Boi cdnh lich sCf Nam 1950, sau khi dUde chfnh phu Phap trao quyin quin ly vCing cao nguyen Trung Phan, Qudc trUdng Bio Oai da tach eao nguyen miln Trung va thilt lip quy c h l hanh ehi
Trang 1LETHINHUAN
QUA TRINH Dl Cl/VA P H A T T R I E N
CUA CdNG DONG N G U O I VIET 6 D A LAT
TLfNAlV11954 DEN 1975
Lg THj NHUAN'
Tom t6t: Ngddi Viit (Kinh) Id khdi cdng ddng cuddn chCi the d thdnh phdBd Lgt hiin nay Bdi
viet ndydi cdp din qud trinh di cUvd phdt then cua cpng dong ngUdi Viit dDd Lgt tUndm 1954 den
1975 Trong do, chdng tdi van dung phuang phdp nghien cdu dmh tinh de thuc hien bdi viit ndy Tdkit qud nghien cdu, chdng tdi /y gidi ldc hdt, lUc day cda qud trinh tren; tUdd khdng dinh vai trd cua hg doi vdi sUphdt then kinh te, xd hpi tgi dd thj Dd Lgt
TUkhoa: di cU, di cuvd phdt trien, cpng dong ngudi Viet, thdnh pho&d Lgt
Abstract: Vietnamese people (Kinh) are in the majority of ethnic groups resided in Da Lat today
The paper studies their migration and development in the city during 1954-1975 using qualitative methods Based on the research results, the author interprets factors of attraction and repulsion in the process and then substantiates the group of people's role in socio-economic growth in Da Lat
Key words: migration, migration and development, the Vietnamese community Do Lat Ngaynhgnbai: 04/5/2017; Ngay duyet dang: 15/8/2017
Dat van de
TrUdc the ky XIX, Lang Bian la mdt vung
eao nguyen hoang soft ngUdi bilt d i n
Tai dia ban nay, cac nhdm dja phuang
cCia tpc ngUdi CPho sinh sdng theo phuang
thUc du canh, du eU, trong do ddng nhat la
nhdm Lach Cao nguyen Lang Bian chi thUe
sUdUpc nhu'ng ngUdi ben ngoai bilt den sau
ba eudc tham hiem vung cao nguyen Nam
Trung Bd cua bic sT A Yersin vao eae nam
1891, 1892, 1893 Thdng qua thUe hien cic
do i n quy hoaeh do thj, ngUdi Phip da biln
OiLattUvCing dat hoang sa trd thanh trung
tam nghi dudng cua hpdOdng Duong Mae
du vay, vai trd to Idn mang tinh quylt djnh
din su phat trien eua thanh phd lai chinh la
cdng ddng ngudi Viet TCf nhieu dja phuong
trong ea nUdc, hp dUdc huy ddng hay tU
nguyen da lan lupt din O i Lat Tuy cd cCing
nguon gde la nhUng cudan ddong bang Bac
Bd va Duyen hii mien Trung, song do dllu
'Tnrcmg Dai hQC Ba Lgt
kien ijch sCf chi phdi, nin trong edng dong
di d i n sau nam 1954dacdsU"da nguyen"ve cdi ngudn, da dang v l tdn giio va hoat ddng kinh tl,xa hdi so vdi cdng ddng di dan trUdc
1954 Do dd, nghien curu niy se t i p trung lam rd nguyen nhan khiln ngUdi Viet dl cif vio O i Lat sau nim 1954 den 1975 tren cac khfa eanh kinh t l , ehinh trj vatdn giao
1 Tong quan van de nghien cHu
Di din la mdt hien tupng kinh t l - xa hdi gan vdi Ijch sif phat trien eCia xa hdi loai ngUdi eung vdi nhuTng thay doi cua tU nhiin,
xa hdi va sU phat trien khdng dong diu ve kinh t l - x i hoi giUa cae vDng, cac qudc gia tren the gidi Khi nghien cUu v l qua trinh di
d i n can phii dUa vio nhUng cd sd ly thuylt khoa hpe, dung dan mdi cd the tha'y dupc nhUng inh hUdng tich cUc va tieu cUe cua qua trinh nay (Oinh Quang Ha, 2010, tr.73) M.P Todaro (1969) da dUa ra md hinh nghien eCru v l nguyen nhan di cU, sau do dUdc tilp tuc phat triln bdi W Corden, R
Trang 2Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017 I 2 9
Md hinh nay bat ngudn td van d l thu nhap
cCia khu vUc ndng thdn thap hdn so vdi khu
vUc thanh thj (Harris,Todaro, 1970), ngUdi lao
dpng so sanh cic ea hdi nang cao thu nhap
giUa khu vUc ndng thdn v i thanh thj, tU dd
dUa ra quylt djnh dl eU (Zhang, 2003) Li do
dUde dUa ra la: khi di cU ra khdi vung ndng
thdn, ndng hd ed lao ddng di cU (thudng cd
xuat than tU nhCTng gia dinh ngheo va gap
khd khan v l nguon life), se ed cupe sdng tot
dep hdn {Mendola, 2004) Tren thuc t l , qua
trinh di cd cCia ngudi Viet d i n Oa Lat khdng
ehi do yeu td kinh t l hay the che ehinh trj,
ma edn cd y i u td khac nhU tdn giao
2 SU bien dong trong qua trinh phat
trien cua cong dong ngUdi Viet tif 1954
den 1975
2.1 Boi cdnh lich sCf
Nam 1950, sau khi dUde chfnh phu Phap
trao quyin quin ly vCing cao nguyen Trung
Phan, Qudc trUdng Bio Oai da tach eao
nguyen miln Trung va thilt lip quy c h l
hanh ehinh dac biet dupc gpi la "Hoang trilu
cUPngthd"',trongdddatra nhufng quy dinh
tiep tue thUe hien ehinh sach han c h l di dan
ngudi Viet len vung eao nguyen niy (Phu
Thu hien Trung Viet, 1953, tr.64-65)
Theo Hiep dinh Geneva (Gianeva) vao
nam 1954, nUdc Viet Nam tam chia lam 2
miln, lay vT tuyin 17 lam ranh gidi Vdi sU
hinh thanh cua Viet Nam Cdng hda sau Hiep
djnh dd, lan d i u tien ngUdi Viet da giU ehUc
vu quan trpng trong trung t i m hanh chinh
cao nguyen Chinh saeh cCia Ngd Oinh Diem
trong thdi ky nay la ddng hda vin hda cCia cU
' Tir 30/9/1949, ngucfi Phap chuyen quyen quin ly
vimg cao nguyen Tnmg phan cho chinh phii Quoc gia
Viet Nam, dung diiu la Quoc tnidrng Bio D^i Ngay
15/4/1950, Quoc tmdng Bio D91 ra "Du so 6 - QT/
TD" nhu mpt quy che hanh chinh dgc biet khoanh
vung Hoang trieu circmg tho nhu mpt viing tu tri thuoc
xii Thucmg Nam Dong Ducmg gom Kon Turn, 0 ^
Lak, Dong Nai Thu(?ng, Lam Vien va chon Da Lgt lam
trang tam B6i su thay doi do, ngabi Viet khong con
dan tai cho dTay Nguyen vao van hoi ngUdi
Viet va eho phep ngUdi Viet dupc di cd den
Tay Nguyen (Hickey, 1967, tr.2)
Ngay tU nam 1954, chfnh quyen Sai Gdn
da cd gang xic lap nin hanh chinh mang sac thai rieng Sau mdt thdi gian luu vong tai My, Ngd Oinh Diem ve nUdc de lam Thu tudng eua Viet Nam Cdng hda - mot ehi dp
ma William Turley md t i trong tinh hinh dd nhu "mdt con tau dang dam" {Turley, 1986, tr.11) Trong khoing mdt nam, Ngd Oinh Diem da thanh lpe nhCfng ngudi chong ddi trong chinh phu nhd vao sU ung hd eCia hai giio phai d mien Nam nhu Hda Hio,CaoOai Thing 10/1955, Ngd Oinh Diem to chUe mdt
cudc trung cau din y ve viec Viet Nam se t i l p
tue theo chl dp quin ehCi lap hien hay trd thanh mdt nUdc cdng hda (Jennings, 2015, tr.466) LCie nay, "Hoing trieu cuang tho" d i hit vai trd lieh sCf, tiln trinh "Viet Nam hda"
d Oa Lat dien ra nhanh chdng va ao at hdn sau Hiep dinh Geneve Quy hoaeh do thi Oa Lat giai doan nay ndi nhU Eric T.Jennings, "do
an eua Lasgisquet"^ tham chi da dupc phCi bui thdi gian va dem ra sCf dung dUdi thdi tdng thdng NgdOlnh Diem"(EricT.Jennings,
2015, tr.262) Oe chuyen lo van de di cUva
djnh cU, thing 7/1954, chinh quyen Ngd Oinh Dilm d i eho thanh lap Phu Tdng uy di
eu (TUDC) Tuy nhien, hoat ddng cCia TUDC edn nhilu lung tung Bdi vi, ban than chinh quyen Diem khi ddcung chua dndjnh, ngay
ca viee tuyen md lUc lUdng lao ddng
Oa Lat nam dphia nam Tay Nguyen, ddng vai trd la cho tru an toan cho ehfnh quyen Viet Nam Cdng hda nen bp miy hanh ehinh
d diy dugc xiy dung kha chat che.Ou'ng dau
l i thj trUdng, phia dUdi ed bp miy giup viec gdm eae ty, ndi an, quan vu, hanh chinh, tai
- Do an nay da lam ro va noi bjit cac dgc tinh neng ciia
tnmg tam van hoa, du iich Cac phan khu chiic nang
cu the pham vi ciia nhinig khong gian trong, nhiing khu virc bat kien tgo de bio v? c M i quan thien nhien
Trang 3LETHINHUAN chinh, kinh t l , ve sinh, trung tam huan luyen
v i tu nghiep, van phdng, hdi ddng tU van dd
thj gdm niiUng ngUdi cd chUe tUde, ed quyin
luc ve kinh t l (gom eic nha thau khoan, cac
nha budn) Khae vdi ngUdi tien nhiem, Ngd
Oinh Diem da dilu hinh Tiy Nguyen tU Sai
Gdn Khi vUa len nam quyen Diem d i cho
chuyen trudng Qudc gia Hanh ehinh tUOa
Lat ve Sai Gdn Nam 1955, vung cao nguyen
Trung phan dupc nhap vio Viet Nam Cdng
hda, dinh dau sU kit thCie eCia "Hoang trilu
eUdng thd" thude quyen Bio Oai trong Idng
mdt qude gia (Jennings, 2015, tr.466) Theo
"Du sd 17" ngay 14/12/1955, PhCi Thu hiln
dupe thay bang Tda dai bieu, nhUng Oa Lat
van trUe thudc tdng thdng.Thanh phd Oa Lat
dit dudi quyen do trudng va hdi ddng dd thi
Nam 1955, nha Giam ddc kinh t l eao nguyen
Trung phan dUpc thanh lip tai Oa Lat Nam
1957, mdt van phdng eao nguyen mdi thay
t h i eho Bp Cao nguyen sU vu eCia Bao Oai tai
Oa Lat NhCfng tac ddng cdt ldi cua nhCfng cii
each nay lai lam giim vj the cua Oa Lat d nam
VietNam {Jennings,2015,tr.467)
Vl td chUc hinh chfnh, O i Lat giU nguyen
10 khu phd nhu thdi kytrUde, ehi them lang
Lien Hiep (vung sin bay Lien Khuang, huyen
OUc Trpng, Lim Odng ngay nay) va5 apmdi:
khu phd I cd ap Ga chia thanh ap Cd Giang va
ap Chi Ling; khu phd 111 them ap Kim Thaeh;
khu phd IV them i p Thil Phien; khu phd V
them apTiing Lam Mdi khu phd gdm nhilu
ap, mdi ap deu ed ap trUdng true t i l p quin ly
mang ludi lien gia, moi lien gia gom 10 den
30 gia dinh dit dUdi sugiim sat cua Lien gia
trudng ve moi mat hanh chinh eung nhUan
ninh trittU (theo "sac lenh sd4/Q0/TD"ngay
13/4/1953 eua Bio Oai) (Oy ban nhan dan
thanh phdOa Lat, 2008, tr.l 9)
2.2 NhOng dot di ddn ngUafi Viet den Da
Lgt thdi ky 1954 den 1975
DieUnamtrongtoantinh eua chinh quyen
My VG k l hoach cung cd eic iue lupng chdng
edng thin My d miln Nam Viet Nam, dUng
Idi yeu eau trp giup cCia Ngd Oinh Diem vao thing 10 nam 1954, tong thdng Aixenhao da khing djnh: "NhCfng thinh cau trd giup cua ngai cho k l hoach to Idn khuay ddng phong trio hang tram ngin edng dan Viet Nam trung thanh trdn chay khdi nhUng vung dudi
sU ehilm ddng cua mdt chinh quyin va he
tu tudng m i hp ghet bd se dUdc dip irng Tdi rat lay lam vui mUng rang, Hoa Ky cd kha nang dap ufng no lUc nhan daodd ( )T6ihi vpng sU trp gidp dd, eung vdi nhu'ng no life eCia bin than ngii, se gdp phan hieu qui doi vdi nen ddc lap cua Viet Nam vdi mdt chinh phCi manh" (Cameron, 1971,tr.349-350) Nam 1954, ci nUdc cd 15 giao phan, trong
dd cd 10 giao phan d mien Bac v i 5 giao phan d mien Nam Viee Phap quylt djnh rOt khdi Bae Ky theo Hilp djnh Glonevd cung nam ngoii y mudn cCia nhilu giam muc va linh muc Viet Nam Nhilu vi ehCfe sac trong Giao hdi da to chCfc di eU hang loat Giam muc Le HCfu TiT cai quin dja phan Phat Diem
di cu ngay tU nhUng ngay dau Sd linh muc 6
miln Bae gom 1.127 ngUdi, trong ddc6 809 linh mue da dl eU vao Nam Trong khi dan thudng chju inh hudng bdi nhUng tin don nhu"Mysenem bom nguyen tCf", "My - Diem tien hanh Bac tiln" giao dan lai bj tie dpng Idn bdi sU phao tin nhU"Chua da vao Nam",
"Ou"e me ddng trinh d i rdi miln Bac" - co
i n h hudng den tU duy eua nhCfng thudng dan ngUdi Cdng giao (Seth Jacobs, 2004, tr.132-133) NhCfng tuyen truyen tren da dinh trung vao sU sung dao, nhilu trUcfng hdp tdi mure cudng tin cCia ngUdi Cdng giao, thdi phdng van diViet Minh la Cdng sin, la duy vat v i vd than, la ke thu cOa tdn giao, lam tang sU nghi ky eCia mot bd phan ngifcfi Cdng giao ddi vdi ehinh quyin cich mang Tic gii cCia nhCrng tuyen truyen nay la ClAva nhCrng thanh phan ehdng Cdng trong Giao hpi va giao dan (Nguyen Quang Hung, 2004, tr.27) Hoat ddng di dan ep budc bang cac hinh thure khac nhau ddi vdi ngUdi di cUcCia eic linh muc dja phUdng rat da dang Chang
Trang 4Tap chf Khoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017
han, linh mue Mai Hpc Ly d P h i t Diem da
phao t i n rang, G i i o hoang ra lenh c h o giao
d i n di eU vao N a m , rang Chua v i OUc Me
d i vao N a m Khdng ft trUdng hdp, sau buoi
cau n g u y e n , linh muc mang t h e o t a t c i i n h
tUdng, kinh sach, d l lai m d t n h i t h d t r d n g
rong, t u y e n b d "ChCia d i vao Nam", Cha da
v i o Nam, nhCfng n g u d l d lai se k h d n g ed eha
d l g i i n g d a o M d t n h d m linh mue va g i i o
dan d u n g len ehuyen OCfe M e hien len d Ba
Lang (Thanh Hda), kieh d d n g giao d i n di eU
(Bd Tuyen t r u y i n , 1955, tr.32) N h i l u n h i n
vat, t o chUc eOa Giao hpi Cdng giao qude t e
cung ean t h i e p v i o t i n h h i n h Viet Nam, u n g
hd N g d Oinh Diem nhU h d n g y Spellman
(Cooney, 1984,tr.21)
Cudi n i m 1954, Oa Lat la d i l m d i n eho
dan tj nan tU cac v u n g khae cua Viet Nam,
t r o n g d d c d gan k h o i n g 1 t r i l u ngUdi Viet da
rdi mien Bae de vao Nam, hai phan ba t r o n g
sd d d ia t i n d o Cdng giao (Jennings, 2015,
tr.466) Cung t r o n g n i m nay, p h o n g trao khai
hoang lap ap d i e n ra d e i e p h u d n g , x i ven
O i Lat "Trong nam 1955, k h o i n g 3.000 giao
dan gdc H i i Phdng, Nam O i n h , H i Ndi, T h i i
Binh, Bac Ninh dUdc linh m u c O o Ngpe Bich
dan d i n d d i t h d n g eudi k h d m Nam Thien,
lap nen trai d j n h c U O a M i n h Cudi t h i n g 3,
dau t h i n g 4 n i m 1955, dUdi sU h u d n g dan
cCia linh muc M a n h Trpng Bich, m d t sd giao
dan cCia lang Nghi Yen, Cau Khdng, OCre Thp
(Ha Tinh) g o m khoang 400 ngUdi vao Oa
Lat Ngay 2 2 / 5 / 1 9 5 5 , hp cd mat tai Oa Lat,
sau d o d i n eU t r u t r o n g trai d i n h eU T h i n h
M a u " ( N g u d n : Phdng van sau, n a m , 76 t u o i ,
p h u d n g 7, nam 2016)
Oe thUe hien a m mUu lau dai, t h i n g
7/1955, M y - Nguy da di dan m i l n Bae v i o lap
t h e m ap P h i t Chi tai xa X u i n TrUdng, vdi y d o
cai cam dgiCra de chia cat x i Xuan TrUdng ra
lam hai Luc d d , M y - Diem thUc hien chinh
s i c h " t d c p n g , diet cdng", m d t sd can b d
c i c h m a n g d Q u i n g Nam, Q u i n g Ngai bj Id
ca s d hoac d o yeu cau c d n g t i c n i n da p h i l
d i n v i l e ngUdi Viet d Q u i n g Nam, Q u i n g Ngai n h i p cU vao Xuan TrUdng Khi den d i y ,
hp lam t h u e cho nhufng gia d i n h kha gia, sau
m d t t h d i gian cd c h u t v d n hp da mua vUdn, dUa gia d i n h vao lap nghiep v i t i e p tuc hoat
d d n g c i c h mang "Vao e i c nam 1955 - 1 9 5 6 ,
t r o n g d d t lam c h p m d i , m o t sd khu dat d cua
d i n e U a p Anh Sang ( p h u d n g 1,0a Lat ngay nay) bi g i i i tda da chuyen d i n a p T h i i Phien xin cap dat l i m vUdn v i dua gia d i n h , ba con cua hp dThiTa Thien - H u l vao Oa Lat lam a n Luc m d i tdi l i p ap, e i e n g u d n eU d i n sdng rieng le, phan chia t h i n h c i c k h u vUc biet lap, n h u n g cudc sdng eua ngUdi lao d d n g
d i d e m lai cho hp m d t su hda d d n g , giCip
d d lan nhau" (Phong van sau, nam 70 t u o i ,
p h u d n g 12, Oa Lat, n i m 2016) Nam 1956,
m d t b d phan "ngUdi Viet d OUc Ninh ( T h i i Binh) da di d i n d i n ap Oa Thien ( p h u d n g 8) d l l i p nghiep, chuyen nghe t r d n g rau Trong nam d d , d i n s d O a Lat khoang 58.958
n g u d i , ngUdi Viet: 58.445, ngudi Hoa: 1.307, ngUdi P h i p : 206" (Uy ban nhan d i n t h i n h
p h d Oa Lat, 2008, tr.l 9) Giai doan nay, chinh quyen N g d Oinh Diem da t h u c hien bat p h u , bat linh t r o n g c i c trai d i n h eU dan tdi nhieu eudc dau tranh cua d i n chung " n h i l u ngUdi chju khdng ndi trai d i n h eU, tranh dau ddi ra ngoai, nhUng vi hoan c i n h sdng ri't vat v i , edng v i l e lam an nen danh p h i i t r u lai d l ehd di chuyen di t i n h khac" (Phdng van sau,
n a m , 92 t u d i , p h u d n g 1,0a Lat, nam 2016)
Cd t h e thay, t r o n g n i m 1954-1956, Idp di dan n a y c h C i y l u lam nghe n d n g , t r o n g d d c d
k h o i n g 500 ha dat gan O i Lat dUdc ngUdi
d i n m d i n h i p eU d i n canh t i c (Jennings,
2015, tr.469) Sau m o t t h d i gian ngan, d o
k h d n g thich Ung dUde vdi dja t h l x u n g q u a n h
i i rUng t h d n g , dat dai khdng t h u a n t i e n eho viec t r d n g Ida n h U d d d n g bang, ddi sdng c d
cdc nen n h i l u ngUdi da lan lupt di e h u y i n
di cae t i n h lan can " 6 day, ngUdi dan d cac
trai d j n h cd nhUOa M i n h da chuyen d i n C i i
San va Dakai t h u d c O d n g Nai ThUdng; trai
Trang 5LETHJ NHUAN Nim 1957, trai dinh eU bj giai t i n , cd khoing
2.000 ngUdi di ehuyin xudng tinh Odng Nai
Thuang, chi cdn khoing 1.000 ngudi d lai,
hp la nhUng cU dan nay thudc khdm Nam
Thien Nhilu ddt di din tif miln Bac (Thii
Binh, Phat Diem) va miln Trung (Hul, Quing
Nam, Quing Ngai, Binh Oinh) len Oa Lat
lap nghiep NhUng gia dinh di cU miln Bac
v l eie xa quan Tiing Lam, Tung NghTa, Lae
Thien canh tic ndng nghiep, nhUng gia dinh
ngheo mien Trung ve cae ap gan Oa Lat (Cd
Giang, Cd Bac, Hdng Lae, Thai Phien, Sd 4, Oa
Thien, Trai Mat, Sio Nam) canh tie hoa miu
NhCfng gia dinh giau ed miln Trung md tiem
budn ban tai trung tam thanh phd, mdt sd
dau tu vao nganh tieu thu edng nghiep va
dieh vu Nhieu gia dinh giau cd tai Sai Gdn
cung len mua dat d l lam khach san" (Phdng
van siu, nam 79 tudi, phudng 7,0a Lat, nam
2016)
Ngay 19/5/1958, Ngd Oinh Diem ky "sac
lenh 261/VN"cat bdt datOa Lat chuyin sang
tinh Tuy^n OUc va cifThj trUdng Oa Lat kilm
Tinh trudng tinh Tuyen OCfe Chure vu niy
ddgc cu the hoi nhu mdt sU kit hdp giUa
hai toa thj chinh va toa hanh ehinh theo"sU
vu lenh 68 VP/NV" ngiy 9/11/1960, do Thj
trudng Oa Lat kiem Tinh trUdng Tuyen OUc
ky Tinh Tuyen OUc gdm thi xa Oa Lat va 3
quan Lae Duang, Odn DUdng, OCfc Trong; xa
Xuan Thp, ap Thii Phien luc nay thudc tdng
Phude Tho, quan Lac DUdng; xa Xuan TrUdng
thudc tdng Xuan Lac, quan Odn DUdng Do
vay, dan sdOi Lat nam 1960 da giim xuong
cdn 43.000 ngUdi" (Oy ban nhan dan thanh
phd O i Lat, 2008, tr.19) Bdi einh Ijeh sCf d i n
din sU bien ddng dan sd nay do phan ddng
din eU tif cic tinh lan can Oa Lat din tj nan
chien tranh, nhung sau dd khi tinh hinh tam
yen, hpquay trd ve que cu Mdt sd cdng nhan
ddn diln la dan cU cac ndi din Oa Lat lam
viee, cd ci nhQng ngudi miln Bae, nhan thay
tinh hinh on dinh da trd v l tham que nha
Lue dd, dpi "NgU lam quan" cua cuu hoang
BaoOai bi giai tan
Nam 1960, Oa Lat trd thinh mdt giao phin Giao phan O i Lat bao gom giao hat
Oa Lat, Oan Duang, OUc Trpng, Di Linh va Bio Ldc (Oy ban nhan dan thanh phd Da Lat, 2008, tr.391) Trong so 51.380 ngUdi c6 khoing 14.174 ngudi l i tin do Cdng giao so vdi nam 1952 chi cd 6.141 ngUdi theo Cong giio Din sd cua trung tam nay d i tang hon hai lan nhd sU gdp mat cua nhUng ngu'di
mien Bae di cd vao nam 1954 Do vay, Oa Lat hien cd 29 ca sdCdng giao, 15 ddng tu, 19
trudng hpc Cdng giao NhUng trUdng hpc nay, linh muc Parrel ghi nhin nam 1959, cung dupe nhilu ngUdi ngoai dao tin eay va
cd din 80% hpc sinh ghi danh hpe la ngUcri Cdng giio (Jennings, 2015, tr.470) Nam 1961, ehinh quyin Ngd Oinh Diem eho xay dung khu B trUdng Vd bj quoc gia
va nhUng"ap chiln iUde"deddn din vao cac trai tap trung Bao quanh ap l i hing rao day thep gai v i min vdi chilu cao khoing 1,5m Chinh quyin NgdOinh Diem da khuyin khicli ngUdi ThUdng tif eae vCing nCii don ve trung tim.Thing 7/1962, O i Lat la dia dilm cokha nhilu dandi cU npi tinh MdttdtrinhcCia CIA vilt: "Ngoai trCr tinh Tuyin OCfc (Oa Lat) nd
ed khoing 10.000 din dinh cd, nhilu ngifdi
trong sd dd can cd do an thUe udng va cac nhu yeu pham khac ngay lap tufe" (Jennings,
2015, tr.470) Cho d i n nhCfng nam eu6i cCia chl dp Ngd Oinh Dilm (1963), khi eudc chien leo thang, Oa Lat trd thanh mot minh dat quan trong trong chfnh sich eua chinh phO
Kenedy Cudc t i i dinh cd quy md Idn va doi
khi cudng bufc niy dUdc thiet k l tren quan diem tich din chung khdi inh hudng cCia Viet Cdng Hang ngan ap chien lUPc dJcJc thanh lap khap mien Nam Viet Nam Sau do, vao thing 6 nim 1965, My chuyin sang thi/c hien ehiln lupc "chiln tranh cue bd"di dUa din dot nhap cU cCia ngUdi miln Trung den
Oa Lat Theo da dd, tUc 5 nim sau khl chinli quyin Ngd Oinh Diem sup do (1963), Oa Lat cang minh ddn 16.000 ngUdi Viet nhipci/ mdi (Nguyen Vinh Nguyin,2016,tr.l4)
Trang 6Tap chi Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017
Anh hudng tU tinh hinh chinh tri roi ren
6 cac do thi miln Nam vao nam 1963 va
cudc Tong tien cdng va ndi diy Tet Mau Than
(1968), mdt bd phan ngUdi Viet d Hue da tCf
gia cddd, ehuyen eUvaoOa Lat.TU nim 1970
trd v l sau, do tinh hinh ehiln tranh, mpt so
thanh nien bj chinh quyen Viet Nam Cdng
hda bat di linh, mot bd phan d i n c u v l cae
lang phu can (cae huyen d Lam Odng) hay
v l que cu Mat khac, ed mdt bd phan dan cd
nguyen nhan kinh t l (bao gdm nhCfng nguyin nhin ed lien quan din dieu kiln sdng); f/iL?/io/
la nhdm ednguyin nhan phi kinhte (bao gdm cac nguyen nhin cd lien quan din ehfnh tri, tdn giao )
Tu" kit qui khao sit cho thay, vCing xuat
cu Idn nhat din O i Lat sau 1954 l i cic tinh
Bac Trung Bd, chCiyeu la eU dan Thanh Hda, Nghe An, Ha Tinh va Thifa Thien - Hue (39%)
v i Duyin hii Nam Trung Bd (31%), ehCi yiu
Bieu do 1 Bien dong dan so dDa LattCf 1954 den 1975
(Ngudn: So liiu do tdc gid tong hgp tUNien gidm thong ke)
ehuyen ddi noi cUtrCi, nen dan sdOa Lat nam
1975 chi cdn 85.833 ngUdi (Uy ban nhan dan
thanh phd Oa Lat, 2008, tr.9) Cd the tdm tat
sU biln ddng dan cu neu tren qua bieu do 1
2.3 Dgc diem dan cU
De tim hieu nguyin nhan vi sao cic hd di
chuyin den Oa Lat, tren cd sd bd bing hdi
da dupc chuan bj sin, ehung tdi d i lUa ehpn
ngau nhien de dien da va phdng van hd gia
dinh (210 hd) Cic nguyen nhin di chuyen cua
ngUdi Viet d i n Oa Lat sau 1954 cd the chia
thudc eae tinh Quing Nam, Quing Ngai, Binh Oinh v i PhCi Yen NgUdi dan din Oa Lat
thupe khu vdc miln Trung chilm hdn nCfa
tong sd dan nhap cU cCia O i Lat (70%), t i l p din l i ddng bang sdng Hdng ehilm 21%, trong dd chu yiu la dan cU tif eie tinh Nam Ojnh, Ninh Binh, Bae Ninh v i mdt phan thinh phd Ha Ndi Cae dja phUdng khac chi chilm 9%dinsdOaLat
Nguyen nhin chuyin cUciia mdt bd phin dan eu Bac Trung Bd d i n O i Lat thdi ky sau
Trang 7Bieu do 2 Nguyen quan cua nhuTng ngUbi di ciT
,,^ 1 4 % ^ 2 9%^10''''"
• Cac tiiiliimiii nui phia Bac
• O d n g b i i i g song Hdng
• Cac tuUiBic Trung Bp
• Duy 61 hai Nani Tnmg Bp
• Cac tinliTSy Nguyen
• DongNani Bp
• O d n g b a n g sdng Ci'm Long
(NguSn: Sd lieu dieu tra cda tdc gid ndm 2016)
39 0%
giio, edn mdt bd phin dan eU d ThUa Thien
- Hul den Oa Lat de trinh chien tranh Hau
hit, bd phan dan cU nay din Oa Lat thdng
qua mang lUdi xa hdi cCia nhUng ngUdl cCing
ddng hp hoae eung que da di cU din Oa Lat
trudc 1954 nhUOa Phu (phUdng 7) chO yeu
l i ngudi Thanh Hda; ap Nghe TTnh (phudng
8) ehu yiu la ngUdi Nghi An, HiTTnh; ap Anh
Sing (chu yiu la ngUdi Kl Mdn va PhUdc Yen
(ThUaThien-Hue)
Gidng nhUvltdau loang, ban dau nhUng
ngUdi din vung Duyen hii Nam Trung Bd di
chuyin din Tay Nguyen de tranh sUtruy bat
eua My - Nguy, sau dd hp vCra lam thue, vCfa
hoat ddng cich mang Theo khio sit cCia
ehung tdi tai dja bin x i Xuan TrUdng - ndi
cd ddng ngudi Viet d Duyen hai Nam Trung
Bd sinh sdng, trong khing chien chong My,
x i ed 127 liet sT que quan thudc cac tinh
Quing Nam (71 ngudi), Quing Ngai (31
ngUdi), cie tinh Binh Oinh, Phu Yen, Khanh
Hda (9 ngudi), 16 ngudi cdn lai thudc eie dja
phuang nhUThCfaThien - Hue, Nghe An, Hai
Phdng, Ha Tinh, Bae Ninh (Oy ban nhin dan
xa Xuan TrUdng cung cap, nam 2016)
Dudi thdi My - Nguy, cic dot di dan ngUdi Viet Iln Tay Nguyen van tilp tuc dupc duy tri, nhUng khie vdi thdi ky trUdc, ddt di cif nay da ed sU can thiep cua chfnh quyen Theo Chu Thai Sdn (1989), do chinh sach di dan eua ehinh quyen Ngd Oinh Diem, nhilu nhdm ngUdi Kinh tCr cac tinh mien Bae di cif vao Nam sau Hiep djnh Gidnevd ve Oong DUdng d i dupc dUa len Tiy Nguyen 6 bfi phin dan eU ddng bang sdng Hdng di cif vao Nam, trong dd cd Oa Lat chCi yiu vi ly
do tdn giao Theo "International Control Commission (ICC)", ddng bang Bac Bd la ndi qui t i i dan sd, thudng cd thiin tai, mat mua, xuat phat tCf nhilu cudc khdi nghTa nong dan ehdng lai cUdng hio ic ba Vao thdi diem nam 1954-1955, mien Bae chiu nan ddi Trong khi dd, dilu kien vit chat trong Nam de chiu hdn Oieu nay tic ddng den dan di eU" (Maleni, 1971, tr.38) Khac vdi cuoc phat ddng di cU eCia ngUdi Phap trUde nam
1954, eudc phat ddng ngUdi miln Bac di cif vao mien Nam eua My mudn quy tu nhCfng thanh phan chdng Cong trong sd giao daa ung hd eho Ngd Oinh Diem, gat nhUng the
Trang 8Tap chf Khoa hoc xa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017
lUe thin Phip d mien Nam khi dd Do viy,
nhieu trUdng hpp dan di cu l i nan nhan cCia
nhUng toan tfnh tren: "Phan Idn di dan la
ddng bao Cdng giio, cd eie vj linh muc lanh
dao" (Tda dai bleu ehinh phCi tai Cao nguyen
Trung phan, 1957, Hd sd 3004, tr.3) d Oa Lat
d i hinh thanh nen mdt sd dilm din eU tap
trung cua nhCfng ngudi eung mdt tdn giao
nhu Chi Lang (1955), Du Sinh (1955), Thanh
Mau (1955), Phit Chi (1957), Van Thanh
(1959), Bach Oang (1960)
Di dan la mdt hanh vi tinh toin ly tri, the
hiln sU mong mudn nang cao chat lupng
eupe sdng cCia c i nhan hay gia dinh hp tai
nPi djnh eUmdi Vi viy, ly dodi d i n ehinh la
kinh tl.Trong dd, dat dai la"edttC("eua nhUng
ngUdi ndng din Do do, di d i n de giii quylt
sU thilu thdn ve dat canh tic cCia cac hd gia
dinh ndng thdn d que nha Mat khae, dan
sd tang nhanh nen viee tach hd, hinh thinh
nhieu hp ndng din mdi dien ra kha manh me
tai khap eae vung ndng thdn dVilt Nam, dan
din nhilu hd khdng ed dat v i thilu dat sin
xuat Viec chap nhin di chuyen eung ddng
nghTa chap nhin nhUng thCf thieh song cdn
ddi vdi ngUdi di eU Phan Idn, hp d i u ed gang
giam thieu nhCfng rCii ro khi di ehuyin tdi
mdi trudng mdi Ndi nao rui ro cing thap,
tilm ning bu dap chi phi eing cao, su'c hdt
di chuyen den vung do cang ddng Oac biet
la ddi vdi nhdm d i n cd di chuyen vi ly do
kinh t l nhu mdt bd phan ngUdi mien Bae va
ngUdi miln Trung Trong "Td trinh v l edng
eudcdi dan djnh cU" cua Chinh sUvu Sd Di
-Oinh eU Viet Nam Cdng hda gCfi eho Tdng
Ciy trudng cd nhac d i n van de di dan vi ly do
kinh tIcCia bd phan dan cUmiln Bac:"Hpra
di neu sung sUdng thi d lai lam an, nlu eUc
khd han thi tim each trd v l lang eu" (Tda dai
bieu chinh phCi tai Cao nguyen Trung phan,
1957, Hdsd 3004, tr.2)
Trong dot di dan nay, eU dan mien Bac v i
mien Trung chu yiu la nhUng ngUdi ndng
dan trdng Ida d cac vung dong bang NhUng
Ung nhanh vdi dilu kiln mdi sinh eda Oa Lat,
dn dinh cupe sdng hPn so vdi nhdm di d i n mien Bae theo sUdilu dpng cda chinh quyin Diem Ngoai ra, sU chlnh lech giufa cae vung
ve tu nhien, phan bd din cU, lao ddng, phong tue tap quan sin xuat va trinh dp phit triln kinh t l - x i hdi cung la dilu kien thde day eae ludng di dan dOdng Nam Bd, ddng bang sdng CCfu Long, cic tinh miln nui phia Bac tdi nhip cU dTay Nguyen, trong dd cdOa Lat Viec ehon lUa Oa Lat l i dja ban nhap eU chd yeu sau nim 1954 cdn bdi If do: d diy cdn nhilu dat de sin xuat, ed the manh trdng cac loai rau, hoa, cay cdng nghiep mang lai thu nhap eao eho ngUdi di eU
Cung vdi cdng ddng di dan trUdc nam
1954, dan nhap eU sau nam 1954 cung cd nhUng ddng gdp cho sU phat triln eua nghi trdng rau, hoa thUdng pham dOa Lat nhUviec
hinh thanh cac lang trdng hoa Thai Phien va
VanThanh Nlu eUdan d i n Oa Lat trudc nim
1954 chCi yeu cu tru d khu vdc ndi thanh, bd
phan dan eUsau nam 1954 thudng dUde bd
t r i d cie vung ven edaOa Lat nhU phudng 5, phudng 6, phudng 7, phudng 9, phudng 11, phudng 12 va cic xa Xuin Trudng, Xuin Thp Sau nam 1954, ve cd ban Oa Lat van la "thanh phd hinh trdn nam nghieng ea v l phfa Tay
hd Ldn (ho Xuan HUdng ngay nay).OUdng si phan nhilu ed dd dde ngoan ngoeo, hai ben cac biet thU nam rdi rac, im lim, khuat tan trong xa.Vao nhUng budi ehilu gid lanh, ban tha than trin dudng se ed cim tUdng rang minh dang dgiCfamdtthanh phd ma ( ).Oa Latddnghdn vephia chd, con tim eda thanh phd, nam tren ngpn ddi eao, ngdi chp la nai tdng hdp mdtsdeUdan tCftUphUdng dove: Cae nha trdng rau eii ngoai thanh, eae nha lai budn tU nhufng vCing xa dem hang den,
ea nhUng ngUdi Thupng tu'nui rUng dem tho cam ra ban "(Khinh Giang, 1959) Mdt trong nhCfng die trung cua din di
cU d i n O i Lat sau nam 1954 - thudng di dan theo hd gia dinh Oilu nay dUdc phin
Trang 9chinh quyin Ngd Oinh Diem: "NgUdi nio
ddgc tan cU thi phii ed gang dUa gia dinh
di mdt lupt NhUng ngUdi cung mdt nghe
(nhin dan) hoae cung mdt xu hudng (doin
the) eung nen cung di mdt lUdt" (Tda dai
bieu ehinh phd tai Cao nguyen Trung phan,
1957, Hd Sd 1906, tr.2) Thdi ky nay, ngUdi
Viet thudng di dan theo lang:"Di eU phan
Idn l i di eU ei lang, ei xdm, ei hp hing ba
eon thin thfch, ed dd thanh phan xa hdi
(giau cd, ngheo cd, tri thUc cd, lao ddng
cd, thanh thj cd, thdn que ed) (Tda dai bieu
chinh phu tai Cao nguyen Trung phan, hd sd
3004, tr.2) d Oa Lat ed hai loai lang ap, mdt
loai do ngUdi di eU tai lap (trUde nam 1954)
va mdt loai khac dUde thiet lip theo cae quy
djnh hanh ehinh eda chfnh quyin Ngd Oinh
Diem lap nen nhU cac ap Thinh Mau (1955),
Thii Phien (1956), Oa Thien (1956), Chi Lang
(1957), Du Sinh (I960) Tuy nhien, sU phan
chia nay chi mang tinh quy Udc cua cu din
trong lang ap, lau dan trd thinh ten gpi
ehfnh thdc eda tUng dja vUc Chinh sU khae
biet ve dan cUgiUa cae vung miln da tao nen
sU da dang trong ddi sdng van hda Nhufng
ngudi tUThUa Thien - Hul tdi djnh cUdOa
Lat se mang theo nhilu net van hda truyin
thdng eda xU sd sdng HUdng - ndi NgU Binh
Nhufng ngUdl que Nghe TTnh da dUa tdi day
nhUng net van hda cda d i t Hdng Lam Hinh
trang eda nhufng ngUdi sinh ra tren dat Bac
din vdi cao nguyen nay la nhUng tinh hoa
cCia vung dat"ngan nam van hiln" NhCfng ai
tdi day tUvLing Nam-Ngai-Binh-Phu diu
khdng quen nip sdng eda td tien tren dii dat
"khu Nim dang dac khde rudt miln Trung"
Phan ddng, di din den Oa Lat nam 1954 d i u
theo mdt tdn giao nhat djnh nhU Phat giio,
Cdng giio, Cao Oil CU din gan nhU dong
nhat ve nghi nghiep, ddi sdng tam linh, lai
la di dan den thanh phd mdi ed kieu thdi t i l t
khie vdi ddng bang, nen hp eung la nhCfng
ngUdi phii hda ddng, nUdng tUa, doi dii vdi
nhau bang sU tCf te, tao nen khdng gian am
i p de cung tdn tai Oac biet la sinh tdn trong
cdng ddng "tuf xd" trUde sdre ep ehinh trj, sir canh tranh lam an eda ngUdi Hoa{trUdenam 1975)
Sau nam 1954, van de xiy cat nha d bat hop phap va ehilm dat lam vudn da lan trin dudi nhieu hinh thde lam tdn thuong
ve mT quan cda thanh phd Thdi gian nay,
ed hai hinh thifc chd yeu: "do cic gldi chu'c
cd quyin da ehilm dat trdng du trOr va do
thuang p h i binh (quan dpi Sii Gdn) hay ngudi t i n cU chilm dat xay cat nha d ngay tai khu trung tam vdi nhu'ng loai nha bang van Ipp tdn kieu 6 chudt (xuat hien sau Tet Mau Thin nam 1968va nhatii vio cudi nam 1971)" (Oy ban nhan dan thanh phdOi Lat,
2008, tr.307) Cd the ndi, chi trong m6t thdi gian ngan cd mdt lUdng Idn din eutip trung
ve thinh pho, khd tranh khdi niy sinh mot so vin d l lien quan nhU: nhUng ngdi nha ong xuat hien day die khdng phu hpp vdi quy hoaeh eda dd thj nghi dudng
Ket luan Ljch sCrdi cUva phattrien cda edng dong ngudi Viet d Oa Lat thdi ky 1954 din 1975 eho thay: Thdi ky niy, dan so ngUdi Viet 6
Oa Lat ehu yiu la gia ting ca hpc, chi trong
khoing hdn 20 nam da tang gap 3 lan trUdc 1954(22.232 ngUdi)
Oa Lat la nai thu hdt manh me dan di cif
cd td ehCfc va dan di eU tU do tU nhilu ndi d trong nUdc di chuyin d i n Odi vdi bd phan
di dan tU do chd yiu tim kilm phUdng thifc mUu sinh LUe day qua trinh di cU eua ngUdi Viet d Duyen hii Nam Trung Bd mdt phan
do ehiln tranh nen da tim den Oa Lat de tru
an Vdi bin tinh can eu ehiu khd cda ngUdi
miln Trung, ho da thich Ung ddgc vdi dieu kiln mdi sinh Oa Lat nhU vda lam thue, vifa
hoat ddng each mang 6 mdt bp phan dan
eUtai eie khu vdc Nam Bd, cic tinh mien nui
phia Bac, ddng bang Bac Bd va Bac Trung Bo
d i n Oa Lat chd yiu tim k l sinh nhai dvung dat mdi Odi vdi bd phan di dan cd td chiJc,
Trang 10Tap chiKhoa hocxa hoi mien Trung, So 4 (48) - 2017
sU va phat trien kinh te, tC/ sau 1954, chinh
quyen Ngd Oinh Diem va c h l dd thuc dan
mdi eda My da dua mdt bd phan dan eU tCr
ddng bang sdng Hdng va cac tinh Thanh
Hda, Nghe An thude Bae Trung Bd din Oa
Lat, trong do chd yeu la nhUng ngUdi theo
dao Cdng giao.Trong sd nhUng giio dan niy,
ed mdt bd phan ngUdi dan khdng thieh Ung
dupe vdi dieu kien sdng d day d i rdi di cic
tinh khac hoac trd v l q u i ed d l sinh sdng
Qua trinh di dan cda edng ddng ngUdi
Viet sau nim 1954 thudng di ehuyen c i ling,
hinh thinh nin mdt sd ap ndng nghiep mdi
d Oa Lat nhu Cao Ba Quit, Thinh Mau, Thii
Phien Chfnh viee to ehUc cic ap djnh eU
cho din theo kilu nhdm "dja phUPng", ed
Uu dilm l i tao nen sU hai hda thuan nhat,
nhUng lai cd nhUdc diem la duy tri tinh cue
bd dia phUdng theo tCfng vdng Oilu do se
la mpt "nep xau" gay he luy Idn v l sau, pha
vd nhilu trat tU gia trj dd thi d O i Lat thdi ky
nay
TAI Lieu THAM KHAO
1 Bd Tuyen truyin (1955), Tpi dc cda di
qudc My, phdi thuc ddn Phdp phdn hiip dinh
vd be Id Ngd Binh Diim trong dm mdu cUdng
ep vd du do dong bdo dl cUd Viet Nam, Ha Ndi
2 Cameron Allan W (1971), Vietnam Criss
A documentary history, Volume I: 1940-1956,
Ithaca/London
3 Cooney, J (1984), The American
Pope: The Life and Times of Francis Cardinal
Spellman, Crown
4 Corden W., Rindlay R (1975), "Urban
Unemployment, Intersectoral Capital
Mobility and Development Policy",
Economica
5 Khanh Giang (1959), "Oa Lat vdi du
khich", Thdi nay, Sai Gdn, sd 5
6 Oinh Quang Hi (2010), "Di dan ndng
thdn va vai trd eda nd ddi vdi sU phit trien
kinh te hd gia dinh d ndng thdn", tap chi
7 Harris J.R, Todaro M.P (1970), Migration, Unemployment, and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis, American Economic Review,
No.60
8 Hickey, Gerald C (1967), The highlands people of South Vietnam: social and economic development,The rand Coporration
9 Nguyin Quang HUng (2004),"Vai net v l eudc di cU cda giio dan Bac ky sau Hiep djnh
Gidnevd nam 1954" tap chi Nghien cdu Tdn gido, sd 6
10 Jennings, Erie T (2015), Dinh cao de qudc Dd Lat vd sUhUng vong cua Ddng Duong thupc Phdp (Pham Viem PhUdng, Bui Thanh
Chiu dieh), Nxb Hdng OCfe, Hi Ndi
11 Maleni, Mieszyslaw (1971), Warofthe Vanquished, Harper & Row, NewYork
12 Mendola M (2004), "Migration and Technological Change in Rural Households:
Complements or Substitutes", Journal of Development Economics, No.85
13 Nguyin VTnh Nguyen (2016), Od Lgt mpt thdi huang xa, Nxb Tre, Thinh phd Hd
ChiMinh
14 Phd Thu hiln Trung Viet (1953), Van t?e
mp nhdn cdng vd di ddn len Hodng trieu cuang thd miin Nam, Hdsd 2479 (luu tai Trung tam
lUu trU Qudc gia IV), O i Lat
15 Seth Jacobs (2004), America's Miracle Man in Vietnam: Ngo Dinh Diem, Religion, Race and U.S Intervention in Southeast Asia, 1950-1957 (Durham, NC: Duke University
Press)
16 Chu Thai San (1989), "Ve dan cu eda cac thanh phan dan tde hien ed d Lam Odng (13 nim sau ngay giai phdng)" tap chi Ddn
fpc hgc, sd 4
17 Tda Oai bilu chinh phu tai Cao nguyen
Trung phan (1957), Ho sa ve viic gidi quyit vdn de di cU cua dong bdo tgi Trung Viit ndm
1957, Hd Sd 1906 (lUu tai Trung tam lUu trU
Qude gia IV), O i Lat