Mpt hp ndng dan vdi 2 lao dpng, dfit canh tfic khdng q^ufi 1 ha, khdng ed tu each phap nhfin, thifiu vdn, khdng the ed tu thfi dfi dam phfin vdi ngudi bfin cfic yfiu td dfiu vfio cho sfi
Trang 11*^ Quan triet va thuc hien
nghj quy€t Bai hoi XII ciia Elang Top <hi C6ng mAn
BAO DAM VAI TRO CHU THE
CUA GIAI CAP NONG DAN VIET NAM TRONG PHAT TRIEN NONG NGHIEP
VA XAY DUNG NONG THON M o i
NGUYEN THI$\ NHAN *
Trong suot qud trinh xdy dtfng vd phdt trien dot nu&c, Ddng vd Nhd nu&c ta luon nhdn mgnh tdm quan trpng cua giai cdp nong dan, khu v^ ndng nghidp, nong thon Chinh sdch eda Ddng vd Nhd nu&c luon hu&ng dien phdt huy vai trb cua ngu&i ndng ddn trong sdn xudt nong nghifp vd mang lgi lpi ich cho ngu&i nong ddn Nhdng thdch thuc ddi v&i giai cdp nong ddn hifn nay doi hdi can cd nhirng gidi phdp hdv hifu phdt triin nong nghifp vd khu vfrc nong than, qua do, giai cdp nong ddn co ^iu kifn ndng cao vi the chinh tri ^^ bdo ddm quyin ldm chd eda minh
Van de dfit ra doi v61 ca cau lai
n^&nh ndng nghifp \k vj the cua giai
cap nong dan
Th\rc tiln xay d\mg vk bao v? To quoc,
cung nhu qua trinh cong nghidp hoa, hi^n
d^i hba (CNH, HDH) dk nuac, nh^t la CNH,
HDH nong nghidp, nong thon deu khang djnh
vai tro chien lu^c cua van de nong nghidp,
ndng dan, nong thon Dang ta coi nong dan va
nong thon la ca sa va la l^c lu<;mg quan trpng
de phat trien kinh te - xk hpi ben vung, on djnh
chinh trj, bao dam quoc phdng, an ninh; giD'
gin va ph^t huy ban sSc vkn hoa dan tpc, bao
v? moi trudng sinh thai
Qua hon 30 nam doi mai, nong nghi?p Vi?t
Nam da dat dupc nhung thanh tvu rat quan
trpng: tSng truong nhanh va on dinh trong
mpt thai gian dai; ca cau nong nghi?p chuyen
djch theo huang tich cyc; nang suit cac cay,
con khong ngimg tang len trong do co tren
10 lo^i cay, con co nang suat sinh hpc thupc
nhom cao nhat th^ gidi (ca tra, diSu, tieu
ca-phe, dira, cao-su, g?io ); san lupfng nhieu lo^i nong san ting nhanh, trong d6 c6 10 loai ndng pham xuat khau dung vao top 5 nudc xuat khau Idn nhat the gidi (tieu thu 1, dieu -thu 2, ca phe - thtr 2, san khd - -thu 2, rau qua tuai thii 2, dira thix 2, gao thir 3, thuy san -thu 3, cao-su - thir 3, ch6 - thir 3)
Tuy nhien, sau mpt giai doan ting tmdng nhanh, tong san pham nong nghipp trong nudc (GDP) cd xu hudng tang trudng ch^m l^i'" Ndng nghi?p Vi?t Nam cd 4 bSt c|ip van tdn
tai keo dai Mpt la, hi?n tugng "dupc miia rdt gia" nam nao ciing xay ra Hai Id, thi§u von la
* GS, TS, Uy vien BO Chinh trj, Chii tjch Uy ban Tning irong Mjt tr|n T 6 qu6c Vi?t Nam (I) Giam tir 4,5% giai do^n 1995 - 2000 xu6ng c6n 3,8% g!M dow) 2000 - 2005, lii 3,4% giai dojin 2006 • D$c b i ^ 6 thang dau nfim 2016, lan dau tien ting tnrcmg nganh nong nghi?p giim 0,18%, chinh vl vjy, 9
thdng tdm 2016, khu vyc nong, lam nghi$p vk thiiy san
chi t4ng trudng 0,65%
Trang 2hi?n tupng thudng xuyen vdi hiiu het cac hp
ndng dan, m§c dii da cd chinh sach ho trp cua
Nha nudc Ba Id, thu nhap cua ndng dan t h ^
han nhieu so vdi lao dpng trong cdng nghi?p
va dich vy Ndng nghiep chiem khoang 47%
lao dpng nhung chi ddng gdp 19% vao GDP
(nang suat lao dpng ndng nghi^ bang 40,4%
nang suat lao dpng binh quan ca nudc, nang
suat lao dpng cong nghi^ - dich vy bang
152,8% nang suAt lao dpng binh quan ca
nudc), tiic la nang suat lao dpng hay gia tri
gia tang binh quan ciia I ndng dan tao ra chi
bang 26,4% gia tri gia tang binh quan 1 lao
dpng trong cdng nghidp va dich vy t^o ra (Vi?t
Nam la nen kinh te cd 2 trinh dp ve nSng suat
lao dpng va 2 trinh dp ve miic sdng) Bon Id,
xuat khau ndng san khdng on djnh ve gia ca
va lupng, bt dpng trong tieu thy
Nguyen nhan tdng quat cua cac bat cap
keo dai trong ndng nghidp ciia Vi$t Nam la
sy khdng tuong thich cua quan h^ san xuat
va td chiic san xuat cua ndng nghidp vdi dieu
ki?n kinh te thj trudng hi?n nay va hpi nhap
qudc te
Da so hp ndng dan nudc la, nhimg dan vj
san xuat ca ban trong ndng nghi^, rat nhd
ve tiem luc kinh t^, san xual dan !e va khdng
tuong thich vdi kinh tk thj trucmg va hpi nh?p
quoc te hi?n nay Theo thong ke ciia Bp Ke
hoach va Dau tu, nam 2011 nudc ta cd 11,9
tri?u hp san xuat ndng nghiq), trong dd 35%
sd hp cd di?n tich canh tac dudi 0,2ha, tuang
duong mpt mieng dat cd chidu rpng 40m va
chi^u dai 50m, 69% so hp cd di?n tich dudi
0,5ha va 80% sd hp ndng dan cd di?n tfch canh
tic dudi Iha, chi 20% sd hp cd di?n tich Idn
han Iha Ca nudc cd 10,36 lri?u hp trdng cay
hang nam, binh quan moi hp chi cd 0,62ha;
5,1 tri?u hp trdng cay lau nam va moi hp chi
canh tac tren di$n tich binh quan 0,7ha Ca
nudc cd hon 4 tri?u hp nudi Ipn, trong dd 77%
sd hp nudi dudi 5 con, cd 7,9 tri?u hp nudi ga
thi 90% sd hp nudi dudi 49 con
Hi?n nay, binh quan mpt hp ndng dan cd
2 lao dpng va 2 ngudi phy thupc Trong ldng
sd 21 tri^u lao dpng ndng nghi?p thi 97,05% khdng dupc dao tao cd chung chi \c nghe nghidp, chi cd 1,5% dupc dao tao trinh dp sa cap, 1,23% trinh dp trung cfip va 0,21 % trinh
dp cao dang, dgi hpc Nhu vay, lyc lupng chu
Iuc ciia ndng nghipp nudc ta \k han 10 tripu
hp ndng dan, vdi binh quan chi cd 2 lao dpng/
hp, hau het chua qua dao tgo nghe, di?n lich
dat canh Mc dudi jha (80% sd hp), thieu vdn
thudng xuyen N^u canh tic dpc l^p, rieng
le thi sire manh kinh te ciia hp ndng dan rat nhd be, kha nang chiu dung nii ro rat thap,
tinh tr^g thoat ngheo rdi tii ngh^o xii dl xay
ra D6 lien ket cac hp nhd 16 thanh cac dan
vi kinh t^ ldn han, tii lau ehting ta da cd chii
truong va chi dao hinh thanh ckc hpp tac xa
(HTX) Tuy nhien, do nhieu nguyen nhan nen
cd mpt thdi gian dai nhan thiic cua chiing ta
ve ban chat va vai Ird HTX trong ndng nghi?p chua phil hgp vdi quy luat phat trien HTX nhu d cae nude khac trong ban 150 nam qua
Vi vay, tac dyng va hi?u qua ciia HTX cdn han ehe Theo Bp Ndng nghi?p va Phat trien ndng thdn va Ban Kinh le Trung uong, ea nude hi§n cd han 10.000 HTX ndng nghidp, Ihu hiit khoang 45% lao dpng ndng nghi?p
Da sd ckc HTX chi cung cap mpt so dau vao
cho thanh vien HTX, nhu gidng, phan bdn, thuc an, nhung hon 90% sd HTX khdng quan
tam den difiu mk thanh vien HTX quan tam
nhat, dd la tieu thy sdn pham ciia hp thanh vien HTX Hipn nay, cac HTX hoat dpng hipu qua ehi lien ket, ho trp dupc khoang 5% sd hp ndng dan ca nudc, cdn 95% so hp thyc chfit
la san xuat theo phuang thiie ty phfit; ty quyet dinh trdng cay gi, nudi con gi, ban san pham khdng theo hpp dong cho thuang nhan, khdng biet trudc ai s6 mua, mua vdi gifi nao vfi khoi lupng bao nhieu Trong bdi cfinh 95% sd hp ndng dfin khdng dupc cac HTX dy bfio nhu cfiu sfin phfim, quy hoach san xufit vfi tieu thy san phfim cho hp thi cfic ddi hdi rfit hpp ly ve nguyen tfic, nhieu chinh sfich ho trp cho ndni
'?
dan va cic doi hoi ciia hpi nh|p qudc ti dot
voi gjn 10 tri$u hp nong dan la kh6 Icha thi
Trang 3Hipn nay, nen ndng nghiep nudc la dang
tdn tai sau mau thuan sau:
Mpt Id, sdn xudt trong ca che thf tru&ng
song lpi khong biet nhu cdu thi tru&ng Vdi
quy md binh quan mdi hp ndng dfin cd 2 lao
dpng, dien tich canh tac khdng qufi 1 ha, 97%
sd lao dpng khdng qua dao tao nghe nghipp
thi cac hp nay khdng du kha nfing nghien cihi
th} trudng, khdng the dy bao thj trudng va 1^
ke hoaeh san xuat ciia minh theo nhu cau thj
trudng Chi cd HTX vfi cfic doanh n ^ p p cd
bp phan chuyen trfich dugc dfio tao ve phfin
tich thj Irudng vfi sii dyng thdng tin thi tnrdng
do cfic CO quan nha nudc cung cap thi mdi biel
nhu cau ciia thj trudng
Hai Id, hp ndng ddn cdn vay von song
khdng du dieu kifn vay vdn Mpt hp ndng dan
vdi 2 lao dpng, dfit canh tfic khdng qua 1 ha,
khdng cd tfii san the chfip, khdng cd tu cfich
phfip nhan, khdng the la ddi tfic thyc sy cua
cac ngan hang de dupc vay theo chinh sfich
uu dfii ciia Nha nudc Ngan hfing khdng the
cho 10 tripu hp ndng dfin rieng le nhu way vay
mfi tin rfing cd the thu hdi vdn d hfiu het cfic
trudng hpp Chi khi cac hp lien ket lgi thanh
HTX thi HTX hudng dan cho thanh vien HTX
san xuat theo ke hoaeh, tieu thy sfin pham theo
hpp ddng HTX da ky ket gifim sfit, giup nhau
fip dyng gidng vfi l^ thugt mdi thi cfic ngfin
hang mdi cd the cho hp vay thdng qua sy bao
dam bfing cfic ke hogch san xuAt - kinh doanh
ciia HTX Hipn nay, vipc cho hp ngu dan vay
de ddng tfiu mdi dfi yeu cfiu hp ngu dan phai lfi
thfinh vien cua HTX ho$c td sfin xufit ngu dan
tren bien
Ba Id, ndng sudt tdng lien tuc song thu
nhgp ldng rdt chgm Mpt hp ndng dfin vdi 2
lao dpng, dat canh tfic khdng qufi 1 ha, phai
lam de nudi -4 ngudi la dieu rat khd khfin
Theo kinh nghipm qudc tfi dfi ndng dfin ed
thu nhap nudi dupc minh vfi gia dinh vdi miic
sdng tmng binh, binh quan mpt hp phfii cd it
nhfit 2 ha dfit Trong bdi canh cfic hp ndng dfin
khdng thfi tfing dupc dipn tich dfit canh tfic thi
hp chi cdn I con dudng ngSn han la ting nfing
sufit cay, con, h o ^ dai han la phai chuyen ddi sang nudi trdng cac cfiy, con cd hipu qua cao han Vdi sy lao dpng cfin cii, sang tgo ciia ndng dan ca nudc, nfing sufit cac cay, con chii lyc ciia nudc ta khdng ngimg tang ien Vi du nhu liia, nam 1992 nfing sufit binh quaji cua chfiu A la 2,95 tfin/ha, cdn ciia Vipt Nam Ifi 2,5 tfin/ha E)fin nfim 2012, nang sufit iua binh quan ciia chfiu A tang len 4,5 tfin/ha, cdn ciia Vipt Nam dfi tfing len 5,63 tfin/ha Nhu vgy, uong vdng 20 nfim, nfing suat liia binh qufin ciia chau A tfing 1,55 tfin/ha, cdn cua Vipt Nam
la 3,13 tfin/ha Vipt Nam dfi nfim trong s6 cfic nudc cd nfing sufit liia binh qufin cao nhat the gidi Cfi tra ciia ta cd nfing suat binh qufin 270 tfin/ha, diJng dau the gidi, cdn nudc dumg thii
2 lfi In-dd-nfi-xi-a vdi nfing suat Ifi 107 tan/ha, thtr 3 la Thai Lan vdi 78 tfin/ha Nfing suat ciia Phi-lip-pin la 10 tfin/ha, cdn ciia My la 5 tfin/
ha Van dfi d$t ra lfi, vi sao nfing suat liia vfi
ca ua ciia ta khdng ngiing tfing lfin, thupc logi hang dfiu the gidi, ma ngudi trdng liia va nudi cfi tra van cd thu nhfip thfip Ifi bifiu hipn ci^ thfi cua nguy co "bay thu nhgp trung binh" M$c dil nfing sufit lfing, song gifi cfic nguyfin vgt lipu dfiu vfio cung tfing, gifi dau ra khdng tfing, thgm chi giam, nfin thu nhap thyc te ciia ngudi ndng dan khdng tfing bao nhifiu Mpt hp ndng dan vdi 2 lao dpng, dfit canh tfic khdng q^ufi
1 ha, khdng ed tu each phap nhfin, thifiu vdn, khdng the ed tu thfi dfi dam phfin vdi ngudi bfin cfic yfiu td dfiu vfio cho sfin xufit, nhu gidng, phfin bdn, thudc bao vp thuc vfit, thiic fin chfin nudi, thudc thu y Hp ndng dan mua vdi sd lupng it, den vy phfii mua, vi khdng mua se qufi thdi \u thi vipc timg hp ndng dan
bi ep gifi mua cao ia tfit yeu Timg hp ndng dfin vdi san lupng it khdng die ky hpp ddng cung cfip san phfim cho eac sieu thi, trung tam thuong mgi ma phai bfin cho tu thuang Cac
hp ndng dan rieng le khdng the dam phan vdi
tu thuong de ban san phfim, vi san pham rat
it sfin phfim, den vu phai thu hogch nen hp phfii bfin de ed tien tra np vay dfiu vy san xuat,
de lau cang gifim gia vi \ay, hp ndng dan bi
Trang 4ep gifi bfin dfiu ra thap Ifi tfit yfiu Thi trudng
dfiu vao va dfiu ra cac sfin pham ndng nghipp
nudc ta thyc chfit chua phdi Id thj tru&ng cgnh
tranh md Id thi tnrang do ngu&i bdn dau vdo
ngu&i mua ddu ra chi phdi, cdn hp ndng dfin
sfin xufit rieng lfi thi yfiu the, khdng binh dang,
chju thipt thdi Vi vgy, chi cd HTX vdi siie
mua gfip hang chyc, hang trfim lan mpt hp mdi
cd siic mgnh kinh tfi dfi lua chpn doanh n ^ f i p
bfin dfiu vao vfi mua dfiu ra, dfim phfin ve gia
cfi 10 tripu hp ndng dfin don le la 10 trieu hp
ndng dan yfiu the tren thi trudng dau vao va
thj tnrdng dau ra Nfiu binh quan cir 100 hd
-300 hd thanh lgp mpt HTX thi tir 10 tripu hp
ndng dfin sfi htnh thanh khoang 33.000 HTX
-100.000 HTX la nhiing phfip nhfin kinh tfi, cd
siic mgnh kinh tfi, dfi thyc sy tgo ra thj trudng
dfiu vao, dfiu ra cd tinh cgnh tranh Chi khi dd,
nfing suat nudi, trdng tfing mdi dan dfin tfing
thu nhgp thyc sy cho ngudi ndng dfin
Bdn Id nong ddn cdn lien ket v&i doanh
nghifp de sdn xudt vd tieu thu sdn phdm, song
mdi doanh nghifp khdng the lien kit true tiep
v&i hdng vgn hp ndng ddn rieng le Mpt trong
nhihig gifii phap cd the ho trp ngudi ndng dfin
lfi eac doanh nghipp lien ket vdi ndng dfin
dfi san xuat, che bifin va tifiu thy san phfim
Nhung vdi nfing lyc cd hgn, mpt doanh nghipp
cung khd ma ciing mpt liic lifin kfit vdi 1.000
hp ho$c 5.000 hp ndng dfin de hudng dan hp
sfin xufit ciing mpt logi cay, nudi ciing mpt logi
con vfi gifim sat hp hfing ngfiy thyc hi^n quy
trinh sfin xuat hipn dgi, dong bp Cdng ty cd
phfin Bao vp thyc vgt An Giang (nay la T ^
doan Lpe Trdi) la mpt ngogi Ip Vdi tinh efim
sfiu sfic vdi ndng dan, Cdng ty dfi ky hpp ddng
lien kfit vdi han 20.000 hp ndng dfin d cic tinh
ddng bfing sdng Ciiu Long dfi san xufit trfin
cfic cfinh ddng ldn Cdng ty ho trp ndng dfin vfi
gidng chfit lupng cao, hudng dan quy trinh sfin
xufit hipn dgi va tifiu thy hfit liia cho ndng dfin
E)fi lam dupe difiu nfiy, Cdng ty phai phfit trien
mpt dpi ngii hudng din vifin mpng dong (ky
thugt vifin "3 cung") gdm hop 1.200 ngudi la
cac cfin bp tot nghipp trung efip ho$c cao dfing
ndng nghipp, bmh quan mpt hudng dfin vien hudng dan 20 hp - 25 hp ndng dfin Song dfin nay, Cdng ty ciing khdng the md rpng each lfim nay hon ntia mfi dfi dfi xufit can thfinh I ^ cac HTX kieu mdi dfi ndng dfin ty quan Cdng
ly van hd trp ndng dfin va tieu thy san pham cho HTX, song ddi tfic ciia Cdng ty khdng phfii hang vgn hp ndng dan mfi chi la cac HTX Hipn nay Tgp doan Lpe Trdi dang trifin khai kfi hogch hd trp thanh lgp khoang 200 HTX nong nghipp lir 20.000 hp ndng dfin dfi lien kei vdi Tgp doan thdi gian trudc
Ndm Id, thf trtr&ng ddi hdi sdn phdm ndng nghifp phdi cd chimg nhpn chdt luang sdn phdm vd xudt xir hdng hda song cdc ca quan qudn ly chdt lupng sdn phdm khong the gidm sdt trgc tiep hdng trieu hp ndng ddn rieng le
San pham cua ndng dan mudn tifiu thy vdi quy
md ldn vfi xufit khau phai cd chiing nhgn chfit lupng sfin phfim va xufit xii hang hda, dfiy lfi ddi hdi hpp ly Song, khdng mpt td chiic kiem tra va chiing nhan chfit lupng sfin p h ^ nfio cd the kiem tra, c ^ ehiing nhgn vfi tfii kifim tra chat lupng eho 10 tripu hp ndng dan vdi quy
md canh tfic khdng qua 1 ha, ehi cd 2 lao dpng, trdng nhieu logi cfiy, nudi nhifiu logi con khfic nhau Bfin than chi phi dfi dfing ky nhan hipu hfing hda, kifim dinh vfi chiing nhgn chfit lupng sfin phfim sfi lfi qufi cao ddi vdi timg hp ndng dfin Chi cd HTX vdi quan hp chfit chfi vdi thfinh vifin HTX, hudng dan vfi gifim sat lan nhau, vdi quy hogch san xufit cd tinh dn djnh, vdl lyc Iupng chuyfin trfich vfi khoa hpc - cdng nghp, cd tu cfich phfip nhfin mdi Ifi doi tfic cua cfic td chiic kifim tra vfi chung nhgn vfi chfit lupng sfin phfim, chimg nhgn xult xii hfing hda
Sdu Id, ndng ddn cdn img dung cdc tiin bp khoa hpc - *v thudt, song cdc td chtrc nghien cuu dfchvu khoa hpc - cong nghf khong thi hu&ng ddn true tie/? cho hdng irifu hp ndng ddn rieng ie Thyc tfi dfit ra ddi hdi ngudi ndng
dfin phfii lien kfit vdi cfic nha khoa hpc Cac
CO quan nghifin ciru khoa hpc vdi lyc lupng khuyen ndng cua Nha nude khdng nhifiu, kinh phi hgn che, cfic nhfi khoa hpc, cfin bp khuyfin
Trang 5ndng khdng thfi di hudng dfin, chuyen giao
cdng nghp cho 10 trifiu hp ndng dan rifing le
Chi khi cd HTX vdi cfic hp ciuig trdng mpt
loai cfiy, nudi mpt logi con, vdi mdt sd cfin bp
ky thugt ciia chinh minh, mdi la cac ddi tac
ciia cac nha khoa hpc vfi can bd khuyfin ndng
dfi cd thfi chuyfin giao gidng mdi, tien bp khoa
hpc - ky thugt mdi cd hipu qua
Tdm lgi, chimg nao mfi nfin sfin xufit ndng
nghipp nudc ta cdn chu yeu vfin lfi eac hd
rieng Ifi, khdng lifin ket vdi nhau, thi 10 tripu
hp ndng dfin vfin mai lfi 10 tripu hp yfiu thfi
vfi cfic yfiu cfiu rat hpp ly ve hipn dai hda san
xufit ndng nghipp, cfic chinh sach vfi tin dyng,
dfio tgo, lien kfit vdi cfic nhfi khoa hpc sfi rat
khd thyc thi, sau mau thuan ndi trfin da ton
tgi hfing chyc nfim se tifip tyc tdn tgi Cdc hd
ndng ddn v&i nhirng dgc diem nhu dd chi ra
khdng the thuc hifn ddng th&i 3 chirc ndng
cua dan vf kinh te trong ca che thf iru&ng:
nghifin ciiu thj trudng vfi quy hogch sfin xuat
theo nhu cfiu thj tmdng vfi lpi thfi ciia mmh, td
chiic sfin xufit hipu qufi cao vfi td ehiic tieu thy
sfin phfim Thyc lfi cfic hp ndng dfin Vipt Nam
chi ed the lam dupc chirc nfing lfi td chtic sfin
xufit hipu qufi cao, song khdng thfi lam duac 2
chuc nfing cdn lgi Gifii phfip ca bfin cho cac
mau thuan nay chinh Ifi thfinh lgp cfic HTX
kieu mdi, theo Lugt Hpp tfic xa nfim 2012 vfi
cfic HTX kieu mdi do ndng dfin sang tgo dfi ra
ddi trudc nfim 2012
Dfi phfit huy vai trd chu the ciia ngudi
ndng dfin, rat can thifit dfiy manh qufi trinh
CO efiu lai ngfinh ndng nghipp, vdi nhung
gifii phfip du mgnh giiip thay ddi cfin bfin
nhgn thiic, hfinh dpng cua ngudi dfin, ddng
thdi can nhiing chinh sfieh hpp ly dfi tgo dieu
kipn, mdi tmdng thugn Ipi dfi ngudi dfin ehu
dpng vfi tich cyc td ehiic sfin xuat, cfii thipn
thu nhgp, gdp phfin phfit trien khu vyc ndng
thdn dn djnh vfi bfin vung
Nghj quyfit Dgi hpi XII ciia Dfing dfi chi rd:
eo eau Igi ndng nghipp gfin vdi xfiy dyng ndng
thdn mdi, t ^ trung thyc hipn ddng bp, hipu
qufi cac gifii phfip phfit trifin ndng nghipp bfin
vOng, xfiy dyng ndng thdn mdi vfi cai thipn ddi sdng cua ndng dan Dfiy mgnh ca cfiu lai ndng nghiep theo hudng xay dyng nen ndng nghifip cdng nghfi cao, hang hda ldn; tfing cudng iing dyng tien bp khoa hpc - edng nghp, nang cao chat lupng, hipu qufi va siic canh tranh; bfio dfim phfit trien bfin vOng, an ninh luong thyc qudc gia vfi ve sinh an tofin thuc phfim Dfic bifit, Dgi hpi XU cua Dang tiep tyc khfing djnh quan difim cua Dgi hpi XI la "Xay dyng, phat
huy vai trd cua giai cdp nong ddn, chu thfi ciia
qufi trinh phfit trifin ndng nghipp, xay dyng ndng thdn mdi"*'*- Dfiy Ifi sy khfing djnh diing dan, cfin thifit cua Dfing ta nhfim khai day, phfit huy mpi tifim nfing, ngudn lyc ciia ndng dan, ndng thdn trong sy nghipp phfit trifin kinh tfi - xa hpi, vfin hda va bfio dam nhiing quyen Ipi chinh dang cua ndng dan
PhAt triln ckc HTX kilu mdi v^
Li£n hi^p HTX, phit Kuy vai trd cua
H$i Ndng dSn yk Li£n minh HTX Vi|t
Nam, phoi hgrp gijra Mfit tr^n T S quoc
Vift Nam yk H9i Ndng dan Vift Nam,
Lien minh HTX Vift Nam trong co cau lai nong nghiep, bdo dam vai trd chu the cua giai cap ndng dSn
Co cfiu Igi sfin xuat ndng nghipp trong difiu
kipn kinh tfi thj tmdng djnh hudng xfi hpi chu nghla, hpi nhfip qudc tfi, vfi bfin chfit, lfi thay ddi tu duy ve sfin xufit ndng nghipp, sfin xufit theo nhu cfiu thj tmdng, xuat phfit tir nhu cfiu vfi yfiu cfiu thi tmdng ma td chiic lgi sfin xufit dfi dgt hipu qufi kinh lfi cao nhfit cho ngudi
ndng dan vfi dfit nudc pCem hinh 1)
Hinh 1 bifiu hipn chudi sfin xufit ndng nghipp khdng thay ddi trong qufi trinh ca cfiu lgi, trong dd quan hp cac bfin khdng thay ddi, deu Ifi quan hp thi tmdng:
- Thj trudng d l u vao (1-2)
- Thi tmdng dfiu ra (2-3)
- Thi trudng sfin phfim tmdc ehfi bifin (3-4)
(2) Van ki^n Dai hqi dgi biiu loan quoc lan thu XU,
V5n ph6iig Trung ucmg Dang, Hii Npi 2016, tr 161
Trang 6ffinh 1: Chudi san xuat ndng nghipp
Sfin xult
dau vao —*•
(1)
Gi^g
Vattu
' Cdngcy
• Thi^ H lao
dpng
• Nfing Iirpng
Sfin xuat
ndogn^pp
(2)
r Cfiy
'- Con
Thu mua sfin fdiAm
• ndng nghi^
(3)
Chebien,
** bao quan
(4)
Phan ph6i (5)
Thj trudng
(6)
j - Gan
U Xa
' - Xuat khau
- Thf uudng sfin phfim trudc phfin phdi (4-5)
- Thi trudng sfin phfim tifiu diing cudi ciing
(5-6)
6 dfiy, xuat hipn mpi sd van de trong chudi
san xufit ndng nghipp, dd la:
a) Ndng dfin cfi thfi ty mua dfiu vao, ban
dfiu ra (1-2, 2-3), phy thupc vao yeu td thdi
vy: khdng bfin dupc ho§c khd ban sfin phfim
vi bj ep gifi, chfit lupng do bfit lpi the ciia hp
ndng dfin trong dam phfin vdi ngudi bfin dau
vfio (cd td chiic, lifin kfit) vfi ngudi mua dfiu ra
(cd td ehiic, lifin kfit)
b) HTX mua dau vao (1-2), HTX ban dfiu
ra (2-3): HTX cd sire mgnh kinh tfi dfi dfim
phfin mua dfiu vfio, bfin dfiu ra cd lpi cho hp
ndng dfin xfi vifin cua HTX
c) Chfi bifin, bfio qufin: mua le (3-4), ban
si(4-5):
- Neu khfiu ehfi bifin, bfio qufin (4) lfi cac hp
cfi the thi sfi bj cac cdng ty phfin phdi (ban si,
bfin le) (S) ep gifi vfi dieu kipn bfin vi cfic hp
khdng ed khfi nfing dfim phfim vfi gifi vfi dieu
kipn bfin
- Nfiu khau phfin phdi (5) la Lifin hipp
HTX'" cua cfic HTX sfin xuat (2+3+4) thi cfic
HTX san xufit, cfic hp ndng dfin chi phdi lifin
hipp HTX (5) (phyc vy lpi ich ciia eac HTX)
vfi lifin hipp HTX (5) cd nfing lye dam phan
vdi doanh nghipp thuang mai hofie lifin hiep
HTX (5) CO hp thdng tifiu thy rieng va tryc
tiep xufit khfiu
Nhu vgy, cd thfi thay, vai trd chu thfi cua hO ndng dan Vipt Nam trong qua trinh co cfiu lgi nganh ndng nghipp dupc thyc hipn ve kinh le qua vipc hhih thfinh chuoi lifin kfit: H$ ndng dan - HTX - lifin hipp HTX Hpp tfic xfi vfi lifin hipp HTX cd thfi ty hpp ddng vdi doanh nghipp tifiu thy san phfim hofic tryc tifip xual khfiu vfi tifiu thy qua chuoi cira hfing, sifiu thj rieng cua minh
Xem xfit eac hinh thiic ca bfin trong lifin ket sfin xu^t ndng nghipp nhu sau;
1- Hp ndng dfin khdng lien kfit (Xem so
do I)
- Hp ndng dan tfi chu dfil (ho$c cd quyen
khai thfic bifin)
- Hp nong dan mua tryc tifip cac nguyfin lipu dfiu vfio, sd lupng it, khdng bfio dfim dupc chfit lupng, khdng dfim phan dupc gifi mua (gifi cao) Hp ndng dan bfin san pham eho tu thuang sd lupng it, khdng thuang hipu, bj fip gifi, ep chfit lupng Difiu nfiy dan den h0 ndng dfin bj Iep vfi bdi khdng cd nfing lyc dam phfin trfin cfi 2 thi tmdng dfiu vfio, dfiu ra Nfing suat ciia hp ndng dan cd thfi rat cao, song thu nhgp van rat thap vi bi ep gifi 2 dfiu Vdi quy md dat binh quan ciia 1 hp ndng dfin khoang 3.000ra^
-(3) Lien hi?p HTX \k rapt don vj kinh t^ hpp tAc do
cic HTX c6 ciing lpi ich l$p ra dfc ticu thy san p h ^ cua
cic HTX thinh vign v i cung cap dlu vio cho cic HTX
thinh v\&a
Trang 7Saddl
Cac doanh Q^iipp
cung cap dau vao (1) Mua dau Hp HODA dan ^^^^^ *^ san xuat (2) Ban Tnmg gian mua
nong san (3) GioDg
Thifit bi
Phan bon
- Thuoc bao vp
thyc V9t
Cdng nghp mdi
Sadd2
Thi t m d n g dau vao 4 _ Doanh nghipp
H p n d n g dan 1
-»>Thj trudng dau ra
.CIX
HpDOlg
d a n 2
H p n d o g dfin 3
S.OOOnr (80% sd hp ndng dan cd dipn tich dfit
dudi Iha), mdi hp binh qufin ed 2 lao dpng,
97° 0 lao dpng ndng nghipp khdng qua dfio tgo
CO ban \e nghfi ndng, vdn hfiu nhu khdng cd,
thi c ^ hp ndng dan rifing lfi khdng dii difiu
kipn dfi tgn dyng cac hd trp ciia N'ha nudc \ k
ling dyng tifin bp khoa hpc - cdng nghp
2- Hp ndng ddn ldm thue cho doanh
nghifp (Xem sa dd 2)
- Hp ndng dan la chu dfit
- Doanh n ^ i p p n ^ f i n ciru thi trudng,
quyel dinh san xufit cai gi, bao nhifiu, tieu thy
thfi nfio, dieu kipn hpp ddng \ di cac hp ndng
dan lfim thue ra sao, cung cap cfic dau vfio,
hudng dan ky thugt, kifim sofit hp ndng dfin
tuan thii ky thugt
Vdi hinh thuc nav hp ndng dfin khdng
dupc sy hd trp ciia Nha nudc vfi vay vdn, dfio
tgo, ling dyng tifin bp khoa hpc - cdng nghp
(doanh nghipp chiu trach nhipm) Doanh
n ^ p p bao tifiu sfin phfim, gifi mua san i^iam
nmig dan khdng dam phfin dupc Ndng dan Ip
thupc hofin tofin vao doanh nghipp, nfiu doanh nghipp thay ddi chinh sfich thi ndng dan phai chfip nhgn, hofic bd hpp ddng lgi trd thfinh hp sfin xufit cfi thfi
Vi dy: Cdng ty cd phan Bao vp thyc vfit An Giang (sau nfiy lfi Tap doan Lpe Trdi) dfi hpp ddng vdi 20.000 hp ndng dan dfi sfin xufit liia
3- Hp ndng ddn lien ket thdnh lap HTX (Xem sa do 3)
- Ndng dfin la chii dfit, chii sd hCni chudng
trgi, tu lipu sfin xufit ciia rifing minh, ehiu trach nhipm vfi id chiic sfin xuat, hipu qua san xufit ciia minh (sd hiru kep ciia udng dfin: vdn gdp vfio HTX vfi von dfiu tu san xufit ciia rifing minh)
- HTX nghifin ciiu thj tmdng, quyet djnh sfin xufit cfii gi bao nhieu, sfin xufit nhu thfi nfio, hpp ddng bfin dfiu vao cho cfic hp ndng dfin mua dfiu ra eiia cfic hp ndng dfin, ban cac dau vfio (HTX hgch lofin khdng lo) gia thfip hon thi trudng bfin le, kifim sofit dupc chfit lupng dfiu vao (mua tgn gde, sd lupng ldn)
Trang 8- HTX tifiu thu san phfim ciia cfic hd: cd
kha nfing dam phan cao (quy md ldn, chat
lupng ddng nhfit, kifim sofit dupc chfit lupng,
an tofin thye phfim)
- HTX ho trp hudng dan ky thuat mdi, giam
sat tuan thii cfic yeu cau chat luong, lgp quy
dy phdng nii ro ciia HTX de hd trp ndng dan
khi g^p rui ro (hach toan kep trong HTX: hgch
tofin ciia cfic hd ndng dan (thu nhfip cua hd) va
hgch tofin ciia HTX (thu nhap ciia HTX))
- HTX xay dyng thuang hieu, lya ehpn ddi
tac tifiu thy sfin phfim, cd the xfiy dyng cfic ciia
hang tifiu thy sfin phfim rifing, nha kho diing
chung cho cfic xfi vien
- Lifin minh HTX hd trp dfio tgo cfin bp
quan ly, hudng dfin xay dyng kfi hogch san
xuat - kinh doanh, giam sat (kiem loan cfic
HTX) kifim soat kep (HTX t\j kifim soat qua
hpi nghj thanh vien, ban kifim sofit cua HTX
vfi lifin minh HTX kifim tofin, lu vfin)
- HTX vdi lye lupiig chuyfin trach ve ky
thugt, cdng nghfi, ve kfi hogch - tfii ehinh, vfi
tifiu thy sfin pham, ed tfii sfin rifing, cd tu each
phfip nhfin ehinh la ddi tac thieh hpp dfi tifip
nhgn sy ho trp ciia Nha nudc cho cac hp ndng
dfin: vay vdn, chuyen giao tifin bp khoa hpc
-cdng nghp, dfio tgo, dfing ky nhfin hipu hang
hda
Md hinh lifin ket san xufit qua HTX vfi hd
try ciia lifin minh HTX bao dfim tinh tu chu
cao ciia ngudi ndng dfin, hp ndng dfin khdn^
mfit dfit dai, tfii sfin rieng (ed quyfin chi phdi
HTX) Tuy nhifin, nfing lye nghien cinj thi
tmdng, ty ticu thy sfin phfim ciia mpt sd HTX
mdi cdn yfiu
Sadd 3
Vi dy: HTX chfin nudi gia sue, gia cam Quy Hien, tinh Lao Cai; HTX ndng nghipp Long Binh, tinh An Giang; HTX nong iighipp dich vu Cdng bfing Ea Kifil, tinh Dfik Lak
4- Hp nong ddn lien ket qua HTX vd HTX lien ket gua thdnh lap lien hifp HTX tieu thu sdn phdm vd cung cdp ddu vdo cho HTX (Xem sa do 4)
- Hp ndng dan lfi chii dat, chii chudng trgi,
tu lipu sfin xufit ciia minh, chju trfich nhipm td chiic sfin xuat theo ke hogch ciia HTX, chju
trfich nhipm vc hieu qufi sfin xufit ciia minh
- Cac HTX cimg nhdm san pham (liia, trfii cay, rau, tifiu, efi, gfi, Ipn, ) thfinh lgp lien hipp HTX dfi tifiu thu san phfim ciia minh (xay dyng thuang hifiu cua lien hipp HTX ho$e sii dyng thuang hipu ciia HTX), kfi ca xufit khfiu
va mua cfic dfiu vao dung chung cho cfic HTX (theo nhu cfiu ciia HTX), bao dfim chfit lupng, gifi thfip han thj tmdng ban lfi Lien hipp HTX
CO thfi xfiy dyng hp thdng eiia hfing cua minh dfi tifiu thy sfin pham ciia cfic HTX
- Cfic HTX phdi hpp vdi lifin hipp HTX nghien ciiu thj tmdng, quyfit djnh sfin xufit cfii
gi, bao nhifiu, tieu thy thfi nfio (tryc tifip ho§c qua lien hipp HTX), san xufit nhu thfi nfio, hpp ddng cung cfip djch vy dfiu vfio eho cac hp xS vifin vfi mua san phfim ciia cfic hp xfi vifin
- Cfic HTX vfin cd thfi ty mua mpt sd dfiu vao vfi ty tieu thy mpt sd sfin phfim
- Lifin hipp HTX chi nhgn tieu thy san phfim ciia cfic HTX theo cac yfiu cfiu cua minh (an toan thyc phfim, khdi lupng tifiu thy, gifi
ca eho cfic HTX) Lifin hipp HTX nang cao hieu qufi kinh te cua HTX vfi hp xfi vifin, gifim
Thj tnidng dau vfio ^— HTX I fc-Thj trudng dAu ra
^
Hpndng dfin 1
X
Hp ndng
d a n 2 Hpndng dfin 3
Trang 9Sadd 4
Thi tnnmg dau vao 4 - Lien hi?p HTX
Th) tniong dau v^o-« HTX
1
• Thi truong dau ra
HTX
2 HTX 3 •Thi tmong dau ra
^ t i - ^
Hp
ND
1
Hp
ND
2
Hp
ND
3
^
Hp
ND
1
n^^
Hp
ND
2
Hp
ND
3
ganh n$ng ty td chiie tifiu thy san phfim cho
cfic HTX Khfi nfin^ dfim phan cua lifin hipp
HTX rfit cao (mua sd lupng Idn, ban san phfim
chfit lupng cao)
Vi lifin hipp HT^C lfi do cfic HTX lgp ra, cfic
HTX hofin loan kifim sofit lien hipp HTX hogt
dpng phyc vy cho lpi ich cfic HTX
Vi dy: Lien hipp HTX ticu thy ndng san an
tofin Vipt Nam (UCAMart, thupc Lifin minh
HTX Vipt Nam)
5- Hp nong ddn lien ket qua HTX vd HTX
hpp dong tirang doi on dinh v&i cdc doanh
nghifp de mua ddu vdo vd tieu thu sdn phdm
(Xem sa do 5)
- Hp ndng dfin la chu dat, chii chudng
trgi, tu lipu san xufit ciia gia dinh chju trfich
nhipm vfi td chiic sfin xufit eiia minh, tifiu thy
saji phfim qua HTX, HTX cd thfi lifin kfit vdi
doarih nghipp dfiu ra dfi lifiu thM sfin phfim
- HTX ed thfi ky hpp ddng tuang ddi dfii
hgn dfi mua dfiu vfio va ban dfiu ra vdi I sd
doanh nghipp HTX cd quyen va nfing lyc
dam phan tryc tifip cao (cd the lya chpn doanh
nghipp dfi ky hpp ddng)
- Ddi vdi 1 sd dfiu vfio va dau ra, HTX cdn
cd thfi tryc tifip mua hofic ban ra thi tmdng
- Cfic HTX dang ciing mua 1 sd dfiu vao
tir 1 doanh nghipp hofic eiing ban dfiu ra cho
ciing 1 doanh nghifip cd thfi phdi hpp vdi
nhau trong vipc dfim phfin hpp ddng mua
bfin de tfing khfi nfing dfim phfin, tranh viec bfin phfi gifi
- Cd thfi I doanh nghipp vira ban dfiu vao eho HTX, vira mua dfiu ra eiia HTX Cfich nfiy lfim gifim ganh nJng td chiic mua dfiu vfio va tifiu thy san pham ciia HTX, song cung tfing tinh Ip thupc ciia HTX vfio 1 doanh nghipp
Qua nghien eiiu cfic hinh thirc lien kfit trong
san xufit ndng n t i f i p , cd thfi nit ra kfit lu$n: Ndng dfin lifin kfit qua HTX Ifi md hinh co bfin nhfit dfi gifi dupc dfit, bfio dam quyfin lpi, quyfin lam chii ciia ndng dan, tir dd lfim co sd dfi lifin kfit san xuat d muc dp cao han, cd Ipi cho ndng dfin han qua Hfin kfit thfinh lap lien hipp HTX ho§c lien kfit vdi eac doanh nghipp Thdng qua phuang thiic san xufit HTX vfi lifin hipp HTX, vj thfi ciia ngudi ndng dan trong dfim phfin mua bfin tren thj tmdng dfiu vao vfi dfiu ra dupe thay ddi can bfin, lfi tifin dfi dfi phfin phdi lai gifi tri gia tfing ciia chudi san xufit ndng nghipp Dfiy la xu hudng diing dfin cfin hd trp phat trifin Nfiu cd chinh saeh tdt, den nfim 2025 se cd tdi 75% trong sd 10 tripu
hp ndng dfin lien kfit qua HTX (Xem hinh 2) Vipc thanh lgp cac HTX kifiu mdi lfi mpt qua trinh ty nguypn ciia cac hp ndng dfin, song
su \ gn dpng, ho trp ciia Mfit trfin Td qudc Vipt Nam va cfic td chirc thfinh vien, nhu Lifin minh Hpp tac xa Viet Nam, Hpi Ndng dfin Vipt Nam, Hpi Lien hifip Phy nii Vipt Nam, Dofin
Trang 10Quan tri?t va thi^c Men Nghi quyet gjii hpi XII ciia D^ng
Sadd 5
Thi
tnicmg
J 1- Thj
- *~*i HTX I * * tmdng
dau vao x J ^ " ~ N x daura
Hp
ND
Hp
ND
2
Hp
ND
3
^?P^
HO
ND
1
Hp
ND
2
Hp
ND
3
Thanh nifin Cpng sfin Hd Chi Minh vfi ehinh
quyen efie cfip la rat quan trpng Djc bipt, cfin
cd ehuong trinh phdi hpp chfit chfi gi&a Hpi
Ndng dfin Vipt Nam vfi Lifin minh Hpp tac xfi
Vipt Nam dfi phfit trifin cac HTX kifiu mdi Can
cd chuang trinh hipp thuang vfi phdi hpp giita
Mfit trgn Td qudc Vipt Nam, cfic td ehiic thanh
vifin vfi ehinh quyen cfic cfip trong xay dyng
chi tifiu vgn dpng thfinh lgp cac HTX d moi
xfi, huypn de vipc vgn dpng dgt tifin dp nhanh
vfi kfit qufi eao nhat Qua thyc tfi hogt dpng vfi
phong trao thi dua san xuat gidi ciia Hpi Ndng
dfin hang chyc nfim qua, hipn nay cfic dja
phuong trong ca nudc dfi binh chpn vfi cdn^
nhgn hfing nfim hfing tripu ndng dan san xuat
gidi Day Ifi nhiing ndng dfin nfim viing cac
tifin bp khoa hpc ky thugt mdi, ed kinh nghipm
td chiie sfin xuat, tifiu thy san phfim, cd uy tin
trong ndng dfin d thdn, xfi, bfin, lfing Hp lfi lyc
lupng quan trpng nhfit, hipu qufi nhfit dfi diing
ra thfinh lgp cac HTX kifiu mdi Hp cfin dupc
tgp hufin dpng vien vfi hd trp dfi trd thfinh lyc
lupng di dfiu thfinh lap cfic HTX ndng nghipp
kifiu mdi trong giai dogn hipn nay
Nhu vgy, cd thfi thfiy vai trd ciia Hpi Ndng
dfin vfi phuang thiic sfin xufit HTX lifin hipp
HTX vfi Lien minh Hpp tfic xfi Vipt Nam
trong ca cfiu lgi ndng nghipp, qua dd bfio dfim
vai trd chu thfi cua giai cap ndng dfin Vdi tinh
thfin dd, uong thdi gian tdi dfi phfit huy vai trd
chil thfi ciia giai cfip ndng dfin, xin dfi xuat mpt
sd khuyfin nghj sau:
- Ddi v&i Hpi Ndng ddn Vift Nam: La td
chiic chinh trj - xfi hpi, hinh thanh vi ndng dan, bfio vp quyfin va lpi tch ciia ndng dan, ddng gdp vfio sy phat trien cua ddt nudc, Hpi cfin djnh hudng phfit trien ndng dan cd
y thire chinh tri - xfi hpi, bfio vp lpi ich ciia ndng dfin, thiic day tifin bp xfi hpi theo quy lugt phfit trifin dudi sy lfinh dgo ciia Dfing Cpng sfin Vipt Nam Hpi Ndng dan Vipt Nam phfii thye sy lam "ba dd" cho ndng dan phfit trifin bfin vung, chdng chju tot han vdi cfic riii ro, khd khfin, thfich thiic, ma cao han lfi lfim chii chinh minh, lfim chii cfic moi quan
hp phiic tgp trong kinh tfi thj tmdng, bfio dfim vai trd chu thfi cua ngudi ndng dan trfin tat cfi efie chifiu cgnh kinh tc chinh tri, vfin hda, xa hpi Mudn vgy, Hpi Ndng dan Vipt Nam cfin dfiy mgnh han n&a cdng tac tuyfin tmyfin, vgn dpng; hudng dan, ho trp san xufit; hd trp dfio tgo; hd trp vay vdn; td chiic phong trao thi dua sfin xufit gidi; gdp y xfiy dyng chinh sfich phfit trifin ndng nghipp, ndng thdn; gifim sfit thyc hipn chinh sfich; phfin finh y kifin ciia ngudi dfin, Hpi cung cfin phdi hpp chfit chfi giiia vdi Lifin minh Hpp tfic xfi Vi§t Nam dfi ndng nghipp Vipt Nam phfit trifin nhanh hon, bfin viing hon, dem lgi lpi ich tdt ban cho ngudi ndng dan vfi dfit nudc Uong qufi trinh hpi nhgp qudc tfi hipn nay
- Doi v&i Lien minh HTX Vtft Nam:
+ Td chuc chuang trinh tuyfin tmyfin sfiu rpng vfi Lugt Hpp tfic xfi nam 2012, vai