NGHIEN CUU RESEARCH San an sinh xa hoi Social Protection Floor: Tinh tuong dong vm viec thivc h i ^ chinh sach an sinh xa hoi 6* Viet Nam thca gian qua HS Quang Tuy&i Benh vien Dai h
Trang 1NGHIEN CUU
RESEARCH
San an sinh xa hoi (Social Protection Floor): Tinh tuong dong vm viec thivc h i ^ chinh sach an sinh xa hoi
6* Viet Nam thca gian qua
HS Quang Tuy&i
Benh vien Dai hoc Y Ha NOi
Sin an sinh xa hdi Ii he thdng eie ehinh sich nhim trp giup lit e i ngudi din (die bidt li eie nhdm ylu lhl
vi nhung ngudi cd nhu eiu dae bidt) dupe quyen tilp ein vi su dung cac dieh vu xa hdi thilt ylu eho con
ngudi (Iuong thyc thyc pham, cham sde y tl, giao due, nude sgch, nha d) tren co sd d i m bao thu nhip co bin Cach tilp can van d l an sinh xa hgi cfla sin an sinh xa hdi la b i o d i m quyin co bin efla con ngudi thdng qua vide b i o dim thu nhip co b i n vi tilp ein eie dieh vy xa hdi thilt ylu
I.San an Sinh xahgi
Theo quan niem cua Td ehfle lao ddng qude t l
ClLO) — mdt CO quan dac bidl efla Lien Hiep Qud'c
quan Iy eac vin d l vl Iao ddng, an sinh xa hgi la vin
d l lien quan din vide bao dam nhung gi xa hdi eung
cip cho eac thinh vidn efla nd tbdng qua mdt loat cic
kinh tl, do nhung nguydn nhin ehfl quan vi khich
qugn cua vl|c giam sut thu nhap nhu: dm dau, thai
san, tai nan Iao ddng, thit nghiep Nam 1952, lgi Hdi
nghi toan thi efla ILO da thdng qua Cdng ude qudc t l
vl quy pham Id'i thilu vl an sinh xa hdi bao gdm cac
quyin tdi thilu nhu: cham sde y td, tip eip dm dau,
trp eip that nghidp, trp eip tudi gia, trp cap tai nan lao
dpng hoac bdnh nghi nghiep, trp cap gia dinh, trp cip
thai sin, trp eip tin tit, tro eip tiln luit
Nhu vay, an sinh xa hdi iam chflc nang phdng
ngua, khic phue rfli ro thdng qua eic ehinh sieh
BHXH, BHYT, bio hilm that nghidp va chinh sach trp
giflp xa hpi lidn quan d i n giao dye, dgy nghi tao vide
dd xa hdi hudng ddn mue tieu dn djnh e h i dd ehinh
tn xa hdi lau dai
Cic phuong thfle d l triln khai sin an sinh xa hdi,
lai mdi qudc gia, moi Unh vye Ii sy kit hop cic giii
phip mang Unh phdng ngfla, thfle diy, ehfl ddng ddng
thdi vdi phflc Ipi vi djch vy x i hdi; hoie ed thi Ulp
cin theo 2 try edt ldn:
Mpt li, e i c che dp trp cap xa hdi: tro cip cho tri
em, tip cap dm dau, trp cip eham sde y tl, tro eip thai
sin, trp cap tan lit, tip cap tudi gii v i tfl tuat, trp e i p
thit nghiep, d i m bao vide Iam, trp cip tai nan lao
dpng, hay eic khoin tip c i p xa hgi khic bang tiln
mat hay hidn vit
Hgi li, cic chuang trinh hd trp qud'c gia: eic chuong trinh hd ho phd thdng, cie ehuong trinh bio hilm x i hdi, eic chuong trinh trp cap xa hpi, cac ehuong trinh ho trp thul thu nhap, eac chuong trinh
hd trp viec iam
Cic qudc gia khi triln khai eic cam kit thye hi&n Sin an sinh xa hdi efla ILO Uieo mdt sd' nhdm vin dl Idn dd d i m bao triln khai ling thfl nhit cua Hd thdng
an sinh xahgi:
Mdt la, viec eung cap eac djch vu co b i n thilt ylu: chim sdc y t l (tbdng thudng vi thai sin), nudc sgch sinh hogt, nhi d, giio due, thdng Un
Hai li, vide dam b i o tbu nhap ldi thieu cho eac nhdm ddi tupng: hd trp ngudi din chu ddng phdng ngua cie rui ro thdng qua vide tham gig thi trudng lao ddng d l cd duoc viec lim tdt, thu nhip tdi thilu va giim ngheo b i n vflng
Ba li, viec tip giflp xa hpi cae nhdm dac thfl: die bidt ehfl y din cic nhdm ddi tupng ylu lhl trong xa hdi nhu dm dau, thil nghi|p, thai sin vi khuylt tit Bdn la,Chinh sich Bio hidm x i hdi: ehinh sieh quan trpng hd tip ngudi din phdng ngflg ehu ddng, giim thilu rfli ro khi bi dm dau, tai ngn lao dpng, tuoi gii thdng qua viec tbam gia BHXH de ehu dpng bu dip phin thu nhap bi suy giim ho^c mat do cac rfli ro trdn
Theo eic ngi dung nhu tidn, San an sinh xa hdi moi qud'c gia la h | thdng cac chinh saeh nhim trp giup tat
ea ngudi dan (dac biel la eac nhdm ylu l h l vi nhung dung c i c djch vy xa hdi thiet ylu cho con ngudi (luong thuc thuc phim, cham sde y tl, giio dye, nudc sgch, nhi d) trdn co sd d i m b i o thu nhap ea bin Cich tilp can vin d l an sinh xa bdi efla san an sinh
40
Trang 2qug vide b i o d i m tbu nhip ea bin va tilp can eie
dieh vu xa hdi thilt yeu
2 Tinh tirong dong vdi viec thirc hien chinh sach
an sinh xa hoi o Viet Nani
Hien tgi, vdi vai trd li thanh vien cfla Td chue Igo
ddng qude t l (ILO) nen viec tuan thfl Khuyin nghj vl
san an sinh xa hdi nam 2012 la didu bit bude Khi ddi
ehilu theo eae cam kit San an sinh xa hdi cfla ILO,
chung ta ed thi dinh gii dupe mdt so ndi dung trong
vide thye hien an sinh xa hdi tai Viet Nam giai doan
vfla qua:
Mdt la, viec cung cap cic dieh vy co ban, thilt yeu"
- Dd'i vdi boat dpng cham soc y te ca bin: Cic
ehuo#ng trinh y t l da gdp phin dat duoe nhilu kdt
qua ndi bit: Vidt Nam thanh toin 100% b | n h bgi liet
nam 2000, loai tru bdnh uon vin so sinh nam 2005
95% Ire em dudi 1 tudi tiem diy dfl eic loai vaexin Bd
Y t l xay dyng thanh edng hd thd'ng quan Iy thong tin
tiem ehung qudc gia, cd 11.183 trgm y t l tren e i nude
(ly le 99%), 2.261 co sd khim ehfla bdnh sfl dung be
Ihd'ng quin Iy tinh trgng tiem chung c i nhin, trdn
1.700.000 tri em sinh ra dupe ding ky trdn he thdng
Cic doan lhl xa hdi, cic don vj sin xuit kinh
doanh cd nhilu ddng gdp cho boat ddng cham sdc
sflc khde edng dong, x i hpi hda hogt ddng eham soc
y t l cho ngudi ngblo, ngudi ed hoan canh dac biet
khd khan nhu: tai tip trang thilt bj y te, hd trp elii phi
cho cic benh nhin
- Ddi vdi hoat ddng giio dye: Viet Nam phd cap
giao due tieu hoc vao nam 2000, phd cap giio dye
tmng hpe e a s d vaonam 2010 Dd'n nam 2015 tyle he
dgt trinh dp phd thdng tmng hpc li 62%, ty le tie
khuyet tit di hgc dgt 60%, ty le ngudi biit ehu trong dp
tudi tfl 15 trd ldn dat 99% Cic ddi tupng dae thfl nhu
tri em gii Ire em din tdc thilu sd, con em gia dinh
ngblo v i tie em khuylt tat duoe quan lim tgo diiu
xa cd lien bd rd rdt
- Ddi vdi nhi d: Din hit nam 2015, Nhi nuae da h6
hp 7.600 hd ngheo xay dung nhi d phdng trinh bao lut
tgi 7 Unh vung Bie Tmng Bp va Duydn hgi miln Tmng;
Chuang trinh phal triln nha a xa hdi danh cho cdng
nhin khu cdng nghiep da xay dyng 28.550 can hd vi
dang Ulp tyc triln khai xiy dyng 69.300 can hd;
Chuong trinh nha d xa hdi cho ngudi ed thu nhip thap
tai khu vye dd thj d i xiy dung 25,850 ein hd; tilp tyc
Irien khgi xiy dyng khoing 61.290 can hp; Chuong
Irinh nha d cho hpc sinh, sinh vien duoe diu tu bang
trai philu chinh phfl da bd tri nhi d eho 200.000 sinh
vidn, dgt ty id binh quan 80% nhu ciu
Tilp tyc tridn khai ke hoach ho trp nha d cho ngudi
ngblo, theo k l hoach nam 2017 se thye hien hd trp
cho 20% sd hd ngheo trdn ca nudc (khoing 53.600 hd)
trinh hd trp n h i d theo Quylt djnh 33/2015/QD-TTg cfla Thu tudng Chinh phu
- Dd'i vdi nudc sgch: Chuong trinh mue Udu qudc gia nudc sach vi vd sinh mdi trudng ndng Ihdn da mang tinh x i hgi va nhan van sau sic, gdp phin nang eao sue khoe cua ngudi dan, giim nhieu cdng viec nang nhgc lidn quan din nude saeh va ve sinh, cii thidn dllu kien vat chit, eii thidn diiu kien sd'ng, ning cao nhgn thuc cfla ngudi din ndng thdn, gdp phan phal trien kinh t l xa hdi, dac bi|t li ddi vdi ngudi ngblo, dong b i o din tpe thilu sd, vflng siu, vflng xa Din hit nam 2015 d i xiy dyng duoe hon 1000 edng trinh nude sgeh tgp tmng, nang ty Id din sd' nong thdn dupe su dung nudc sinh hogt hpp ve sinh len d i n 86%, dupe sfl dyng nude sach theo tieu chuin cfla Bd
Y t l dat 45%
- Thdng tin: Din hdt nam 2015, ca nude ed 858 co quan b i o in, 659 tap chi, 105 co quan b i o didn tfl, 207 chi; 66 dai phat thanh, tmyln binh (02 dii Tmng uong,
64 dii dia phuong) Mgng thdng tin viin tbdng da co# internet dgt 52% dan sd; ty le phu sdng di dpng 94%; ty
Id xa ed may didn thogi 100%; ty le phfl sdng phit thanh vi sdng tmyln hinh: tren 98% di|n tich e i nudc
- Chinh sich Bio hilm x i hdi: Bio hiem xa hdi bat bude da tung bude trudng thanh vi ddng vai trd quan trpng trong h | thdng cic chuang trinh b i o hilm xd hpi ndi rieng vi an sinh xa hdi ndi ehung, dong thdi l i edng ey quan trpng de d i m b i o "khdng ai bi bd Igi phia sau" Ddi tuong tham gig khdng ngung tang cao, nam 1995 (2,2 tridu ngudi) da lang len 10,43 trieu ngudi vao nam 2012 (dat ty le 65% sd ddi tupng thude dien tham gia va 20% lyc lupng lao dpng c i nude) Dd'n thing 11/2018, tdng sd ngiKfi tham gia BHXH Ii 14,56 trieu nguoi: trong do, BHXH bit bupc Ii 14,31 tridu ngudi (97,7% k l hogch nam); BHXH ty nguyen la
254 nghin ngudi (76,6% k l hoach nam); b i o hilm that nghidp la 12,24 triSu ngudi (95,2% kd hogch nam); b i o hilm y t l li 82,38 trieu ngudi (87,7% dan so ea nudc) Bio hilm xa hdi ly nguydn budc diu da thu hflt Iao ddng khu vyc phi chinh thuc thcim gia, dac bidt la nhflng ngudi lao ddng da lung tham gia bao hilm xa hdi bit bugc ehua dfl dllu kidn vl tudi vi thdi gian ddng d l hudng c h l dp huu tri
3 Mot SO noi dung trien khai sap tdi
Mdt la, doi vol vi|e eung cap eic dich vu co bin, thill yeu Tilp tye ehfl trgng eic hogt ddng cii thidn dich vy cham sdc sflc khde nhan dan d eac tuydn eo
sd, uu tien eac huydn ngheo, xa ngheo, vung dac biet khd khan thdng qua vide diu tu eo sd vat chat; eflng
cd vi hoin thidn mgng ludi tram y te xa, tmng tam y
41
Trang 3R E S E A R C H
t l huydn nang cao khi nang tidp can djch vy y t l ed
chat lupng cho nhin din vung ngheo, d i n tdc thidu
sd, vung dgc biet khd khan
Thyc hien Idng ghip cac chuang trinh, myc tieu,
diy mgnh cic boat ddng tmyln thdng giio due sue
khde tgi cdng ddng vdi eic hogt dpng vin hda xa hdi
khie d l nang ego nhin thuc cfla ngudi din
Tip tmng hoin thien he thdng ehinh sieh giio dye
nhat quin vi on djnh trong thai gian dai, d i e biel ehfl
y dd'n ylu id van hda, lap quin eflg vung ddng bao din
tgc thilu sd dd cd dinh hudng giio due phfl hop Cflng
CO v i phit hiln he thdng tnrdng phd thdng din tgc ndi
trfl, cd the kit hop vdi d i o tao nghi b i n vung, phu
hpp vdi dae Uifl efla lung dia phuong
Tilp tyc nang cao nhan thuc, thay ddi thai dp, hanh
vi cua ngudi dan va cdng ddng vl nude sach; Day
mgnh xa hdi hoa, huy ddng sy tiiam gia cua loan din,
cic thinh phin kinh td tham gia diu tu va quin Iy
Tilp tye hoin Uiien he thdng van bin hudng dan
kdm theo vi thue hi|n nghidm tfle Chuong trinh hd tip
nha d theo Quylt dinh 33/2015/QD-TTg efla Thu tudng
Chinh phfl Keu gpi sy thgm gia hd trp eflg cac doanh
Quy dinh tiich nhiem efla doanh nghidp v i nhi diu
tu trong viec xay dyng nha d cho cdng nhan
Hell la, vide dim b i o thu nhap tdi thilu eho cic
nhdm ddi tuong: Hoan thi|n hd Ihd'ng ehinh sach
sieh eho vay uu dii hpe nghi, dac biet ehfl hpng den
nhdm ddi tupng lao dpng ngheo, ngudi khuylt tat,
ngudi thit nghidp, dan tde Uiilu sd, Iao ddng bi thu hdi
dit canh tac hoac chuydn ddi mue dich su dung dit,
hpc sinh, sinh vidn ed hoin einh khd khan
Khuyin khich hogt ddng sin xuat kinh doanh cfla
cie thinh phin kinh tl, nhit Ii eic doanh nghilp sin
xuit kinh doanh d l tao nhilu viee lim d dja bin ndng
thdn Xiy dyng ehinh sich hd trp bd phin ngudi
nghdo ed vide lim, tang thu nhgp, ed khi nang vuon
len thoat nghIo, ngudi mdi thoit ngheo cd nguy co tii
ngheo, ngudi din tdc thilu so
Xi hgi hda ngudn lye eho xda ddi giam ngheo:
Ting eudng su thgm gig cfla cie td chuc, doanh
nghilp, e i nhin trong vide thyc hien ehuong trinh
giim ngheo bdn vung Tip tmng hd tip toan didn dd'i
sflc khde, nha a, nuac sinh hogt hap ve sinh va vui
ehoi giai tii
Ba li, viec trp giflp xa hdi eic nhdm dac thu: Triln
khai nghien cuu danh gia xa hdi xay dyng mfle sdng
ldi thilu phu hap vdi diiu kien kinh td, xa hdi lim cin
cu xic dinh ngudi thudc dien hudng tro giflp xa hdi
Ihudng xuydn; Triln khai rgng md hinh cham sde
ngudi cd hoin cinh die biet tme tidp tgi edng ddng;
phan kinh tl, to chuc x i hdi vio vide triln idiai cac md
hinh eham sdc ngudi cao tudi, til md edi, nguoi khuylt lal, dae bidl la md hinh vi|n dudng iao Tilp tyc hoin thien co chl, chinh saeh va phuong thfle td ehue thyc hidn, nang cao hieu qua hogt dOng
hp giflp ddt xuat Tuydn tmydn van ddng v i l6 ehfle c6 hidu qui eie phong h i o luong thin, luong ii, Ceic hoat dpng tinh nguyen efla cdng ddng Kdu gpi sy tham gia hd tip eflg cpng ddng ddi vdi ngudi dan, cic khu vye bi thidt hgi khi gap rfli ro, thidn tai duoc ho tro kip thdi
Bdn li, Chinh sieh Bio hilm xa hdi: Diy mgnh ehinh sieh b i o hilm xa hdi bat bupc, tu nguyen v^ Uiat nghidp tiep lyc ma rdng ddi tupng tham gia, hudng tdi b i o vd cho toin bd ngudi lao dgng, bio thdng Un tuydn tmyln ve vai trd quan trpng eflg cac hinh thflc b i o hilm x i hdi dd'i vdi mdi ngudi din, lir
dd ning cao luin thu thuc hidn Ddi vdi Bio hilm x i hdi bat budc: Tang eudng cic chinh sieh phip luit dd tang mue dd tuan tiiu Luat Bio hilm xa hdi Tflng budc diiu chinh tang tudi nghi
huu hudng b i o hilm xa hpi ddi vdi mdt so nhdm 66i
tupng d l gia ting thdi gian ddng vio quy b i o hilm xa hpi va giim thdi gian budng nhim can ddi ngudn quy BHXH
Ddi vdi Bio hidm xa bdi ty nguydn: Thuc hifin chinh sieh giim phi ddng b i o hidm xa hgi ty nguyin cho eie nginh nghe" lao ddng hoac ddi lupng xa h$i
d i e thu
Ddi vdi Bao hilm thil nghiep: Xay dyng lhl ch^ phap lugt va tang cudng chd tai xfl phgt d l quy djnh 100% doanh nghidp, ca so s i n xuat kinh doanh dfiu phii tham gia b i o hilm thit nghidp
An sinh xa hpi Ii he thdng chinh sieh xa hdi co bin efla m&i qude gia trong diiu kidn phit triln kinh tl thj tiudng An sinh xa hdi cd quan h | mat thilt vdi si; doan kit, gin kll xa hgi va xay dung dit nude Sin an sinh xa hpi efla ILO la mpt sang kidn ed tinh thye ti^n cao, la can cu cho cac qudc gig xay dyng hd thd'ng an sinh xa hdi co b i n eflg minh Hd thdng an sinh xa hfii
ydu eau, gdp phin timg budc nang cao thu nhip tfl 66
b i o d i m eude sdng an toin, binh ding v i banh phiic eflg nhin din./
Tai iieu tham khao:
Cdng udc sd 102 — Cdng ude vd quy phgm t6i
thilu vd an sinh xa hdi, 1952
Nghj quylt 15-NQ/TW ngay 01/06/2012 HOi nghj M
thu nam Ban chip hinh Tmng udng Khoa XI mOt so vin d l vl chinh sach xa hdi giai doan 2012-2020 Nghj quylt 70/NQ-CP cfla Chinh phfl ngiy 01/11/2012 vl chuong trinh banh ddng cfla Chinh Phii Uiyc hidn Nghj quydt 15-NQ/TW