdng dau nam 2015, gan 2.000 ngudi di cu da phai bd mang tren bien Dia Trung Hai do chim tdu va dam thuydn'^ Ngoai ra, cdn chua linh den con sd ngudi chet
vi bj ddi, khat va benh tat trong nhiing ngay ddi ldnh denh tren bidn
Thii- ba, nhung ngudi nhap cu van lidp tyc bi
dal Irong tinh trang riii ro ldn vd raat an ninh con ngudi ngay cd sau qua trinh di cu, nhat la nhiing ngudi ti nan vd cdc Irudng hgp di cu bat budc khac Hg thudng phdi chdp nhan radt cudc sdng bap bdnh, an ninh sinh ke ludn bi de dga, dieu kidn dn d ldi te va bi phdn bidt ddi xu Cung vdi dd, cdng ddng ngudi nhap cu cdn diing trudc nguy co cua nan bao hanh, cd the xac va tinh than Hg thudng bi ky thi, xuc phara, thara chi de dga, uc hidp bdi ngudi dan ban dia khi cho ring nhiing ngudi nhap cu cudp
di vide lam cua hg cimg nhiing phuc lgi xa hdi khac Nhdm di cu bat hgp phap ciing thudng phai lara vide trong nhiing moi trudng lao dgng khdc nghiet, Ihieu an loan, cdng viec dgc hai '^ Vierti&Scribner, 2013
'^Gebaueret ai,20l5
NiiOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj TH^ GIOI So 9(233) 2015- 37
Trang 9nguy hiem, khdng dugc bao ve cac quydn lgi tdi
thieu, song lai chi dugc trd mgi muc luong vd
cung re mat Them vao dd, nhiing khac biel co
ban ve van hoa hay tdn gido giiia ngudi nhdp cu
vdi cdng ddng ngudi ban dia cung han che viec
kdt ndi xa hdi giiia hai nhom ngudi ndy Ban
than ngudi nhap cu ciing cam Ihay kho khdn
trong viec hoa nhap vdi cgng ddng radi Vi the,
ngudi nhap cu Ihudng bi co lap va gat ra khdi
cdng ddng, hg khdng cd quyen thara gia hay ldn
lieng, tham chi khdng dugc tham khao y kidn
ddi vdi nhiing quydl dinh quan trgng'''
Thu lu, di cu con gay ra nhiing ldc dgng lieu
cue ve an ninh con ngudi ddi vdi ngudi dan d
cac nudc cd ngudi nhap cu, dac bidt la nhihig
qudc gia co nen quan tri yeu kem Didu ndy
xuat phdt tu Ihyc Id nhieu chinh phii khdng nam
bat dugc Ihyc trang di 'cu, do dd, khdng ihyc thi
cac chinh sach hgp ly va kip ihdi d l dam bao an
ninh con ngudi cho ngudi dan trudc sy bien
ddng nhan khau hgc nay Ngudi di cu khdng chi
tao thdm gdnh ndng ve kinh id ma cdn la nhan
td tiem an lam gia tang nguy co bao lyc ciing
tinh trang bat dn chinh trj va trai ly xa hdi
De gidm thieu tac dgng lieu cue cua hien
tugng di cu qudc te tran lan dang didn ra hien
nay, nhieu qudc gia da bdt diu silt chat chinh
sach nhap cu nhara han che sd lugng ngudi
nhdp canh, vd nhiing rui ro ma ddng ngudi nhap
cu ndy cd thd mang tdi cho xa hdi Tuy nhidn,
vide thuc thi chinh sdch thdl chat nhap cu dang
vap phdi sy len dn manh me cua cdng ding
qudc te Vide dong cdnh cua nhap cu va tir chli
ddng ngudi di cu nay (chu ylu tu nhiing khu
vye ngheo ddi, chidn tranh, bao lyc va vi pham
quydn con ngudi) cung ddng nghta vdi viec
gian tiep ddy hg quay trd lai vdi nai ma an ninh
con ngudi khdng dugc bao dam Song diing
trdn goc do ciia chinh phii va ngudi dan cac
nudc cd ngudi nhdp cu, viec d l dong ngudi
nhap cu nay cu tni lai co the gay ihem nhilu he
luy xd hdi vd tinh trang rait an ninh con ngudi
nhu da ndu tren, anh hudng true tiep tdi cdng ddng ngudi nhap cu ndi ridng vd tham chi ngay
ca chinh nhiing cdng ddn cua hg
Ket luan Tren day la mdt sd mdi de dga lodn cdu ndi bat, nhiing de dga ma trong nhirng ndm Ird lai day mang ldi nhidu tac dgng rd ret ddn an ninh con ngudi hcm cd Ngodi nhijng thach Ihuc ke tren, an ninh con ngudi trong bdi cdnh lodn cdu hoa cung phai ddi mat vdi nhieu mdi de dga khac nhu lan sdng dan chu hda bao luc, todn cau hda kinh te, hien tugng bung nd dan sd, lpi pham xuyen qudc gia, tgi pham cdng nghe cao
va intemet, su lay lan cua cac loai dich bdnh mdi, hay viec phd bidn cac loai vu khi hat nhdn, vii khi cd kha ndng lieu diet hang loai Day cung la nhiing thdch thiic Idn ddi vdi nhdn loai hien nay vd Irong tuang lai khi nhiing van
dd nay ngay cang co xu hudng didn bien phiic tap hon
La mgt nudc dang phdi tridn va mong mudn hdi nhap sdu rgng vao ndn kinh t l thi gidi, an ninh con ngudi ciia Viet Nam cung khdng nim ngoai pham vi lac ddng cua qua Irinh toan ciu hoa, Iham chi cdn nam trong vung tucmg doi nguy hilm Trong dd, nhftng thdch thiic nghiem Irgng nhal dang didn ra va mdt s l c6 nguy CO lidm an se lac dgng tdi tinh hinh an ninh con ngudi ciia Vidt Nam la biln ddi khi hau, tien trinh hgi nhap kinh t l qudc t l , cac loai dich benh va xu Ihd dan chu hoa Vi thi,
dd han chd ldi da nhiing tdc dgng tieu cue ciia qud Irinh ndy, Viel Nam cin nhan thuc ro nhung tac ddng cua nhdng thdch thiic nay ddi vdi an ninh con ngudi Ddng thdi, Irien khai cdc bidn phap chu ddng dd ddi phd, han chd tdi
da cac lac ddng va dac biet khdng de tinh trang
khung hoang hay mat an ninh con ngudi xay
ra Tuy nhien, quan trgng nhil d l i vdi Viet Nam hien nay vdn la nhiing cdi td lir ben trong, cai cdch Ihd chd, xay dyng mdi xd hdi dan chu
va phat trien bdn viing*
Trang 10Tai lieu tham k h a o :
1 Acharya, Araitay (2007): Human Security In John Baylis, Steve and Patricia Owens (4*
ed) The Globalization of World Politics Oxford: Oxford University Press
2 Adams, V et al (2009): Disaster Syndrome- Displacement, Disaster Capitalism, and the
Eviction of the Poor from New Orleans, American Ethnologist, 36(4), 615-636,
3 Adger, Neil & Juan Pulhin (2014): Human Security In Climate Change 2014- Impacts
Adaptation, and Vulnerability Working Group II Contribution lo the IPCC 5'*
Assessment Report, 1-63 Geneva, Swilzeriand: IPCC
4 Commission on Human Security (2003): Human Security Now: Protecting and
Empowering People
5 DeMenocal, P.B (2001): Cultural Responses to Climate Change during the Late
Holocene, In Science 292 (5517) pp 667 - 673
6 De Sherbinin, A et al (2011): Preparing for Resettlement Aassocialed with Climate
Change Science, 334(6055), pp 456 - 457
7 Eisenhower Study Group (2011): The Costs of War Since 2001- Iraq, Afghanistan and
Pakistan, Executive Summary, Truy cap tai dia chi:
http://www.whale.lo/c/costs-of-war-2001-2011.pdf
8 Gebauer, Matthias et al (2015): An Unending Refugee Tragedy: Europe's Path lo Deadly
Partition, Spiegel Online Intemational 24/04/2015
9 Marhia, Natasha & Chloe Davies (2013): A Force for Good, In Kaldor, Mary & Mary
Martin & Narcis Serra (2013): National, European and Human Security: From
Co-Existence to Convergence, (1^' ed) New York: Routledge
10 Rybraten, S & Hovelsmd, G.K (2010): Local Effects of Global Climate Change
Differential Experiences of Sheep Farmers and Reindeer Herders in Unjarga, Nesseby, A
Coastal Sdmi Community in Northern Norway In Hovelsrud, G.k & Smit B (eds)
Community Adaption and Vulnerability in Artie Coraraunilies
l l S a m e k , Danielle (2008): North African Immigration and Human Security in the
European Union: Lessons from France and Spain Master thesis University of Pittsburgh
12 Stocker et al (2013): Technical Summary, in IPCC AR5 WGl 2013
13 UNDP (1994): Human Development Report Oxford: Oxford University Press
14 Vielti, Francesca & Todd Scribner (2013): Human Insecurity: Understanding
International Migration from a Human Security Perspective, In Journal on Migration and
Human Security, Vol 1 Number 1 pp 17-31
NhOng vin di KINH T^ VA CHINH TRj THt GIOI So 9(233) 2015 — 39