Sinh ke dua vao hoat ddng nong nghiep Ngudi DTTS thugc dien TDC chu ydu sdng dua vao boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep cdn Id thugc nhidu vao thien nhien va truydn thdng canh tac lau ddi"*.
Trang 1SINH KE CUA NGITCXI DAN TOC THifiU S 6 THUQC DIEN TAI DINH CU" CUA TINH HOA BINH TRONG BOI CANH BIEN DOI KHI HAU*
ThS Nguyin Quang Tuan Vien Xa hoi hoc
Tom tdt: Tinh Hoa Binh Id mot trong nhimg dia phuang chiu nhieu tdc dgng lan cua
bien doi khi hdu nhu bdo, lu lut, sgt la ddt Bien doi khi hdu da eo dnh hu&ng rdt l&n den cuoc song cua ngu&i ddn, ddc Met la dong bdo dan toe thieu so Tru&e nhimg tdc dong cua bien doi khi hdu, Nhd nu&c vd tinh Hoa Binh da ban hdnh nhieu ehuong trinh, chinh sdch tdi dinh cu nhdm gidm thieu muc do ton thuong tic thien tai doi v&i ede hg ddn trong vung dnh hu&ng Cdc chuang trinh tdi dinh cu mgt mdt bdo ve an todn tinh mgng cho ngu&i ddn tru&c nhimg thay doi cua th&i tiet nhung mat khdc cUng tgo ra nhimg thdch thuc trong viec on dinh vdphdt trien sinh ke cua hg gia dinh Bdi viet ndy nhdm phdn tich tinh hinh sinh ke cua ngu&i ddn tgc thieu
so thugc dien tdi dinh cu do cdc tdc dgng cua bien doi khi hdu gdy ra; thdo lugn ve mgt so vdn
de ehinh sdch nhdm on dinh vd phdt trien sinh ke cho nguai ddn thugc dien tdi dinh cu, dgc biet Id nhihig ho ddn da tdi dinh eu do tdc dgng cua biin doi khi hdu
Tu khoa: Bien doi khi hdu, sinh ke tdi dinh cu, ddn toe thieu so, tinh Hda Binh
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 12/6/2018; ngdy gui phdn bien: 2/7/2018; ngdy duyet ddng: 8/8/2018
1 Dat van de
Viet Nam la mdt trong nhimg qudc gia chiu anh hudng nang ne ciia thien tai va bien ddi khi hau (BDKH) nhu bao, lii lut, sat Id dat, ban han lam anh hudng rat ldn ddn sy an toan
va sinh ke cua ngudi dan Theo Ban ehi dao Trung uong ve Phdng, chdng thien tai nam 2017,
n a r a 2 0 l 6 thien tai da lara 264 ngudi chet hoac mat tich, pha huy 5.431 ngdi nha, hu hai them 364.997 ngdi nha khac cimg vdi 828.661ha dat san xuat ndng nghiep Bien ddi khi hau lam gia tang tinh de bi tdn thuang va cd the de dga ddi sdng va sinh ke ciia ngudi dan ndng thdn (ADB, 2011, tt 148) Dac biet, ddi vdi nhirng hd gia dinh ngheo va khdng ed dit, su thay ddi ciia khi hau da tac ddng den kinh te hd gia dinh, chu ydu d khia canh nhu cau lao ddng ndng nghiep va boat ddng kinh doanh tai dia phuang bi suy giam (Nguyen Cdng Thao va edng su,
2013, tr 49-53)
' Bai viet la ket qua cua de tai cap Ca sa nam 2018 ''Tiep can viec lam cua nguai ddn tdi dinli c
Trang 2Duoi nhirng tac dpng cua BDKH, nhidu hp dan o noi bi anh huang bupc phai di doi
tam thai hoac lau dai ii giam thiiu thiet hai, duy tri sinh k6, dam bao an toan tinh mang va
cupc sang (UN Viet Nam va lOS, 2017, tr 6) Trong bdi canh do, Viet Nam da ban hanh nhik chuang truih, chinh sach lien quan tdi BDKH va di cu do moi truang, trong do co hoat dpng tai dinh cu (TDC) nhSm giam mUc dp anh huang tir thien tai ddn cupc sdng cua nguoi dan Cac chuang ninh TDC dupe xem la mpt tong nhiing chidn lupc chil dao vd thich itng vol BDKH ciia Chinh phit Viet Nam nhSm giam tac dpng va miic dp tdn thuang cua nguoi dan chiu anh huang (Dang Nguyen Anh va cpng su, 2016, tr 42)
Hoa Binh la mpt tinh 6 vimg Tay Bac cua Viet Nam Day la tinh midn mii c6 lucmg mua theo miia lan, ttong khi dia hmh ddi nui ddc cang lam tang nguy ca lu lut do nuac song dang cao, lu quet va sat Id dit Trong nhiing nam gin day, Hoa Binh chiu rat nhieu thiet hai
do thien tai (Hiru Trung, 2016), dac bidt la ccm bao sd 5 nam 2007^ va mua lu nam 201?' Can cii vao miic dp rui ro do thien tai, tmh Hoa Binh da xay dung Dd an bd tri, dn dinh dan
cu sinh sdng quanh khu vuc cd nguy co cao vd sat Id va 111 quet viing hd Hoa Binh UN Viet Nam (2014, tr 14) ciing chi ra rSng, viec TDC cd thd tap ra nhimg ca hpi va ngudn sinh ki mdi, nang cao kha nang chong chiu, bao ve su an toan ciia ngudi dan, phong tranh thien tai, nhit la ddi vdi nhimg ngudi dan cd didu kidn kinh te tdt, nhung cung tao ra cac tdn thuong mdi trong dam bao sinh kd ddi vdi nhimg ngudi cd didu kidn kinh td khd khan va nhdm doi tupng dd bi tdn thuang nhu ngudi ngheo, ngudi dan tpc thieu sd (DTTS), ngudi gia, Mac du da cd nhihig nghien cuu vd tac dpng cua BDKH den sinh ke ciia ngudi dan, nhung cac nghien cim dac thil vd sinh ke cua ngudi DTTS tai dinh cu da BDKH cdn chua duoc phan tich chi tidt bdi day la cdng ddng ngudi bi tdn thuang nang nd do thien tai, sit bien doi ciia thdi tidt va hp phai di chuyen ddn mdt noi d mdi Cau hdi dat ra la sinh ke hien nay ciia ngudi DTTS thudc didn TDC dp BDKH didn ra nhu thd nap? Bai vidt nay gdp phto phan tich tinh hinh smh kd cua ngudi DTTS thudc didn TDC do BDKH, dac bidt la nhung ngudi DTTS da TDC theo md hinh tap trung Tir dd, mdt sd van dd lidn quan den chmh sach
se dupe thap luan hudng tdi dam bao su dn dinh va phat tridn sinh ke cho ngudi DTTS thupc dien TDC ndi chung va dien da TDC ndi ridng cua tinh Hda Binh
2 Phirong phap nghien ciiu
Bai viet su dung dir lieu khao sat dinh luong va dinh tinh dupe tidn hanh nam 2016 do
Td chire Di cu Qudc te (lOM) tai Viet Nam thuc Men vdi su didu phdi va hpp tac ciia Vien
Xa hdi hpc Nghidn ciru dupe thuc hien tai hai xa vimg long hd thuy didn Hda Binh la Tan Mai va Phuc San thupc huyen Mai Chau cd ngudi thupc dien TDC va ba khu TDC tap ttung
^ Can bao s6 5 nam 2007 lam nhi6u tuyin duimg hu hong vik tinh trang sat Icr dit nghiem trong, 14 nguoi bi
cliSt va rk nhiiu ngucn bi thucmg (Due Pliucmg, 2007)
^ Nam 2017, tinh hinli mua lu da gay ra tliiet hai nang n6 v i nguai va tai san, 34 ngucri chet vA rak tich, trSn
Trang 3thudc cae xa: Yen Nghiep (huyen Lac Son), Bao Hieu (huyen Yen Thuy), Ddng Tam (huyen
Lae Thuy) dugc xay dung each noi d cu khoang 100km cho cac hd tu nguyen TDC tap trung
cua hai xa tren
Bang phuong phap lay m l u ngiu nhien, nhdra nghien cihi da phdng van bang bang hdi
406 ngudi dan la chii hd/dai dien hd gia dinh (274 hd thude dien TDC va 132 hd da TDC)
Dae biet, tae gia da su dung phuang phap lgc sd lieu nhiing ngudi chu hd/dai dien chu hd la
ngudi DTTS tham gia tra ldi bang hdi, gdm ed 368 ngudi thugc dien da dugc di ddi va hd
chua dugc di ddi trong bdi eanh BDKH Ngoai ra, de thu thap dii lieu dinh tinh ve qua trinh
TDC, 30 eudc phdng van sau (PVS) va 15 cugc thao luan nhdm (TLN) tap trung da duge
thuc hien vcri dai dien hd TDC, hd cin TDC, lanh dao va can bd dia phuong, dai dien co
quan ehinh quydn tmh vdi muc dich lam phong phu them cae thdng tin ehi tiet lien quan den
chu de nghien cuu
3 Khai q u a t ve dia b a n nghi§n cihi
Tan Mai va Phiic San la hai xa mien mii thudc huyen Mai Chau cua tinh Hda Binh vdi
sd dan la 3.535 ngudi, trong dd xa Tan Mai cd 1.500 ngudi va xa Phiic San cd 2.035 ngudi
Phan ldn ngudi dan noi day la ngudi DTTS, trong do: dan tdc Mudng chidm ty le Idn nhat
(vdi ty le tuong ung lan lugt d hai xa Tan Mai va Phiic San la 53,4% va 61,8%), tidp den la
dan tdc Dao (40,7% ddi vdi xa Tan Mai va 9,4% ddi vdi xa Phiic San), dan tdc Thai (21,5%
d xa Phiic San), cdn lai la cac dan tdc khac (UN Viet Nam va lOS, 2017, tr 22)
Thu nhap cua ngudi dan trong xa ehu yeu tu hoat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep, ngu
nghiep nhu trdng Iudng, danh bat ea, nudi ca Idng hd Hai xa n i m dgc theo long hd d viing
ddi mii ndn chiu nhieu anh hudng eiia BDKH, dac bidt la sat Id dit vao mua mua Ty le hg
ngheo d hai xa nay tuong doi cao, chiem 57% ddi vdi xa Tan Mai va 3 5 % ddi vdi xa Phiic
San Thue te khao sat ciing cho thay, hd ngheo ehiera 51,4%, can ngheo la 11,7% trong tdng
sd 368 hd gia dinh DTTS theo tidu chi xet hg ngheo, can ngheo hien hanh cua Bd Lao ddng
-Thuong binh va Xa hdi Didu dd cho thiy, ngudi DTTS thudc didn TDC do BDKH phin ldn
cd dieu kien kinh te khd khan va nhiing tae ddng ciia BDKH (nhu mua bao, lu lut, sat Id dat)
cang khien hg roi vao hoan canh khd khan hon
Trong nhiing nam qua, tinh Hda Binh da cd ke hoach di ddi ngudi dan d hai xa Tan
Mai va Phiic San theo hinh thiie TDC tap trung tai ba didm TDC d cac xa Yen Nghiep, Bao
Hieu va Ddng Tara thudc cae huyen Lae Son, Yen Thuy va Lac Thuy Ba diem TDC nay la
nhiing noi it chiu anh hudng cua BDKH hon so vdi hai xa Tan Mai va Phiic San Trong hai
dot td chiic TDC cho ngudi dan thugc hai xa Tan Mai va Phiic San, da cd 60 hd dugc chuyen
Trang 44 Sinh ke dua vao hoat ddng nong nghiep
Ngudi DTTS thugc dien TDC chu ydu sdng dua vao boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep cdn Id thugc nhidu vao thien nhien va truydn thdng canh tac lau ddi"* Ndi each khac, cac ho gia dinh nay vin dai dien cho "hg kinh td tidu ndng"^ Didu dang ndi la su phan hda xa hoi theo nghd nghiep diln ra rit cham Kdt qua phan tich sd lieu cho thiy, phan ldn ngudi tra Idi lam nghd ndng, lam, ngu nghiep (chidm 83,9%) trong tdng sd 368 trudng hgp trong khi nhihig ngudi lam cac nghd phi ndng nghiep chidra ty Id rit nhd Dac biet, nhirng tac ddng ciia thien tai va qua frinh BDKH cang anh hudng xiu ddn sinh kd eiia ngudi dan ban Tinh rieng trudng hgp sat Id dit do thien tai gay ra, phin ldn ngudi dan trong viing anh hudng thudc hai xa Tan Mai va Phiic San eho bidt hg bi thidt hai rit nhidu: gidng cSy trdng bi hdng
va giam nang suit (24,1%), hu hdng nha cua, dd diing gia dinh (22,2%), san phim ndng -lam nghiep hi hdng (14,6%), dit san xuat bi mat va thu hep (14,1%), vat nudi bi dm, ch6t (6,6%) va nhiing thiet hai khac
Ngudn thu nhap tir boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep (chu yeu la frdng trgt va ehan nudi) ciia ngudi DTTS thugc didn TDC cdn rat thap Phan tich sd lieu cho thay, tdng thu nhap binh quan frong 12 thang trudc thdi diem dieu tra tu boat ddng trdng trgt, chan nudi eiia ngudi
DTTS thugc dien TDC khoang hon 19 trieu ddng (Mean = 19.191.000 ddng), trong khi do
tdng chi binh quan cho hoat ddng trdng trgt ehan nudi da gan 8 trieu ddng (Mean = 7.705.000 ddng) So sanh giiia eac hg da TDC tai nai d radi cho thay, tdng thu nhap binh quan trong 12 thang trude thdi diera dieu tra tir boat dgng trdng frgt, ehan nudi eiia cac ho dan da TDC thap hon so vdi eac hg thudc dien TDC nhung ehua den noi TDC radi (Mean
^ 13.657.000 ddng so vdi Mean ^ 21.803.000 ddng) Cdn tdng chi binh quan trong 12 thang trudc thdi diem dieu tra eho boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep cua ngudi dan thuoc dien TDC nhung chua TDC cao hon rit nhidu so vdi cac hg da TDC (Mean ^ 10.767.000 ddng so vdi Mean ^ 6.260.000 ddng) Dieu nay cho thiy, thu nhap tir boat ddng trdng trot, chan nudi cua ngudi dan thugc dien TDC cdn rit thip, dae biet nhiing hd da dugc TDC con thap ban nhieu so vdi noi d cii ciia hg Didu nay duge ly giai ring, cae hd dan d nai d mdi dugc cip dit san xuit va dat d it hon, chat lugng dit lai khdng cao ndn da anh hudng r3t Idn den boat ddng san xuat, chan nudi ciia ngudi dan Dieu nay din den tdng thu tir frdng trgt ciing nhu chan nudi thip, trong khi chi phi lai eao hon Ddng thdi, chua cd he thdng xii
ly chat thai tu chan nudi ciing gdp phan anh hudng ddn mdi trudng va dn dinh sinh ke cua
ngudi dan: "'Ddt no hep nhu ndy thi nuoi dugc bao nhieu, gioi lam thi chi dugc vdi con
Truyen thdng canh tac lau dai duac higu la cac ho gia dinh chi san xuit vira dii an va hi^ii qua kinh tS khong cao
Hp kinh te tieu nong la nhung ho lay san xuit nong nghiep lam ca sa kinh tk va kinh te ho da bat dau gan vai thj
trucmg qua quan he mua ban dau ra, dau vao, k^ ca vay muon v i n voi mpt lupng nho va vcri cac hinh thitc tin dung khac nhau Phuang thuc san xuit ciia ho nay chii yeu dya vao lao dpng ca th^, ky thuat thu cong va kinh
Trang 5Ngodi ra, khong the tinh dugc chdn nuoi vi he thong xu ly khong co, neu md chdn nuoi thi
6 nhiem moi tru&ng luon" (TLN, nara, dan tdc Dao, 46 tudi, xa tai dinh cu)
Cac cugc phdng v i n dinh tinh ciing cho thiy, khu TDC cd nhieu dieu kien thuan Igi
hon ve su an toan, giao thdng di lai nhung ngudi dan lai gap nhieu khd khan hon trong san
xuat ndng nghiep do dien tich d i t san xuit dugc giao it hon, chat lugng dat ciing khdng bang
noi d cii Cu the la: ''Mac dd xuong day (khu TDC mai) di lgi thudn tien han nhung ddt dai
thi it han so v&i tren que (nai a cu)" (TLN, nam, dan tgc Dao, 47 tudi, xa tai dinh cu); va
chat lugng dat rat kem gay khd khan trong viec trdng trgt: ''Noi chung, ddt & day todn dd
Tren kia cd dd nhung con co ddt doi vdn canh tdc dugc, con a day ba be ban ben khong
canh tde dugc gi Chung toi muon cay ciing khong co ddt md cay" (PVS, nil, dan tgc Dao, 30
tudi, xa tai dinh cu)
Mdt trong nhiing yeu to quan trgng trong vide dara bao sinh ke ben viing cua ngudi dan
ndng thdn vimg DTTS la van de dat dai (dat d va dat ndng nghiep), dac biet ddi vdi cdng
ddng DTTS tai dinh cu dang phu thugc rat ldn vao dat ndng nghiep (bao gdm dat san xuat
ndng nghidp, dat lam nghiep va dat thiiy san) Chinh sach hd trg dat dai chung cho cac hd
gia dinh thude dien TDC la dugc cap dat d vdi dien tich khoang 300 - 500m^/hd va dat
ndng nghiep la 5.000ra^/hg Tuy nhien, viec hd trg dat van cdn it so vdi didn tich dat noi d
cii va dieu nay da anh hudng nhieu den su phat trien kinh te ciia cac hd dan Ket qua phan
tich cho thay, hau het ngudi dan da TDC tai noi d mdi (ehiera 97,5%) dugc cap dat ndng
nghidp it ban nhidu so vdi noi d cii: chu yeu dugc cap dat ndng nghiep 5.000ra^/hd
(97,5%) trong khi nhimg ngudi d noi d cii cd dien tich dat ndng nghiep binh quan dat
khoang han 1 l.OOOmVhd Thuc te nay hoan toan phii hgp vdi y kien eua ngudi dan khi
dugc hdi: ''So v&i tru&c khi TDC, dien tich ddt sdn xudt nong nghiep dugc giao cua hg
tdng hay gidm?" Kdt qua phan tieh sd lieu eho thay, cd 81,4% ngudi dan TDC duge hdi
cho biet dien tich dat san xuat ndng nghiep dugc cap giam di so vdi nai d cii, trong khi ehi
cd 9,3% cho rang tang len hoac khdng thay ddi
Nhimg tac ddng ciia nen kinh te thi trudng da lam thay ddi ban chat kinh te - xa hgi cua
ngudi ndng dan truyen thdng Tnrdc day, ngudi ndng dan tu trong trgt, chan nudi nhung
ngay nay hg vira tu san xuat ndng nghiep cho hd gia dinh minh vua lam thud va nhan tien
cdng frong ndng nghiep (cho eac boat ddng nhu frdng mia, bdc mia, frdng keo, bdc keo )
cho cae hg cd quy md dat san xuat va dien tich cay trdng ldn (hay cdn ggi la chii trang
trai/nong trai): "Bd con di Idm them a day thu&ng Id di bdc mia, trong mia, trong keo, bdc
keo" (TLN, nara, dan tdc Dao, 56 tudi, xa tai dinh cu)
Mdt diera dang chii y la tai nai d cii, ngoai san xuat ndng nghiep ngudi dan cdn duge
hudng lgi radt sd ngudn tu sdng Da thdng qua danh bat ea, nudi ea d viing Idng hd, Tuy
Trang 6dan trade Ida phu thuoc vao song Da gap nhiSu Icho khan hon "O tren que Ichong di lam tlii chiing toi xudng song bdt torn cd, Ichong duac nhieu thi it Tren ndy Ichong di Idm thue lii ngdy hdm nay khong co gi dn, cho nen vi ddy vdt vd han & que" (PVS, nu, dan toe Muong,
55 tu5i xa tai dinh cu) Dac biet, doi s6ng cua cac ho dan TDC kho khan ban nhieu so voi nguoi dan so tai do van giit tap quan canh tac va san xuat nong nghiep a noi o cu, trong khi
do a noi a moi nguai dan so tai c6 nhirng hoat dong canh tac da dang va tao ra nang suit
hon: " Bdi v&i ngucri ddn s& tai, thdm canh tren dien tich ddt thi bd con thdm canh tdng vii len Icy thuat chdm soc vd cham bon Idnh nghiem han, sdn luang cao han so v&i nguai dan tdi dinh cu" (PVS, nam, dan toe Kinh, 43 tudi, Lanh dao xa Bao Hieu)
Chinh vi (j noi 6 miJi diju kien ikt san xuat han hep va kem chit luong nen rit nhiju
nguoi dan TDC da quay lai noi o cii d^ tim kiem ngu6n sinh ke cho ho gia dinh thong qua
hoat dpng san xujt nong nghiep, nhu trong Iudng va nuoi ca viing long h6: "Gia dinh nam ndo ciing ve que vi con diit trong luong & do Hdng ndm, cie den vu Id ve thu hoach J - 2 tudn, thdm chi co nhd cit de con a ddy vcri ong bd cdn bd me quay lai que de lam dn vcii thdng m&i ve Neu khdng con dot & que thi hdu het cdc ho khong song duac & diem TDC mdi ndy" (PVS, Nam, dan tpc Dao, 39 tuoi, xa tai dinh cu) Trong khi do, diit san xuat cua nguai diin sd tai dupe danh gia tdt hon so vdi dat san xuat duac Clip cho cac hd dan TDC: "Nhin chung, chdt luang ddt sdn xudt cua nguoi ddn sa tai tdt hem khu ddt duac cdp ciia ngu&i dm TDC (PVS, nam, dan tdc Kinh, 34 tudi, ngudi dan sd tai)
Ngudi DTTS tai dinh cu da cd ke hoach chuyen ddi gidng cay trdng, vat nudi nham phat trien kinh te hp gia dinh va dn dinh sinh ke nhung sd luang van cdn it (chiem 31,7%) Ngudi dan ciing cho biet, ly do khdng thay ddi ke hoach san xuat mpt phan la do chua co he thdng thiiy loi va lien quan den viec cap so dd de vay vdn dau tu cho hoat dpng chuyen doi
gidng cay trdng, vat nudi: " Neu cd thuy lot thi chiing toi sdn sdng chuyen doi cdy trdng luon Ngodi ra, cdn cdp so do cho chung toi de chung toi lay cdi do de vay von chuyen ddi cdy tron^' (TLN, nam, dan tdc Dao, 50 tudi, xa tai dinh cu)
5 Sinh ke dira vao hoat dong phi ndng nghiep
Ben canh boat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep, v4n dd tao viec lam phi ndng nghiep duac xem la mdt trong nhiing giai phap quan trpng trong viec diim bao sinh ke ciia ngudi diin duai tac ddng cua BDKH Ngoai nhiing boat ddng san xuJt ndng nghiep, ngudi DTTS tai dinh cir chu yeu lam cac cdng viec gan nha mang tinh chit lao dpng tu do, khdng yeu ciu trinh dp,
chua qua dao tao va tra luang thip nhu thp xay, bdc vac, "Bd con & day di Idm thim thu&ng Id di phu xdy, tru&c kia mdi ngdy lam duac 80.000 dong, bdy gi& thi duac lOO.OOO ddng/ngdy" (TLN, nam, diin tpc Dao, 56 tudi, xa tai dinh cu) Cdn ddi vdi nhiing ngudi di
lam an xa thi thudng lam cac cdng viec trong cdng ty, nha may nhung bp phan nay rat it:
Trang 7Mudng, 48 tudi, xa tai dinh eu) So sanh vdi ngudi dan sd tai (chii yeu la ngudi Kinh) frong boat dgng di lam an xa, nhin chung ngudi dan dan tdc thidu sd TDC ed sd lugng it hon:
"Ngu&i dan s& tgi & day di Idm dn xa ciing nhieu, eung khodng tren 50% trong do tuoi lao dong" (PVS, nara, dan tdc Kinh, 43 tudi, Lanh dao xa Bao Hieu)
Ngoai cac cdng vide tten, da cd mdt sd hg tu md cua hang kinh doanh nhu eua hang tap
hda, sua ebiia xe may nhung rat it: "CUng eo hg ngodi ndy m& cua hdng tgp hoa, edn sica chira CO eon trai bdc tu m& ciia hdng sita chita xe mdy" (PVS, nara, dan tdc Dao, 48 tudi,
Trudng xdm TDC) Didu nay cho thiy sir thay ddi ve cau tnic nghe nghiep cua ngudi ndng dan tir hd thuan ndng sang kinh te hg vdi nhieu nghe khae nhau, nhung qua frinh thay ddi nay dien ra kha chara Dac biet, khi hdi vd y dinh chuydn ddi sang kinh doanh, dich vu thi rat it ngudi dan cd y dinh chuyen ddi Ket qua khao sat cho thay, ehi cd mdt bd phan rat nhd ngudi dan cd y dinh chuydn ddi sang kinh doanh, dich vu (1,6%) Ly do dugc ngudi dan cho biet la
thieu vdn trong khi dat dai chua dugc cap sd do: "Neu chiing em mudn phdt trien kinh doanh khong CO so do cUng khong vay dugc" (PVS, nil, dan tdc Dao, 30 tudi, xa tai dinh cu)
Viec lam phi ndng nghiep la mgt frong nhiing ngudn thu nhap ehinh eiia ngudi DTTS thudc dien TDC Qua trinh thi trudng hda, edng nghiep hda da cd nhiing tac ddng den ndn kinh td hd gia dinh, lam thay ddi nghe nghiep ciia cac thanh vien frong hd gia dinh Dieu nay
cd nghia rang, ngoai nhiing ngudi trong hg lam ndng nghiep, edn ed nhung thanh vidn lara cac nghd khac, gdp phan cai thien kinh te hd gia dinh Mac dii da cd su chuyen bien ve vide lara phi ndng nghiep nhung didn ra van cdn cham, thu nhap cua hd DTTS thugc dien TDC cdn rat thap Ket qua phan tich cho thay, tdng thu binh quan tir boat dgng phi ndng nghidp (kinh doanh, budn ban) cua ngudi DTTS thude dien TDC trong 12 thang trudc tbdi diem dieu fra khoang ban 3 trieu ddng/hg/thang (Mean ^ 3.355.000 ddng) frong khi chi binh quan/hg/thang khoang hon 1 trieu ddng (Mean ^ LI 13.000 ddng) Ben canh dd, tdng thu nhap binh quan/hd trong 12 thang quy ra tien tit tidn luong, tien cdng va tir cac ngudn khae cua eac hd dan vin cdn rat thap, lan lugt la Mean ^ 15.928.000 ddng va 1.321.000 ddng
Khao sat tai dia ban TDC eho thay, ngudi dan TDC gap rat nhidu khd khan frong tim kiem viec lam phi ndng nghiep, neu cd eiing thudng khdng dn dinh, tir dd anh hudng rat ldn
den sinh ke eiia ca hg gia dinh: "Ca hgi viec Idm them du&i khu TDC thi vdn co, tuy theo anh
em ai co sice khoe thi vdn co viec Idm, tuy nhien mang tinh chdt khong ben vimg" (PVS,
nam, dan tdc Mudng, 48 tudi, xa tai dinh cu) UN Viet Nam (2014) ciing nhan dinh: cac chuang trinh TDC mgt mat giiip bao ve su an toan cua ngudi dan, phdng franh thidn tai, nhung mat khac qua ttinh nay cung gay ra nhiing khd khan nhat dinh nhu thieu cac dich vu, thidu vide lam, thidu ca hdi tao thu nhap
Tuy nhien, ddi vdi mdi khu TDC Iai cd sir khac nhau trong viec tidp can nhiing vide
Trang 8thiic va kinh nghiem lam an, gidi thieu viec lam nen nhitng ngudi DTTS tai dinh cu cd co hdi tim dupe viec lam cao hon: "Ngu&i ddn sa tai tgo dieu kien rdt nhieu ddi v&i nguai dm TBC Ho giiip ve cdng dn viec Idm, chia se kinh nghiem Idm dn, gi&i thiiu ngu&i ddn cd nh cau Idm viec din Idm viec tgi nhd mdy che bien go hogc di Idm cdng ve sdn xudt nong nghiep" (PVS, nam, dan tdc Kinh, 43 tudi, Lanh dao xa Bao Hieu) Dieu nay cho thiy, viec
md rpng vdn xa hpi va mang ludi xa hdi cd vai trd rit quan trpng trpng tim kidm viec lam phi ndng cua ngudi DTTS tai dinh cu, tir dd ngudi dan cd the dn dinh sinh kg tdt hon Kit qua nay ciing tuong ddng vdi nghien cira ciia DaCosta va Turner (2006, tr 197), ADPC (2003) cho ring: TDC cd tac dung tang cudng mang ludi xa hdi dia phuang cho ngudi dan trong thdn khi hp thanh lap mdt thdn mdi, dupe the hien qua su hd trp ciia gia dinh, hp hang, hang xdm, cac td chiic xa hpi va chinh quydn not d mdi
6 Ket luin
Ngudi DTTS thudc dien TDC chii ydu sdng dua vao cac hoat ddng san xuat ndng nghiep, trong khi BDKH anh hudng rit ldn den boat ddng san xuat cua ngudi dan, tir dd din den sinh kd cua cac hd dan bi de dpa Mdt bd phan nhd ngudi DTTS thupc dien TDC cd du dinh chuyen ddi gidng cay trdng, vat nudi, tuy nhien nhiing khd khiin lien quan den dat dai, vdn dau tu, he thdng xu ly nudc tudi tieu, he thdng xir ly chat thai, chinh sach hd Ug gidng cay trdng va vat nudi cung nhu vay vdn dang la trd ngai ddi vdi hp Mac du Nha nudc da
cd chuang trinh TDC cho cac hd dan trpng vung anh hudng nhung cac khu TDC d tinh Hoa Binh cdn han che ve dien tich va chat lupng dat san xuat, dieu nay da anh hudng ldn den phat trien sinh ke cua ngudi dan
Ngoai cac hoat ddng sinh ke dua vao ndng nghiep, ngudi DTTS thudc dien TDC va da TDC cdn tham gia nhChig hoat ddng phi ndng nghiep Tuy nhien, viec tiep can cac vice lam phi ndng cdn gap nhieu khd khan, dac biet la ddi vdi nhirng ngudi da TDC bdi mdt phan la
cd it doanh nghiep boat ddng tren dia ban, phiin khac la do nhan thuc ciia ngudi dan cung nhu mang ludi xa hdi trong tim kiem, gidi thieu viec lam vin cdn ban chd Ddng thdi, hinh
dp chuyen mdn, tay nghe ciia ngudi dan cdn thip nen dii cd tham gia vao nhiing viec lam phi ndng thi chu yeu vin lam cac cdng vide lao ddng gian don vdi miic thu nhap thap, khong dupe hudng cac che dp dai ngd lao ddng Do dd, sinh kS cua hd chua dupe dam bao
TCr nhung kit qua nay, vin de dat ra trong dam bao sinh kd cho ngudi DTTS thudc dien TDC la hd trp gidng cay trdng, vat nudi va vdn vay cho nhiing hd cd y dinh chuyen doi nham phat trien kinh te hd gia dinh; chinh sach cip them dat san xuit ndng nghiep cd chat luong la vd ciing can thiet va cin cd cac chuong trinh dao tao nghd, thu hut du an diu tu tten dia ban hoac viing lan can; thuc diy mang ludi xa hdi va nang cao nhan thuc cua ngudi diin
Trang 9Tai lifu tham khao
1 ADB (2011), Nghien cim tde dgng bien doi khi hdu vd de xudt cdc gidi phdp thich ung & Dong bdng song Cim Long - Phdn A, Bao cao tdng ket
2 ADPC (2003), The Role of Local Institutions in Reducing Vulnerability to Recurrent Natural Disasters and in Sustainable Livelihoods Development - Case study: Viet Nam, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand
3 Dang Nguydn Anh va cgng su (2016), Ddnh gid bdng chirng: Di cu, moi tru&ng vd bien doi khi hdu tgi Viet Nam, Td chiic Di cu Qudc td, Geneva
4 Ban chi dao Trung uang ve Phong, chdng thien tai (2017), Bdo cdo Tong kit cong tdc phong chong thien tai ndm 2016 vd trim khai nhiem vu ndm 2017
5 DaCosta, E va Turner, S (2006), Negotiating changing livelihoods: The sampan dwellers of Tam Giang Lagoon, VietNam, Geoforura 38 (207), tt 190-206
6 Nguyen Cong Thao va Pham Thi Cam Van (2013), "Thich ung vdi bien ddi khi
hau: Nhin tir gdc do cdng ddng", Tgp ehi Nghien cuu Dia ly nhdn vdn, Sd 1, fr 45-53
7 Due Phugng (2007), "Con bao sd 5 va nhung tara Idng nhan ai", tren trang http://vt^ww.baohoabinh.cora.vn/220/9513/Con-bao-so-5-va-nhung-tara-long-nhan-ai.htm truy cap ngay 06/12/2007
8 Hiiu Trung (2016), "Hdi nghi tdng kdt cdng tac phdng chdng thien tai va tim kiem cuu nan", fren frang http://baohoabinh.com.vn/12/98495 truy cap ngay 22/4/2016
9 Tran Thudng (2017), "Mua lu d Hda Binh: 34 ngudi chdt va mat tich, thiet hai ban 1.600 ty", tren trang hfrp://vietnamnet.vn/vn/thoi-su/raoi-truong/mua-lu-o-hoa-binh-34-nguoi-chet-va-mat-tich-thiet-hai-hon-l-600-tv-405771.html truy cap ngay 19/10/2017
10 UN Viet Nara (2014), Di cu, tdi dinh cu vd bien doi khi hau tgi Viet Nam: Gidm nhe muc do phai bdy tru&c hiem hga vd ton thuang tic khi hdu cue doan thong qua di cu tu
do vd di ddn theo dinh hu&ng Lien Hgp Qude tai Viet Nam, Ha Ndi
11 UN Viet Nam va Vien Xa hdi hgc (lOS) (2017), Tdi dinh cu trong boi cdnh bien doi moi tru&ng & tinh Hoa Binh, Viet Nam: Phdn tich qud trinh ra quyet dinh cua cdc hg gia dinh vd cdc kit qud cua chuang trinh tdi dinh eu