Trong hai tac phdm Chu Dich bdn nghTa vd Dick kgc kkdi mdng, Chu Ttt giang Iuan khd nhiiu vfi bSc phf, dac bift soan rieng hai thien Phe nghi va Khdo bien chiem dl trinh bdy vfi phuon
Trang 1THlTC HANH PHE PHAP VA THE NGHIEM
DICH LY CUA NHA NHO VIET NAM THOfl NGUYEN: QUA NGHIEN CUtJ TRlTOTNG HOP NGUYEN VAN LY
BUI BA QUAN'**
Tom tdt: Kinh Dich la mft kinh trong so Ngu kinh ciia Nho gia, thudng van dugc mfinh
danh la "qu^ kinh chi thii", da luu truyfin va anh hudng sau rpng din hpc thudt ciia cac nuoc
Dong A Nho gia Vift Nam nghien cuu ve Kinh Djch thudng chii trong den hai phuang dien: nghTa 1>' kinh diln va cong dyng boc phf ciia Dich Thyc hanh phf phap va the nghifm Dich li
la hoat dfng co tinh hpc thugt ciia nha nho Vift Nam Hoat dong co tinh hpc thuat nay la minh chttng cy thl, sinh dpng ciia qua trinh nha nho Vifit Nam hpc tap va tiep nh^n Djch hpc
Tiekhda: Djch hpc, Djch li, Phe phap
Abstract: For centuries, The Book of Changes, one of Confucian's F(ve Classics, usuaWy
mentioned as "the head of Classics", has spread over East Asian countries and deeply affected
their academic studies While studying The Book of Changes, Vietnamese Confucians usually
focused on its classical senses and divine functions The practice of divination as well as the experiment ofthe way of changes is their academic activites which shows their deep study
about and their adoption of The Book of Changes
Keywords: The study of The book of Changes,The way of Changes, Divination
Dan nhgp
ChuTtt(1130-1200) comfit mfinh dfi
rat nfii tieng vfi Kinh Dich, do la "Dich
ban hoc phe chi thu", nghTa la Dich vfin
la sach boi phf Trong hai tac phdm Chu
Dich bdn nghTa vd Dick kgc kkdi mdng,
Chu Ttt giang Iuan khd nhiiu vfi bSc phf,
dac bift soan rieng hai thien Phe nghi va
Khdo bien chiem dl trinh bdy vfi phuong
phap, cdeh thttc va nguyfin tie boi cd thi
Ttt do cd the thdy, boc phf cd mot vi tri
dac bift quan trgng trong vifc nghien cuu
Kink Dick va Dich hgc noi chung
Kink Dick Id mft kinh trong sd NgU kink ciia Nho gia, thudng vdn dugc mfnh
danh Id "qudn kinh chi thtt", da co qua trinh luu truyin va anh hudng sdu rpng din hgc thudt ctta cac nude Dfing A Trong mdt vai nghifin cuu gan ddy, chttng toi dd chi ra rang, tu tudng Dich hgc ciia Chu Ttt cd dnh hufirng sdu ddm den cdc nhd nho Vift Nam Hdu hit cdc trude tac Dich hgc ctta nha nho Viet Nam dfiu dua tren phuong thuc va quan diem giai kinh '•^ThS Trudng DH KHXH& NV - Dgi hpc Qufic Gia HdNfi
60
Trang 2ctta Chu Tu Dang Thai Bang (cdn dgc Id
Phuong, khodng thl ki XVII-XVIII) khi
"giai nghia" va "dien ca" Cku Dick da
nhgn dinh "Ban nghia" tdp chtt du no
nghta mdu", ddng thdi rat ehu trgng dfin
hai phuong dien nghTa If kinh difin vd
cfing dung bfic phe cua Dick Tdc gid cua
nhdm tdc pham Dick pku titng tkuyit Hi
kinh ldi trac, Dick nghTa tdn nghi ciing
phong thee cau trttc ctta cac bg Y Xuyen
Dick truyen (ctta Trinh Ttt), Cku Dich
bdn ngkTa va Dick hgc kkdi mong (ctta
Chu Ttt) d l giang lu|n, khai ylu v l Dich
dd, Phf phap va Quai biln
Trfin thuc t l , cac truoc tdc lugn giai
chuyen sdu vfi Dich hpc ctta nha nhe Viet
Nam hifn cdn khSng nhifiu, tinh ra chi cd
khodng trfin 20 tdc phdm, trong do da sd
cac tdc phdm cd nifin dgi sang tdc vdo
khoang cudi thfii Lfi (khodng the ki
XVIII), thfi nhung ngi dung thudng trung
lap, chang ban nhdm tac pham Dick pku
tiing tkuyit, Dick nghTa ton ngki Hi kink
ldi trdc Cac tac phdm Dich hgc ddi
Nguyen hifn cdn vai tac pham, ndi dung
chtt yfiu la difin ca mgt phan kinh van
Chu Djch, chdng ban tac pham Dich luc
tkdp lie qudi qudc ngie ca tfin nghi ctta
Nguyin Ba Lan chi dien ca phdn Dgi
lugng cm Cku Dich Djch qudi diin ca
cua Pham Dinh Toai chi difin ca v l su
phan bd cua 64 que Kink Dick tuong img
vdi 12 thang va 24 tifit khi trong mfit
nam Vdi dgc thtt tu lieu it di vd tan
man nhu vay, nen vifc nghifin cuu Dich
hgc Viet Nam trong giai doan nay cung
cdn cd nhung difiu chinh nhdt dinh vfi
dudng hudng va phuong phap Li thuyfit
cua van hda hpc tifip nh|in va nhan hgc
van hda dd cung cap cho chttng tdi nhung
ggi y thu vj Nghifin cttu vific tifip nhan Dich hgc ctta nha nho Vift Nam khSng chi bd hep trong pham vi thong difin, binh giai nghia li kinh difin truyfin thSng, ma chuyfin hudng sang nghifin cttu cac boat dgng thuc hanh va thfi nghifm Dich Ii ctta chtt the nha nhe Viet Nam
Nhu ehung ta da bifit, cac phgm tru
dm duong, ngu hanh, bdt quai trong
Kinh Dick cd anh hudng kha sau rpng
dfin nhieu ITnh vuc cua ddi sfing xa hpi thoi trung dgi, ttt van hda, van hgc, tfin giao, tin nguong, y dugc, kifin tnic, nghf thuat, cho dfin tu tuong hgc thudt Tuy nhien, hai ITnh vuc chiu dnh huoiig true tiep va sau dam nhat cua Dich li, dd Id: bdc phf va y dugc Boc phf Id bdn
nguyfin, la cong nang ctta Dick, y dugc
hgc cd truyen va he thong If Iudn ctta no
la su van dung linh boat tdi da cac
nguyfin Ii cua Dich Trong pham vi bai
vifit nay, chung tdi tap trung tim hieu viec thuc hdnh phf phap va thfi nghifm Dich Ii ctta nha nhe Viet Nara thdi Nguyen qua trudng hgp Nguyen Van Ly Sd dT bai vilt nay nhan manh dfin chtt the nhd nho
la vi dfi phan bift voi cdc nha thuat so Cac nhd thuat sd khi chifim bdc cung stt
dung cdc phtt hifiu va nguyfin li ctta Kinh Dick, nhung Igi ket hgp vdi cac Ii thuyfit
cua Dao giao nhu Nap gidp Ho thfi Phi than, Phue than, Luc than, Luc than va cac than sdt khac
Qua khdo sat cac tu lifu hien tfin, chiing tdi thay, tu lifu hoc phf cua Vift Nam thoi Nguyfin rdt it va tan man Phdn idn tu lieu thudng chi Id cac mdu chuyfn ngan dugc ghi chep trong mdt s6 cuSn gia pha, van tap, tap ky, tuy bttt cua mSt ddng hg hoac tac gia nao do, chdng
Trang 3ban Ddng gia lodn ckink tkgc lyc, Le
Piiu lgp ki, Thugng kinh ki su, Vu trung
tuy but, Ddng Dick Trai ngdn kdnk
lyc, Do do, CO thl coi Tkg Xuang Ddng
Kki Chi Dink pke tkuyit (con cd ten khde
la Chi Dinh phi nghi ldn nghiem) va Cki
Am tu trifin ctta Nguyfin Van Ly Id hai
chuyfin khdo cd tinh he thfing va tifiu bifiu
cho boat dgng thuc hdnh phfi phap vd thfi
nghifm Djch ly ctta nha nho Viet Nara
thdi Nguyen
Ttt ddi tugng vd pham vi nghifin cttu
tren, chung tfii tap trung trien khai d hai ngi
dung: thuc hdnh phf phap va thfi nghifm
Dich ly Khdi nifm "Phf phdp" ndi tdi
trong bdi viet ndy Id chi todn bf qud trinh
bic phf, ttt each tiiuc chuan hi lap que, che
din phuong phap xac dinh que gfic, hao
dpng, qufi bifin cimg phuong phdp giai
dodn qufi boi tren co sd kinh van Cku Dich
The nghiem Dich Iy bao gdm hai khia canh:
mpt la, kit qua chifim dodn (du trdc) da
ttng nghifm trong thgc tfi hay chua (hoac
khfing) ung nghifim; hai la, qua qua trinh
thuc hdnh phf phap, nguoi chifim boc se
rut ra nhftng kmh nghifm du dean nhdt
dinh, nhiing kinh nghif ui ndy cd dugc trfin
CO sd kfi thira thanh qua nghifin cttu ciia
tifin nhdn, kit hgp vdi ndng Iuc tu duy,
kinh nghifm sSng va kha ndng phdn tich,
suy lugn ddi vdi quai danh, quai tugng,
quai dttc vd quai hao ttt
1 Thuc hanh phfi phdp cua nha
nho Nguyen VSn Ly (1795 - 1868)
1,1 Quan diim ve bScpk^
Boc phfi la each ndi gfp cua hai ttt
"Quy b i c " va "Thi phf" "Quy bdc" Id
bdi mai rua, hinh thanh d Trung Qufic
vae thdi nhd Ha va thinh hanh vao thdi
nhd An Ngudi thdi An quan nifm riia la loai v|it sdng Idu va cd tinh thifing, cd thl thdng linh vdi quy than, do do nguoi ta dtti lo trfin mai rua rfii dem ho trfin lua de tim cac vlt dan Cac vet dan dd gpi la
"bfic trifiu" Ngudi ta sfi cdn ctt theo cac bfic trifu do dfi tifin hdnh suy dean "Thi phf" Id boi cd thi, thdng dung vao thoi nha Chu va sau nay dan thay thfi cho
"Quy bfic" "Quy bSc" cdn ctt vae "bfic trifu", con "Thi phf" thi can ctt vae "quai
tugng", "quai tu" va "hdo ttt" Chu Dieh
Do d6, ngudi chiem bdc can phai sap xfip, chuyen ddi cdc cpng cd thi theo diing nguyen li "thdp bat bifin thanh quai" (mudi tdra Idn bifin thi thdnh que) de co the lap thdnh que sau vach, que sdu vgch ndy gpi la "ban quai" Trfin co sd xdc dinh duge "ban quai", "dpng hdo" va
"biln quai", nguoi chifim bdc cd the suy doan duge cat hung cua su vifc Nhu vay,
cd thfi thdy, ttt phep "Quy bfic" doi An den phep "Thi phf" doi Chu thuc chat la mpt tifin trinh phat trifin ttt "quy tugng" den "phf sfi", "Quy bflc" chtt trpng den yfiu td "thifin khai" (svr ggi md ctta trdi),
"Thi phf" thi chu trgng din yfiu td "nhdn vi" (su tac dpng ctta ngudi) Ve sau ciing vdi su phdt trifin va tich hgp ctta Dich hpc vdi Thuat so hgc (bao gdm Am duong gia, Ngu hanh gia, Liic nham, Thai dt ), cdc nha chifim bSc dd sang chl ra rat nhieu phuong phdp bSc Dich khdc nhau nhu Hda chau Iam, Mai hoa Da Hgc, VSn Vuong kim tiln qudi, Quy Coc kim tifin quai Thai dt, Lyc nham Bdi vgy, thuat ngtt boc phf sau nay cdn mang ^ nghTa phifim chi cho vifc chifim boc nfii
chung Cac cfi tich Trung Hoa nhu Thu kink, Td truyen, Qudc ngir deu co ghi chep cu thl v l vdn dh nay Chu Ttt ddi
62
Trang 4Nam TSng khi soan sach Chu Dick bdn
nghTa vd Dich hgc kkdi mdng dd can cu
vae cac nguyen Ii bfic phf dugc ghi chep
treng cdc sdeh ndi trfin, ttt dd hf thdng
hoa toan bg quy trinh "Thi phf" thanh
cac thifin "Chu Ttt phf nghi" vd "Khao
bifin chiem"
Nhu chiing ta da bifit, kinh dien Nhe
gia dugc luu truyfin va anh hudng rdng
Idn tdi hgc thuat ciia Vift Nam thdi trung
dai Cdc nha nho Vift Nam nhu Nguyfin
Binh Khiem, Phttng Khac Khoan, Dang
Thai Bdng/ Phuong, Lfi Quy DSn, Pham
Quy Thich, Btti Duong Lich, Pham Dmh
HS d cac mttc do khac nhau, dfiu co
ban lugn dfin ITnh vuc nay
Nguyen Van Ly (1795-1868), ten buy
Id Dudng, tu la Tuan Phu, hifu la Chi Ara,
Chi Dinh, Chi Hien, bifit hifiu la Dfing Khfi,
thuy Id DSn Nhd, nguoi Iang DSng Tac,
huyfin Thg Xuong, nay Id pho Dfing Tac,
phudng Trung Tu, quan Ddng Da, thdnh
phS Ha Ngi Ong dd Df tam giap Dfing
Tifin sT xudt than khea thi nam Nhdm Thin
nifin hifu Mmh Mfnh thtt 13 (1832) Trdi
thd ba trifiu vua nha Nguyfin: Minh Mfnh,
Thieu Tri, Ty Dttc, dam nhifim cac chtte
vu nhu Han ldm vifin Bifin tu hdm Chanh
thdt phdm; Tri phu phu Thuan An, phong
tdng Phung nghi dai phu, hdm Tdng ngu
phdm; Lai bd Lang trung, cae thu Trung
thudn dgi phu, hdm Chdnh ttt phdm, Giao
thy phtt Thudng Tin, Dfic hgc Hung
Yfin Ngoai hogt dfng ttfin chinh trudng,
ong cdn tham gia nhiiu boat dgng van hda,
giao dye tgi kinh thanh Nam 1832, dng
cung cac fing Nguyin Vdn Sifiu, Vu Tfing
Phan thanh lap Van hfii Thp Xuong,
chudn bi thdnh lap Hpi Hudng thifn, ndm
1848 lai md truong Chi Dinh Trudng
Chi Dmh do Sng md da ddo tao dugc nhifiu hgc trd cd danh vgng thoi bdy gid, tifiu bieu nhu Tifin sT Dfi Trpng Hgp (1834-1902), Ctt nhan Nguyfin Huy Dftc (1824-1898) Bdi vay sau khi dng qua ddi, eac hgc tro
da phat tam quyen gdp xay dung "Ddng Khfi tifin sinh ttt dudng" dfi phung thd dng Binh sinh dng trude tac kha nhifiu, tieu
bilu cd Dong Khe tki lap, Chi Hiin thi tkdo Chi Am DdngKhe tki lap, DdngKke vdn tap Tru&ng vdn ddi lien thi lap, Du NgU Hdnk san xu&ng hoa tap, Tkg Xuang Ddng Tdc Nguyin tki the pkd, Tu gia yiu ngie, Ddng Tdc Nguyin tki gia hudn, Tkg Xuang Ddng Tdc Nguyin thi lodn phd va met sd loi tua che cdc sach Bdc Thdnh dia
du chi lyc, Phugng Son tie chi luge Tie li luge tap, Lu mp kdu lap Thang Long hodi
cd thdp lie thil
Nguyen Vdn Ly la nha nhe ntta ddu trieu Nguyfin Ong sinh ra trong rapt gia dinh cd truyin thdng Nho hpc va khoa hoan hiin hach Cu Cao td Nguyfin Hi Quang, la bdc su than trong phtt Chtta, dugc sdc phong "Dai vucmg"; cu Tdng tfl Tao Qudn cdng, cu Td Trung Thg bd; Thdn phy la Ttt tdi Nguyfin Huu Vpng, Than mdu Nguyfin Thi Httu, Id con gdi cy Hodng Tin dai phu Nguyfin Cflng Ty Ban than fing sinh ra vao giai doan gia canh khd khdn, cha me mat sdm, cdng danh trac trd, do dd y thttc vfi trach nhifm chan hung ddng tdc, bdo thdn tri gia ctta bdn than dng cang ndng nfi va quan trpng Ong lufin dau dau mgt niem trimg chan gia thanh, dng lai lap ra khudn phep, tae dung quy mS cho con chau muSn ddi Ong danh kha nhiiu thoi gian d l bien soan gia pha, gia hudn, gia quy, xay dyng ttt dudng, tu bd phdn mf tfl tifin Ngoai
Trang 5ttt ban ctt nghifp, dng con chuyfin tam
nghifin cttu v l y hpc, phong thtty li sS va
bSc phf, bdi vi dng tin rang phong thuy li
sfi la mgt phuong cdeh huu hifu dfi duy
tri su thinh vugng ctta gia tgc, cdn bfic
phf la "ctta bau dl gitt minh xtt the"
Trong Cki Am tg truyen, Sng thuat lai sd
hgc ctta minh nhu sau:
"Phtt tdi nhgc nhdn voi ctt nghifp,
chua rsmh roi dfi nghien cttu vfi cai hgc li
s6 Kip din nam 49 tufii, era trai toi la Ttt
tai Phuong Khfi qua ddi, tdi didm nghl
phdn rap edi tang cua eha tfli khdng tflt,
nfin ben ttra dpe sdeh Dia li Dfin khi huu
tri, tfii gap dugc ngai Tudng sinh tuih
Qudng Dfing la Ly Cdm Y Ong vi mufin
nghifin cim vfi dja thuat nfin den ddy, lai
CO van tai, nfin tfii dugc cimg fing di xem
ddt trong khoang hai, ba nam Ong tttng
noi, Dia Ii cflt d huyfit mach co tinh Ong
cho phep tfii sao lai cufin sach md Sng cat
trong tay ae, nfin tfli radi hifiu dugc nhifiu
dieu sd hpc trong Tuyit tdm pkii Lugn
mfinh thflng thudng thi la Tu vi, nhung
xem khfing nghiem Khi tfii Iam quan d
Phtt Yen, dugc ITnh giae ngai Han Hgc
Thudn nguoi Trifiu Chdu, nen lai tim dpe
sach Tinh Bink Ong cho phep tdi sao lgi
cudn sach ma fing cdt trong tay ae, tfii
hieu dugc nhttng ghi chep cue ki thdn
nghifm trong do Ttt dd tfii khfing chuyfin
tam ve Dau s6, md chuyen tti theo cai hgc
Tinh Binh Cac vi cdng khMih cua nude
ta CO nhiiu ngudi din hoi Dai khai mfnh
Ii Tinh Binh ldy ndm thang ngdy gid lam
hi try, ma coi can ngay la chtt Con vifc
lam thudc thi trude vi hdu thuflc me toi,
sau vi ban than cd benh, phai mdi cac
thay noi tifing, nen tfii dugc gidng ban
cttng hp, lugra dugc nhiing difiu tinh ylu trong nghe, dai khai co sd trudng ve sach
Cdnh Nhgc, chuyen ve can ban duong
suy, suy ngng thi chtt vfi bS khi." Nhttng ghi chep trfin cho thay, Nguyfin Van Ly cd hpc van khd rflng, kiem thfing ca "dae" va "thuat", trfin bin ITnh vuc Nho, Y, Li, Sfl flng dfiu cd sd ddc rieng Phong thtty, flng tiep cdn hgc thuylt
Loan ddu Uong Tuyet ldm phU, dac bifit cfi
sd trudng vfi xera xet dia raach, dia cue, phan biet chan huyet, gid huyet ; Mfnh
H, flng tttng thiep lifip sach Tie vi ddu so va
cd sd trudng luan mfinh theo thuyfit Ttt tru cua Ttt Binh; Y hgc, fing hpc hoi dugc nhieu kinh nghifm tinh yfiu nhd nghe va
chuyfin tam nghifin cim thuyfit bfl duong,
bfi khi ctta Cdnh Nhae
Khfing nhihig the, Nguyen Vdn Ly cdn tinh thdng bdc phe Ngay ttt thud tte, Sng da luu tdm nghifin cttu va thyc hanh Phe phap ctta Chu Ttt, sau nay mac dtt co tham bac, thuc hanh va kifim nghiem nhieu phuang thttc chiera bfic khac von dugc luu hdnh phfi bien d nude ta thoi bay gid, nhung trude sau Nguyfin Van Ly chi nhdn manh vd kifin tri thao thtt mft mon bflc phfi theo Phf nghi ctta Chu Ttt Ong cho rdng, bfic phfi "khdng ngoai Ie cat hung cua thodn hdo ma thfli", Phe nghi ctta Chu Tu tuy "binh dam" nhung
"rdt than ki", cdn "cac phep chiem bfic khac tuy cd chut ttng nghifim, nhtmg xem nhifiu phep e rang cd chdp, cac phep khac chi nfin bilt ma khfing dttng Nhu vgy thi mdi gitt dugc mflt mdi ma khdng rfii
logn" (Chi Am tg truyen) Ong soan gia
hudn, khuyfin bao con chau phai nfii chi tien nhdn, gdng sttc hpc hdnh, nhung khdng thl khdng bilt vl y hpc (dfi bao ve
64
Trang 6sttc khoe, keo dai tudi thg) va bdc phf (dl
ddn Idnh tranh dtt, gitt minh xtt the)
Trong ldi tua ctta phan Cki Dink phi ngki
ton nghiem, dng vifit:
"Tifiu sinh ty minh ITnh hpi phfi phdp
den nay, phdm cac vific nhu phan rag tfi
tifin va khoa danh hogn Id ctta gia dinh,
che dfin ddi nhan xu thfi, deu dinh thee
bdi phf Nhung quyit dinh dy khdng dilu
gi khdng than difiu va ttng nghifim, cdt
khdng ngodi Ifi cat hung ciia Idi thoan, Idi
hao ma thdi Cat thi cat, hung thi hung,
gidng nhu am vang vpng Igi, thyc nhu
Chu Ttt ndi The mdi biet phep bdi phf,
nha nho ta khong the khSng thifp lifip,
dau chua nam bdt dugc tinh than, ciing
biet dugc difiu dai luge, dang Idm ctta bau
dfi giu minh xtt thfi Nhdn do ghi Igi
nhung vifc thifit yfiu hang ngay bdi dugc,
luu Igi dfi chifim nghifm ma thdi Va
cung dfi Iam tdm guong thifing cua mgt
nha, khSng gi nghi hoac la dugc."
1.2 Npi dung vd each thurc boc phi
Trong phdn Ddn nhap, chttng tfli da
gidi thifu Thg Xuang Dong Khe Chi Dink
phi thuyet (cdn cd ten khac Id Chi Dink
phi ngki ldn nghipm, dudi ddy gpi tdt Id
Cki Dinh pke tkuyit) va Cki Am tu truyin
la hai chuyen khao v l bSc phf cua Nguyen
Vdn Ly Dud^ ddy, xin lan lugt trinh bay
ngi dung ciia timg tac pham, sau dd tifin
thfim mgt bude hf thing hda cac each thttc
bflc phfi ma Nguyen Van Ly ap dyng
Chi Bink phi thuyil gdm 46 trfin
tSng sd 72 trang, chifim 2/3 dung lugng
toan tac pham Ddng Tdc Nguyin thi gia
hudn ctta Nguyen Vdn Ly- (ban vilt, ki
hieu A.673, luu trft tai Vifn Nghifin cttu
Han Ndm) Nfi dung gSm 92 trudng hgp
bdi phf, phan nhifiu do chinh ban thdn Nguyfin Van L^ tu boi Kfit cau gfim ldi
de dan, va ba phan: Tiin nhdn phdn mp
29 que, Cki Am kkoa hogn pke nghiim
-29 que, Chi Am thg nguyen cki cdt - 34
que Ddi tugng bdi hdi la chinh ban thdn tdc gid (cac van de v l sue khoe, cdng danh, thien chuyfin ) vd phan mp, ttt duong, con chau ctta dong hg trong khodng thoi gian ttt nam 1832 dfin nam
1841 Cu thl vao cdc nara: Minh Mfnh thu 13 (1832), Minh Mfnhthtt 14 (1833), Minh Menh thtt 19 (1838), Minh Mfnh thtt 20 (1839), Minh Mfnh thtt 21 (1840), Thifiu Tri thtt 1 (1841), Thifu Tri thtt 2 (1842), Thifu Tri thtt 3 (1843), Thifu Tri thtt ,4 (1844), tuong ttng vdi quang tufii Nguyfin Van Ly ttt 37 din 49 Thfii gian boi phfi thudng vae sang, tdi vd dfim, sang vdo cdc gid Dan (3hO0-5hO0) Mao (5h00-7h00) Thin (7h00-9h00), tdi vdo cae gid Dau (17h00-19h00) Hgi (21h00-23h00), dfim vao cdc gid Ti (23h00-OlhOO) Sttu (0Ih00-03h00); thfi If trude khi bdi phf thudng Id xdng huong, tdm ggi ("huan mSc"), trai gidi Ca bift cd trudng hgp nhd ngudi khac boi hoi hf, bode mugn cdng cu gieo que (co thi), hoac dimg phuong thttc gieo que khdc (kim tiln), tac gia dfiu cd tieu chtt ro rang
Vl dy trang 4-5 vifit: "Mugn cd thi ctta ngudi khde kinh phf", hoac "Luc do dung kim tifin phf" Thflng thudng, mfli vifc dugc bdi phfi diu ghi chep theo thtt ty: Thdi gian (nifin hifu vua, ngay thdng nam gid); dia dilm; Ii do bdi; que boi dugc (que gfic va que biln, mflt sd truong hgp cd ghi chu ldi nghifm ctta qufi); hinh
ve que boi dugc, ki hifu hdo ddng; Idi que, loi hdo bdi dugc Cung mgt vific
Trang 7nhung cd khi dugc bdi phfi nhifiu ldn,
trong nhifiu thdi gian khac nhau treng
mgt ngay hoac vdi ngdy
Cki Am tu Iri^in gfim 30 trang tren
tfing sfi 202 trang ctta tac pham Nguyen
tgc gia pkd (bdn vilt, ki hifu R.217, Thu
vifn Quflc gia) Nfii dung tu thudt vfi tifiu
su hdnh trgng va binh sinh sd hgc ctta
Nguyen Vdn Ly Chi Am lu truyen co
tflng cpng ba trudng hgp ghi chfip ve bfic
phfi, trong dd hai trudng hgp trttng lap
voi ghi chep trong muc "Chi Am khoa
hoan phe nghifira" ctta Cki Dink pke
thuyet, trudng hgp con Igi ghi chep vific
van dfii gii?a vua Tu Dttc vd Nguyen Van
Ly v l bdc phfi Dai y la, vua Tu Dttc nghe
noi Nguyfin Van Ly tinh tudng bfic Dich,
mufin thtt tdi fing, ben ban chifiu yeu can
flng trinh bay phuong phdp, each thttc
bdc Djch vd nhung kinh nghifm cua bdn
than Vua mudn kifim tra tdi hgc ctta dng,
nen Igi d l nghi fing phan dodn hai vifc
lifin quan den thdi tilt vd sttc khde Dfii
difn vdi cau hoi hdc bua ctta nhd vua,
Nguyfin Van Ly khdng thfi khdng than
trgng, dng cfi tu chSi vi Ii do tuSi gid Idm
benh Nhung vi vua lien tifip ba ldn giang
chi, nen Sng phai gang gugng tra ldi cau
hdi eua nha vua Ong vilt:
"Thdn ddi vdi phep bdi phf, ban ddu
vdn khfing cd thdy day, chi Id hdng ngay
doc sdeh md ITnh hfi tu Phfi nghi cua Chu
Tu [ ] Thdn h-gm nghT rdng: Dao ctta
bdc phf, cac bgc thdnh nhdn ddi xua
dttng dfi md mang mufin vat, thdnh tuu
mufln vat, dinh sy nghiep trong thifin ha,
quyit mSi ngd trong thien ha, din nay
vdn con sung chuflng Cdi le "quy thdn
nuong dya, quy phf ttng theo" trong Ngu tku, cai le "cfl viec ldn ngd Ion thi tinh den bfic phf" md Cku tku ndi, chinh Id
nhu vay Doi xua, bdi mai rua vd bdi cfi thi cttng thinh hdnh, v l sau Ctt Lu mdt thieng, ma phep bdi mai rtta bi thdt truyfin, chi cdn phep bdi cd thi luu hanh d ddi Chu Ttt doi TSng ndi: Dich la sach bdi,
so ma Ii ngy trong dd Lai ndi: Ta bdn vl Dich, khdc vdi tien bdi Suy ldi ndi do thi bifit Chu Ttt hdn rdt tin vao bdi phf Thdn dfii vdi dao dy, ttt ddu vdn khdng cfi sdeh truyfin, cung khfing xem sach ndo khdc, chi la nghiin nglm trfin sach vd, kinh tin thuyfit ctta Chu Tu, trong nha gap vifc thi xera Cling cd khi xera giup cho ngudi, trdi hon nara muoi nam, su vifc diu ttng nghifm vdi dy trdc cua Dich phf, gian hoac ciing cd dieu khfing ttng nghifm, nhung tyu trung Igi thi s6 phdn ttng
nghifm nhieu hon." (Cki Am tu truyin)
Ndi dung doan trich ttfin cho thdy, Nguyfin Van Ly chuyen tti boi Phfi theo dung each thttc ma Chu Ttt hf thfing hoa trong "Phfi nghi" Ttt dd cd thl hmh dung dugc quy hinh bdi phf gdm ba cdng doan; (1) Chudn hi: chgn lya thdi gian, thuc hien cdc nghi thttc trai gidi nhu xdng huong, tdm gfli vd thinh cdu; (2) Tifin hanh lap que: sdp xfip, phan chia cac cpng cd thi theo nguyen li ciia Dich, myc dich nham xac dinh que gic (ban quai), hao dgng (dpng hap) vd que bifin (bien quai/ chi quai), Iam ctt lieu cho vific giai dean d bude thtt ba; (3) Giai dodn: can ctt vae qudi danh, quai tupng, quai dttc va thoan hao ttt ctta
64 que Kink Dick Tuy nhifin, ban qudi
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Trang 8khfing phai bae gid cung chi cd mdt hdo
dgng, ban qudi cd thfi cd hai, ba, bSn,
nam hoge ca sau hao cttng dpng, trong
truong hgp dd, vifc xdc dinh hdo tu d l
phan doan can tudn thtt bay nguyen tdc
sau: (1) Sdu hao dfiu khflng biln thi can
ctt vdo quai ttt ctta bdn quai dfi dean; (2)
Met hao bien thi Idy hao biln ctta ban
quai dfi doan; (3) Hai hdo biln thi Idy hao
bien phia tren ctta ban quai dfi doan, tham
khdo thfim hao bien phia dudi cua ban
quai; (4) Ba hao bifin thi Idy quai ttt ctta
bifin quai de dean, tham khao thfim qudi
ttt ctta ban quai; (5) Bdn hao bifin thi Idy
hai hao khdng bien dfi dean, hao khfing
bifin phia dudi lam chinh, thara khdo hao
khdng bien phia trfin; (6) Nam hao biln
thi lay mgt hao khfing bifin d l dodn; (7)
Sau hao deu bifin thi ngoai hai que Can,
Khdn ldy hao Dyng cttu Dung lyc dfi
doan, 62 que cdn lai lay quai ttt ctta bien
quai dfi dean
2 T h l nghifm Dich li cua nha nho
Nguyin Van Ly
2.1, Phuang phdp dutrdc
Cac cfing dogn vd thae tac bdi phfi
nfiu trfin du phtte tap, nhung con d trinh
do CO gidi, ngudi chiem bdc moi chi xdc
dinh dugc ban qudi, dgng hdo, biln quai
vd quai hao t\i D I dy trdc dugc dien bifin
va kit qua cfia sy vifc la cat hay hung,
thanh hay bgi, ngudi chiem bfic can phdi
su dung thanh thgo va kit hgp nhuan
nhuyfin cac phuong phdp dy trac Cac
phuong phap dy trdc thudng dugc stt
dyng la can ctt nghTa li cua quai danh,
quai tugng, qudi dttc, qudi ttt, hdo ttt,
thugc tinh am duong ngtt hanh ctta que va
cao hon mflt bac la sy am tudng v l Dich
li, ndng luc tu duy, sy hieu biet vd kinh nghifim sdng ctta ban than ngudi chifim bfic, dac bift trong mdt sfi trudng hgp, ngudi chiem bdc can phai thdng bifin, tuy
CO ttng bifin
Quan sdt 95 truong hgp bdi phf ttong
Cki Dinh pke thuyet va Cki Am tu Puyin
chung tSi thdy cd 03 trudng hgp Nguyfin Van Ly trinh bay phuong phap du trdc ctta dng; cac truong hgp khac chi ve hinh que bdi, ki hifiu hdo ddng vd qudi hao ttt tuong img Dudi day, chttng tfii lan lugt trinh bay 03 trudng hgp ndi tren vd ttt do phdn tich phuong phap dy trdc ctta fing (1) "Khoa thi Hgi ndra Nham Thin nien hifu Minh Menh phf dugc que Ich
bifin sang que DL (Thdng 2 din kink, ngu&i anh kg la Id Cie nhdn Nguyin Dfnh, ngu&i Kim LU pke tkay) Qufi Ich, hao
Ciifu ngu ndi: "Hihi phu huf tam, vat van,
nguyfin cat, hftu phu hue nga due (Cd Idng
chan thdnh tin thyc ban on cho thien hg, chd cd nghi ngd tiu dugc tfit lanh trgn ven, ngudi trong thifin ha dt ed Idng chan thdnh
tin thyc vd bae dap on dttc cua ta)" (Kkoa
do qud ddng ckinh bdng di lyc danh Hai
sg "hieu pku " Id vdng ldng tkim mpt phdn Tru&ng Kink ngkTa thu nhdt, quyen cua la dugc hgng uu Id ieng v&i "nguyen cdt" Lgi nUa khoa do quyen cua la cung v&i hai vi nguai kg Phgm & Ddng Nggc deu vdng dugc Thank Td Nkdn hodng di chgn lay, ciing Id lai ckiem "kue phu" Khoa dank tiin dink nku tki, Dick tkdn di?u tkay./)" (Cki Dink pke tkuyit)
(2) "Thdng 5 thi Difn, phfi dugc que Dgi qua biln sang Tilu qua Que Dai qua, hdo COru ngu ndi: "Khfl duong sinh hea, lao phy ddc ki sT phu, vfl cfiu vd dy" (Cdy
Trang 9duong khfi ra hea, vg gid ldy dugc chdng
tre, khfing ISi, khong khen) Hdo Cim nhi
ndi: "KhS duong sinh dl, lao phu ddc ki
ntt thfi, vo bdt lgi" (Cay duong khS mge
re, chfing gid lay dugc vg tre, khfing gi
khfing Igi) Khoa dd trttng Tam giap tifin
sT nhdt danh." (Chi Dinh pk? tkuyit)
(3) "Than sau khi nghe mfnh, trong
ldng le Idng khdng yfin, lap tttc din trude
Stt quan, bay huong an thap huong, sdm
ngdy 25 xfip cd thi kinh phf, dugc que
Khdm biln sang que Khdn Kinh cdn
dang hinh que bdi cimg hde ttt va suy
dodn ciia thdn Que Kham, hao Lyc ttt ndi:
"Tfin tuu quy, nhi dung phdu, ngp udc ty
du, chung vd cttu" (Mgt chen dung rugu,
lai thfim dttng dfi sdnh, nf p udc tu ctta sfl
trdn, rdt cugc khdng lfii); qufi Khdn, hao
Cttu tu noi: "Lai ttt tu, khdn vu kim xa,
Ian, huu chung" (Din ttt ttt, bi khdn d xe
sdt, ddng tific, rdt cugc tflt lanh) Thdn xin
giai thich rang; Que Khdm, mpt hdo Luc
ttt phdt dfng, can cu phep xem mfit hdo
dpng thi xet hdo ttt cua ban qudi "Tfin tuu
quy, nhi dung phau, ngp udc tu dfl, chung
vd ciiu", ma dodn la sy vific mdi dau tuy
gian nan, nhung rSt cuoc thi khdng Ifli
Que Kham thuflc hdnh Thuy, d trong thdn
thfi con ngudi thi ttng vdi tgng Thgn,
trong que mpt hdo duong hi ham giftra hai
hao am, cho nfin thufic difiu tri nfin dttng
Ioai treng dm cd dueng, do la lay nghTa
cuong d trong nhu "Lai ttt ttt" la se ddn
binh phyc; "hiiu chung" va "vfl cihi", xet
gom hai que cung cung mdt y Trong
Khdm cd Doai, Doai nghTa la vui, Dodi
thufc hanh Kim, mua thu din sg cd tin
vui, cd thfi biet khi do se tim dugc thdy
thuoc Kham thudc hanh Thtty, d phuong
Bdc, thay thudc dy d trong sS thufc ha
vdng hdu "Nhi dyng phau" thi hp tfin thdy thufic ay hoac cd chft Nhi Do Id thdn theo y nghTa ctta hao ttt rad dean dinh nhu vay Cdn nhu thdy thudc ay tfin
hg cu thl la gi, nghifm d Dich hdo suy dean khdng ra, do la vi tai hgc ctta thdn cdn cd cho chua dat Nghifim mdt hao nay phat dgng tlu xem hao tu ctta ban quai va chi quai, am bien duong lgi Id
difim cat." (Cki Am tu truyin)
Trudng hgp (1): Que Phong Ldi Ich ddng mfit hdo Cttu ngu, bifin sang qufi Son Lfii Di Theo Phf phap, qufi mgt hde dpng
thi lay hde bifin cua ban quai (Qufi Ich) dk
dodn Do dd tdc gia vifit: ich Ciin ngu:
"Hieu pku hue tam, vat vdn, nguyen cdt, huupku kue nga dttc" Trudng hgp nay boi
vfi thi ctt, ndi dung que bdi ung hgp vdi su vific can xem, do do Nguyen Vdn Ly chi cdn cu vao hao bien cua ban quai dfi suy dodn Tuy nhien, cac suy dean trong truong hgp nay chi cd tfnh chdt Ii gidi vl dien bifin ctta sy vifc da xay ra Trudng hgp (2): Que Trgeh Phong Dai qua ddng hai hao Cuu nhi, Cim ngu, biln sang que Lfii Sen Tilu qud Theo Phf phap, que hai hao dpng thi lay hao bien phia tren ctta ban qudi (Que Dai qua, hao Cttu ngu) dfi dodn, thara khdo thfim hdo bien phia dudi cua ban quai (Que Dgi qua, hdo Cuu nhi) Do dd tac gia vifit: Dai qua, Cttu ngu: "Khd duong sinh hoa, lao
phy ddc ki sTphu, vd ciru vd du" Cttu nhi;
"Khd duong sinh dl, lao phu ddc ki nft
thfi, vd bdt lgp\ Trudng hgp ndy cung bdi
vfi thi ctt, nfli dung que bdi tya hfi khSng ttng hgp vdi sy vifc cdn xem, do dd Nguyen Vdn Ly cdn cu vao ca hai hao bien cua ban quai d l suy doan ma khfing
cd giai thich gi thfim
Trang 10Truong hgp (3); Que Tap Kham
dpng hao Lyc ttt biln sang que Trach
Thtty KhSn Theo Phe phap, qufi met hdo
dgng thi Idy hdo bifin ctta bdn qudi (Que
Kham) de doan Tuy nhifin, trong trudng
hgp nay, Nguyfin Van Ly Igi stt dung ca
hdo bifin ciia ban qudi vd chi quai de Iudn
doan Ong vifit: "Khdm, Luc ttt: "Tfin tuu
quy, nhi dung phdu, ngp udc ty du, chung
vd ciru"; Khdn, Ciru ttt: "Lai tie lu, khdn
vu kim xa, Ign, hiiu chung^.Truimg hgp
nay dac bift va phtte tap hon so voi hai
trudng hgp trude Hai trudng hgp trude
la "ty chiem" (tttc bdi cho chinh minh),
truong hgp ndy Id "tha chifim" (bdi cho
nguoi khac) Trudng hgp ndy Id bdi theo
mfinh vua, bdi ve vifc tim thdy chtta
thufic cho vua Yeu cdu ma nha vua ddt ra
la: "Ta nay nhiiu benh, chua biet tim
thay nao, dung thuflc nao de cd the chtta
khdi Nguoi hay xera cho ta, chi ro kg ten
tkdy tkudc dy, ngu&i & ddu, cdn dung
tkudc gii (Cki Am tu Puyin) Dfi tra Idi
cdc cau hoi trfin, Nguyfin Van Ly khfing
chi can ctt vdo hao bifin cua cd ban quai
vd chi quai, ma cdn phdi can cu vao thuflc
tinh am duong, ngu hanh, qudi khi, nhan
than, phuong vi cua que d l tifin hanh suy
doan Trude tifin, Nguyfin Van Ly can ctt
hao biln cua ban quai de phan doan tdng
quat vfi dien biln va kit qua ctta sy vifc
la "mdi ddu tuy gian nan, nhung rdt cugc
thi khong ISi"; tifip din, ong can ctt thugc
tinh Ngu hanh ctta ban qudi dfi chi ra cdn
nguyen cua benh la ttt tang Than "Que
Khdm thugc hanh Thuy, d trong than thfi
con nguoi thi ttng vdi tgng Than"; tiep
theo, dng cdn ctt hinh tugng cua ban quai
dfi suy dean vfi Ioai thudc nfin dung "Que
Kham mpt hao duong bi ham gifta hai
hao am, cho nfin thuoc dieu tri nfin diing
logi trong dm c6 duong" Biet dugc nguyfin nhan ctta bfnh, biet dugc logi thufic nfin dttng, thi bfnh se lui, cho nen Idi chifim "Lai ttt ttt" trong hao bien ctta chi quai co nghTa la bfnh "dan binh phue" Cdn dfii vdi cau hdi khi ndo tim dugc thdy thudc, khi nae benh khoi thi Nguyfin Vdn Ly can ctt vao quai dttc va thuflc tinh Ngu hanh cua thugng the que Khdn dl suy dean Ong viet: "Doai nghTa
Id vui, Doai thugc hanh Kim, mtta thu din se cd tin vui, cd thfi biet khi dd se tun dugc thdy thudc" Ong Igi cdn ctt hdo biln cua ban qudi Id "Nhi dung phau" dfi suy dean "hg tfin thay thuflc ay hegc co chtt Nhi"; ding thdi can ctt phuong vi ctta ban qudi dl chi ra xudt xtt ciia thdy thudc dy "Kham thudc hdnh Thuy, d phuong Bac, thdy thudc dy d trong sd thufic hg vdng hau"
Phdn tich ba trudng hgp trfin, chung tfii rttt ra mgt sS nhdn xet ve phuong phap
dy trac ctta Nguyfin Van Ly nhu sau: Sau khi que Dich lap thanh, ban quai chi cd mgt hao dfng thi xet ndi dung hdo biln cua ban quai co ttng hgp vdi vifc can xem hay khdng, neu thay ttng hgp thi can ctt ngi dung hdo biln ctta ban quai dfi suy dean; nfiu thay khfing ung hgp thi tham khao npi dung hao bifin ctta chi qudi; cdn nlu ndi dung hao bifin ctta cd ban qudi va chi quai dfiu khfing ttng hgp vdi vifc can xem thi can ctt ldi chifim trong hao biln cua bdn qudi vd chi quai dfi suy doan Chang han "hflii chung" va "vS cfiu" trong trudng hgp (3)
Du ban quai cd hai hdo dfng, ngudi chiem bflc cung can chu y dfin tinh ung hgp ctta npi dung hao bien vdi vifc can xem Hao biln cd the gdm nhifiu ngi dung
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