Pkdn cdp cua ckuang trinh Bang each thuc hifin mfit loat cdc bifin phap, chinh quyfin duong thW da chuyfin nfin giao due khoa cu chtt Han mang tinh thifin thdnh dd cd d nude ta hom 800
Trang 1Tif THlfy NGU KINH TRO^G CHl/ONG TRINH CAl
LlTONG GIAO DUC KHOA ClT CHlT HAN (1906 -1919) TREN PHlTOfNG DIEN HOC PHAP VA THI PHAP
ht VAN C U 6 N G ' " '
Tom tdt Bii vilt nhiim hf fliong h6a li nhihig dilm chii ylu vl ^ ?i hocpheip (phep hpc) vi ^ i i ihi
pfeip O'h^ thi) ap dyng cho G3# Tuthu, S.M /Vgi! t/«A trong chuong trinh cai luong giio dye khoa cii chf^
H ^ (1906 -1919) v l phuong di?n hgc phip (phep hpc), ^ t Tu' thu, £ M NgS kinh dupe dit trong m6i lifin he phSn c ^ , phin mon Theo do, ^ •$ Tti thu dupe bl thl d cip -h J^ Tilu hpc nhu li nhthig mfin thupe pham tru -tfe-S luan ty; i ^ A'gfi kinh dupe bo tri 6 cap ^ ^ Trung hpc voi tu cich la nhiing ftiu tjch Han vin tuong d6i cao, thude ph^m liiiX'^vSn chuong Vl phuong dign thi phip (phdp thi), G9 4" Tii- Thu, i ^
N^kinhiih&agcimthiM.^ kinh nghTa vdi 16i A-fiSsi van 6d(c<5 mi lgi dupe thi theo !6i %X sach van,
thifin vl kiem tra hpc thiic
Tir khoa: Tii thu, NgS kinh, cii lucmg giio due khoa cir, hpc phip, thl phip
Abstract: The paper attempts to systematize the main points of the leaming methods ^ i i and
leaming for exams ^ >fe applied to G 9 # Tuthu, S ^/Vgw/T/rtA in the examination refomis (1906-1919)
In terms of learming methods , the above books dealt with the system of level and discipline division
Accordingly, Tu thu is considered to belong to Primary education, - J ' ^ as a teaching of morality •feS and
Ngu Kinh i ^ belonging to ^f* ^ Secondary education, as a bibliography for the study of high level Han
literatures-^ As regards the exam method, there isachange from ^Jk kinhnghia style through texts of
van bat co /^f&.x to sach van X %., Away to check knowledge acquisition
K^ words: Tii ihu, NgS kinh, Reformed Examinations, leaming methods, leaming for exams
' # '«• ?/n/'\ NgQ IdnlP^ la nhiing bg phgn chuong ttinh dd trfin p h u a n g difin hgc p h ^
ttgng yfiu ttong chuong trinh cai (phep hgc) va thi phap (phep thi)
luong gido due khoa ctt chii Han (1906 - 1 Tie thie, Ngu kinh trgn phirong
1919), dugc tfi chtte hgc theo giao quy cac difn hoc ph^p
mfin chtt Han, dugc thi ttong thi Huong, Ndi dfin Td tku, Ngii kinh tren phuong thi Hgi, thi Dmh Nghifin cttu ve Tu thu, dien hgc phap (phep hgc) la noi dfin nhfing
NgU kink ttong chuong ttinh nay Id mft quy ^inh ctta chucmg trinh cai lucmg giao
hong nhung nfii dung chtt yfiu cua nghifin due khoa ctt chu Han (1906 - I9I9) dfii vdi
cttu vfi chuong ttmh cai luang giao duc '^^ ' ^ ' ^ ^ ^"^ ""^ ^^ * ^ * " S"^ "^^
khoa ctt chtt Hdn noi chung Bai vifit ndy ^ ^ ^ O ^ f i M t t u d c ^ t t n g quy dinh dy
bude dau ^ cgp dfin Tu thu, Ngd kinh cua '**ThS Trudng Dai hgc IChoa hgc Xa hgi &
nhan van Ha Ngi
Trang 2LJ Phdn cap eda chm/ng irinh vd
phdn cdp cho Tdthir, Ngu kinh
1.1.1 Pkdn cdp cua ckuang trinh
Bang each thuc hifin mfit loat cdc bifin
phap, chinh quyfin duong thW da chuyfin
nfin giao due khoa cu chtt Han mang tinh
thifin thdnh dd cd d nude ta hom 800 nam
thanh he thfing gido due vdi 3 cdp hgc: au
hgc, tieu hgc, trung hgc'^*
Tinh phan cap la mgt trong nhiing quy
dfeh nfli b^t ctta cd chuong trinh Tinh
phan cap cua he thflng gido dugc thfi hifin
qua cdc ngi dung nhu: su xdc dinh dfl tufli
theo cdp hgc (ttt 6 dfin 12 tufli dfii vdi cap
au hgc; dudi 27 tudi vdi cdp tifiu hgc; dudi
30 tufli vdi c%) trung hgc); xdc djnh mfin
hgc cho tung cap hgc; xac dinh cdp qudn l;^
cho tttng cdp hgc; xdc dinh thdi gian cho
cac cap hgc; xac dinh vSn bdng tfit nghiep
cho cac cap hgc^^l
Gia nh^p hf thflng ctta mOt chuong
trinh cd tinh chuyen ddi, qua do, phan
cdp nhu thfi, Tu thu, NgS kink - nhirng
sach can ban nhdt ctta nfin gido due khoa
ctt truyfin thong ciing phai ehju su chi
phdi ctta tinh phdn cap Vay su phan cap
cua Td tku, NgU kinh da dugc thfi hifn
nhu thfi nao trfin phuong dien tfi chtte,
sdp xep va thifit kfi chuang trinh dfi dam
bao cho nd hoan thanh stt mfinh ctta minh
se dugc dfi c^p d dudi day
1.1.2 Phdn cdp cdp kgc cho Tu thu
Ngay sau khi cd Nghj dinh cai djnh
hgc phap va thi phap, Td ihu dugc xfip
vao hgc trong chuomg trinh tieu hgc, cap
hgc thtt hai ttong hf thflng ba cdp hgc cua
chuang trinh cdi lucmg giao due khoa ctt
Trudng tifiu hgc dugc md d cdp huyfn
hay phtt, quan Hudn dgo hay Giao diu
gidng day cdc mfin hgc bdng giao quy Han
van Tu tku da dugc tid tri vdo hgc d cdp
nay bfin cgnh mdt loat cac mdn day bdng
Han van nhu Bdc su va Nam sd nhu mgt
quy dinh cd tinh phap dinh vfi phuong difn phdn cap cua mfin hgc
Tu tku dugc day va hgc d c ^ tieu
hgc theo mflt giao trinh chinh thuc do Hfii dfing Tu thu ciia Phtt Thflng stt ban hanh vdo nam 1907 Dd la bg sach |J^ ^ E? :$•
ip «§• Tiiu hgc Tu tku tiit luge, ^M.^^
Doan Trifin phung bifin; ^X "^ ^ f^
SE Dfl Vdn Tdm phung nhuan chlnh*^\
ttong dd, 'J^i^Eg^gpag-j^— Tiiu hgc
Td tku Hit luge quyen nhdt gflm: : ^ ^ Dgi hgc (7 td, td sfl 1 dfin td sd 7); ^ J^ Trung dung, (8 td, td sd I dfin td sfi 8);
^ i S - Ludn ngd, gfim 36 td (td sd 1 den td
sd 36) vdi 32 chu dfi; -J^^Eg^lpsg 4
J^ Tiiu hgc Tu tku del luge quyin nki danh rifing cho ^ ^ Mgnk Td Quyfin
ndy gflm td bia vd 33 td vdi 23 chtt de
Nhu vgy, Tu thu dugc day va hgc d
cdp tifiu hgc chinh la su xac lap tinh
phdn cap cho Tu tku ttong chuomg trinh
cai luang giao due khoa ctt 1906 - 1919 ngay ttt budi dau hoach dinh va thiet ke chuang trinh Vifc phan cdp ndy dd dugc Hfli ddng Hgc chinh Bac Ky dfi nghj vd dugc Hfli dflng nghi hgc Ddng Duong chuan y Can luu y rang, Hgi dflng Hgc chinh Bac Ky da dugc thanh lgp theo nghi dinh ngay 16 thang 5 nam
1906 ciia Todn quyen Dfing Duang vfi vifc thanh lap d Bdc K^, Trung Ky, Nam Ky, Campuehia va Lao mfli ncd mgt Hgi dflng hodn thifn giao due ban xtt cdn dugc ggi la Hfli ddng Hgc chinh Ltte ddu loai Hgi dfing nay cd nhiem vu nghifin ciru cac van de gido due cd lifin
Trang 3quan din tttng nai mdt, true tifip Iam vifc
vdi tty ban thudng true ctta Hfli dflng t^hi
hgc Dfing Duong Sau khi cai dinh phep
hgc vd phep thi dugc ban hanh, Hfli dfing
Hgc chinh Bdc Ky da thgc hifin cdc nhifim
vu nhu mgt ca quan quan ly, difiu hanh
chuang trinh cai luong gido due khoa ctt,
ttong dd dd xuc tifin tiianh lap Hfii dfii^ Tu
thu dfi bifin sogn he thdng sdeh gjdo khoa
cd tinh phap djnh cho toan ky'^
1.1.3 Phdn cdp cko Ngd kink
NgS kinh dugc bd tri cho cap trung hgc
vdi djnh hudng cap nay day va hgc nhihig
thu tjch Han vdn tuong ddi cao Su tucmg
dfii cao cua cac Ihu tich nay thfi hien d cho,
Ngii kinh la nhung bfl sdeh cd tinh chdt nhu
la nhihig tap dgi thanh ciia van hda Trung
Hoa tmyfin fliong dugc Nho hgc, Nho gja
stt dung cho cac muc tifiu ^ cao dao thanh
cua minh NgU kink gom: ^ ^ Dich kink;
^ tThugng tkir,-^ m Tki Mnh; ^ it
Li k^; ^ ^ Xudn Tku Dd Id nhung thu
tich Hdn vdn da dgng vfi mat nfli dung,
trong dd lgi chtta dung toan la nhttng tri
tiittc va ttt ngtt cua cai hgc cd difin, dugc
bao the he chu giai rdt phtte tap nfin da
dugc b6 tri d cdp trur^ hgc
Hdi dong Tu thu ctta Phu Thdng stt
da ban hanh t ^ 5- ^ 4t -^ Trung
hgc NgU kink todt yeu lam tdi Iif u chinh
thttc cho cap trung hgc cung vao giai
doan ndm 1907 Bfl sdeh nay hifin dang
dugc luu gitt tai Vifn Nghifin cttu Han
Nfim, mang ki hieu A.2608/2 Vific bifin
soan giao khoa Ngu kinh cho cdp trung
hgc dugc phan cfing nhu sau: Duang
Ldm'"(1851 - 1920) phung tdp tdi lifu
cho Kink Dick, Kinh Tku, Kinh Xudn Tku
( t ^ ^ ^ i s - ^ Trung hgc Dich Mnh todt
yiu d.0%^ ^ ^ Duang Ldm phung lap,
t ^ i ^ t " i i # Trung kgc Thugng Thu
todt yiu do ; ^ j ^ ^ $ ^ Duang Ldm phung tdp; t ^ 4 - * t l ^ - t - Trung kgc Xudn Thu todt yeu do ^ # ^ $ ^ Duang Ldm phyng tgp) Nguyfin Tnuig Khuyfin'*' (1849 - ? )
phimg soan tdi lieu cho Kinh Thi va Kink
Li ( t f = # M * # Trung hgc Tki Mnh todt yiu do 15t,^-|^^$^ Nguyen Trung
Khuyfin phung % ; t # # # e i i - t - Trung
hgc Li ky todt yiu do ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Nguyen Trung Khuyin pkung tap) Tat ca phan tten
dfiu do ;tt:^'>^ Dfl Van Tam™'phimg duyfiL Sir cd mat ciia hai tai lieu trfin
(<J^^cg^|pBS Tiiu hgc Tu tku tiit /ifp-c; t # i M i t - t - Trung kgc N^ Mnh
todt yiu) da xac lap ti'nh phan cdp ctta
Tu tku, NgU kinh trong hgc phap cua
chuong trinh cai luang giao due khoa ctt 1906-1919
1.2 Phdn mdn eda ckuang trinh
vd ph&n mdn cho Td thir, Ngd kinh 1.2.1 Phdn mdn cua chuang trinh
Tinh phdn mfln ciia chucmg trinh dugc
xdc ^ n h bdi nguyfin tdc ^ ^ ^ F ^ nghi
hgc phdn mdn ma theo dd tror^ hf thdi^
giao due dd, mgt mat vtta cd nhihig mfin mdi thufic pham trii tan hgc mang tinh khoa hgc phfl thflng can hifn dgi nhu toan hgc, each tri, dia ly, lich stt, quoc vdn, P h ^ vdn; mat khac cung lai cdn cd cdc mon cd lien quan den kifin thttc khoa ctt cu dugc quy vao pham trtt Iudn Iy, vdn chucmg Tinh phan mfln ttong he tiifing chuomg trinh di lien vdi tuong irng ngfin ngft va tuong ttng mdn hgc Tuang ttng mfin hgc vd ngfin ngtt stt dung cho mdn hgc dugc thyc hifin theo nguyen tdc, mdi mdn hgc sfi mdi ve ngfin ngu; cu mdn
Trang 4hgc sfi cii vfi ngdn ngu Ngdn ngtt cu la
Han van, ngdn ngtt mdi la Nam dm Dd
lunh thanh hai loai giao quy: giao qui
Han tu va giao qui Nam am Day bdng
Han van trude hfit dp dung cho nhiing
ngi dung va mon hgc thuflc phgm tru
ludn ly, vdn chuang von cd quan hf vdi
khoa ctt tmyfin thfing nhu Tu tku, Ngu
Mnh, Bdc su Nam sd; cdc logi van thfi
cfing vu cao cdp (chi, chieu, bieu) hay
vdn thfi khoa ctt nhu vdn sdeh, ludn
1.2.2 Pkdn mdn cho Td iku
Tinh phan mfin cua Tu tku a cdp
Tifiu hgc dugc xdc dinh boi vifc nd
dugc xem la mon thuflc gido quy chu
Han day Iuan Iy Tu tku la nai tap trung
nhdt cdi hgc ctta Nho gido, mft cdi hgc
thifin vfi dudng Iuan ly tu than nfin tu
nhien nd de dugc quy vdo phgm trtt luan
1^ ma mfii thdnh vifin dugc xac dinh nhu
sau: Dgi hgc dinh khuon thttc tu duang
can ban Dgi hgc dugc nhgn thttc la "sa
kgc nkgp due chi mon - ctta di vao dttc
cho ngudi so hgc" Bat difiu myc (each
vat, tri tri, thanh y, chinh tam, tu thdn, tfi
gia, trj quoc, binh thien hg) suy tiieo hai
chifiu thuan nghich cho thdy Id gic cfing
phu va cong hifiu ctta cai hgc luan ly tu
than cua Dgi kgc Ludn ngit dugc nhan
thttc la bg sach djnh can ban cho cai dttc
da dugc xac ^ n h d Dgi hoc qua trung tam
la hinh tugng Khong Phu Ttt Mgnk Tu la
bfi sach tilp theo Ludn ngu cho thdy su
phat trifin ctta cdi dao do Khfing Phu Ttt
chu truong Cd Ludn ngd va Mgnh Td dfiu
la nhiing sach ma ttong dd "mdn nhdn ky
thdnh hien chi ngdn - hgc trd ghi lgi ldi
cua thdnh hifin" Tnmg dung la "Khdng
mon tn^en thy ldm phdp - phep truyfin
nhan tdm ctta ctta Khfing" Td thu d?p vi
no chtta dyng nhiing ngi dung ciia dgo due, mau muc thanh hifin, thufic phgm trtt Iuan Iy, cd tinh van chuong
1.2.3 Phdn mdn cko Ngu kinh
Tinh phan mfin ctta N^ Mnh d cdp
trung hgc dugc xac dinh bdi vifc day nd dugc xem Id nhttng mon thugc giao quy chu Han day cac thu tich Han van tuong dfli cao, gan lien vdi cac ngi dung Nho hgc dfi thl hifin dgo ctta thanh hifin
Ngd Mnh la cac bg sach nhu la nhung
tap dai thanh cd tinh chung ctta vdn hda Trung Hoa tmyen thfing, dugc Nho gia, Nho hgc stt dung dfi phue vu cho sir Idm
sang ro dgo thdnh cua minh nen NgU Mnh
thufic pham tru vdn chuang Do la each ggi "van chuong'""" theo nghia cu
Cd Tu thu vd NgU Mnh trong tmyfin thflng dfiu dugc eoi la "X- van" (cai dep)
Chung dep boi cac ngi dung chuyfin chd
cua chung dep Le Quy Ddn trong bai Tua cho Nghi vdn chi ctta Li triiu tkdng su cd noi vfi Tu thu, NgQ Mnk nhu sau: "NgU
Mnh, Td thu dfiu la nhumg tac phdm thfi
tdi vT dgi, bttt lire ldn lao Chttng cd quan hfi true tifip vdi Ngu hanh, Ttt phuong, cung lam trong ngoai, cung lam ddu cudi cho nhau'"'" Van chuong vi thfi tmdc hfit
phai thuflc vfi vd kfi dfin Tu thu, NgQ Mnk
Di vao mgt chuang trinh gido diic c6
tinh phdn cdp, phan mfin, Td tku, Ngd
Mnk ttong chuong trinh cai luong giao
due khoa ctt 1906 -1919 ttfin phuang difn hgc phap da tuan thu theo huomg phan cap, phan mdn
2 Td thUi Ngu kinh tren phirong
dien thi ph^p
Dfi cd CO sd cho su hinh dung ve Td
thu, NgU Mnk ttfin phuang dien thi phdp
Trang 5(phfip thi) ttong chuang tiinh cai luong
gido due khoa ctt 1906 -1919, can phai
cd mgt su difim qua vfi vi tti va do phfi
cua Tu tku, Ngu Mnk ttong phep thi cua
giai dogn trude cdi iuong
2.L Td thu; Ngu kinh trong phep
thi tru&c cdi Iwang
Khoa ctt tmdc cdi luong d ddy tmdc
het phdi dfi cdp dfin khoa ctt trifiu Nguyfin
dudi thoi vua Minh Mang va Tu Dttc O
hai trifiu nay, Td thu, Ngu kinh chi phfli
hdu nhu toan bg cdc tmdng thi nhung
dia vi tuyfit ddi va chi phdi nhat vdn la d
truomg kinh nghia va van sach
2.1.1 Bia vi tuyet ddi cua Tu thu,
NgU kink a Pudng thi Mnh nghia
Tu thu, NgQ kinh dugc thi d tmdng
thi thtt nhdt cho Mnk nghTa^^\linh
ngkia, chi ngkta, chi ngki) Mdt ngtt,
mgt cau, mdt trich dogn nao dd ttong
N^ Mnk (kinh) hay Tu thu (tmyfn)
dugc trich ra lam dau bai Thi sinh
nuong theo dfi, mugn khau khi ctta cfi
nhdn ma phd dien y nghia ctta ngu, cau,
doan dugc trich do Chinh van kinh,
tmyfn la thifin kinh dia nghia, cdc ldi
chu gidi ciia cdc nha bao gom ca dai chtt,
tilu chtt ctta hf thflng kinh tmyfn dgi
toan la nhung ggi -y cd tinh dap an ma
thi sinh phai tiieo''^' Kinh nghia nhdm
kiem tta viec ndm bdt va thufc chinh
vdn kmh, chinh van tmyfn ciing nhu
mgi ldi chu giai kinh timyfn dugc nha
nude cho la chinh hgc Su kifim tta hgc
tiiuOc dy till hifn d cho, thi smh phai vilt
lgi nguyfin vdn dfi d dang ddy dtt theo
xuat xtt; phdi vifit lgi ddy du cac ldi chu
gidi cho cdu dugc ra ldm dfi dd Vifc vifit
lgi theo Ifii hgc thugc tten day dugc ggi la
"can an" va "am td tmyfin chu" rfii sau do
mdi lam bdi van bdt cd (van tdm vl)
Dtt chfi do thi tiieo ttt tmdng hay tam trudng, du tiii Huong hay thi Hgi, du thudng khoa hay chl khoa, ttudng thtt
nhdt bao gid ciing thi Mnk ngkta vci lfii van bdt cd Minh Mgng tiitt 15 (1835),
khoa thi Huomg Giap Ngg, djnh phep tam tmdng, tmdng thtt nhdt thi van bat cfi,
kinh 1, tmyotx 1 Tu Dttc tiitt 3 (1850),
khoa Ihi Huong Canh Tuat, Igi trd Igi che
do ttt tmdng Trudng thtt nhat thi chfi
nglua 7 dfi, N^ Mnh mfii thu 1 dfi, Dgi
hgc hode Trung dung 1 dfi, Lugn KgSrhodc Mgnk Td 1 dfi Tu Due tiitt 4 (1851), md
chl khoa Tmdng thtt nhdt chfi nghia 9 dl, kinh 5, tmyfin 4 Nguoi thi phai ldm kinh
3 dfi, tmyfin 2 dfi Tu Dttc tiitt 11 (1858), khoa thi Huong Mau Ngg, lai ttd lgi chl
df tam tmdng Tmdng thtt nhdt thi che
nghta CO phan "am ta tmyen chtt", co
dung mgt hai cdu "cdn an" dfi thdy net dgi chi Tu Due tiitt 29 (1876), khoa thi Huong Binh Ty, tuy theo chfi dg tam tmdng nhung bd thi van ttt luc Tmdng
thtt nhdt thi cki ngkta nhung bd lfli "can
dn" vd "dm ta tmyen chtt"
Sir CO mat ctta tmdng kinh nghta ^
khdng dinh vi tri tuyft ddi cua Tu thu,
Ngu Mnk trong mgi loai hinh tmdng tiii
(tam tmomg, tu tmdng, thudng khoa, che khoa) Ngoai trtt nhihig khoa theo phep "thdng xuyen", cdn vfi co ban, vdi l6i lay "tiTjng each theo ky" Nlu khflng trttng each d tmomg thi nay thi sfi hi logi ngay Theo nghia dd, kinh nghTa vdi ldi van bat co la ctta dau tifin md sT ttt phdi vugt qua nfiu nhu mudn dugc di tilp
Trang 62.1.2 Dia vi cki phdi cua Td thu,
Ngu kink a Pudng thi vdn sack
Tuy khflng cd dugc dia vi tuyft ddi
vd duy nhdt nhu d tmomg kinh ngkta
nhung Tu tku, NgS Mnh cd dja vj chi
phfii d tmomg thi van sach Khoa thi
Huang Canh Tudt, Tu Dttc thtt 3 (1850)
vdi chfi dfi ttt trudng, trudng thu hai thi
sack vdn O ky thi nay, yeu cau sdeh vdn
phai diing cac dfi ctta kinh stt chinh difin
cd lifin quan din dgo ly nhan ludn, cd ^
nghia chinh yfiu, cd nguyfin tty, cd can
ctt xac dang Khoa thi Huong Mau Ngg,
Tu Dttc tiitt 11 (1858), vdn sach dfii
thanh 10 dao NgS kink mfli kinh mdt
dao, trayen 2 dao, stt Han, Dudng, Tdi^
3 dao ST ttt mfli ngudi phai co 1 bdi
chuyen kinh, 1 bai kifim kinh, 1 tmyfin, 2
stt Khoa thi Huong Binh Ty, Tu Dttc
thtt 29 (1876), van sach trude het dttng
mgt cau "tfing mgo", thtt din doan ddi
ban vfi chuyen xua nay, theo thfi thttc ctt
Su mfi ta d ttfin cho thdy, truomg van
sach, de ra theo kinh stt nhung kinh van
nhifiu hon stt Kmh d ddy la ca Tu tku va
NgQ Mnk Tu thu, NgQ Mnh ttong tmdng
vdn sach khdng cd dirge dja vj tuyet ddi
nhu d tmdng kinh nghTa nhung voi mttc
do dugc hdi nhifiu hon so vdi stt (Bdc stt)
Tu thu, Ngu Mnk dugc hdi dfin tung kinh,
timg tmyfn nhu nhftng dfi dgc lap Dieu
dy ndi lfin dg phfl va mttc do chi phfli ctta
Td thu, NgQ Mnh a trudng van sach
2.2 Tti' thtc, Ngu kinh trong phep
thi cua khoa cd cdi luang
2.2.1 Bdi bd thi Mnh nghta theo ldi
vdn bdl cd
Bdn khoa thi Huong: Ky D^u, 1909;
Nham Ty, 1912; At Mao, 1915; Mau
Ngg, 1918 va bfln khoa thi Hfli: Canh
Tuat (1910); Quy Suu (1913); Buih Thin (1916); Ky Mui (1919) id nhung khoa cua cai luang gido due khoa ctt
Cai dinh tin phdp ban hdnh nam Binh Ngg, Thdnh Thai tiitt 18 (1906) da bdi bo hodn toan van bat cfl Bat ky khoa thi nao
sau 1906 dfiu khfing cdn vdn bat cfi 6.h hoi vfi Mnh nghta hay cki ngM nfia Tu tku,
Ngu Mnk khflng cdn dugc tin d tniimg kinh
nghTa nfin da thu hep dja vi va do phfi
Td thu, Ngu Mnk chi con dugc thi d
tmong thi vdn sach nhung sfi d l bj thu hep
va chi dugc niian thttc nhu Id mdt nhdm cdc mfln thugc phgm trtt Iuan l;y, vdn chucmg Theo nhiing ghi chep ciia Nguyfin
Van Ddo trong Hodng Viet khoa cd Mnh^^*\
bifin sogn nam 1919, chttng tdi xin kfi ra
tinh hinh thi ddi vdi Tu thu, NgU Mnh a
tnrdng thi thtt nhdt vdi mon van sach dao
d thi Huong va thi Hfli nhu sau:
2.2.2 Tu tku, NgQ kinh trong tki Hucmg tkeo Ike vdn sack dgo
6 Khoa Ky Dgu, 1909, bfln ttudng
Thtta Thifin, Binh Dinh, Thanh Hoa, Tu
tku, Ngu Mnk dugc thi d tmomg thtt nhdt
theo thfi vdn sach, ttong dd, moi kmh mgt dao, tmyfn 2 dao Vifc mfln van sach d 4 tmomg thi nay van cdn gdn vdi phgm tni kinh tmyfn d cdc truomg thi nay chi dugc xem nhu la tan du cua Idi
ra dfi vdn sach gdn vdi kinh trayfn cd tmdc do Nhung cung nam ay, d trudng
thi Hd Nam, Tu thu, NgU kink dugc thi d
tmdng thi thtt nhdt thugc nhdm van sach gom 5 dgo (vdn chuang; Iuan 1;^; Nam, Bdc stt dja du; Dflng Ducmg chinh tri)
6 day, dgo van sach vfi Tu tku, NgU Mnk
dugc ggi la dgo vdn sach vdn chuong, Iuan Iy Cach ggi nay cho thay, tinh phan mfln theo mfln hgc nfli bgt, tfnh kinh trayfn bi md han di Lfli thi vdn sach gpi
Trang 7theo mdn hgc md khflng ggi theo kinh
tiuyf n dd ttd thdnh xu huomg phdt trifin
cua cdc khoa thi Huong sau do
Vific theo chinh van kinh de hoi vfi
vdn sack ^ nhan manh mat hoc tkuc ciia
vific hgc kinh trayfn hon Id nhdn mgnh vao
chdt tiiifin kinh, ^ a nghia cua kinh huyfn
Hdi vfi nhifiu kinh nhifiu tmyfn cho mgt
chtt dl luan ly, vdn chuoi^ nao dd ttd
thdnh phfip thi ctta Tit thu, NgQ Mnh ttoi^
thi Huong cua chucmg truih cai lucmg gido
due khoa ctt 1906-1919
2.2.3 Td thu, NgS Mnh trong tki Hgi
6 khoa Canh Tudt (1910), Duy Tan
thtt 4, Tu thu, NgU kinh dugc thi d
tmdng thi thtt nhdt theo d l vdn sach
Tmong thtt nhat co 10 de van sdeh thi
kinh tmyfn chiim 7 d l (van sach 10
dgo: kinh: 5 de; tmyfn: 2 dfi; Bdc stt: 2;
Nam stt: 1 dfi), Tdt ca nhttng bai nay dfiu
diing kim van Van sach Tu thu, NgQ
Mnh d thi Hfi vin con gitt dugc ten dfi
theo kinh hay theo tmyfn dd cho thdy
muc do bao todn ten ggi theo kinh
tmyfn d thi HOi cao hom so vdi thi
Huong Cac khoa sau do, sfl dao van
sach gidm dan, chi cdn 5 dao cd thay, t\r
nhifin nhttng dgo van sdeh lifin quan dfin
Tu thu, NgU Mnk cung phdi giam theo
Khoa K^ Mui (1919), Khai Dinh tiitt 4,
khoa thi Tifin si cufii cttng, d Tmomg thtt
nhat chi cd 1 dgo van sach v l kinh va 1
dgo vdn sach ve tmyfn ttong tfing sfi 5
dgo vdn sach ndi chung (kinh 1 dfi, trayen
1 de, thdi vy I dfi Nam stt 1 dl, stt Thai
Tay 1 de) Dgo van sach ve kinh ctta k;y
thi nay trich nhiiu cau ttt cac kinh khac
nhau cd ngi dung dfi cap dfin nen chinh
tri 1^ tudng tiieo each ndi cua kinh diln
thanh hiin la "vfl vi nhi tri", "thtty cttng
ngudng thanh", "tai thanh phy tuong"
Tuy giam v l sd lugng nhung tfin dfi theo kinh tmyen van cdn dugc giu: lai
d thi Huomg, cdc dao vdn sach ve
Tu tku, NgU Mnh dugc ggi la cdc dgo
van sach thugc phgm trtt Iudn Iy, van chuong tttc la each ggi tfin theo mdn hgc dugc dinh trong phfip hgc Con d thi Hdi, tuy cd giam ddn nhung ngo hau d 3
ky thi Hgi cudi, ky nao ciing co 1 dao vdn sdeh v l kinh va 1 dgo van sach ve tmyfin Difiu dd cho ta thdy d thi Hgi, su
bao toan tinh kinh tmyfn cua Tu tku,
NgU kinh cao hom thi Huomg
LM ket cho bai viet Tren ddy la nhiimg difim chtt yfiu ctta
Tu tku, NgU Mnk ttong chuong trinh cdi
luong gido due khoa cu chtt Han (1906 -1919) tten phuomg difn hgc phap va thi
phap 6 phuang difn hgc phap, Tu thu,
NgQ Mnk dugc xem xet trong moi lifin
hf phan cdp, phdn mon Tu tku dugc bfl
thi d cdp tilu hgc nhu la nhung mfin
thuOc pham trtt luan ly Ngu Mnh dugc
bo tri d cdp trung hgc vdi tu cdeh Id nhfing thu tich tuong ddi cao, thufic phgm trtt vdn chuong ma nghia vdn chuang d day cdn gan lifin vdi y nghia
cu, vdn chuong la dao thanh, la dao cuong thudng 0 phuong difn thi phdp, vific loai bo tmdng thi kinh nghia vdi lfli van bat co da lam giam di tinh kinh kf
cua Tu thu, NgS Mnk Vific dttng Tu tku,
NgQ kinh theo 161 vdn sach dgo cho
thdy cho thdy su hudng vdo tinh hgc
thttc dfii vdi Tu thu, NgQ kink Nhttng
dilu trfin dd lam nfin nhttng difim chinh
ylu nhdt ctta Tu thu, NgQ kink a
phuang difn hgc phap vd thi phap trong chuomg trinh cai luong giao duc khoa ctt chfi Han (1906 - 1919)./
L.V.C
Trang 8Chu thich
(1) Td thu la su tdp hgp cac van ban va
tac pham v6n cfi ciia rieng Nho dugc Tfing
Nho thyc hifn de lam cho Nho hgc, Nho
giao, Khong hgc, Khong giao thanh mgt hgc
thuylt cd tinh he thong Td Thu gom Bgi
hgc, Lugn ngie, Mgnh Td, Trung dung, trong
do, Dgi hgc dong vai tro djnh khudn thttc
eda dao thanh, Lugn ngiir djnh can ban, Mgnh
Td de thdy su phat trien, Trung dung de thdy
su vi difu ciia cfi nhan
(2) Ngu kinh la cdc bg sdeh nhu la
nhttng tap dai thanh co tinh chung ciia van
hoa Trung Hoa tmyen thong nhung Igi dugc
Nho gia, Nho hgc stt dung de phue vu cho sy
lam sang ro dgo thanh
(3) Chi tiet ve ba cap hgc xin xem:
Phgm Vdn Khoai, Ba cap hgc trong chucmg
trinh cdi luang gido dye khoa cu chie Hdn
(1906 - 1919) // Tgp chi Hdn Nom, sfi 4,
2015, tt.66-73
(4) Thyc ra, sy xac djnh ba cap hgc
tren thl hifn each nhin he difing ve mgt phan
cap hon Id phai chd co ngudi tot nghifp d cap
au hoc roi mdi md cqj tieu hgc Thuc te dieu
hdnh cho thay, cufii nam 1906 chuang trinh
cai luong giao due khoa ctt mdi dugc ban
hdnh day du vfi mdt quy chfi thi ngay ntta diu
ndm 1907 da cd cdc cugc thi cdp bdng tilu hgc
va trang hgc rfii
(5) Tiiu hgc Td thu tiit luge -l^ ^ ^ t
gp Ǥ-, hifn con 1 bdn vilt tay (A.2607), 86 td,
m5i td 2 mgt, khd 27x15, gom 2 quyen,
quyin nhat va quyen nhj
(6) Ben cgnh vifc khang djnh tinh xac
cap hgc Tieu hgc cho Tu thu ciia Hgi dong
Hgc chinh Bdc Ky, chung tfii ciing luu y den
xu hufing ttich Iuc ttt 2 bg sach thufic phgm
tru Td thu la Lugn ngtt va Mgnh Td dl dugc
cdc bien sogn d Hue
Nam 1914, Nguyfin Phue Ung Trinh khi dfi dang gitt chuc Tu nghifp Qufic Tu
Gidm da bien sogn ^ i#- ^ ^ ^ ^ Ludn
ngit tanh hoa Au hgc, trong do co chgn
nhiing cau, doan dugc coi la "tinh hoa" ttt
sach Ludn ngir, vyng bien thanh 8 thien, 163 tiet Tdm thien do la: I ^ TA Hge van: 19 tilt; 2, i4 if- Tiin tu: 21 tilt ;3.f^Sg
than: 8 tilt; 4 # £, Tri ki: 34 tilt; 5 # iffe Tiip vdt: 24 tilt; 6 Ife A Quan nhdn: 26
tilt; 7 Al^ Xd thi: 24 tilt; i $, ^ Vi
chinh: 27 tilt Vdi ten ggi ciia sach thi sach
ddnh cho bac Au hgc ma nfii dung dugc mang ra dgy cho Au hgc la nhihig gi dugc
coi Id tinh hoa ttt Lugn ngit Sach hifn dang
luu gitt tgi Vifn Nghien cttu Han Nom, ki hifu VHv 775
Nam 1915, Hieu Lifim Huu Nguyen thi
Hi Ddc Khai da bien tgp lp # *§ # Trdu
thu trich lyc tu Mgnh td Trdu thu trich luc,
da dugc Toa Hgi ddng duyft y vi bia ciia
sach CO dong chtt: ^ ^ :^ ^ ^ iH ^ '^
^ ^ ^ g ^ - t l ^ ^ B a i^ Hiiu Liem HOu
Nguyen thf Hd Bdc Khdi trich lyc, kinh mong Hgi ddng Tda duyit y Sach gom 5
thifin: ^ fA '^ ik M ^ " Hgc vdn luge
ddm thiin di nhdt; m t ^ ^% % ^ Cuang thirdng ludn li thien di nhi; ik y^ ?A
^ ^ % = Chinh tri vdn ddp thien di tam;
^ e -^ iffe ^ $ ^ Xd ki, tiip vgt thiin
d4ld,it^^tM%l- Bgo hgc each ngdn thiin di ngu Sach do Kinh thanh Thdi
Hung hifu tang ban, gdm 45 td, hifn dang luu gitt tgi Vifn Nghien cttu Han Nfim, ki hifu A 1142 Sach khfing ghi cho cdp hgc nao ciia chuong ttinh cdi luong gido dye khoa ctt chtt Han Tuy vgy, can ctt vao bdi tya ciia Df tam giap Tiln sT khoa Tan Sim
Trang 9(1901) Nguyen Duy Tich ty Id Hoa Xuyen,
gitt chtte Dfic hgc dudng trudng Hgu bfi vilt
cho sach cung nhu kit cau va cdc van dfi ngi
dung cua sach thi cfi the cho rdng day cung
la sach danh cho bac au hgc
Dieu nay d mft mttc dg ndo do cho ta
thay CO sy khac biet ciia van de giao due
Han van ttong chuang ttinh cai luong giao
diic khoa ctt chtt Han giua Bac ky va Trung
ky Nhung c6 Ie ddy chi nen dugc nhin nhgn
nhu la mgt sy dieu chinh chuong ttinh nhat
dinh cho mot so thanh vien ciia Td thu chtt
khong phai la sy xdc lap tinh cap hgc cho
Td thu ttong kit cau ting the ciia ca chuang
trinh cdi luong gido due khoa ctt 1906
-1919 noi chung
Hon niia, hai sach nay dugc bifin scan
vao khoang thdi gian ma cai lucng giao due
khoa cu chii Han dd dugc gan 10 nam Sfi
lugng ngudi biet chtt Han da it di Vifc
Lugn ngie va Mgnh Td dugc dua xuong cap
Au hpc d dgng tach bift, rieng rS, nit ggn
chi nfin dugc coi Id sy cong bo nhttng dgc
ban dgc lgp, cfi tinh thanh vien chu khfing
nen xem nhu la sy thay doi tinh phan cdp
ciJa Td thu da dugc danh cho cdp tieu hpc
trong tong the ket cdu cua cd chucmg trinh
cdi luong giao due khoa ctt ve phuong difn
phep hgc nol chung da dugc xdc lap ngay ttt
khdi dau cua cdi luong giao d^c khoa ctt
(7) Duong Lam (1851 -1920), hifu la
Van Ho, Qudt Dinh, tu la Thu Nguyen,
Mgng Thgch, ham Thieu bdo, ttuy tgng tude
Khdnh Van nam Ong con quan Do ngy stt
Duong Quang, em ttai cua Van Tri Duong
Khue, que d lang Van Dinh, huyfn Son
Ldng, phii LTng Hoa, tinh Ha Ngi (nay Id
huyfn Lfng Hda, thanh pho Ha Ngi) Dfi Ctt
nhan ndm 1878, Idm Hudn dgo huyfn Y Yen
nam 1884, An sat Hung Yen nam 1889, chii
b6t Bgi Nam dong vdn nhdt bdo ndm 1891
Nam 1895 lam Tham tti Nha Kinh luge Bdc
ky roi ve trieu gitt chtte Thugng thu Bg Cong kiem Pho Tong tai Qufic su qudn Nam 1906, theo nghj dinh ciia Cai each hgc vu Hpi dong, fing tham gia Hgi dong Tu thu eda Phu Thong
su, cimg Doan Trien, Do Van Tam, Biii Hudng Thanh soan tan gido khoa
(8) Nguyen Trung Khuyen, sinh nam
1849, ngudi xa Son Dong, huyen Dan Phugng, tinh Ha Ngi (nay la thon Son Dong,
xa Son Ding, huyfn Hoai Due, thanh phfi
Ha Npi) Do Ctt nhdn khoa Giap Than (1884), do Df tam gidp dfing Tien sT xuat than khoa Ky Sttu, nifin hieu Thanh Thai thtt nhdt (1889), tttng gitt chtte Tri phd VTnh Tudng Ong lam d Cue tu thu, phyng tap
Trung hgc Thi Mnh todt yeu; Trung hgc Le
ky todt yiu Do Van Tdm phung duyft
(9) Dfi Van Tam ^X •<^, hifu la Gia
Xuyen ^ J i l , ngudi lang Dai Gia, phii Thudng Tin, dfi Dong Tiln sT khoa Canh Thin, nifin hifu Ty Dttc thtt 33 (1880), tttng lam Bo chanh Ha Nam, Tudn phu tinh Thai Binh, Hifp bien Dgi hgc sT, sung Bdc Ky Thfing stt Phii Phd giam dfic, ngudi dam nhgn vai fro dgc duyet rdt nhieu sach Hdn van
dugc bien sogn luc bay gid nhu Tiiu hgc Tic
thu tiit luge <h <^ Eg t lp afr, A2607; 172
trang do Cyc Tu thu tfi chtte bien sogn Doan Trifin (1854 - I9I9) phyng sogn, Hifp bifn
Dgi hgc sT Dfi Vdn Tdm phyng duyft; Trung
hgc Ngu Mnh todt yiu ^ ^ £ i§.^ ^ A
2608/2 Dfi Van Tam la tdc gia bg Bgi Nam
diin li todt yeu, in ndm Ky Dgu nien hieu Duy
Tan, ttrc ndm 1909 Tuy vgy, cac sdeh nhu
Cdc nhd khoa bdng Viit Nam, Qudc triiu Huang khoa lyc khong co ghi chep gi Dgi Nam ddng vdn nhdt bdo (Bang ed timg bdo)
Trang 10chi ggi la "Quan Hifp D6 Vdn Tdm" La
nhdn vdt ttong gidi quan trudng lai cfi nhiiu
hoat dpng xd hfi d Bic ky nhu: Hfii truong
Hpi giup dd nhiing ngudi An Nam di hpc
trang hpc, dgi hpc vd ky hpc Don thdnh lap
Hpi gtti cho quan Thong stt Bdc ky vao ngdy
24 thang 3 nam 1907, Sau do hgi dugc
Thong stt Phap chudn y Hfii hgp bufii ddu
tien vdo ngay 11 thang 8 nam 1907 Hpi
vien sang lgp va chu tjch Hpi djch sach
(1907) Sau do cao ttt chtte nay vi dugc
Thong stt Bac ky ctt vdo Hfii dfing dich sdeh
cua nha nude ciing vdi Dfic hgc ttudng Hgu
bfi Tran Van Thfing
(10) Tat nhien cd theo nghTa mdi
nhung nhdn manh nghta cu nhiiu hem Theo
nghta cu, "van chucmg" dugc hieu la nhung
tdc pham thugc phgm tni kinh, stt, ttt, tap,
chung dugc coi la nhttng tac pham md ttong
do chi^en chd "dao thudng" (dao tam
cuong, ngu ludn, ngu thudng), ddm bao cho
sy ton tgi cua xa hgi phong kien Minh
chttng cho sy nhgn thttc nhu the Id nhCmg gi
ghi ttong dieu 35 ciia 47 dieu gido hoa ciia
ttieu Le do Thugng thu Nguyen Cfing Trtt
vdng chi phyng sogn nam Canh Trj thtt nhdt
(1663); Tham tyng Nhii' Dinh Tdn vdng lenh
chiia Trjnh Doanh diln Nfim theo tho luc bdt
vdo nam 1760 "Ngii kinh, chu stt xua nay,
Vdi chu ttt, tap ciing ray van chuong Dgy
ben cfi ich dao thudng, Mdi nfin san ban bfin
phucmg tiiong hdnh" Tu thu, Ngu Mnh dugc
coi Id "van chuang" vi dd Id nhihig tdc phdm
de cap den cdc van dfi ciia nhdn tam the dgo,
trgt ty cucmg thudng, lien quan den tfin vong
cua xa hgi phong kien Cai d?p d day trade
het la cai dep cua nfi dung dugc chuyen chd
Sy quy mfin cho Td thie, Ngu kinh ttong
chucmg trinh cai luong giao dye khoa ctt vao
phgm trii luan ly, van chuong la mgt sy quy
mon CO tinh qua dp cd ve dien dat cQng nhu nfi hdm npi dung ciia khai nifm
(11) Xudt xtt ciia doan van nay ttt bdi
Tga cho thien Nghi van chi trong bf Li triiu thong sd nhu sau: ^ ^ M -^ ^ X
,i^JL«$:E9'r*SJ§b^^^a $j i^ ^ Dich
xung, quan ho thien vdn dT sdt thdi biin; quan ho nhdn vdn dt hoa thdnh thiin hg Budng Ld On lugn chi viit: "Sdt hi biin gid lgp dm: dT trinh ki tugng Cdm ki hoa gid lgp ngon dT tdn ki cdng" Chl tai vdn hd Ngu kinh Tu Thu, hong tdi dgi but, true du ngu vT tu cung tieang vi biiu li, tuang vi thity chung Kinh Bfch co cau: "Xem thien
van de xet thdi bien dli; xem nhan van dl hoa thanh thien ha" Ong La On ddi Dudng
cd ban ve cau do rang: "Ngudi xem thien vdn de biet thdi bien, lgp dttc dl tugng ay theo trinh Ngudi cdm sy hoa thanh, lap
ngfin de tan trg cho cong thanh ay Cai vdn
thyc la tuyet difu lam sao" ( ^ ^ ifi ^ 0
(12) Kinh nghTa sd dt co y nghTa dac bift trong cai hpc khoa cu vi hf tu tudng the hifn ttong cac kinh dien co dugc coi Id hf tu tudng chinh thfing ctia to chtte nhd nude duong thdi Mgi chft nghTa, mgi chu gidi cCia kinh dien deu dugc hieu va hudng vdo bao vf trdt ty xd hfi duang thdi, khdng dinh tinh chinh thfing ciia chl dfi Cac kinh diln
CO dugc mang ra giang dgy vd thi ctt vi chiing dugc nhgn thttc la mgt sy ddm bdo cho sy trudng ton ciia chinh the Cac Idi chii gidi kinh diln cfi deu lay nhttng guong trong ljch dgi ma mpi giang giai deu phai nham Cling cfi sy ton tgi ciia chinh quyen, thuyet