Tom tat: Trong lich sir Viet Nam, lang xa dong vai ho hit su:c quan hgng ddi vdi ddi song kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa - xa hgi ciia ddt nudc.. Cac thach thirc chit ylu dli vai su phat tr
Trang 1Thach thuc doi vol sy phat trien
lang xa Viet Nam hien nay
N g u y i n Duy Thuy^
' Vi?n Khoa hgc xa hgi viing Tay Nguyen, Vign Han lam Khoa hgc xa hgi Vi$t Nam
Email: thuycongtuoc@gmail.com
Nhan ngay 11 thang 10 nam 2018 Chip nhan dang ngay 14 thang 11 nam 2018
Tom tat: Trong lich sir Viet Nam, lang xa dong vai ho hit su:c quan hgng ddi vdi ddi song kinh te, chinh tri, van hoa - xa hgi ciia ddt nudc Vigt Nam la mpt nudc n6ng nghiep, lang xa la xa hgi thu nho cua dat nudc Lang xa cbiia dung nhieu tinh hoa cua ddt nudc va con ngudi Viet Nam Song, hong lang xa Viet Nam hien nay con ton tai mgt s6 ban che, do la thach tbiic dli vdi sy phat trien cua nong thdn mdi Cac thach thirc chit ylu dli vai su phat triln ciia lang xa Viet Nam hien nay la: tinh tu hi ciia lang xa, sy bien tudng heu cue ciia huong udc lang xa, cudng hao lang xa
Tir kh6a: Lang xa, phat trien, thach thiic, Viet Nam
PhSn loai nganh: Sir hgc
Abstract: In Vietnam's history, villages played a very important role in the country's economic, political, cultural and social aspects Vietnam is an agricultural country, with the village being a miniature society of the country Villages contain a lot of the quintessence of the country and people of Viemam However, there remain things to be improved in the Vietoamese village, which are challenges for the development of the campaign of new rural areas The main challenges for the development of Vietnamese villages today are those related to the autonomy of the village, tbe negative changes in the village conventions, and tbe powerful villagers who oppress others
Keywords: Villages, development, challenges, Vietnam
Subject classification: History
1 Dan n h a p ngudi Viet Nam, tdm hdn vdn danh nhiing
tinh cam than thuang ve nhung lang que Lang xa Viet Nam da cd tir rdt lau ddi Nd Lang Viet cd la nhiing don vi cu tni cua nhu la nhung "te bao sdng", nhiing "cau dan Viet ed, tdn tai ttong khodng thdi gian kien due sdn" de tao nen ndng thdn Viet tir 1.000-2.000 nam trudc Cdng nguyen den Nam xua Cho den nay, cd le ttong mdi khoang 1.000 nam sau Cdng nguyen, tiic la
Trang 2khdi ddu ttr thdi ky cac Vua Himg dung
nudc cho din thi ky X sau Cdng nguyen
Thdi bdy gid, dd la nhiing cdng xa ma theo
each gpi cua C.Mac la nhiing "cdng xa
ndng thdn hinh thai A Chdu" [2] Con
ngudi sdng dya vdo rudng ddt, lay rudng
dat lam xudt phdt diem Rudng dat la chung
cua edng xa Rudng dat ay dem chia cho
cac thanh viSn, eac thanh vien hgp thanh
cdng xa va sdng kh^p kin Mdi thanh vien
(eu dan) cdng xa nhan rudng ddt eay eay va
ddng nhdt bdn than minh vdi cdng xa Cac
lang Viet el (duge gpi Id "ke") duge hinh
thdnh mdt each ty phat tir sy giai the cua
cac cdng xa nguyen thiiy hay eae bd lac
nguyen thuy, do chinh la cac lang tieu ndng
dau tien ciia xa hdi ed giai cdp Ph.Angghen
da chi ra rang; chi can nhiing sy phan chia
lai do chdm dut mdt each ty phdt, hay bi
xda bd bdng mdt nghi quylt dac biet, thi la
chiing ta da cd dugc mpt lang tilu ndng
Lang Viet cd hay lang tieu ndng (tire Id cac
"ke", nhu ke Gidng, ke Set, ke Md, ke
Sat ) la nhimg tl bao ciia xa hdi cd giai
cap dViet Nam, Id chd dua cua ehi do
chiem him no Ie d vao giai doan dau cua nd,
hic la giai doan che do nd le gia trudng,
khong cd dilu kien de phat ttiln thanh chi
do chiem hiiu nd le diln hinh Trong nhiing
"ke" nhu vdy, giiia ngudi vdi ngudi ed hai
quan he vdi nhau: quan he huylt thdng vd
quan he Idng gilng Tdt ca diu dugc khep
kin ttong mdt khodng khdng gian nhdt dinh
Vao nam 43 sau Cdng nguyen Ma Vien
kinh ly Viet Nam (ddt Au Lac cii) va lap sd
dinh, sd diln, gpi nudc Au Lac cu la dk
Giao Chi [5] Khi lap sd dinh, sd diln thi
ngudi Hdn phai phien am tilng Viet thdi dd
thanh chii Han dl ghi thanh van tu (md
ttudc het la phian am cac lang, hg) Vi du,
ke Gidng ddi thanh lang Phu Ddng, ke Set
ddi thanh thanh Idng Set Ma Vien chii truang ddng hda ngudi Viet thanh ngudi Han; bat ngudi Viet theo phong tue ciia ngudi Han; ddi ten nudc Au Lac thanh qudn Giao Chi, nam ttong ban do hanh ehinh ciia ngudi Han, xda ten nudc Au Lac, do do edng xd da chuyen tu "ke" thanh lang va
"ke" tir dd mat dan y nghia ban dau Bat ddu til the ky thii X ttd di, cac lang Viet da chuyen sang pham trii cda Idng Vi$t mdi Thyc ra, d cac Idng ngudi Viet hien tai, dudng nhu da cd sy "hda tan" cua cac lang Viet cd vao ttong co chi eua cac lang Viet mdi, hay la, ttong cac lang Viet mdi cdn bao luu mpt sd dac tinh eua lang Viet
cd Lang Viet mdi xuat hien cd nhilu ten gpi khac nhau tiiy timg dia phuang Da sl duge ggi la lang, nhung cdn dugc ggi la huong, xa, thdn, phudng, sach, giap Dac bigt, tir "ke" cua ngudi Viet cd khong con thi hieri ttong cac thdng ke, khai hao hanh chinh cdp co sd (ma chi cdn la ten hic hay ten Ndm)
Nam 905, sau khi gianh lai chmh quyln tir nha Dudng, hg Khiic khdng chu ttuang thay thS toan bd chinh quyln ciia nha Dudng d Viet Nam, ma chu truang duy hi cau tnie he thdng chinh quyln dy (do ngudi Viet ndm gift) Cac lang Viet mdi tir do hd
di do chinh quyln nha nude quan Ii mdi co ten ttong danh sach Khiic Hao nhd vao co nghiep cii; giu Idy La Thanh; ty xung Tilt
Dp Sli; ehia ddt cac Id, phu, chau va xa d cac xii; dat ra chanh lenh ttudng, ta lenh ttudng, binh qudn thul rudng; tha bo lao dieh; lap sd khai hp khiu; ke rd ten que quan giao cho gidp trudng ttdng eoi [3] Nam 938, sau chiln thdng Bach Ddng, Ngd Quyln xung vuong len ngdi vua, budc ddu ddt nin ty chii cho ddt nudc Ngo Quyen lap lai hd khdu tren pham vi ca nudc, quy dinh xd la don vi hanh chinh cudi
Trang 3cimg; va dat chiic xd quan dl quan ly Tir
dd, tii "ke" khdng cdn giii vai trd ban ddu,
nhtmg vdn cdn giii mai thanh ten Ndm cua
lang eho den tan ngay nay
Lang Viet mdi, dii d loai hinh thira ki tir
lang Viet cd hay mdi xudt hien, deu phai cd
ten gpi rieng va thudng ten bang Han - Viet
thuan tliy
Tir budi sa khai ciia lich su, mdi ngudi
dan Viet Nam deu la mdt thdnh td cua cdng
ddng lang xd Trdi nghin ddi, vdi bao thang
ttam, bien ddng, bao thir thaeh khde nghiet,
lang xa Viet vdi nhirng net van hda rieng
ddc dao va dae sac dugc gin giir, ttao
truyen vd tdn bdi, da ttd thanh net ban sdc
ciia van hda Viet Nam Ldng, ttong radi
quan he hihi co vdi nha va nudc, da trd
thanh lihan td quan ttgng cd ket cdng ddng
de tao nen sue manh doan kit khdng gi
sanh dugc cua ddn tde Viet Nam
Trudc nhung tdc ddng ciia ddi sdng hien
dai, lang xa Viet dang ddi dien nhieu thach
thiic to Idn Khdng it gia tri timg dugc xem
la tjeu bieu ciia cdng ddng lang xa, nay
dugc nhin nhan nhu nhiing vdt can ngan ttd
con dudng phat trien Su du nhap nhiing
yeu td van hda ngoai lai eiing gdy nen nhilu
tac ddng tieu cue, lam phai nhat net dac
tnmg cua van hda lang Bdi viet nay phdn
tich nhiing thaeh thiic ddi vdi sy phat triln
cua lang xa Viet Nam hien nay Dd Id tinh
ty tri cita lang xa, sy bien tudng tieu eye
cua huang udc lang xa, cudng hao lang xa
2 Tinh ty tri cua lang xa
Trdi qua bao thang tram cua lich sir, lang xa
Viet Nam vdn tdn tai mdt cdeh ben viing
Cho du eae vuang trilu phia Bdc mudn
ddng hda, cho dii eac the luc ciia tu ban
phuang Tdy mudn chinh phyc bang bao
lye, thi lang xa Viet Nam vdn tdn tai Tir nhiing dilu kien ca sd hinh thanh va chiic nang cua nd, lang xa Viet Nam da the hien siic sdng manh liet
Lang xa Viet Nam tir xua den nay Id di san lich sir de Iai cho ddt nudc Ddy Id di san cua mgt xa hdi vdi nhiing cu dan ndng nghiep (hp cai tao ty nhien bang thii cdng thd so vd ggi dd la nhiing ngudi tieu ndng), vdi mdt nen kinh te tieu ndng san xudt nhd, manh mim, lac hau va cham phat trien Lang xa ra ddi ttong vdn minh ndng nghiep, lay ddt dai ldm co sd chinh cua kinh te Ddi sdng vdn hda d lang xa xoay quanh cac le hdi ndng nghiep
Lang xa Viet Nam cd van hda rieng Lang la dem vi hanh chinh cua nha nudc quan ehu, cd nghTa vy vdi nha nudc Cu dan eac Idng ndi ddi la than dan eua hodng
de Lang cd rudng ddt rieng, dat dd ehia eho dan dinh eua lang ma nha nude khdng can thiep Dd chinh la tinh tu tti eua lang Mat khac, nhiing ngudi dan sdng ttong lang cd
t\i tudng eoi ttgng rudng ddt, eoi ttpng ndng
nghiep, eoi thudng thuang nghiep Do dd, lang cd tinh ttang "trpng ndng lie thuang",
cd lap vdi the- gidi ben ngodi Tu tudng kinh te cua ngudi tieu ndng khdng phii hgp vdi dieu kien mdi hien nay la kinh tl thi trudng Ngudi ndng dan it nghi den sy sinh loi, raa tdn ttgng dao dire sudng, ly luan suong, chiu ngheo khd chu khdng chiu tim each vuon ra de thoat khdi canh ngheo khd cua minh Ben canh do, nhiing ngudi ndng dan vdn dl cao tu tudng tdn tien, tich luy eiia eai de lam giau 6 ngudi ndng dan ludn
cd suy nghT "tich ede phong ea, tich y phdng han" Vi thd, ttong dilu kien ddt nudc phat triln theo kinh tl thi trudng nhu hien nay, thi ngudi ndng ddn phai hi thay ddi cho phu hgp
Lich sir de lai di san ciia mdt egng ddng nha nude - ddn tgc ma truyin thong giu
Trang 4lang dl gin nudc Qua ttinh dd da dien ra
hang nghin nam Nha nudc Viet Nam trong
lich sir dugc hinh thanh ttong cdng viee tri
thiiy, dip de lam nong nghiep Tir cdng
cudc chdng ngoai xdm, ngudi Viet cd
ttuyin thdng cd kit, da san sinh ra nhiing
con ngudi cd net van hda rieng Hp cd the
sdn sang tin theo nhiing tu tudng mdi cita
thdi dai dl phat ttiln, hg cd the thay ddi
lich sir lang xa de phat trien ddt nudc
Lang xa la don vi kinh te, chinh tri cua
ddt nudc Cu dan lang xa Id nhung ngudi
nong ddn gan lien vdi kinh te tieu ndng, cd
tu tudng tieu ndng, cd ban sac rieng Trong
eae lang xa, ngudi ta thd dng ba td tien, thd
Phat, thd than Iinh Dieu do the hien h'nh
chdt da nguyen ve van hda Ngudi Viet tin
rang con ngudi song ttong hai the gidi, the
gidi ttdn gian vd the gidi eoi am Hg tin
rdng cd sy qua bao Do quan niem ed hai
the gidi, nen ttong vdn hda cua ngudi
Viet Nam ed viec "keu ri" (len ddng) Hg
eho rang cdi am - duang ed sy lien thdng
vdi nhau
Cimg vdi Trung Qudc, Trilu Tien va
Nhdt Ban, Viet Nam la mdt ttong bdn qudc
gia Nho giao diln hinh Dilm ndi bat ttong
vdn hoa lang la d chd, Nho giao da anh
hudng sdu rdng, hda nhdp vdi ddi sing ciia
lang hong viee xdy dyng gia dinh Nho giao
cd tdc dung cung cd quan he hp hdng thdn
tpc, cung CO quan he lang xdm lang gieng;
ldm nen su doan ket, tao nen siic manh Tap
qudn san xudt ndng nghiep theo hinh thtic
tieu ndng dugc cd vti bdi hr tudng Nho
gido Tu hidng "dT ndng vi ban" (Idy ndng
lam goc) da giup cho lang xa Viet binh dn
hang nghin nam Song, day Iai chinh la luc
can sy phat ttien Khi eon ngudi ngai thay
ddi, ngudi ta se khd ching dd duge nhiing
doi thil ben ngoai
3 Sy bien tirdng tieu cue cua huong u-dc lang xa
Lang xa Viet Nam ed mpt lich su rat lau dai Md hinh lang xa da dugc duy tri hieu qua qua hang nghin nam, chdng dd dugc nhieu thir thaeh khae nghiet cua thien tai Trong md hinh lang xa, ngudi ndng ddn Viet rat hieu thien nhien va biet tdn dung thien nhien, hda ddng vdi thien nhien; tham chi, rat sg thien nhien, khdng dam "coi ttdi bang vung" Khi lang xa phat trien len, ho hinh thanh cac quy udc (hay hucmg udc) dl bdo ve cdng ddng Cae huang udc quy dinh rat rach rdi ve cac mat ddi sdng ttong lang
He thdng cae quy dinh cua huong ude giitp lang xa van hanh dn dinh Cde quy dinh vl nghTa vu va quyln lgi cua ragi thanh vien ttong cdng ddng dugc quy dinh rdt ro rang Dilu dd giiip cho bd may hdnh chinh quan
Iy lang xa rdt ggn nhe, nhung hieu qua Mdi con ngudi dii di dau, khi vl din lang thi diu phai theo Ie lang Thyc tl, huong udc la edng cu quan ly mem rdt hieu qua Nguoi ddn lang quan niem rdng, tha thilu thul vua han thua tyc dan, "phep vua thua Ie lang",
"gdng lang vira mang vira hat"
Huang udc vdn Id do ngudi dan tu thdo luan, de ra va cimg vdi chinh quyln th6ng qua de thyc hanh Huong udc la quy dinh
ty nguyen cua ngudi dan, khdng phdi do ai
ap dat Nhung d nhilu nai hien nay, huang udc dugc hinh thanh chii ylu theo phuong thiie hi tten "ap dat" xudng Ci nhilu dia phuang, huang udc cac lang da phdn diu
na na nhu nhau, chi thay ten lang Trong khi trudc ddy, huong udc cac lang diu co net rieng Vii Duy Men eho rdng: "Tdi da timg dgc mgt sd hucmg ude chii Han Nom, thi thay chu yeu Id thudng dan tham gia vao chuyen xay dyng ndi dung, vi dd la nhiing quy dinh lien quan tryc tiep den hg Hg cd
20
Trang 5the rdt it hpc, nhieu ngudi khdng biet chii
nen khdng biet ky ma diem chi vao huong
udc, nhung da sd la thudng dan, ed nhtrng
hucmg udc din 80-90% ngudi thara gia
diera chi Nhxmg hp Id ngudi thi hanh Cdch
thiic xdy dyng huong udc theo kieu tir tten
xudng hien nay dang lam eho huang udc
mdt di gia tti, vi nhiing quy dinh dd khdng
gan lien vdi quyen lgi va nhdn thirc tryc
tiep ciia ngudi dan Thanh thii, mpt cdng cu
mem de quan 1^ lang xa rat hieu qua da bi
xem nhe, bd qua" [7]
4 Cudng hao lang xa
Ndng dan Viet Nam ttdi qua bao ddi gan bd
vdi lang, vdi dat, sdng nhd vao rudng dat;
vi the, hg the hien tinh yeu lang, yeu que
huong Tuy nhien, ngudi tilu ndng cd tam
ly ciia ngudi san xuat nhd, khdng thich
ngudi khac gidng minh; cd tdm ly be phai
Lgi dung tam ly dd, nhieu ngudi ttong bg
may nhd nudc tao be canh de chi phdi ca
quan Ve mat kinh te ciing nhu nhiing mat
khdc, ai kem hon hg thi bi hg khinh thudng,
nat no, ghet bd, ai bang hp thi bi hg ken
eya Vi the, y nigra binh ddng giiia ngudi
vdi ngudi khd hinh thdnh mgt each thuc sy
Ma khdng cd binh dang thi khdng ed ddn
chii dugc
Ngudi tieu ndng cd tam ly thich cdo
bang, ghen ghet, khdng thich ngudi khac
ban minh Hp eho rang "dai bay hon khdn
ldi", "khdn ddc khdng bdng dai doan" Do
vdy, hg khdng phdt huy dugc sang kiln
Ngudi tieu ndng ciing cd tam ly dam ddng,
tdm Iy a dua Ngudi cd tdm Iy dd thi thy
ddng, khdng can phan biet phai trai Nhu
vay, tdm ly eua ngudi tieu ndng rdt phiie
tap, trong do cd tdm ly tich eye va tdm ly
tieu eye Tdm ly tieu eye han chi nhiing
mat tdt cua hg, la chd dya cho the lye cudng hao d lang xa va bi tang ldp cudng hao d lang xa Igi dung
Cudng hao lang xd la nhiing ngudi cd ehiic sac ttong lang vd dp btie ndng dan Tii the ky XVII trd di, khi che dp quan chu khimg hoang, dan phieu tan nhieu nai, lang
xa tieu dieu, ddi khd vi ehiln tranh, vi mdt mua ddi kem, thi tang ldp cudng hdo cang
ed dieu kien thao tiing, long hanh Cudng hao sinh ra do nguyen nhan khach quan Nguyen nhan dd la d chd, lang xa Viet Nam
bi bao bpc xung quanh bdi liiy tre Idng; kinh te cua lang xa Id kinh te tieu ndng khep kin; ngudi dan trong lang xa thieu thdng tin, thieu hieu biet, gan nhu tach ban vdi the gidi ben ngoai; trong lang tdn tai cde ddng hp, dang cap; ngudi dimg dau ddng hg, ke manh thudng Ian at, chi phdi, thao hing, long hanh trudc ke yeu Ddn ddn, cudng hdo ttd thanh mdt te nan trong lang
xa Khi ma ngudi ndng ddn sg dung cham thi cudng hao ed the be ngugc nhiing chinh sach ciia nha nudc theo hudng cd lgi cho minh; ngudi dan ttong lang xa mdt ddn tinh ehat dan chu
Tinh ttang keo be, keo canh ttong lang tao dieu kien cho ke manh lung doan ddn lang Bd mdy cai tri d thdn que dygc hinh thanh tten co sd hiep thuang, thda thuan giira cac phe canh ttong lang, chii ylu xung quanh cdc ddng hg Tinh chdt huylt tdc ddng hp lam cho viec dieu hanh eiia ngudi cam quyen khd khdn Chii truong chinh sach cua nhd nudc le ra cdn dugc ngudi dan ban bac, nhung thuc te ngudi dan hdu nhu khdng cd quyen ban bac Ngudi dan khdng
cd dan ehii vi mpi viee do cudng hao quyet dinh Tir day ta cd the thdy rdng lye Iugng can trd ddn chu d ndng thdn cd xua va nay
la eudng hao lang xd Trudc kia cd cudng hao, nay ciing cd eudng hao, dd la cudng hao mdi Mudn dan ehii hda ndng thdn thi phdi xda bd te nan cudng hao
Trang 65 Ket luan
Xa hdi ndng thdn Viet Nam dang cd nhieu
thay ddi Con ngudi cd the ngdi d lang
nhung bilt rdt nhieu ehuyen eiia the gidi
Nhieu ngudi cho rang, van hda cd truyen
la vdn qu;y, can phai giii Iai ttong qua
trinh xdy dyng ndng thdn mdi Tuy nhien,
ta edn phai cdn trgng nhin nh^n xem nen
gift Iai cai gi Dac diem tmyen thdng nao
khdng edn phu hgp nua thi-ciing khdng nen
gift lai
Ndng thdn Viet Nam can phai dugc phat
trien theo xu hudng hien dai, gidng nhu cac
nudc phat trien Con dudng phat ttien cua
ndng thdn la hien d^i hda Chiing ta dang
tien tten con dudng dy, nhung sy nghiep
hien dai hda ndng thdn van chua dat dugc
ket qua mong mudn De tao da eho sy phat
ttien ciia cac vimg ndng thdn, edn cd
phuang thftc qudn Iy phit hgp va nguon lye
xa hgi Con dudng d l phat ttiln lang xa la
con dudng lau dai
De xay dyng ndng thdn mdi hien nay,
ehiing ta edn thu tiSu ca chi lang xd cu, cac
mat ban che cua nd Giai quylt mgt each
hai hoa radi quan he giua nha nudc va lang
xa la ehia khoa cua sy phat trien ndng thdn ben vting
Tai lieu t h a m k h a o
[1] Alvin Toffler (1992), Lan song thir ba, Nxb
Thong tin 1;^ lu^n, Ha Ngi
[2] Cac Mac (1976), Nhimg hinh thuc co truac sdn xudt tu bdn cht) nghTa, Nxb Sir that,
HaNgi
[3] Quoc Sic quan trilu Hau Le (1998), Dgi Viit sic
ky toan tiiu, 1.1, Nxb Khoa hgc xS h^i, H4 Ngi [4] Quoc Sli quan trieu Nguyen (1908), Quoc triiu chinh bien todt yiu, q.2, Nxb Dai hgc Tong
hgp, Ha Ngi
[5] Quoc Sli quan triSu Nguyin (1957), Viet sU thdng gidm cuang muc tien bien, t.l, Nxb VSn
Sli Dia, Ha Ngi
[6] Tan Phong (1945), "Viec chinh tri a thon que",
Dac san Thanh Nghi, s6 100-104
[7] http://www.nhandan.com.vn/cuoitiiaii/item/ 32029402-van-hoa-lang-xa-viet-nam-trong-thoi-hien-dai.html