Chudn mye xa hgi quy djnh tt'nh chdt, mftc dg, pfaam vi, gifli fagn ctia cai cfl the, cdi cho phep, cdi khdng dugc pfaep hogc cai khflng bdt bugc, cai bdt huge phai tfayc hifn ttong hdnh
Trang 1Sai Igch xa hoi nhin tu* goc do xa hoi hoc Nguyen Dinh Tdn'
' Hpc viOn Chfnh tn Quic gia Ho Chi Minh
Email: nguyendinhtan@npa.org.vn
Nhin ngiy 9 thing 11 nim 2016 Ch^p nh|in ding ngiy 16 thing 12 nim 2016
Tdm tat: Sai lfch xa hgi doi lgp vdi chuan m\fc xa hgi Sai lfch xa hgi la nhftng hanh vi vi phgm
vao tiing nln vin hfla Cd the cd nhftng hdnh vi dugc coi la sai Ifch xa hfi ttong mpt nen van hda nay, song lgi dugc coi Id binh thuflng ttong mgt nln vdn hfla khac Sai lfch xa hgi cd thl cd tinh tich cyc Thanh nifin Id Iflp ngudi dl thay doi, do dd de cd sai lfch xd hfli, ca sai lfch tieu cyc va sai lfch tich cgc
Tir khda: Sai Ifch xd hfi, chudn mye xa hgi, xa hgi hgc
Abstract: Social deviance is seen versus social norms It includes behaviours that intrtnge or deviate from the norms, and has different forms that vary from one culture to another Some behaviours can be regarded as social deviance in a culture, while as normal in another Social both negatively and positively
Keywords: Social deviance, social norms, sociolo©'
1 fiat vdn d l
Sai lech xd h^i Id mgt khdi nifm ciia xd hgi
hgc Sai lech xa fagi Id gi? Nd ed ddc diem,
hinh thftc vd cac ylu to cau thanfa nfau the
nao? Cdc van dfi nay cdn it dugc nghien
cuu va cdn dugc ldm sang td ban Bai vifit
ndy d l cap din cac van d l ttfin
2 Sai I?ch xa faOi
Trong xd fagi hgc, sai lfch xd hgi doi Idp
vdi cfaudn mye xd hgi Cfauan mye xd hgi
dugc failu Id quy tde duge da sfl edc thdnh vifin trong xa hgi thfta nhgn vd tuan thft mgt cdcfa ty gidc Hdnh vi chudn muc xa hgi thuflng dugc du Iudn xd hgi ca nggi, khen thudng Chudn mye xa hgi quy djnh tt'nh chdt, mftc dg, pfaam vi, gifli fagn ctia cai cfl the, cdi cho phep, cdi khdng dugc pfaep hogc cai khflng bdt bugc, cai bdt huge phai tfayc hifn ttong hdnh vi xd fagi cfta moi cd nfadn nfadm bdo ddm xd fagi van hdnfa mgt cdch binfa thuflng trong trdt tu Cftng voi dgng co, hodn cdnh, chudn muc
xd hgi quy djnh, chi phfli hanfa vi con ngufli Dftng nfau Blackwell kfadng djnfa:
Trang 2cfaudn mye xd fapi tgo ra cdc hf qud xa hpi
cd tdc dfng den hdnfa vi con ngudi Chudn
mye ed nhieu vai ttd Trudc hit, nd dieu
hda hdnh vi ftng xft cfta mgi cd nfadn, giup
mgi ngudi tuan thu nfafing kfaudn mau
duge xa hfli thfta nhdn, giftp xa hfli hn
djnh, v§n hdnh binh thudng va di dftng quy
dgo Chudn mye xd fapi giftp mgi ngufli xdc
djnfa vd phdn bift cai dting, cdi sai; bdi vi
su tuan thu cae cfaudn mye xd hgi Id ddu
hifu the hifin tu cdch tfadnh vien cua mgt
nhdm, tfl chfte xd hfi ndo dd N l u ngufli
ndo lam sai lech cfaudn mye xd hgi thi
ngudi dd se bj hf th6ng tft cfadi hodc tdy
chay, Chuan mye xa hgi eung giftp cftng cfl
ede gia trj vdn hfla thflng qua cdc hinfa tfaftc
tfauflng, phgt dfli vfli nhihig hanh vi tudn
thu hoac di chf cfa vdi nhfing chudn mye xa
hgi cfta nhflm, t l chftc Vfli y nghia do,
cfauan mye kfaong cfai don tfaudn Id nhiing
khdt khao cua xa hdi, md cdn Id yfiu cdu tat
yeu cfta xa fafi ddi vfli hdnfa vi cua cdc ca
nhan Chuan mye xd hgi cd thl la nhftng
bifiu hifn ngdn cdm mOt s6 hdnh vi sai lfch
dang t6n tgi ttong xd hgi (vi dy, nghifn hftt
ma tuy, mgi dam, quan faf tinh dye ngodi
hfln nhdn, phflng nhanh vugt du, gay g6,
ddnh nhau, lgm dung nhiing dfl uflng cd
con ) Chuan muc xd hgi bao ghm cd hg
tfaflng cdc dilu luat, cdc phong tyc, tap
qudn nhdt djnfa vd dugc chia thdnh: chudn
mye xd hgi chung (todn xa hdi), chudn
mye xd hgi cfta mgt nfadm Cd nfafing
chudn mye xd hOi dugc thilt che hda, ed
nhihig chuan mye xd hgi khong dugc tfaifit
che hda Chuan mye xd hgi quan ttgng
nhat Id chudn mye phap luat, chudn mye
chinh tri
Trai nguge vdi chuan m\rc xd hfli Id sai
lech xd hfi Hifn nay dang ton tai nhieu
thuat ngft cd n$i dung dflng nhdt vfli khdi
nifm sai Ifcfa xd hdi (nhu: sai If cfa, lfch lae, lam lgc, Ifcfa chudn, lfch lae xa hgi, lech hudng xd hdi, fadnfa vi lfch chudn, phi cfaudn, vd chudn, mdt chudn, khdng cfl chuan mye )
Sai lfch xd fafi tfaay d6i theo ljcfa sft Nd dugc xudt hien tft quan nifm thflng trj vl trat ty the gifli, vfi eau trfte xa hgi, v l vj tri
vd bdn chdt eon ngufli ttong xa hfi Tft nhihig quan lufm nay ndy sinh ra quan nifm v l cdi dting, cdi cfaudn mye, cai phu hgp (vdi ttat ty khdch quan cfta sy vat hodc vdi ban chdt con ngufli), cdi sai lech xd hgi Hifn tugng sai If cfa xd hgi khflng phdi la nhdt thdnh bat biln, nghia Id nfl biln dfli phy thuflc vao hodn cdnh ljcfa sft cua tftng
xd hfli Mgt hanh vi luc nay Id sai If cfa xa fagi nfaimg Iftc khdc cd tiifi khflng Id sm If cfa
xd hgi Mgt hdnfa vi ndo dd dugc coi la Ifcfa lgc nd kfadng phft hgp vdi mong dgi cfaung ctia nfadm faodc cfta xa hgi Sai lech xd fafli
Id hanh vi cua con ngudi di chfch khfli cdc quy djnfa cfaung cfta phdp lugt, di chfch khfli cac gid trj, chudn mye, cdc quy tae, quy uflrc ctia xa hgi Sai lech la sy vi pfagm nfafing dieu cdn thilt, vi pfagm chudn mye xd hfi Nhu vgy, sai Ifch xd hgi ludn dfli chifiu vdi cfauan mye xa fagi Trong xd fagi hgc, sai lfch xd hfli dugc hiiu Id mgi sy vi phgm cfl
y thftc v l cae tifiu chuan ciia mgt nhflm hay cua mgt xa fagi nao dfl I.C.Kon cfaia sai Ifcfa xd fafli thdnh 2 loai Thft nhdt, hanfa vi sai Ifcfa so voi nhiing chudn mye ve sftc
khfle, tdm if gdn vdi bfnh ly hgc tdm tiidn
Thft faai, nhflng hdnh vi sai Ifch so voi chudn mye xa hgi v l vdn hda, phap luat N.Smelzer tfai cho rdng, sai ifch xd hdi Id sy
di chfch khdi cac chudn mye ctia nhflm Trong xa hgi Xfl vilt trudc day vd xd hfi Nga hifn nay, cdc djnfa nghia vfi hdnfa vi sai lfch dugc sft dung rfng rdi: hanh vi sai lfch
Id mflt hf tiiflng cac hdnfa vi faay Id hanh
Trang 3dOng rifing bifit cfta mfit ngudi faay mgt
nhdm xd fapi ndo dd, md hdnfa vi dd kfaflng
pfau fagp vfli cdc cfaudn mye, kfaufln mau,
quy tde eua hdnh vi, cdc mong dgi, titilt
che, cdc gid tri duge xdc lgp ehinh tfaftc
faodc fainfa tfadnfa tt^n tfayc tfi eua mflt nhdm
hay mflt xa hdi; fadnh vi sai lfch Id hien
tugng xa hOi md bilu hifin ttong edc hinh
tfaftc faogt dgng tuong dfli rgng rdi vd bfin
viing nhung khong phft hgp vdi cdc cfaudn
mye vd mong dgi duge xdc Igp cfainh tfaftc
vd tfln tgi tten tfayc tfi cfta mflt xa hgi; hdnh
vi sai lech la bdt ky mOt fadnh vi hay hdnh
dflng cfta cd nhan hay nfadm xa fapi khflng
phft hgp voi sy mong dgi chung cfta cdc
tiidnfa vifin etia xa hfli, di checfa kfaoi xa hgi;
sai lfch xa hgi la hanh vi, hanh dflng di
chfch khdi eac quy djnh cfta phdp luat, di
cfafefa khdi edc gid trj, cfauan mye, quy tdc
xd fafli; sai lfch xd hpi la hdnh vi di cfafefa
kfafli cfauan mye cfta nhdm, la sy di checfa
khfli cdc chuan mye vdn hfla da dugc thfta
nhdn Id hdnfa vi cua mgt ca nfadn hay nhflm
vi pham cdc quy tde, quy djnh cua cdc
cfaudn muc xa hgi, la nfaftng tinh huflng, sy
kifn cu the cua cugc sflng ddng vai ttfl la
nfaiing nfaan tfl pfaa vd sy tdc dgng eua cdc
cfaudn muc xa fagi; sai Ifcfa xd hpi Id sy vi
phgm cfl nhgn thftc cdc quy phgm vdn fafla
Tom lgi, mdc dft ed khd nhieu cdc djnh
nghia khdc nfaau v l sai Ifcfa xd fagi song cdc
djnh nghia nay dfiu cd diem chung d cho,
col sai ifcfa xa hpi Id nhftng hdnh vi vi phgm
hodc di chfich khfli cdc chudn mye xa hpi
faodc mpt quflc gia, dan tpc, tft nhd dfin Ifln, tft
t h ^ dfin cao, tft gidn don din phftc tap) Thft
ba, nfl cd nhieu fainh tfaftc, nfailu kieu logi kfaac nhau tuy tfaupc vdo tftng nen vdn fafla ldn ciing nfau tieu vdn fada (vftng, miln, nhdm) Cd nhiing hanh vi Id sai If cfa xa fadi trong mgt nfin van fada ndy song Igi Id bmh thuang ttong mpt nen vdn hda khdc Sai lfch
xa hpi khflng bdt biln md cfl the thay doi Iroi^ nhihig thdi difim kfade nfaau hodc trong nhung nfin van hda khae nhau ChSng hgn, hifin tirgng khodn san phdm tdi nhdm ngudi lao ddng d tinh Vmh Phu trudc ddy (thdi Kim Nggc la bi thu tinh uy) dugc coi la sai lfch xd hfli vi Iftc dd Ddng ta chua dfli mdi; song nd lgi khdng dugc coi Id sai lfch xd hpi vao thfli dfli mfli Sai lech xd hpi efl ngufln gflc tu xd hgi, truoc hit tft su sai Ifch chudn mye vdn fada 0ianh vi dugc ddt ttong su dfli chifiu vdi cdc chudn mye van fada) Chudn mye vdn hda cung lufln bien dfli, vi vay, hdnh vi ciia con ngufli cflng phdi biln dfli phft hgp vfli nfaihig bifin dfli ctia cfauan mye vSn hda Trong cac
xa fapi cfl doi kfadng giai cdp, ede cfaudn mye
xd hdi vd vific ung dyng chftng lufln gdn lifin vdi bat binh ddng xd hpi Trong nhilu trudng hgp, mpt sd hdnh vi ciia tdng Iflp bj trj (ben dudi) bj coi Id sai lfch vd bj trftng phgt Trong khi cdc h^inh vi tuong ty cua tang ldp bfin tren lai dugc bdo ldnh hodc khflng bj coi Id efl tpi Nhu vdy, nfafing tifiu cfaudn vdn fada trong xa fapi ed ddi khang giai edp dugc dp dung khflng bmh dang vfli nfaau trong xem xet hanh vi sai lech
3 Dac dilm cua sai If cfa xa hgi 4 Phdn loai sai Ifch x9 fapi
Thft nhdt, sai lfch xa hpi diln ra ttfin mgt
phgm vi rdt rpng d mgi quflc gia, khu vye,
liiih vyc Thft hai, nd diln ra d mgi c ^ dp (cd
die dien ra d mgt nhdm nhd, mpt cpng dflng
Sai Ifcfa xa hgi cfl tfafi Id sai Ifcfa tifiu cyc hoac la sai lfch tich cyc Sai If cfa tieu eye
la nfaiing hdnh vi nguy hilm cfao xa hpi (nfau: say rugu, ngfaifin ma tuy, mgi dam
Trang 4tfaam nfaung, khftng bo, ttpm cdp, gifit
ngudi ) Cd ngudi phdn logi sai lfch xd
fapi ra lam 3 nfadm Ifln, cd lifin quan den
nhau va Iflng ghfip vdo nhau: fadnfa vi sai
Ifcfa; hdnh vi tpi l6i; hdnh vi tpi pham
Hdnh vi sai If cfa Id kieu vi phgm nhe nhdt
vd pho bifin nhdt Nfl khdng din den vi
pfaam trat t y fadnfa cfainfa va quy pfaam xd
hpi Hdnh vi sai lfch cd t h l Id bdt ky hdnh
vi faay fadnfa dpng ndo kfaflng pfau fagp vfli
ede cfaudn muc tfadnh vdn hay bdt thdnh
vdn Hdnh vi tpi iSi Id nfaftng faanfa vi cfaua
den mftc phdi chju hinfa pfaat tfaeo bp luat
hinh sy Nhthig vi phgm chudn mye cd the
nghiem trgng faay khflng quan ttgng, c6 f
hay vfl y nhung tdt cd cac hdnh vi vi phgm
ngfaifim ttgng faay kfaflng ngfaifim trgng, cfl
tinfa hay vfl y d l xem nhu hdnh dpng
chflng Igi pfaap lu|it vd d i u thugc vfi hdnh
vi tpi loi Hdnh vi tpi pham Id todn bg cdc
hdnh vi di chfich vdi cdc chuan mye xa
hpi da dugc ludt faoa, vi pfagm lugt hinh
sy, luat hdnfa chinh Tflm lgi, bdt Vf hdnh
vi ndo kfadng dugc du luan xd hpi iing fag
tfai ggi la fadnh vi sai Ifch Hdnh vi md
phdp lugt khflng ftng hp tfai ggi Id faanfa vi
tpi l5i (hay cfl tgi)
Cling cd nfaa ngfaien cftu cfaia sai Ifcfa xa
fapi thdnh 3 cdp dp: hanfa vi dj tfauong, tf
nan xd fagi vd tpi phgm Hdnh vi di thuflng
Id nhfing hdnfa vi bat binfa thuflng, khdc
thudng, kfadc bift vdi hanh vi efta dflng ddo
nhiing ngudi xung quanh Hdnh vi dj
thudng chua dgt den mftc dp nguy faiem cfao
xa hgi song thuflng gdy bftc boi khfl chju,
mat tiiifn cdm doi vfli nhiing ngufli xung
quanh Chung ta de nfaan tfaay ring, trong
cupc song hdng ngdy cfl nhieu hanfa vi dj
thudng vd dong hdnh cftng con ngudi Hanh
vi dj thudng bilu lp khd da dang tiiy thupc
vdo ddc diem cfta nen vdn fada cfta tftng vftng, miln, qu6c gia, dan tpe Tf nan xd fapi Id faifn tugng kfad pfal bien d mgi xd fapi, ton tgi dai ddng tft cfl din kim, tft Dflng sang Tay Mgi ngudi deu tfaira nfadn nfafing tdc dpng tifiu eye cfta tf ngn xa fapi va sy can thiet p h ^ phdng chflng tf ngn xa hpi Trong xd hgi cdn t i n tai nhifiu quan dilm khdc nfaau ve bdn cfaat cflng gidi pfadp ddu ttanh vdi tf ngn xa fapi Song nhin chung, tf nan xd fadi tfauflng dugc failu Id mpt fadnh vi sai Ifch v l cfaudn mye xd fafi Id su vi phgm cfl tinh nguyen t&; nfaftng vdn d l tfaupc vl loi sflng, tmyln tfa6ng vdn fafla, dgo dftc, thudn phong, my tyc vd nhihig quy tdc dugc thl ehl fada mpt cdcfa rpng rdi trong xd fapi, gay pfauong faai den ddi song kinh tl, vdn hfla va dao dftc cua xa hpi Tgi pfagm Id fainfa thftc bieu faien cao nhat ciia sai lech xd hpi, la sy vi pfagm cac chuan mye dugc quy djnh cfainfa tfaftc ttong cdc bp lugt hinh sy Tfli pham Id hanfa vi bj cam dodn bdi bp lugt hinh sy cfta mpt qu6c gia nao dd Tpi phgm cd rdt nfailu cdc fainfa tfaftc, mftc dp, kilu logi kfadc nfaau
5 Cdc y l u to cau thdnh sai lfch x3 fagi
Cd 4 yfiu t6 cdu thanfa iidnh vi sai Ifch chudn muc xd hpi Mflt la, nhiing sai Ifcfa thuflc hf thong gid trj Hf thflng gia trj ttong xd hpi dugc hinh thdnh qua eac thfli
ky Ijch sft nhdt djnh vd do vdy nfl mang tuih ljch sft; nd sfi mdt di khi khflng cfln phft hgp vfli tfayc tien xd fapi song nd igi dugc fahifa thanh mfli khi tiiyc tiln biln doi He thing gia trj dugc chia tfaanfa cac gid tri chung pho qudt (gid trj nhdn logi) vd cdc gid trj tfaupc
v l mpt giai cdp hay tdng Idp nao do Bdt ky
Trang 5mpt sy di checfa ndo do cfta fadnfa vi con
ngudi deu bi coi Id sai Ificfa xd hpi Hai Id,
sy _rfli logn cac tiiilt chl xa fapi Cdc tiult
chfi xa hfli cfl chftc ndng difiu cfainh, huflng
ddn va kifim sodt hdnh vi con ngufli phft
hgp vdi cac chudn mye md tiiilt chfi xa fapi
tgo ra Chung dugc tfaifit l|p trfin cdc nhu
cau CO bdn cfta xd hpi Cdc tfaifit cfal xd fagi
cfl vai trd kifim sodt vd qudn ly xa hpi Rfli
logn thiet che dan tdi mdt fln dinfa xa fapi Vi
vdy, bdt ky mpt sy roi logn hay do vd tiiilt
cfae ndo dfiu trd tfaanfa nfaiing vdn de xa fapi
ngfaifim ttgng va dan dfin fadnh vi sai Ifch xd
fafli Ba la, su bifin dfli cdc cfauan muc xd
fapi Trong dfli sflng xa hpi, chudn mye xa
hpi la nhiing quy udc chung efta cd cgng
dflng faay mpt nfaflm xa fapi nfadt djnh, quy
dinh nhiing hdnfa vi cy t h l ciia mfli ca nfadn
trong mSi tinh huflng cy tfafi nfadt djnh Sy
xem nhe cdc cfaudn mye xa hpi, kfadng tuan
tfau cdc chudn muc xa fafli cd tfafi dan tdi
nfafing faanh vi sai lech xd hpi Tuy nhifin,
ciing nhu bat ky hien tugng xa hfii ndo,
cfaudn mye xa fapi ciing luon bifin ddi tfaeo
tfadi gian Chudn mye da bien ddi hodc bj
bdp meo faoac khflng dugc dp dung dftng
cho thi dan den faanfa vi sai Ifcfa xd fapi B i n
la, sai If cfa xa hpi ndy sinh do sy thay dfli
cac quan he xd hgi Qasax hf xd fapi nay sinfa
trong qua trinh con ngudi cimg nhau faogt
dpng sdn xuat va tmh tfaan Quan faf sdn
xudt vgt cfadt la quan he c a ban, la ca sd ton
tgi va phdt trifin ctia xd hgi Id mdi quan hf
ca bdn, chi phdi mgi quan hf khae Sy vgn
dpng vd phat triln cfta quan hf sdn xudt keo
theo sy tiiay dfli cfta cac quan hf xa hpi
Chudn mye xa hgi vira phdn anh edc quan
faf xd hpi vfta dieu cfainfa cdc quan faf xa
hpi Cac quan hf xd hgi thay ddi se ldm cfao
faf tfaong chudn mye xd fapi eung bifin doi
va dan din edc faanfa vi sai Ifcfa xd fapi
6 Thay Idi ket lugn Nude ta dang d trong thdi ky phdt trien kinh tfi, cfaong ddi nghdo, hpi nhap qude tfi Tfafli
iif licfa sft mfli ddy co fapi, song ciing kfaflng
kem phdn dua tranh nghift ngd, quyet Uft Sai lfch xd fapi ttong tfadi dgi mdi khdng pfadi Id sy run sg, faen nhat kfaflng dam duong dau vfli ke tfau Lflp tre cd faan cfae Id tfaieu timg trdi, thieu nhilu kinh nghifm sdng, song cd uu difim Id kfaflng qua "ngng Iflng", rdng huge mpt cacfa cftng nfadc vdi qua kfaft Su khao khdt mudn biln dfli (bftt pfaa ra ngodi nhiing kfaudn pfaep ndng n l ctia qua khft, vuon lfin, tifin phong sang tgo, khdng qua ^ n h kiln vfli nhfing sy kien bi trdng eua lich sft, xa than cfao mpt xu tfafi moi, thft nghifm cfao mflt cdcfa ldm mdi md licfa sft cfaua timg co tien lfi) cd tfai dSn din nhiing pfadt kien, song ciing cd thfi ddn dfin nhiing sai lech xd hpi Bfli cdnh mfli cua xd fapi kfailn cfao nfaiing sai Ifcfa xa fapi (cd ticfa cyc vd tifiu cyc, cd cfaft dgng vd bj dpng, cd kifim soat dugc va kfad kifim sodt lufln tdn tai can k l nfaau) rdt khfl phdn djnfa mflt cdcfa rfl rang Song, cfaung ta fay vgng rdng se cfl cdng ngdy cang nhieu nhihig "sai Ifch x§ fapi tich cyc"
Tai lifu tham khao
[1] Gido trinh Xd hgi hge qudn /jJ, Nxb Ly lugn difnh
trj, HiNOi, 2005
[2] Nguy&i EHnh Tin (2005), Xd hgi hgc, Nxb L^
lu$n chhih biHd Nfl
[3] EmiIeDurkheun(1984), The Dnisioncf Labor in
Society, Macmillan Press, New Yak
[4] Anthor^ Giddens (1972) Emile Durkheim:
Sdected Writmgs, Cambridge Umveisi^ Press,
NewYoric