VI TRI HOC THUYET GIA TRI - LAO D O N G TRONG CAC HOC THUYET KINH TE CUA KARL MARX VA TRONG LICH SU" PHAT TRIEN CAC LY THUYET VE GIA TRI THE POSITION OF LABOR- VALUE THEORY IN KARL MA
Trang 1VI TRI HOC THUYET GIA TRI - LAO D O N G
TRONG CAC HOC THUYET KINH TE CUA KARL MARX
VA TRONG LICH SU" PHAT TRIEN CAC LY THUYET VE GIA TRI
THE POSITION OF LABOR- VALUE THEORY
IN KARL MARX'S ECONOMIC THEORIES AND IN THE HISTORY
OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THEORIES OF VALUE
Hd TANPHONG^'^
TOM TA T: Trong nhiiu ly thuyit khdc nhau vi gid tri, hoc thuyit gid tri do hao phi lao
dong ciia nguai sdn xudt hang hoa tao nin (goi tat Id gid tri - lao dgng) do nhOng nhd kinh
ti CO diin Anh sdng lap, dugc Karl Marx ki thiia, chgn lgc vd phdt trien thanh mot hgc thuyet khoa hoc Phdn tich nin sdn xudt tu bdn tren ca s& hoc thuyet gid tr} - lao dong, Karl Marx da xdy dung nin hoc thuyet gid tri thang du, cUng nhu todn bg cdc hgc thuyit kinh te khdc Diiu do xdc dinh vi tri cua hgc thuyit ndy trong cdc hgc thuyet kinh ti cua Karl Marx, cung nhu trong lich suphdt triin cdc ly thuyit ve gid tn
Tif- khoa: Karl Marx, hgc thuyit gid tri, hgc thuyit gid tri thang dir, cdc hgc thuyet kinh ti ABSTRACT: In various theories of value, the doctrine of value created by the labor cost of
the commodity maker (referred to as value-labor) founded by classical British economists, is Karl Marx inherits, selects and develops into a scientific theory Based on an analysis of capitalist production based on the doctrine of value-labor, Karl Marx created the theory of surplus value, as well as all other economic theories That determines the position of this theoty in Karl Marx's economic theories, as well as in the history of the development of theories of value
Key words: Karl Marx, value theory, value-added theory, economic theory
1 DAT VAN DE (gia tri do hao phi lao dgng cua ngudi sdn Hgc thuyet gid tri - lao ddng Id co sd xuat hang hda t^o ra)
ciia tdt ca cdc hgc thuylt kinh tl ciia Karl 2 N Q I DUNG
Marx, d6ng thdi hgc thuylt nay ciing chiem Karl Marx (1818-1883) khdng phdi la mgt vi tri hit sire quan trgng trong ljch su: ngudi dau tien neu len ly lu|in gid tri, gia trj phdt triln cdc ly thuydt khdc nhau vd gia tri - lao dgng Trudc dng vd ciing thdi gian do, Bdi vilt nay nhdm lam ro hon vj tri hgc cd nhieu nha khoa hgc da dua ra nhieu thuyet gid tri cila Karl Marx trong lich sii quan diem khdc nhau vd gia trj
phat triln cdc hgc thuylt vd gid tri, nhdn Tir thdi cd dai, Aristoteles (384-322 thiic ddy du hon nhihig cdng hiln khoa hgc TCN) da ndi ve gid tri trao ddi khi phdn cua dng v l ly luan gia tri, gia tri - lao ddng tich phuang trinh "5 cai giudng = 1 ngdi
nha" Nhdn xet v l phuang Irlnh nay Karl
'*' TS Tnrong Dai hgc V3n Lang, hotanphong@vanlangum.edu.vn Ma so: TCKH09-28-2018
Trang 2Marx vilt: "Su thien tdi cua Aristoteles Id
& cho, trong like thi hien gid tri cua hdng
hoa ong dd khdm phd ra quan hi ngang
gid, CO nghia la dang bu&c theo con du&ng
ddn t&i ly thuyit gid tri lao dong" [1, tr.26]
Thdi trung cd, mdt linh muc ngudi Y,
Augustin Saint (354-340) Id ngudi ddu tien
dua ra thuat ngii "gid ca cdng bdng" theo
hai nghTa; ThU nhat, gid cd cdng bdng phu
hgp vdi chi phi lao ddng; Thu hai, ciing
mdt hang hda co thi cd gid cd cdng bang
khac nhau tiiy theo su danh gid ciia cac
ddng cdp khdc nhau [1, tr.36]
Tir cuoi thi ky XVIII, d Anh va Phap
hpc thuydt kinh t l cd dien ra ddi Hgc
thuylt kinh t l cd dien Anh (mpt trong ba
tiln dl Iy ludn cua chu nghTa Marx) bat
ddu tir W Petty (1623-1687) vd kit thiic d
D.Ricardo (1772-1823) Ldn ddu tidn, cdc
nhd kinh te cd dien Anh dd ndu ldn pham
trii gid trj hdng hda do hao phi lao ddng
cila ngudi sdn xuat hdng hda tao ra Tren
ca sd pham trii gid tri - lao ddng hp dd
phan tich, xdy dung nen hdng loat cdc ly
luan vl tidn td, lgi nhuan, tiln luong, dia
td, cua nen kinh te hang hda tu ban Tuy
nhidn, ben cgnh nhung ludn diem khoa hgc
ve gid trj, nhihig nha kinh te cd didn Anh
lgi c6 nhtrng quan dilm sai khac, khdng
khoa hgc
W Petty ngudi dat nen mdng Iy
thuyet gid trj lao dgng khi dng khdng dinh,
gid cd ty nhien (tire gid tri hang hda) do lao
dgng cua ngudi san xudt hang hda tao ra
Nhung dng lgi cho rang, lao dgng tgo nen
gia trj chi la lao dOng khai thdc bgc (tiln
te) Lao dpng trong cac nganh khac chi tao
ndn ciia cdi khi so sdnh vdi lao dgng tgo ra
anh gia tri cua tidn nhu dnh sang Mat Trang phan chilu anh sang Mgt Trdi vdy [2, tr.l2] Trong luan diem ndi tieng cua dng, "lao dgng Id cha cdn ddt la me cua mpi cua cdi" dng dd xa rdi tu tudng gia tri - lao ddng khi kit lu|in, "lao ddng vd dat dai la co sd tu nhien ciia gia ca mgi vdt phdm", nghTa la lao ddng, dat dai deu la ngudn gdc ciia gia ' tri Ddy Id mdm mong ly thuyet cdc nhdn td cua sdn xudt dlu tgo ra gia tri ve sau cua J.B Say (1767-1832)
A Smith (1723-1790), ben canh dinh nghTa diing vl gid trj: gid tri do lao d^ng hao phi d l san xuat hdng hda quydt dinh Lao dOng la thudc do thuc te ciia mgi gia trj (lao dpng ma dng ndi d day la tat ca cac loai lao dpng san xudt), dng lai sai lam khi dua ra dinh nghTa khdc: gid trj la do lao ddng ma ngudi ta cd the mua dugc bang hang hda do quydt djnh Theo djnh nghia ndy, dng suy ra gid tri do lao ddng tao ra chi diing trong dieu kidn san xudt hang hoa gian dan, cdn trong kinh te tu ban gid trj do cdc ngudn thu nhdp tao thanh Ong viet
"tien luang, loi nhugn, dia to Id ba ngudn goc dau tiin ciia moi thu nhgp cung nhu la cua bdt ky gid trj trao doi ndo" [1, tr.65] 0
day, dng da lan ldn giu:a su hinh thanh gia trj vd phdn phdi gia trj, ong bd qua chi phi
tu lieu sdn xudt trong viee hinh thdnh gia trj Tu ludng ndy cua A Smith da xa rdi 1^ luan gia trj lao ddng
D Ricardo (1772-1823), ggt bo dugc nhflng sai ldm, mdu thuan trong Iy lugn gia trj ciia A Smith Ong cho rang, chi djnh nghTa thii nhdt cua A Smith Id dung: gid trj
do lao dgng hao phi d l sdn xudt hdng hda quylt djnh Trong kinh te tu ban, gia trj
Trang 3nhidn, trong ly ludn gid trj cua dng vdn cdn
nhieu han chl, sai ldm: Ong khdng chi ra
dugc viec chuyen djch gid trj tu lieu sdn
xudt sang san pham, khdng thdy mdu thudn
giua gid tri su dung vd gid trj, coi gid tri la
pham trii vTnh vien, la thugc tinh cila mgi
vdt, va cho rang lao ddng xa hdi cdn thiet,
quy djnh lugng gia tri, do dilu kien sdn
xudt xdu nhdt quydt djnh, chua phan biet
dugc gid trj vdi gid cd sdn xuat
Karl Marx la ngudi da ke thira bidn
chiing cac ly thuyet v l gid tri - lao ddng ciia
trudng phai kinh t l chinh tri c6 diln Anh,
ggt bd nhiing hgn chd, sai lam trong cac ly
thuyet do, phat trien thanh hgc thuyet khoa
hpc ve gia trj Ong da xem xet pham trii gid
trj tren tat ca cac mat: chat gia tri, lugng gid
trj, hinh thiie bieu hien ciia gia tri, quy luat
gia tri
Mdt nhdn td quan trpng da giilp Karl
Marx xay dyng nen hpc thuydt khoa hpc vd
gid trj la phat minh cua dng ve tinh chat hai
mdt cua lao ddng san xuat hang hoa: lao
ddng cy the vd lao dpng triru tugng Vi lao
ddng san xudt hdng hoa cd tinh hai mat nen
tdt cd cdc hien tugng kinh td, cdc qud trinh
kinh td hdng hda deu cd tinh hai mat: hdng
hda cd hai thugc tinh gid trj sii dung va gia
tri; ca cdu gid trj gdm gid trj cu vd gid tri
mdi; nang sudt lao dgng lien quan tdi siic
sdn xudt cua lao dgng vd cudng dg lao
ddng; cua cai xa hOi ton tai dudi hai hinh
thai: ciia cdi la nhirng gid tri sii dung, va
cua cdi la gia tri (tidn te), nhd cd phdt
minh tinh cndt hai mat ciia sdn xudt hdng
hda md Karl Marx da phdn tich qua trinh
hai mat ciia sdn xudt cua tu bdn: "v&i tu
cdch Id sy ihdng nhdt giua qud trinh lao
trinh sdn xudt Id mot qud trinh sdn xudt hang hoa; v&i tu cdch la sy thong nhdt cua qud trinh lao dong vd qua trinh ldm tang gid tri thi qud trinh sdn xudt Id mgt qud trinh sdn xudt tu bdn chu nghta Id hinh thdi tu bdn chu nghta ciia nen sdn xudt hdng hoa" [3, tr.294-295] Tir do, Kari
Marx dua ra cdng thtic gid tri hdng hda trong kinh td tu bdn la "c+v+m" Pham tru gid tri thang du (m), do chi phi lao ddng ciia cong nhan lam thue tao ra va bj nha tu ban chilm doat Ong chi ra bdn chdt ciia
quan he sdn xudt tu bdn: "Bi quyit ciia su tang thim gid tri cua tu bdn quy lgi Id & cho tu bdn chi phoi dugc mot so lugng lao dong khong cong nhdt dinh cua ngu&i khdc"[3,tr.l53]
Cdng thil'c gia tri hang hda ndu tren la ket qud chi phi lao dpng (chi phi lao dgng sdng vd chi phi lao dpng qua khir), la chi phi thuc td sdn xuat hang hda Ket luan dd bac bd "tin dieu khong Id" cua A Smith cho gid trj hang hda chi bao gdm cac ngudn thu nhap (v+m), vach ro su khac biet (ve chdt va lugng) giiia chi phi lao ddng vd chi phi sdn xudt eiia tu bdn (k—c+v), ehi ra mdi lidn he giiia gia tri thang du va lgi nhuan:
"Gid tri thang du, hay Id lgi nhugn, chinh
Id phdn gid tri doi ra dy ciia gid tri hdng hoa so v&i chi phi sdn xudt ciia no, nghta Id phdn doi ra ciia tong so lugng lao dgng chiia dyng trong hang hoa so v&i so lugng lao dgng duac trd cong chUa dung trong hdng hoa" [4, tr.74]
Neu nhu Karl Marx va cdc nhd kinh te
CO diln Anh phdn tich pham trii gid tri (la
CO sd ciia gia tri trao ddi, cua gid cd) tir phuong dien khach quan: tir chi phi lao
Trang 4nhiing nhd kinh t l khac xem xet phgm trii
gia trj tir gdc do chu quan, td vide hang hda
ddp img nhu cdu ngudi mua nhu the ndo
Dd Id ll? thuylt gia trj ciia cac nhd kinh te
trudng phdi cd diln mdi Hg phe phdn hpc
thuylt gid trj - lao dgng, dua ra tu tudng ich
Igi gidi han, la ich lgi cua vat phdm cudi
ciing (san phdm gidi han) dua ra thda mdn
nhu cdu, ich lgi dd Id nhd nhat, no quy djnh
gia trj gidi han ciia vat pham Gid tri gidi
han quyet dinh gid trj tdt cd cdc sdn phdm
khac "Gid trf cua vgt phdm dugc quy dinh
b&i so lugng ich Igri gi&i hgn " [5, tr.279]
Ly thuydt gid tri cua hg la ly thuyet gia
trj ich Igi chu quan Bdng viec iing dung
todn hpc vdo phdn tich, lugng hoa cdc quan
h§ kinh te, trudng phai cd dien mdi dugc
gpi Id trudng phdi kinh - toan hgc Cdc ly
thuylt cua trudng phai cd dien mdi nhu:
Cdc ly thuyet kinh te cila phdi thanh Vien
(cdc dai bilu nhu C Menger (1840-1921),
Bohm Bawerk (1851-1914); Ly thuylt
"gidi han" d My, tieu bieu Id J.B Clark
(1847-1938); Ly thuydt kinh t l cua trudng
phai Cambridge (Anh), ngudi sang lap la
A Marshall (I842-I924), dng ddng y vdi
cac nha kinh t l cd dien khi cho rdng, gid tri
hang hda "chinh Id cai vira du dl trang trai
toan bp chi phi sdn xudt, tiln luong, lgi tiic
vd Igi nhudn, " nhung dng phd phdn quan
diem cd dien (kd cd Karl Marx) chi xem xet
gid trj dudi gdc dg khach quan, chi thdy chi
phi cua cdc yeu to sdn xuat quy djnh gia cd,
coi nh? nhihig anh hudng cua cdu; Trudng
phai gidi hgn lai qua coi trpng miic dO ich
lgi hang hda thda man nhu cdu con ngudi,
bd qua tdc dgng cua chi phi sdn xudt
Tuy cd dua ra quan diem ve gid trj hdng hda, nhung A Marshall cho rdng, m^t khi hdng hda da dua ra thj trudng thi ngudi
ta khdng quan tdm cdi gi tgo ndn gid trj, md chi quan tam tdi gid cd hdng hda dudi tdc ddng cua cung, cdu Vi vgy, theo dng tiep tuc ban luan ve gid trj Id khdng can thilt Quan diem nay cila dng md ra hudng nghidn ciiu thyc dung trong kinh t l [6, tr.52]
3 KET L U ^ N Karl Marx khdng nghidn ciiu thyc dung kinh te hdng hda ndi chung, dng nghien ciiu phuong thiic sdn xudt tu bdn bdt ddu tir nghien cuu hang hda (tiic la nghien ciiu dudi gidc do kinh te - chinh trj) Hpc thuylt gid tri - lao ddng ma dng ke thiia chgn lgc tir trudng phdi cd dien va phat trien, hodn thi^n nd, la co sd de dng xay dung ndn tdt cd cdc hpc thuydt kinh te cua minh, trye tiep id hgc thuyet gia trj thang
du - phdt hidn vT dgi cua Karl Marx, vach ro bdn chdt quan he sdn xuat tu ban chu nghTa Qua trinh phan tich quan he sdn xudt tir ban, Karl Marx ciing phdt hi?n, ldm sdng to nhilu quy lu^t, phgm trii cda nin san xudt hang hda tu bdn (giai doan tu do canh tranh), nhu quy ludt gia trj thang du, quy luat tich luy, su nang cao cau tao huu co tu bdn, quy ludt hinh thdnh lgi nhudn binh qudn, gid ca sdn xudt, xu hudng ha thap ty suat Igi nhuan, Tdt ca nhung ndi dung neu tren cho thdy vj tri dgc biet quan trgng cua hpc thuyet gia trj - lao dOng trong toan
bg cac hgc thuylt kinh t l cua Karl Marx, ciing nhu trong ljch sii phat tridn cdc Iy thuylt khdc nhau v l gid trj hang hda
Trang 5TAI LIE:U THAM KHAO
[ 1 ] Dgi hgc kinh td qudc ddn (1996), Mon lich su cdc hgc thuyit kinh te, Nxb Thdng ke, Hd NOi [2] Nguyen Van Trinh (2002), Syphdt triin cdc hgc thuyit kinh ti, Nxb Lao ddng - xa hpi [3] C.Mdc va Ph.Angghen (1993), Todn tgp, tap 23, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia, Hd Ndi [4] C Mdc vd Ph.Angghen (1999), Toan tgp, tfp 25, Nxb Chinh trj Qudc gia, Hd Ndi [5] Tru&ng phdi Ao trong kinh ti chinh tn, M, 1992, (tidng Nga)
[6] Hodng Lan Huong, Ly thuyit kinh ti cua Alfred marshall, ngu&i sdng lap tru&ng phai tan CO diin Tap chi: Nhttng van de kinh td the gidi, Sd 6(26)
Ngaynhanbai: 16-4-2018 Ngdybidn tap xong: 23-4-2018 Duyet dang: 19-5-2018