Tuy nhien, thye te phat tridn ndng thdn Vift Nam dang ddi difn vdi nhiiu thdch thuc nhu; khd md rf ng difn tieh canh tdc, quy md sdn xult nhd, thiiu ftng dyng khoa hge edng nghf di ndng
Trang 1TIEP C ^ LY THUYET VE PHAT TRIEN NONG T H O N : TlT GOC
NHIN KINH TE HOC PHAT TRIEN VA XA H Q I HQC PHAT TRIEN
NGUYEN DirC CHI$N'
Tdm tit: Trin thi gi&i dd tdn tgi nhiiu cdch tiip cgn ly thuyit vi phdt triin ndng thdn Mdi ly thuyit ra d&i trong nhiing bdi cdnh kinh ti, chinh tri, xd hgi vd ed uu diim hgn ehi trong vi^c van dung vdo thuc tiin phdt trien cua mdi xd h^i Ld mgt quae gia dang phdt triin, Vi$t Nam trong nhiing thgp ky vitg qua da nd luc lua chgn vdn dmg tn$t
sd ly thuyit phdt triin nong thdn, mang din thdnh qud vd kh&i sac m&i ve kinh te, xd hgi d nong thdn Tuy vgy, qud trinh cdng nghidp hda, hi$n dgi hda nong thon Vi$t Nam vdn dang gdp nhiiu tr& nggi vd thdch thiec D{ca vdo ngudn tdi li$u kinh te hgc phdt triin, xa hgi hoc phdt triin, bdi viit bdn lugn vi ddng gdp vd hgn chi cua mgt sd tiep can ly thuyet phdt triin ndng thdn, vd ggn ma dinh hu&ng din viic kiin tgo ly thuyit phii hap ddi v&i con ducmg cdng nghiep hda, hien dgi hda ndng thdn Vi$t Nam trong boi cdnh hgi nhgp
TH khda: tiip cgn ly thuyet, xa hfi hge phat tridn, kinh td hgc phdt triin, phdt trien
ndng thdn
Nhgn bdi: 07/5/2018 Gui phdn bi?n: 18/5/2018 Duy?t ddng: 07/6/2018
1 Gidi thifu
Vdo nhftng thgp nien ddu cua the ky 21, trong khi cdc qudc gia phdt tridn chi cdn mgt ty If it di ddn s i hogt dgng hong khu vuc ndng nghifp, thi d ede quie gia dang phat tridn vd chgm phat tridn phan ldn dan sd van dang sdng dya vdo ndng nghifp Cugc sdng cua ngudi ndng dan van nghdo nan vd khde bift vdi thd gidi bdn ngodi, nhidu nii ro va bat
an vdn hifn huu trong cugc sdng cua hg Bdi todn vd phdt triin ndng thdn, phdt tridn hai hda va bin viing ndng thdn dang ddt ra elp thiit hem bao gid hit d cac quoc gia ndy Ve m|t ly ludn da cd nhieu tiep can ly thuydt xudt phdt tu cdc chuydn ngdnh khde nhau quan tdm den phdt triin ndng thdn (tiip can kinh ti hge phdt trien, xa hfi hgc phdt triin) Ngay
d mSi tiep can ndy cung ton tgi nhiiu khuynh hudng ly thuyit vdi nhftng quan diim 1^ lugn khde nhau, ddi khi ddi ldp nhau
Vift Nam Id mgt quoc gia ndng nghifp, ^ tudng cdng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda dit nude duge Ddng Cgng sdn Vift Nam khdi xudng tft thgp nidn 1960, trong bdi cdnh miin Bdc vua duge gidi phdng vd tiin hdnh cdng euf e gidi phdng midn Nam, thing nhdt dit
Trang 2nude Nhftng thstp ky gdn day Vift Nam da ddnh nhiiu quan tdm vd nl lye dii vdi phdt hien ndng nghifp, ndng ddn, ndng thdn Tgi Dgi hdi Ddng VIII (nam 1996), Ddng dd de
ra muc tieu "din nam 2020 nude ta sd trd thdnh mft nude cdng nghidp ed ea sd vat chat -k5' thugt hifn dgi"' Myc tieu ndy duge dien dgt "mim deo" hon trong Vdn kifn Dgi hfi
IX (nam 2001) cda Dang: "Din ndm 2020, nude ta ca ban hd thdnh nude cdng nghifp theo hudng hifn dgi" Tuy nhidn, tgi Dgi hfi Dang XII (nam 2016), Ddng dd thfta nhdn "tieu ehi phan ddu de den ndm 2020 nude ta co ban hd thanh nude cdng nghifp theo hudng hifn dgi chua dgt duge" Bao cdo Chinh tri tgi Dgi hfi Ddng XII dd nhln manh
"dly mgnh edng nghifp hda, hidn dgi hda, phln dlu sdm dua nude ta ca ban trd thdnh nude edng nghifp theo hudng hifn dgi"^ Cd thi thdy, Viet Nam da cd bude tiin vugt bgc tiong nhftng thdp ky vfta qua, dgc bift Id hem 30 Ddi mdi, tft dit nude thiiu luang thyc trd thdnh qudc gia xuat khau ggo ldn hdn the gidi, cdi thifn ddi sdng efta ngudi ddn ndng thdn Vift Nam cftng trd thdnh mft hong nhiing nude ed ty If xda ddi, gidm nghdo vdi toe
df cao nhat hen the gidi, v.v Thanh qud ndy cd duge la nhd vdo qua trinh cdng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda ndng nghifp, ndng thdn do Ddng vd Nhd nude khdi xudng Tuy nhien, thye te phat tridn ndng thdn Vift Nam dang ddi difn vdi nhiiu thdch thuc nhu; khd md
rf ng difn tieh canh tdc, quy md sdn xult nhd, thiiu ftng dyng khoa hge edng nghf di ndng eao ehdt lugng ndng san, khu vyc kinh ti ndng nghifp chuyin ddi chgm; tinh trgng khai thdc qua mftc nguin tdi nguydn vd Igm dyng phdn hda hgc thuoe bao vf thye vgt dang gdy
d nhiem mdi trudng vd huy hogi sinh thdi; ddi sdng vdn hda biiu hifn ehua Idnh manh, xung dot xa hgi cd chiiu hudng gia tdng, thiiu vife lam dan din lao dfng di cu ty phdt o
at ra cde thdnh pho nhung vifc lam khdng ben viing dd vd dang dd lai nhiiu hf lyy xd hfi
d dd thi vd tae dgng hd lgi ndng thdn nude ta
Dua vdo tdi lifu kinh td hgc phdt trien, xa hgi hge phat trien, bdi viet diem lugn mft
sd tidp can ly thuydt tu hai ITnh vye khoa hgc nay trong thdi gian qua, nhdm ldm rd nhflng ddng gdp va khodng trdng cua ede ly thuyet ndy ddi vdi thyc tiln phat trien ndng thdn, ggi md hudng thao lugn vd con dudng cdng nghifp hda, hien dgi hda ndng thdn nude ta hong bdi cdnh hgi nhap
2 Tiep can kinh te hgc phdt triln
Phdt tridn ndng thdn Id ehu di thu hut sy quan tdm ban luan cua cde hgc gia phuang Tdy ki tft sau Thi chiin thu hai, thdi ky cac quie gia phuong Tdy dly mgnh cdng nghifp hda, do thi hda Van de phat trien ndng nghifp, ndng dan vd ndng thdn ludn duge djt h-ong mil quan hf tuong tdc vdi phdt hiin cdng nghifp vd dd thi, vdi ba chu thuyit chinh
Thuyet de cao vai trd cda ndng nghidp trong qud trinh chuan bf cho cdng nghidp hda
Trong cdng trinh The role of agriculture in economic development (Vai hd cua
ndng nghifp trong phdt trien kinh ti^, Johnston vd Mellor (1961) dd cao vai trd ciia ndng nghifp ttong qua trinh chuan bj cho edng nghifp hda, cdc dgi bieu nay cho rdng vife ede
' http://dangcongsan.vn/tu-lieu-van-kien/tu-Iieu-ve-dang, truy c$p ngiy 1/5/2018
Trang 3quoc gia quan tdm xdy dyng mgt ndn ndng nghifp vftng mgnh vd nang dgng se Id mft nhdn to quan trgng thftc ddy cdng nghifp phdt triin vd sy tdng trudng nhanh efta todn bf nen kinh te qudc ddn hong qud trinh cdng nghifp hda Theo cde hgc gia nay, ndng nghifp
ed 5 vai tro: "eung cdp lucmg thyc, thye pham cho nhu cau ttong nude; xuat khau ndng
sdn de thu ngoai td; tgo nguin lao dfng cho khu vyc cdng nghifp; md rf ng thi trudng nfi
dia cho sdn phim cdng nghidp; tdng nguin tidt kifm d ttong nude dk cdp vdn cho md
mang cdng nghifp" (Phgm Xuan Nam, 1997:14)
Gin vdi quan diim efta Johnston vd Mellor, ttong tac phim Economic growth and structure (Tdng trudng kinh td va cdu tnie), Kuznets (1965) la hgc gid tiip tue dua ra
quan diem khang dinh "sy ddng gdp cua ndng nghifp vdo sy tdng trudng kinh ti thdng qua con dudng budn bdn cdc m§t hdng vd sdn phdm vdi cdc khu vyc khac nhau d ttong va ngodi nude, eung cap luang thyc, thyc phim, nguydn lifu, lao ddng, vdn, thi trudng cho qua trinh edng nghifp hda" (Phgm Xudn Nam, 1997: 14) Nhu vdy, quan didm cua ede dgi bieu thufc thuyet de cao vai ttd cua ndng nghifp chuan bi cho cdng nghifp hda dd n h ^ mgnh din tdng trudng vd phdt tridn do ndng nghifp mang lgi, phdt triin ndng nghifp khdng chi tgo sy hdi hda gifta ndng thdn vd dd thi h-ong qud trinh phdt triin md cdn Id nen ting vung chdc dd tidn hdnh cdng nghidp hda Didu nay duge xem Id ggi y quan ttgng dii vdi cde nude cd the mgnh phdt tridn ndng nghifp
Thuyet chu trirang tien thing vdo cdng nghi§p hda, do th{ hda
Dgi difn tidu biiu cho khuynh hudng ly thuyit ndy Id Rostow Trong tdc phim The stages of economic growth: A non-communist manifesto (Cde giai dogn cua tdng trudng
kmh ti: mgt tuydn bd phi cgng sdn), Rostow (1960) cho rdng "sy phat triin tu mgt xd hfi ndng nghifp din mft xd hgi cdng nghifp, rdi hgu edng nghifp phdi duge tiin hdnh ding thdi ttdn 4 binh dien: kinh ti; khdng gian; xa hfi - chinh tri vd vdn hda, hie Id phdi cdng nghifp hda, dd thi hda, quoc ti hda, phuong Tdy hda" (Pham Xuan Nam, 1997:16) Theo dng, cdc nude da van dyng thdnh cdng md hinh ly thuyit nay, chdng han nhu Hoa Ky duge xem nhu Id mlu hinh dd ede qudc gia dang phdt triin vd chgm phdt triin hgc tap
"Cdc nude phucmg Tdy, ddc bift Id Hoa Ky dd dgt din ttinh dg phdt triin hoan hao, hd thdnh mye thudc vd md hinh tat yiu cho tat ed cae nude khae con dudng phai theo Do
dd, mgi ddn tdc, qudc gia ttdn the gidi can xay dyng eac phuang dn phdt triin cang giing Hgp chung qudc Hoa Ky bao nhidu till cdng tit bdy nhidu" (Phgm Xuan Nam, 1997:16) Gan vdi tu tudng Rostow, nhung ed chiing mye han, Bergmann vd eac cfng sy
(1970) ttong tac pham; A Future for European agriculture (Tuong lai cho ndng nghifp
chdu Au) dd thu hgp din mfte *tdi thiiu vai trd cua ndng nghifp ttong nen kinh ti quic ddn Nhdm hgc gid ndy cho rdng ndng nghifp "vd ca bdn chi dinh hudng vao sdn xult luang thyc, thye phim Do dd, cdch duy nhlt di duy tri su tdng trudng eua nin kinh ti
Id phdi gidm mgnh so lugng nhdn cdng hong ndng nghifp" (Pham Xudn Nam, 1997; 16)
Cd thd nhan xdt ring, quan diim efta cdc dai biiu thufc khuynh hudng ly thuyet tiin thing vdo cdng nghifp hda duge vdn dyng khd thdnh cdng d cdc nude phuang Tdy
Trang 4dyng thuydt nay thdnh cdng Id da khai thdc triet di ede ngudn luc va tiim ndng cd trong
vd ngodi Idnh thd trong qud trinh phdt triin Tuy nhien, diiu cdn bdn ludn them la thuyit ndy dd xem nhe vd khdng chu y thda ddng ddn vai trd cua ndng nghifp hong qua trinh cdng nghifp hda, hgn ehi eua ly thuyet ndy duge kiem chiing d mft sd qudc gia dang phat trien
Thuyet kit App hdi hoa giiia ndng nghidp vd cong nghidp, nong thon vd do thi
Dgi difn tidu biiu cho khuynh hudng ly thuyit ndy Id Schumacher vdi tdc pham
Small is beautiful, cdng bo nam 1973 Ong eho rdng "trong kinh ti, khdi nifm trung tam
efta sy khdn ngoan Id tinh bdn vung; ngdy nay edn phai ed mgt hf thing tu duy hoan todn mdi, dya tten sy quan tdm ddn eon ngudi ehu khdng phdi quan tdm trude hit din hdng hda Dd thyc hifn tu duy kinh te dd, thi phdi chu y thda ddng tdi phdt triin ndng nghiep vd ndng thdn, nhat la ddi vdi nhung nude dang phat tridn, nai dai da si dan eu edn sing d ndng thdn vd ty If lao dfng xa hgi ldn nhdt Id lao dgng ndng nghifp" (Phgm Xudn Nam, 1997: 21)
Nhu vgy, theo Schumacher, khdng nen ndng vgi md cdn kit hgp hdi hda ttong phdt trien, phat huy vai ttd ddng gdp cua ndng nghifp ttong qua trinh cdng nghidp hda Theo hudng phdt trien dd, dng nhln mgnh rdng nganh ndng nghifp phdi hodn thanh cdc nhifm
vu CO ban: "ddm bdo eho con ngudi tiip xftc vdi thien nhien sinh dfng; nhdn ban hod va ndng cao pham chat eua noi cu tru rgng ldn han ddnh cho con ngudi; cung elp lucmg thue, thyc phim vd cdc nguydn lieu khde cin thiit ddi vdi vifc ddm bdo mgt eufe song thod dang" (dan theo Phgm Xudn Nam, 1997: 22)
Cd the nhgn thdy ring quan didm efta Schumacher khdng phu nhgn nhftng nhan td hgp ly trong cdc quan diem cua khuynh hudng 1^ thuyet ttgng ndng, hay thuyet de eao cdng nghifp hda Tuy nhien, tae gid nay khdng tan thdnh thyc hidn cdng nghifp hod bing each xem nh? vai ttd cua eac ngudn lye efta ndng thdn Phat tridn can ddi gifta cdng nghifp vd ndng nghifp, phdi dung thanh qud cua cdng nghifp dd lam eho eufe sdng eon ngudi d ndng thdn ttd len lanh mgnh, d?p de vd bin vftng ban Thyc te mgt sd qudc gia tten thi gidi da vgn dyng md hinh ly thuyit nay, vi dy Trung Qudc, Thai Lan dd ehd y phdt trien ndng nghifp, ndng thdn, xem dd khdng ehi la nhifm vy gay dyng nin mdng eho qua trinh cdng nghifp hda, do thi hoa, md cdn la sy ddm bdo cho sy phdt tridn hdi hda vd ben vung Tuy nhien, thyc ti eac qude gia ndy cung khdng hdnh khdi nhiing bdt cdp ttong qud trinh phdt triin, sy thieu hdi hda gifta cde vung, dd thi vd ndng thdn, phdn hda vd khde bift xd hgi van dien ra trong qud trinh cdng nghiep hda ddt nude, v.v
Nhu vdy, vd dai the ed ba ehu thuyit ttdn ddu quan tdm den phdt trien ndng thdn, ndng nghifp vd ndng ddn, nhung theo xu hudng vd chiin luge khac nhau Cdc hge gid thufc chu thuyit ttgng ndng dua ra quan diim di cao vai ttd ndng nghifp ttong qud trinh phdt trien Hg cho rdng ndng nghifp cd vi tri rlt eao ttong nin kinh te va la Itnh vyc duy nhdt tao ra sdn pham thuan tuy cho xd hgi, vi vgy ede qudc gia muon gidu cd phdi phdt triin ndng nghifp, vd ndng nghifp cd vai ttd lam ca sd cho qud trinh cdng nghifp hda
Trang 5bdi cdnh ndn kinh te the gidi dd phdt triin d mftc df cao vd tinh todn edu hda sdu rfng, song nd van ed gid tri doi vdi cdc nude ch$m phdt triin vd dang phdt triin len xd hfi edng nghifp hda cd diem xudt phdt la kinh te ndng nghifp Vd hgc thu^t, ehung tdi ban luan them Id thuyet ndy ed thidn hudng kinh ti, ehu y khai thdc cdng nhiiu cang tot cde nguin lyc cda ndng nghifp, ndng ddn vd ndng thdn di phye vy cho cdng nghifp hda, dd thi hda; ttong khi ehieu cgnh xd hfi, mdi trudng, sinh thdi hay tucmg lai phdt trien ndng nghifp, ndng thdn bin vung khdng duge quan tdm thda dang
Ddi vdi ede hgc gid thuyet chft truong tiin thing vdo cdng nghifp hda, dd thi thi lgi nhdn manh qua mfte tam quan ttgng efta edng nghifp hda, vdi ludn didm ehi phdt trien cdng nghiep vdi vdn, ky thuat, chuyen gia vd phucmg phdp qudn ly edng nghiep Id ed the mau chdng thodt khdi ngheo nan lgc hdu vd dgt tdi giau ed, van minh Nhung cdc nhd nghien ciiu ndy lgi khdng ehu y ddy du hay Id vd tinh bd quen vai ttd eua ndng nghifp hong qua trinh edng nghifp hda, dd tlu hda Hdu qud la eac yeu td kinh te, xa hgi, mdi trudng da mat can ddi ttong phdt trien
Nhu vdy, nhin lgi thdy rd thuyet ndy qua coi ttgng phdt tridn cdng nghifp, dd thi vd xem nh? phdt tridn ndng nghifp, ndng thdn Thuyit ndy duge vdn dyng khd thdnh cdng d cae nude phuang Tdy ttong thdi ky chu nghTa thyc ddn phdt triin manh, tiin hdnh khai thdc tai nguyen d eac xft thufc dia, tgo ca sd cho chinh quic thd nghidm quan diim phdt tridn Phdi bdn thdm Id ca sd xa hfi, cau tnic xa hgi d cde nude phuang Tdy tuong dii ding nhlt vd ed Hch sft phdt triin khae vdi eae quic gia phuang Ddng vd chau Phi Day duge xem Id ly do giup cdc nude phuong Tay thi nghifm thanh cdng eon dudng cdng nghifp hda, hifn dgi hda Qud trinh vdn dyng quan diim ly thuydt phdt triin nay d ede qudc gia dang phdt triin ttong nhiing thdp ky gdn day da gdp phdi thdch thfte nhdt dinh
Thuyit phdt triin ndng nghifp - nong thdn
Neu hai thuydt ttdn, mdt dd eao vai ttd ndng nghidp hda (Johnston, Mellor) vd mft nhdn mgnh tim quan trgng cdng nghifp hda (Rostow) thi Schumacher lgi cho rdng cdn kit hgp hdi hda gifta hai thdnh td ndy trong qud ttinh phdt triin Ciing vdi sy phdt triin ba chil thuyit phdt ttiin xd hgi ndng thdn va dd thi, cdn ton tai cdc quan diim khde nhau vi phdt tridn kinh td ndng nghifp, ndng thdn d cdc nude, vd cdc thuyit ndy da dnh hudng sau sic den ehinh sdch ndng nghifp d cdc qudc gia thdi gian qua Cd 6 md hinh ly thuyit phdt ttiin ndng nghifp, ndng thdn: 1) Thuyit quang canh; 2) Phdt ttiin tiieo hudng "bdo vf"; 3) Phdt triin nhd sy tac dgng, thftc dly efta kinh ti cdng nghifp dd thj; 4) Phdt triin theo hudng "khuich tan"; 5) Phdt ttien "dlu hr cd hifu qud"; 6) Phdt ttiin "bi kich tiiich dii mdi" (Nguyen Vdn Bieh vd Chu Tiin Quang, 1996: 18-22) Tiip tiieo, ehdng tdi diim ludn khai qudt vi 6 md hinh ly thuyit phdt ttiin ndng nghifp, ndng thdn duge nhdm tdc gia Nguyen Vdn Bieh vd Chu Tiin Quang tdng hgp nhu sau:
Thuyit qudng canh xudt hifn kha sdm vdo giai doan ban dlu efta qua trinh phdt
tiiin tai cdc vung dit mdi, thuydt nay phdt triin manh d vftng Nam MS, Bde My, chau Cc
vao thi ky 18 va 19 do ede ddng ngudi ehdu Au, chau A di cu din vung dit mdi ndy
Trang 6vdng Ddng Nam A ly thuyit ndy ehIm dftt tdm dnh hudng vao nhung ndm 60 cua the ky
20 Ly thuyet nay gidi thich "sy gia tdng sdn lugng ndng nghifp chft yiu nhd vdo gia tdng khai khin difn tieh eanh tde va s6 lugng vat nudi" (Nguyen Vdn Bich vd Chu Tien Quang, 1996: 18) Theo ddnh gid eua gidi nghien eiiu 1^ thuyit ndy de hap din con ngudi ttong vifc md mang them khdng gian sdn xudt, song nhugc diim Id ndng suit, sdn lugng thdp, khdng phdt trien duge, ddc bidt khdng thieh hgp vdi xu hudng gia tdng ddn sd vd dd thi hda, cdng nghifp hda ldm suy gidm difn tich eanh tdc
Thuyet phdt triin theo hudng bdo vf phdt triin mgnh d ehdu Au thi ky 18 va 19, coi ttgng phucmg thdc tham canh kit hgp ttong ttgt vdi chdn nudi Q ehdu A, Trung Quoc dd tich eye dp dyng ly thuyit ndy ttong khodng nhftng ndm 50 vd 60 cua thd ky 20 Thuyit nay nhan manh "phdt triin ndng nghifp phdi quan tam tdi vifc bdo vf dg mdu m5 efta dit ttong khi dp dyng cae hf thing tham canh cao nhdm ndng cao hidu qud vd thdi gian khai thac ddt dai, ngudn nude" (Nguyen Vdn Bieh va Chu Tiin Quang, 1996: 19) L^ thuyit nay ed khd ndng dp dyng eho eae nude vd eho cdc vung khae nhau trdn the gidi, bdo ddm
in dinh tie dg tang trudng ddi han eua sdn xult ndng nghifp
Thuyit phat ttiin nhd sy tac dgng, thuc ddy cua kinh ti cdng nghifp dd thi phdt trien manh d chdu Au vdo the ky 19 Thuyet ndy cho rdng "sy phdt triin ciia ndng nghifp ehiu dnh hudng manh md bdi kinh ti dd thi vd cdng nghifp, do dd cde vung ndng nghifp ven dd thi vd gan cdc trung tdm cdng nghifp phdt triin mgnh hon cdc vimg khde, tft dd di ddn chft trucmg ehi phdt tridn manh ndng nghifp d cdc vung ndy Ly thuyit ndy duge xem Id thich hgp ddi vdi cdc viing ed tlu trudng lao dgng phi ndng nghifp ddi ddo, eo sd
dd ndng cao nang sudt lao dfng va thu nhap eho ndng dan Song thuyit ndy khdng hifu qud ddi vdi viing hoae nude chgm phdt trien, mudn dly nhanh dd thi hod d mft si viing thdnh phi vd khu edng nghifp ldn Hdu qud nan gidi xdy ra Id dan eu ndng thdn do gt ttdn vao thdnh tiu vugt qud khd ndng giai quyit vifc lam, ea sd ha tdng, diiu kifn nha d vd cdc dich vy xa hgi" (Nguyen Vdn Bieh va Chu Tiin Quang, 1996; 20)
Thuydt phdt tridn theo hudng khuich tan phdt triin mgnh vdo gifta thd ky 20, ttong bdi canh nhieu nude chgm phat tridn dd d|t ttgng tam cua chinh saeh ndng nghifp vdo vife khuyin ndng vd chuyen giao cdng nghf mdi cho ndng dan Hg eho rdng "phdt trien ndr^ nghifp chi can tdp trung vdo vifc truydn bd vd phd bien ede ky thuat, kinh nghifm sdn xudt ndng nghifp ed hifu qua eao, tft do cde ky thugt sdn xudt mdi se duge lan tod theo CO ehi khuich tdn vd nen ndng nghifp sd phdt trien Dong gdp quan ttgng efta thuyet ndy la dua ra ea sd ly lu|n vd vai ttd cua hoat dgng nghidn cftu vd khuyin ndng ttong hf thdng chinh sdch phat triin ndng nghifp, ndng dan vd ndng thdn Tuy vgy, thuyit ndy eung g§p nhieu khd khdn hong thye tiln, vifc khuyin ndng "chay" dd khdng giup ndng dan tiip cgn van dung nhanh tien bg ky thugt mdi trong sdn xudt ndng nghifp vd khdng ty phdt ttiin duge" (Nguyin Vdn Bich vd Chu Tiin Quang, 1996; 20)
Thuyit phat trien dau tu cd hifu qud phdt triin mgnh d mft si quic gia viing Nam
Mf vd chdu A vdo nhftng ndm 50 efta thi ky 20 Tren ea sd phdn tieh hgn chi cua cdc
thuyit ndng nghifp ndi tten "Thuyit dlu hr ed hifu qud nhdm vdo chuyin hda nin ndng
Trang 7cung chu truang phdi tdi tgo cdc yiu to ddu vdo efta sdn xudt ttdn ca sd tgo ra cdc giing mdi cd nang suat eao do ede trung tdm nghien cftu tgo ra" (Nguyen Vdn Bich vd Chu Tien Quang, 1996; 21) Theo ddnh gid cua ede nhd nghidn euu "ly thuyit ndy td ra thanh cdng ttong vifc tgo giong liia my mdi d Mexicd va d mft sd qude gia ehdu A vi cde gidng Ilia mdi cd ndng suat eao thuc day ndng nghifp phdt triin nhanh tao ra cdc cufe
"each mgng xanh" ttong ITnh vye ndng nghifp" (Nguyin Vdn Bieh va Chu Tien Quang, 1996: 21)
So vdi ede quan diim ttdn, thuydt phdt tridn bi kieh thich ddi mdi phdt tridn mufn hon vdo nhftng thdp nidn cudi cua thi ky 20 tgi mft sd quoc gia phdt triin d chdu A Thuyit ndy nhdn mgnh "san xult ndng nghifp phdi gdn vdi sy thay doi gid cd hen thi trudng vd sd "hi kieh thieh" phdt ttiin tren co sd nhflng thay ddi do Cdc yiu t i nhu: thay ddi ky thudt, cdng nghf sdn xudt, hgp ly hda to chfte lao dfng trong nfi bf ndng nghifp duge xem Id "ndi sinh" cda sy phdt tridn vd phy thufc vao: mfte df dau tu vd khoa hgc, cdng nghd vd trinh dd ddn tri, khd ndng tiip nhgn eac kien thue sdn xuat vd qudn ly tien tidn cua bdn thdn ndng ddn" (Nguyin Vdn Bich vd Chu Tiin Quang, 1996: 21 -22) Sdu thuyet kd tten, moi thuyet ed mat tich eye vd khd khan, sy thdnh edng phg thuge vao lya chgn dung din dinh hudng phdt trien va de ra chinh sdeh phu hgp ddi vdi phdt triin ndng thdn Vd khd ndng dng dyng cdc thuydt ndy vdi thyc t i phdt triin nong thdn Vift Nam, chiing tdi cung dong y rdng thuyet phat tridn "bi kich thich ddi mdi" ed nhidu uu didm cdn duge nghidn ciiu lya chgn dp dyng vdo thyc te Vift Nam ttong dieu kifn ndng nghifp dang ttong qud trinh cai each vd hgi nhgp qudc td ngdy cdng sau rdng Theo chftng tdi, Vift Nam edn tap trung phdt triin nin ndng nghifp theo xu hudng hang hda, mlu ehdt nhat can ed ddi ngu nhftng ngudi ndng ddn biit lam ndng nghifp gidi, ed kidn thdc dd tidp thu tdt tidn bf khoa hgc ky thugt, qudn ly vd td chfte san xudt khoa hpe,
cd tu duy tlu trudng de sdn xuat vd kinh doanh sdn pham ndng nghifp, diiu nay rdt quan hgng nhat la ttong bdi cdnh each mgng 4.0 vd toan edu hda hifn nay Ban ludn vi cdc tiep can ly thuyit phdt triin ndng thdn trong kinh ti hgc phdt triin vdi ba khuynh hudng ly thuydt vd sdu md hinh ly thuyit phat tridn ndng nghifp, ndng thdn, chiing tdi eho rdng cac thuyit ndy da ed nhiing ddng gdp quan trgng cho vifc kiin tgo md hinh phdt tridn ndng thdn, dnh hudng nhlt dinh din djnh hudng va chiin luge phat triin ndng nghifp, ndng ddn, vd ndng thdn d cdc qudc gia ttdn thi gidi Cdc ly thuyit ndy eung cd gid tri tham khdo va ggi md eho cde nude dang phdt trien, ttong dd cd Vift Nam Tuy nhien, diiu eln chft y^ la ede thuyit nay vln quan tam nhidu den yiu td kinh ti, ehinh tri, ttong khi cdc
chiiu cgnh xa hgi, mdi trudng, hdi hda va ben vung it duge chft ^ ttong qua ttinh phdt
triin Day Id diiu cdn luu y vdi cde nude di sau vfn dyng ly thuyit de phdt triin
3 Tiep can Xa hfi hgc phdt triin
Xa hgi hgc Phdt trien sdm xult hifn trong cdc cdng trinh cda cde nha xd hfi hgc phuang Tdy tft sau Thi chiin thft hai, vd cho din nay chuydn ngdnh ndy dd ed nhung phdt trien ddng ke ve ly ludn, vdi hai ehu thuyit quan trgng ed dnh hudng den kidn gidi vi sy phdt ttiin: Thuyit hifn dai hda (Modernisation Theory) va Thuyit vi sy kdm phat ttien
Trang 8Theory) Cd hai khuynh hudng 1^ thuyit nay phdt triin vdo khodng thgp nidn 50 vd 60 efta thd ky 20 nhdm dua ra nhflng lugn giai mdi vi sy thay dii efta cdc xd hgi, ddc bidt la cdc
xd hdi ndng nghifp, chgm phdt tridn Tuy nhidn, hai thuyet nay eiing dua ra nhftng quan diem va ttanh ludn ttdi chiiu vi vdn dd phat trien ndng thdn
Thuyet hifn dgi hda cd nguin gdc ttong tu tudng cae nhd xd hdi hge kinh diin nhu Durkheim, Weber, Parsons Mdt sd tdi lifu vi Xa hfi hgc Phdt triin dd chi ro cdc edng
trinh nghidn euu S^ephdn cdng lao dgng trong xa hgi efta Durkheim, Dgo diec Tin lanh vd tinh thdn Chu nghia Tu bdn efta Weber, Hi thdng xd hgi efta Parsons phdn anh rd ludn
diem ve hifn dgi hda vd phdt tridn xd hgi (Webster, 1990: 41-49) Ludn diim co ban efta thuydt ndy kien gidi phdt tridn nhu Id mgt qua trinh hifn dgi hda, dd Id mgt sy biin ddi edu tnie, ttong dd ede xa hdi truyin thing vd lgc hau d eae nude thi gidi thft 3 phdt triin ngay cdng giing han ede qude gia phuang Tay Diiu ddng quan tam Id cdc y tudng ngy md dudng eho phat trien thuydt hifn dgi hda
Cdc dai bidu theo thuyit hifn dai hda da cung cap hd khdi nifm cho vifc giai thich
vd cdch thfte md eac ndng dan chdp nhgn nhflng cdng nghd mdi, cdng nghf eai tiin duge
dp dung ttong liiih vye ndng nghifp, hg khdng chft y nhiiu din vifc nghien cftu vi sy phdt sinh cdc cdng nghd mdi Vdn dd quan tam ehu yeu la thai do efta ngudi ddn ddi vdi cdng nghf va sy thay ddi hdnh vl cua hg Thuydt hifn dgi hda nhln mgnh khd ndng dnh hudng, lan truydn, vd quan tdm din vai trd efta eac nhdm ma hg cho Id nhdm nhflng nhd canh tan xa hgi Hg cung chi ra khd khan chinh ttong qua trinh eanh tan vd cdi each nhung tgp tye ndng nghiep Id cdc chudng nggi vdn hda, xa hdi, cdc thai df truyen thdng
vd cdc gid tri bdo thu ttong cdc xd hdi Theo quan diem nay, Foster dd dua ra edng trinh dien gidi nhihig ttd ngai van hda vd xa hdi ddi vdi sy ddi mdi d ede nhdm ndng dan Mexico Trong khi ngudi ta khdng thd logi bd khd ndng nhung nhdm ndng dan ngan ttd
sy thay ddi (khd khan/khdng thieh dng) cua mdt hf thdng ndng nghifp thi mft sd nhd khoa hgc xd hgi chim ngdp ttong ly thuyit hifn dgi hda tuydn bd ring mft qud trinh truyen ba se dien ra vd mgt bg phan nhd efta xa hfl ndng nghifp truyen thong nhung cd khuynh hudng chu ddng hem (thudng duge ggi Id nhung nhd edi each) se chip nhgn nhiing cdng nghf mdi Sy dp dyng thdnh edng nhftng cdng nghf cdi cdeh, ddi mdi nay sS lan huydn ra khdp xd hdi qua thdi gian theo mgt dudng cong Cudi qud trinh, nhftng ndng dan bdo thu, lgc hau nhlt se tft bd truyin thing va tiip nhgn sy dii mdi vi ndng nghifp (Huhn vd Turner, 1990)
Nhu vdy, ed thd thdy thuyit hifn dgi hda nhln mgnh din sy ehuyin giao va thai dg chap nhgn edng nghd mdi ciia ngudi ndng dan Qud trinh hidn dai hda ndng nghifp s6 duge lan tda theo dudng bdn kinh ngdy cdng md rfng ra cdc xd hgi ndng nghifp bdn ngodi trung tdm Tuy nhidn, nhflng tgp tyc vdn hda, xd hgi se la nhftng rdo cdn quan ttgng dii vdi qua trinh hifn dgi hda Day la ludn diim cd ^ nghia canh bdo trong qua trinh hifn dgi hda ddi vdi cde xa hfi ndng vd tgp tye vd ed tinh bdo thu eao
Thuyet ve sy kem phdt tridn ed ngudn gdc ttong tu tudng ciia cdc nhd xd hfi hgc Mdc-xit, tidu bieu la Karl Marx Nhftng dgi biiu thuge trudng phdi kdm phdt tridn nhu Id
Trang 9nhihig bdt binh ddng hong nen kinh td the gidi vd sy thidu phdt triin d eac nude Thd gidi thft ba Khuynh hudng ly thuydt ndy duge phdt triin "bao gdm nhftng lugn didm vd chft nghTa di quoc cd diin, sy phu thudc, thidn vi dd tlu, phat triin tuih, vd nhftng gidi thieh efta cdc nhd tdn Mdc-xit Luan diim chung Id hudng tdi mft phdn tich mang tinh thdng tin qua lich sft nhidu horn vi nhiing khia cgnh kinh ti, ehinh tri vd vdn hda cua sy thay ddi xa hfi, ttong khi vln xdc dinh tdm quan trgng efta nhiing lgi ieh kinh ti tu ban chft nghTa nhu yiu t i quyit dinh ttdn todn cdu, thiia nhgn lgi ieh d cdp ehinh quydn trung uong vd dia phuang duge hinh thdnh va cd dnh hudng thdng qua ede thi chi chinh tri va van hda ban dia" (Webster, 1990: 96-97) Tuy vdy, cung cd mgt vdi bit ddng ttong cdch gidi thich
vi khd ndng cdng nghifp hda ttong tucmg lai d cde nude Thd gidi thu ba, "Frank (1981) tin rdng su phdt triin do efta Thi gidi thft ba Id khd xay ra, ttong khi mft sd khde nhu Wairen (1980) vd Williams (1978) lgp luan ring phdt hidn chu nghTa tu bdn cdng nghifp tten quy md ldn Id rdt ed thi se diln ra" (Webster, 1990; 66)
Cd thi ndi, cdc dgi biiu theo thuyit nay eung cdp cdc quan diim cho rdng phdt triin khdng cd nghia eft phdi theo con dudng cdc nude phuong Tdy, qua trinh phdt trien phu thude vdo phuang Tdy Hg cung khdng phft nhdn vai ttd cua tu ban edng nghiep doi vdir cdc xd hgi cham phdt tridn giai dogn qua dg Diem mdu chdt Id hg nhdn mgnh "ve tinh chdt "bi bdp meo", "rdi rgc", "mdt can bdng" efta nhiing nin kinh td The gidi thft ba
vi lien quan din chu nghia tu ban phuong Tdy Vdi mgt xd hgi hudng tdi va bi ehi phdi bdi cde lgi ieh efta chdu Au dd rdt it cd eo hgi di phdt triin mgt hf thing sdn xudt ty ehu
do ngudi bdn xft diiu hanh dd phye vy nhu eau trudng nfi dia" (Webster, 1990: 78) Bdn ludn vi didu nay Stavenhagen (1973: 87) dd viit; "Khdng nai ndo d thi gidi kdm phdt triin ed mdt hf thing ndng nghifp chung hgp ly vd cdn bdng hudng tdi vifc cung elp eho thi trudng ndi dia phdt trien Day la mdt ttong nhiing dae diem eua nen ndng nghifp d nhftng khu vyc kem phdt triin, cd 16 chinh day Id mdt trong nhftng nguydn nhdn gdy ra tinh ttgng kem phat ttiin" (dan theo Webster, 1990; 78) Cung quan tdm vd ban lugn vi ludn didm ly thuydt ndy, tac gid Bui Thd Cudng vd Do Minh Khue (2010: 101) cho ring "ddng ly thuydt ndy bao gdm hai khuynh hudng, mgt tgp tnmg vdo moi quan hf cua cae nude dang phdt tridn vdl cdc nude phuang Tdy, khuynh hudng kia tap trung xem xet ede dieu kifn bdn trong ede nude dang phdt tridn" Dieu ddng luu y Id ve sau cdc dgi bidu theo quan diem phu thuge da chi ra nhung didm yiu efta thuydt hifn dai hda trong phat trien ndng thdn Hg eung thay doi tieu diim phdn tich bdng cdeh dua ra nhung ldi giai thich sde sao hem vd vife nghidn cftu vd cdng tdc khuyen ndng, xem nd nhu Id nhiing ca chd ma eac nen kinh td tiin tu ban bi xam nhgp bdi nhftng ndn kinh te tii ben ngodi (Hulm vd Tiuner, 1990)
6 Vift Nam, xd hdi hgc vi phdt triin ndng thdn cung xult hifn khd sdm Vdo dlu
nhiing ndm 1960, ttong cdng trinh Khdo cuu Xd hgi hgc vd cdc vdn de phdt trien & ndng thdn Ddng Nam A, tdc gid Walker va cgng sy (1963) da phan tich, chi ra mgt each bao
quat thye trgng ddi sing ndng thdn, nhung vln di tin tgi da vd dang hgn chi edng cufe hifn dgi hod ndng thdn vd cdch gidi quyit eac vdn di dd d ndng thdn Vift Nam vd khu
Trang 10A la ph^ nhanh chdng tidn hanh hidn dgi hod, phai giiip dd ngudi ndng dan nhanh chdng kliSc phye su chSm tre ctia ho trong tidn h o i Didu dd khdng chi su bao ham mdt su thay ddi hoan tota cdc ky thudt sir dung hidn nay trong ndng nghidp, ma cd mpt s\r thay d6i cdc each sinh hoat vd suy nghT Ddy duge xem Id nhOng phat hidn quan trpng cd y nghia ddi vdi th\rc te ndng thdn Vipt Nam vd eac nude Ddng Nam A
Vdo nhihig ndm ddu eiia the ky 21 xuat hipn mdt sd edng trinh bdn vl 1^ thuydt
phdt tridn ndng thdn tit gdc dp xa hpi hpc Cdng trinh Sif biin dSi cita lang - xa Viit Nam ngay nay a ddng bdng song Hdng eiia Td Duy Hpp vd cpng s\r (2000), dd phdn
tich vd su bidn doi thi^t ch^ kinh tl, vd cac djch v\i xa hpi ea bdn ciia ndng thdn dong bdng sdng Hong sudt hon 10 nam d6i mdi Cdng trinh da dd cap ddn nhiing chuydn ddi tich cue va hgn ch4 d^ng thdi xay d\mg md hinh ly thuydt vd chidn lupc phdt triln cdng ddng ndng thdn dong bdng sdng Hdng ndi rieng vd cd nude ndi chimg Tilp dd, trong
cdng trinh Ludn ai khoa hoc cho viic diiu chinh chinh sdch xd hoi nhdm phdt triin nong nghiep, nong thon Vift Nam, tdc gid Td Duy Hpp vd cdng svr (2000) dd t4ng hpp
va xdy d\mg hp thong Iy thuydt vk phat tridn ndng thdn dua tren hai edp dd: 1) Ly thuydt
phat tridn tdng quat va phat tridn xa hpi vdi nhidu ly thuydt khde nhau, trpng do edn tinh ddn hat nhdn hpp ly cua cdc iy thuydt ( ); 2) L^ thuydt phat tridn ndng thdn: 1^ thuylt
nay cung cd tinh cgnh tranh giiia cae khuynh hudng \f thuydt khae nhau, do vgy edn
tdng - tieh hpp hgt nhan hpp ly cua cae ly thuyet Didu dang luu y Id nhdm tdc gid ndy
da rdt quan tam den ydu td ben vttng trong phat tridn ndng thdn d Vidt Nam, 1^ thuylt phat tridn ndng thdn thdi dai ngdy nay phdi la ly thuydt phat tridn tdng hpp kinh td - xa hdi ndng thdn bdn viing, phdt trien ndng thdn phai di theo phuang hudng hai m^t, mpt mgt thay the khudn mau trpng ndng truydn thdng bdng khudn mau trpng ndng hi§n dai; mgt khde thay thd khudn mau ndng nghipp ndng thdn bdng khudn mlu cdng nghipp
-dd thi (Td Duy Hpp vd cdng su, 2000)
Ddng ehii y la edng trinh Phdt trien nong thon: tiip can xd hpi hoc ciia Do Thdi
Ddng (2001) Trdn co sd phan tich ly thuydt kinh td nhj nguydn eua gidi kinh te hpe, dng tidp tye chi ra vipe truydn ba md hinh Tay phuang trdn Iy thuydt khdng tgo ra mdt gidi phdp nao eho budc tidn bd eiia ndng thdn d cdc xit thudc dia it nhidu giong nhu d mau qudc Nhimg cdng nghidp thuc ddn lai thye sy tgo ra trong tu duy kinh td vd chinh trj d cae xii ndy mdt chu nghia nhi nguydn tin tai dai ddng tir hon 100 ndm qua ddn hipn nay
Dd la sy tach bipt va ddi ldp trong ddu dc ngudi ta giiia dd thi vd ndng thdn, giiia ndng nghipp vd cdng nghipp, giiia truydn thing va hipn dai, giiia chidn lupc kinh td hudng npi
vd hudng ngogi, giiia tang trudng vd cdng bdng, giiia cdng nghipp hod tgp trung tu bdn hay tdp trung lao ddng, giiia phat trien tdp trung hoa hay phan bd sy phat tridn cho cdc viing Dd eiing la sy ludng ly giGa hai xu hudng: hodc tgo ra mpi kha ndng cho sy hpi nhgp eua cdng dong ndng thdn va ngudi ndng dan vao qud trinh cdng nghipp hda, hidn dai hod hodc thdi loai hp ra ben Id ede qua trinh iy Tren co sd phln tich thyc td vd tham khao cdc tai lidu ve phat trien ndng thdn thd gidi, tdc gid da dd ra chuong trinh phdt trien ndng thdn phdi nhdm vdo 5 mye tieu: 1) Khuydn khich xu hudng sdng va tidp tyc song Idu ddi d