Tu hpe vd ndn triet hgc cua rieng minh, ttd thdnh Idiudn khd gid tri tinh thdn va cdng cy 1^ luin cua dan tdc Viet Nam dd tiep tyc ton tai vd pliat triin trong thdi Mfn dyi, tM mft cdng
Trang 1MdT s6 VAN DI: TRONG NGHIAN CUD
LICH sur TU TiroTNG TRlIlT HOC Vl|T NAM
Trdn Thj Thuy Nggc'
' Th^c sT, Vi^n Triit hpc, Vi?n Hin lim Khoa hpc xi hgi Vi^t Nam
Email: ttngoc@msn.com
Nh|n ngiy 2 thing 8 nim 2017 Ch^p nhgn ding ngiy 30 thing 9 nim 2017
T6m tat: Bdi viit ehi ra nhung thanh tyu da d^t duge ttong nghien curu lich su tu tudng Vift Nam, dong thdi chi ra nhiing khiim khuyet, khodng ttlng can phdi tiep tye nghien eflu, b l sung Cy thi
vl cdc vdn de, nhu khung Iy thuyet, hf quy chieu, doi tugng ph^m vi nghiSn cuu, vdn de nghien eflu, vdi myc dieh phac thao mft bflc ttanh tuang dli ddy dfl va chi tiet vl Uch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam tten tinh thdn khach quan, ding thdi xde dinh rd logic v^n dpng cfla Uch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam Cong vifc ndy can phai dugc tiep t^c tiin hdnh mft cdeh het sflc can ban nhdm cung cap
nhihig l u ^ cfl cd gia tti, gdp phan giQ gin truyen thing va phdt ttiln tu duy ly lu^n Vift Nam ttong
boi canh mdi
Ti^ khda: Tu tudng triit hpc Vift Nam, van de ttong nghien eflu
Neu nhin nhdn Vift Nam cd Hch su ttilt suit tien trinh lich sfl dyng nude va giii
nude cfla dan tfc Vift Nam" [2, tt.8] Tu hpe vd ndn triet hgc cua rieng minh, ttd
thdnh Idiudn khd gid tri tinh thdn va cdng cy
1^ luin cua dan tdc Viet Nam dd tiep tyc ton
tai vd pliat triin trong thdi Mfn dyi, tM mft
cdng cufc ngMen eflu dai hoi v l tich sfl tu
tudng tridt hgc Vift Nam cho xflng tdm vdn
dang d giai doan bude ddu Bdi le, mft ddn
tfc tuy gifl dugc ngdn ngfl cfla rieng mlnh,
nhung nlu thilu di chidu sau cfla tu duy
triit hgc tM cung tMdu hut tdm vdn hda tu
duy Iy luln Tu duy tiilt hgc dugc xem nhu
"m^eh nguon vd la kim cM nam cho mgi
ho^t dfng cua con ngudi Vift Nam, ddc bift
Id hogit dfng nhan thuc gidi tMch thd gidi
mft each dung ddn vd hoat dgng fliyc tien
cdi t^o thd gidi mgt edch Mfu qua, trong
tudng hay he tu tudng bao gid cung Id thdnh t l chfl dgo cua bdt ky mgt nen vdn hda ndo, thfm cM nd cflng phuong thfle sdn xudt td hai nhdn td co ban tao ndn difn mao cfla mft nin vdn hda, ttong dd tu tudng ddng vai ttd hat nhdn vdn hda
KM ndi ve vai ttd cua tu duy Iy l u ^ , Ph.Angghen da viit: Mdt dan tde muon dflng vflng tten dmh cao cfla khoa hgc tM khdng thi khdng cd tu duy ly luin Song, theo dng, d bdt cfl thdi dai ndo, bat cfl dan tfc nao cung nhu bdt cfl ca nMin nao, tu duy 1^ ludn cung cM Id ndng lyc bdm smh, hay cdn ggi Id "ddc tmh bdm sinh" [I, tt.487] Muln cho "d§c tinh bdm smh" dy chuyin
Trang 2thanh tu duy Iy tu|in thyc su, tM "khdng cd
mdt cdeh ndo khac ban Id ngMdn eflu todn
bf tiilt hgc thdi tiudc" [I, tt.487]
Trong bai viit ndy, tac gia cM ra nhftng
thdnh tyu dd dat dugc ttong ngMdn eflu lich
sfl tu tudng Vift Nam tfl trude din nay vd
nhflng kMlm khuylt, nhung khoang ti^ng
edn duge tiip tyc ngMdn cttu, bd sung, nhu
khung Iy thuylt, hf quy CMIU ngMdn curu,
dli tugng pham vi ngMdn eflu, ldm rd cdc
cdeh tidp can ngMdn efl:u (ngMdn cflai nfi
dimg, ngMdn cflru ddc diem tu tudng,
ngMdn eflu so sdnh, ngMen cttu y nghia gid
tri, ), vdi myc dich phdc thdo mft bflc
ttanh tuong dli ddy dfl vd chi tiet ve tjch sfl
tu tudng Vidt Nam trdn tinh thdn khach
quan, ddng thdi cd gang xde dinh rd logic
v|n dpng cMnh ylu ttong ddng lich su do
Dl nMdn, vifc cM ra nhung diem bat c|p,
ehua ddy dfl ttong ngMdn cttu ndy vin edn
Id so khdi, tac gia khdng cd tham vgng dua
ra mft khung nghidn cttu hodn cMnh dn
dinh cho cdng tdc nghidn eflu Uch sfl tu
tudng triet hgc Vift Nam, ma mdi cM dung
lgi d vifc ndu ra nhiiiig y tudng, kinh
ngMfm tfl thyc tien cdng tdc ngMen euu
cfla mmh vdi hy vgng gdp thdm y kiln cho
hudng ngMdn cttu rdt quan ttgng nay
1 Nhthig cdng trinh nghiSn cuu ljch
su' t u tudng/tir ttrdng triet hgc Vift Nam
- T h i k n h t y u v d b a t c ^ p
Cd 15, cdng trinh ddu tidn ngMdn cflru
tuong dli cd hf thdng v l tu tudng Vift
Nam la bf sach Ljch sa tu tudng Vi^t Nam
cfla Nguyen Ddng Thyc Day Id bg sdeh
bien s o ^ rat cdng phu vdi nguin tu lifu
dugc tac gid khai thac ea tix tilng Trung,
tilng Anh, tilng Phdp Bg sach gom 7 typ**^
Tdc gid bf sdeh da cd y thfle phan biet ro tu tudng binh dan vdi tu tudng bde hpc vd sy phdt triin cfla cae tu tudng dd theo tien
trinh tich su ddn tdc d ddy, dng dd bdm sat
tien trinh lich su qua ede trieu dai vd eac nha tu tudng tidu bidu cho cdc triiu dai dd Khi bdn din tu tudng binh ddn, Nguyen Ddng Thyc dd khai thdc kha trift dl hf thdng thdn thoyi, tin nguong, kho tdng tue
ngft, ea dao, f thfle vd flng xfl cpng ding
Iang xa, mdt so tdn giao dd dugc ddn gian hda, nhu Phat gido vd Dao gido, cd chfla dyng tam thfle va y thfle binh ddn ndy
Ludn cd su tuong tde gifta f thfle binh
dan vdi tu tudng bac hgc, nhung theo tdc gia, tu tudng Viet Nam d ddng thugng tang
Id tu tudng Tam giao ddng nguyen, md nhdn vdt ed cdng vd till Men ddu tien la SI NMep vdi vai trd "Nam Giao hgc to" Tu tudng ndy da thdng tri tu tudng Vift Nam thdi phong kiln ty chfl, tidu bilu Id thdi Ly
- Trdn Din thdi Ld, vdi sy dde tdn cfla Nho gido, md Nguyen Trdi la dai difn, da cham
dflt giai doan Tam gido thdng tri hen f thfle
thugng tang xd hgi, tuy day do nd vdn tdn t?i ttong ddi sdng tu tudng cfla tang Idp binh dan Tu tudng Nho gido dat den dinh cao thdi Ld vd sang thdi Trinh - Nguyin thi
y thfle hf Nho gido ddn di vdo khiing hoang Tdc gid kit thfle bf sdeh d tu tudng ting hgp cfla Le Quy Ddn, flil k^ XVIII,
ma khdng ban tidp tdi sy bidn dfng cfla tir
'*' Tu tudng binh ddn Viit Nam (t4p 1); Tu twdn^ Ihdi Bdc thugc vd Dinh Le (the Vf II TCN din the
ky X) (t$p 2); Tu tudng thdi ijS (t?p 3);Tu tudng thdi Trdn (tap 4); Thdi Ho (tgp 5); Ng^in Trdi vdi CUQC khiing hodng >5 thtic hi Le Nguyin (t$p 6); Tu Iudng tdng h(fp Li Qtr^ Ddn (t|p 7)
Trang 3tiidng Vift Nam tiid ky XIX ddu till kf XX,
mft giai doyn giao thdi khd phflc tgp trong
lich sfl phdt tiiin cfla tu tudng Vift Nam
Sy kMdm khuydt trong cdng trinh cfla
Nguyin Ddng Thyc vd tu tudng Vift Nam
till ky XIX vd XX da dugc Trdn Vdn Gidu
bl simg mft each xudt sdc qua cdng trinh
Sir phdt trien cua tu tudng Viet Nam tu thi
ky XIX den Cach mgng thdng Tdm gIm 3
t|p T|p 1 ndi vd f thflrc he phong kiln, chfl
ylu ta f thfle Nho gido thdi thoai trao vd sy
thdt bai ciia nd trude cdc nMf m vu lich sfl,
ttong dd nMdm vy quan trgng nhdt luc ndy
Id canh tan ddt nude nhdm chdng lai sy xdm
luge cfla ehu ngMa thyc ddn Phap Tap 2
cfla bg sdeh di vdo ngMen cuu sy Mnh
thdnh f thfle hf tu sdn trong dieu kien nude
ta khdng cd giai cdp tu sdn ddn tfc vd sy bdt
lyc cfla nd trude nMf m vu Hch sfl, dd Id vai
ttd Idnh dao tu tudng eho cude ddu tranh gidi
phdng dan tgc Tap 3 vdi ndi dung Id ehfl
ngMa Mdc - Ldnin vd tu tudng Ho CM
Minh, gdn ehdt vdi sy ra ddi eiia giai cdp
cdng nhan va Dai^ Cgng sdn Vift Nam, dd
Idnh dgo thdnh cdng cugc cdeh mgng gidi
phdng ddn \QC vdi mdc thdng tgi vang df i td
Cach mang ttiang Tdm ndm 1945, Ichai sinh
nude Vift Nam Ddn chu Cgng hda D$c bift,
tdc gid nhdn mgnh, sy ket hgp gifta chfl
ngMa Mac - I^dnin va tu tudng Ho CM Mmh
Id nguydn nhan quan tigng dua din thdng Igi
cfla cdeh mang Vift Nam
Cd till ndi, vdi hai cdng trinh ldn neu
trdn, cdc tac gid dd cd nhung ddng gdp quan
ttgng, do td cay xdi len nhftng vat ddt ddu
tien ttong tmh vyc ngMen cflru Hch sfl tu
tudi^ Vift Nam
Vifn Tridt hgc thu^ Vifn Hdn tam
Khoa hgc xd hfi Vift Nam, ngay tfl nhftng
ndm 80 - 90 cfla till k^ XX, da quan tdm tdi ngMen cttu lich sfl tu tudng Viet Nam Cdng trinh dau tidn dugc thyc Mfn la bf
sdeh Lich sa tu tudng Viet Nam gdm 3 tdp,
dd xuat ban dugc tdp 1 va tap 2 Dl chudn
bi tu lifu nhdm triin khai ngMen cuu lich
sfl tu tudng, bd sdeh Lich sa tu tudng Vi$t
Nam vdn tuyen da duge bidn soan tdp 1: Tw tudng Viit Nam tir ddu Cdng nguyin din eudi thdi Ly, xudt ban nam 2002 Cho tdi
nay, cho dfl chua dugc xudt bdn ddy dfl, bf
sdeh Lieh su tu tudng Viet Nam cua Vien
Triet hgc van Id "sdeh gdi ddu giudng" cfla nhung ngudi gidng day, hgc tdp, ngMdn eflu
vl Uch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam Ddng gdp ldn nhdt cfla bd sach nay la d cho, xuat phdt tfl quan didm cfla chu ngMa duy vdt bifn chflng vl lich sfl, tdp thd tac gid da cung cap mft khung Iy thuyet vd lieh su tu tudng Vift Nam, trong dd gidi quydt mft sl vdn
dl cdn elt, nhu Uch sfl tu tudng Viet Nam
Id gi, nd can dugc tidp edn nd dudi gde do nao, sfl dung nhftng phuang ptiap ^ , vifc trinh bay vd phdn ky nd nhu the ndo ? Cho tdi nay, t>d sach nay vdn dugc xem ta
bf cdng cy ly tudn vua sdng td vfla hf thing
vl Uch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam
Bf sdeh cfla Doan Chinh vdi tidu dl Lieh
su triet hgc phuang Ddng la gido trinh ddnh
cho gidng day, do vdy, cac kidn thfle dugc
dl cgp thudng mang tmh cl dinh va md td Tinh ggi md, dan ddt, khai sdng van chua thi vugt dugc cdc eudn sdeh tmdc dd ttong ITnh vyc ngMdn eflu nay CMnh vi the, mft cuin sdeh Ijch sfl tu tudng triet hgc Vift Nam viia vung vang vl phuoi^ phdp tuan, khung ty thuyet, viia ddy du, todn difn vl nfi dimg van cdn chd cac thi hf ngMdn eflu disau
Trang 4Tiip din, ttong euon sdeh Khdi luge
Lieh sa tu tudng triit hgc Viit Nam (PGS,
TS Nguyen Tai Ddng ehfl bidn, Nxb Dgi
hgc Su phgm, 2015), cdc nfi dimg lien quan
din tu tudng tiilt hge qua cae thdi ky, giai
dogn cM mdi dugc cae tdc gid trinh bay mft
cdeh khdi quat, ehua tgp trung phdn tich sau
vdo tinh chdt, dgc trung cfla tu tudng tiilt
hgc Vift Nam qua cac khdi mfm, pham trix
md cdc nhd tu tudng Viet Nam su dyng
Vi?t triit ludn tgp cfla GS Trdn Van
Dodn, Dgi hgc Qudc gia Dai Loan, la mgt
cdeh ddt vdn d l , thi Mfn nhung suy tu vd
ttdn ttd dli vdi vide ngMdn cun triet hgc
Vift Nam Tde gid eudn sdeh khdng dinh,
ngMen curu triit hgc chinh la ngMdn eflu
bdn chat, Hnh hon cfla vdn hda Viet Nam,
dl sao cho todt len dting dde trung, cdt each
Vift thdng qua ngMen cuu, vfla khdng bi
ngheo ndn hda, vua khdng tu ti thdi qua va
cung khdng ty tdn thdi qua; ddng thdi nhan
mgnh Vift Nam cd tridt hgc tuy khdng d l
sf, sdu vd chuydn bift nhu cae he thing
tiilt hgc tren thd gidi Vd can Mlu ro, Mlu
dflng v l minh ttong qua khfl bdng sy khdeh
quan, thdu ddo mdi ed thi tim ra dugc
phuang phdp luin flng phd vdi cdc khd
khan cua cMnh minh ttong thdi Mfn dgi
Qua cdc cdng trinh ngMdn cttu neu tten,
cd till thdy, nhung ngMdn curu da cd v l Hch
su tu tudng/ tu tudng triit hgc Viet Nam
nlu dam bdo ti'nh hf thing thi lgi chua
chuydn sdu; ngugc lai, nlu dam bdo phan
tfeh sau tM lai thilu df bao qudt, hf thong
Hoac phan ngMen eflu t i t v l nguydn tdc,
phuang phap Man ttong triin khai nhung lai
chua dugc vdn dyng trift d l vd Mfu qua
ttong nghien cuu dh cd duge nhimg edng
trinh quy md vd bai ban
2 Khung Iy thuylt va phmmg phdp nghidn cihi
Phuang phdp Iidn quan tdi ehdt lugng cfla ndi dung trinh bdy, cd phuong phdp khoa hgc vd thich hgp thi se 1ft td duge dflng ngi dung, ngugc Igi, mft phuang phdp khdng tMch hgp se tam ngheo ndn vd sai lac ndi dung Sau ddy, chflng tdi xin diem qua mft sd each tidp can vd phuong phdp nghiSn cflru duge ede cdng trinh nghidn cuu
tu tudng Viet Nam sfl dyng
Kim Dinh xuat phat tu huyen sfl dd quy cac thdnh tyu cfla triit hgc vd vdn minh Trung Hoa deu do ngudi Viet sang tao (ma dng ggi la Viem tfc) Cfl tgm chdp nhan cac dinh Iy cfla dng vd nguon goc vinh quang cfla tgc Vift ve m | t tri tuf, tiii dudng nhu
nd van khdng Iy giai dugc sy tMdu y thuc phdt trien he thdng tridt thuyet do chinh minh sang tao ra cfla ngudi Vift de dua no trd thanh nhftng ddng phdi tu tudng triit hge cMnh thfle ed sflc dnh hudng, nhu
Thiin hge, Dao hge, l.f hgc, Hudn ho hpc,
Kinh hge, Thye hgc, nhihig thfl la thdnh qud cfla Hoa tfc va da ngy tri trong y thfle
he cfla ngudi Hoa hon 2000 ndm Cho du di theo hudng truy nguydn ngudn cdi nhu Kim Dinh, ngudi Vift dfl cd Id ehfl nhdn cua Ha
dd, Lac fliu, Kinh Thi, Kinh Thu Kinh Li, Kinh Dieh, Vift Nho, v.v tM eiing tucmg tir
nhu Phdt giao, nhftng tridt thuyet do chi thyc sy phat triin kM dugc hdp thy, tiep nh|n, truyin ba va hodn thien bdn ngoai tfc ngudi da san sinh ra chung Nhung nghifin eflu cfla Kim Dinh bj thue day bdi chii
ngMa ddn tf e ndn cac nh|n dinh ttong Triet
ly edi dinh, Vi$t ly td nguyen, Ca edu Vi?t Nho chua dung nhiiu suy ludn chu quan,
suy dien Mac dfl vay, sy nMft thdnh cua
68
Trang 5dng da eung edp cho cac the hf ngMdn eflu
sau mgt lugng kiln thfle phong phfl eua ed
tiilt Ddng Ian triit Tdy
Trong eudn Lich su tu tudng Viet Nam,
Nguyen Ddng Thyc khdng djnh, "chflng tdi
viet ve tu tudng Vift Nam, ngMa la chflng
tdi khdng cdt dflt hdn tinh cam vdi ly tri,
thdn thoai vdi triit hgc" [8, tt.32] va "phep
trinh bdy tu tudng theo ngy ngdn khdng
hgp hf thong triet hgc nhung gidu y ngMa
hon eho ddc gid vd it xuydn tac sy that" [8,
tt.34] Nhu v|y, theo Nguyen Dang Thye,
tridt hgc thugc ve Iy tri con ngudi, cdn tu
tudng cd the nam d vi tri trung gian giiia tinh
cdm vd Iy tri Vdi von kien thfle phong phfl
va kha nang xfl Iy ede tdi lifu tidng Trung,
Phap, Anh, hgc gid Nguyin Ddng Thyc da
eung cdp mdt ngudn tu Iidu ddi ddo eho
nhihig ai cd nhu cdu ngMdn cuu ve tu tudng
Viet Nam Tuy nMdn, bg sach cfla dng van
chua phdi Id hodn chinh vd kdt cau ldn do
bao phii, doi tugng ngMdn eflu chua ro rang,
thdm cM tinh hf thdng cimg chua dugc dam
bao Tuy nMdn, mgt dilm ddng gM nh|n
khdc Id Nguyen Ddng Thyc da y fliflc ro
minh tridt ddn gian, phdn tieh tu duy cfla
ngudi Vift bhih ddn qua thdn thogi, ed tich
GS Trdn Vdn Dodn dflng phuang phap
ddt tiilt Vift ttong m i i tucmg quan vdi cac
Mnh thai y thfle xd hgi khde, nhu van hda,
khoa hgc, tdn gido, lich sfl vdi cdc tMh chdt
ly tudn khdc, nhu ehan 1^, tri thfle, each
mang, v.v de khoanh vung va dinh ranh
gidi cho triit hgc Vift Nam Phuong phdp
ngMen cttu Iidn ngdnh, so sdnh ddi cMdu
dugc dng dde bift coi ttgng, vi tu tudng
triit hgc Vift Nam gdn tuong doi chgt vd
lan vdo cac Mnh thdi f thfle xa hdi khac
Qua Viit triit lugn tgp, toan bf khung
ngMen eflu dd duge tac gid cM rS, tfl xde dinh doi tugng, pham vi vd myc dieh nghien cuu den phan tich dac tnmg, tinh chdt cfla doi tugng nghidn eflu Ding thdi, dng chi ra rdng, triet hge Viet Nam khdng phdi la thfl triit hgc ndng v l tu bidn thudn
ly tinh, ma nd vfla bi quy dinh vfla chfla dyng mft "thi sinh"'*' cfla ngudi Vift Mft
Vi dy tidu bieu Id tac gid dd dp dyng khung
ly thuylt ndy d l phdn tich Truyin Kiiu
nhdm lam ro quan mem triet hgc cfla Nguyen Du - dgi difn tieu bieu cho tinh hoa van hda Vidt Nam thd ky XDC
Cuin Lich sa tu tirdng Viet Nam, t | p I
cfla GS,TS Nguyen Tdi Thu till Mfn ro nhdt khung Iy thuylt va cdeh ngMen eflu tu tudng Vift Nam Vd ddi tugng ngMdn cflru, eudn sach cho rdng, lich sfl tu tudng Vift Nam Id
"Uch sfl tu tudng triit hgc va nhung tu tudng
ed quan hp mat tiiilt vdi tu tudng tiilt hgc" [9, tt.I3], trinh bay tu tudng phdi "xoay quanh cdc vdn dd triet hge, he thdng triet hge" Triet hgc Vift Nam tuy ehua phat tridn day du, chua hodn cMnh, chua trd thdnh mft
hf thing vung ehdc, nhung nd rat quan ttgng Phuang phdp quan ttgng trong ngMdn eflu tu tudng Viet Nam la phuang phdp phdn tieh chfl khdng phdi so sanh hay truy nguydn
v l nguin gic tu tudng, hode tim ra ddn tfc ndo sd hftu cac thanh tyu phdt minh triet hpc nhu Kim Dinh da Iam Phuong phdp trinh bdy sy phdt triin cfla tu tudng cdn phdi phfl hgp vdi quy ludt tac ddng qua lai gifta tin tgi
vd y thfle, quy lu|t phdt triin cua bdn than tu tudng Mye tieu ngMdn euu Id dl "thdy tu duy dan tgc phai van dgng nhu the ndo ttong
'*' Cich sinh tin cOa ngu6i Vift di hun diic ngn tim tir, tinh cim, tim 1^, vin h6a cfia minh, cung c6 thi hiiu li ddi sing xi hfi cua ngu&i Vift
Trang 6moi thdi ky tich sfl d l tiin ldn mdt giai doan
caohon"[9,tt.30]
Phdn \if ngMdn eflu eung Id mgt vdn d l
mang ti'nh phuong phap Iu|n quan trgng
Cudn sdeh Ididng dinh, vifc plian ky theo
Mnh thdi kinh t l - xa hfi Id dflng phuong
phap Iudn duy vdt bidn chflng ban cd, tuy
nMdn, ttong dilu kidn lich sfl cu thd cua
Vift Nam, sy chuydn dli gifta ede hinh thai
kinh td - xa hgi ta mdt qua trinh Uch su Idu
ddi vd bdo luu nMlu dau vlt cfla ede Mnh
thai kmh t l - xa hfi trude ttong cdc Mnh
thdi kinh t l - xd hfi sau, khdng xudt Men
each mgng xa hfi, ndn sy phdn ky Uch sfl tu
tudng kit hgp ede moc su kifn cMnh tri - xa
hfi ldn trong lich sfl vdi ede mde Mnh thai
kinh td - xd hfi Id phfl hgp ban cd
v l khung ngMen eflu, cudn sach nay da
cM ra rdng, triet hgc la mdt bg ph|n cua kidn
tiTic thugng tdng, xdt din cflng bi quy dinh
bdi ddi sdng v|t chdt cfla xa hdi Nhihig
mdm ming cfla tu tudng triit hgc phdn dnh
tiid gidi quan vd nhdn sinh quan cfla eon
ngudi, ding nhdt vd gdn kit vdi cdc hinh
thai y thurc xd hfi khde (nghf thu|t, tdn giao,
dao due, cMnh tri, khoa hge, ) KM trinh
df van minh cdng phat ttiln tM tridt hgc
cung phat trien theo, ngdy eang tdeh bift
khdi cdc Mnh thdi f thfle xd hgi khdc vd ttd
thdnh mdt Mnh thai y thfle xd hfi dgc lap vd
dge tiifl 6 Viet Nam, Mnh thai f tiiflc xd hfi
tiilt hpc cd dgc tiimg gdn kit eh^t chd vdi
cdc Mnh thdi y tfiuc xa hfi khde, bdi till, tinh
df c lap cua nd dli vdi cdu true kuih t l
-chinh tri - x5 hgi cdn tuong dli md nhgt
Ddy eung Id ddc trung dl nhan ra kM so sanh
nd vdi cdc nen tiidt hgc khdc
Cuon sach cung ggi y mgt hf quy CMIU
phfl hgp nhdt kM bdc tach cdc tu tudng tiilt
hgc Vift Nam, do la phdn theo mang vdn
dl: T U tudng tiilt hgc ty nMen, tu tudng tiilt hge cMnh t r j - x d hfi, tu tudng triit hpc nhdn sinh Bdi 16, edch phan cMa ndy tuong tMch vdi muc dich cfla tu duy triet hge cfla ngudi Vift, tu duy nhdm mye dieh thyc tl, thyc dyng, khdng chfl ttgng chuydn sdu vao
tu duy tu bidn thudn tfly, xa cdeh vdi eac muc tieu thye dyng
Nhu vdy, bf cdng cy d l bdc tach, m l xe
tu tudng Vift Nam theo quan mdm duy vdt bidn chflng ve tich su dd duge xac dinh tuong doi ro Cdng vifc edn Idm Id sfl dyng cdng eu dd ra sao va vdn dyng nd nhu thi ndo de nghien cttu cdc vdn dl cfla tu tudng Vift Nam mdt cdeh dflng ddn vd Mfu qud
3 Boi tugng, ngi dung nghien cfln
GS Trdn Van Dodn ed edch tidp c|n tiilt hgc tfl gdc do gid tri va sy phdn bift vdi van hda "Nhu ehung tdi dd nhae so qua, triet hpe la cdi linh hdn, hay tinh thdn cua van hda Tuy nhien khdng phai bat eu ndn van hda ndo ciing ed mft nen tridt hgc ddng gpi
Id triet hgc Vgy ta ed t h i ndi (theo kidu
ehoi chfl) Id mgi ndn van hda diu cd triit
ly Tuy theo Mfu qua (tdt ylu) vd mflc df
dnh hudng (phi biln), md chflng ta cd the
xung nen triit 1^ ndy Id triit if sing, minh
triet hay triet hge N l u triet ly Id mft ldi suy
tu, mft y thfle hf can co, mdt phuang th6
cho cufc sdng ehi cfla mft ca nhan, mft tfc, mft xd hgi hay mdt quic gia, tM triit hgc la mdt mon hgc cd he thdng vi ede nin triit ly ndy, vd cd tham vgng tim ra nguyin
ly chung cfla chflng d l dp dyng cho tdt cd mgi ngudi d mgi thdi dgi Nhu v|y, ta e6
thi ndi, chi nin tiilt 1^ nao cd thi giflp ddn tgc, xd hgi, quic gia sinh tdn, lien ket, phdt
triin mdi ddng duge ggi ikminh triet, vd
cM cd nin tiilt if ndo vugt khdi gidi hgn
Trang 7cfla khdng gian, tfc tinh, thdi gian (lich sfl)
vd dam bao cho mft nen tri thfle chdn thdt
(khoa hgc), cung nhu ludn phat sinh ra cflng
Mfu qua cho tdt ed mgi dli tugng, ndn tridt
ly nay mdi ddng ggi Id triit hgc" [7,105]
NIU GS Tran Vdn Dodn cho rdng, d
Vift Nam mdi ehi ed triit ly vd minh tridt
chfl chua cd triit hgc (vdi f ngMa Id mdt hf
thdng), tM GS,TS Nguyin Tdi Thu ggi do
Id "tu tudng tridt hgc": "Ljch sfl tu tudng
Viet Nam khdng phai Id Ijeh su tu tudng
ndi chung, cung khdng phdi ta tich sfl cfla
cdc tu tudng trong hf f thurc, ma co bdn la
lich sfl tu tudng triit hgc va nhftng tu tudng
ed quan hf m|t tMet vdi tu tudng triit hge
Vidt Nam ttong Ijch sfl, tuy triit hge khdng
phdt triin, nhung d3 cd tu tudng tiilt hgc
ciia minh Tu tudng nay edn dugc xem xet,
hf thing hda vd trinh bay theo sy phdt triin
cua lich su" "doi tugng ngMdn eflu thich
hgp cd thd la cdc vdn dl sau: Tien tridt hgc,
tu tudng triit hgc, triet hgc, nhihig tu tudng
chinh tri - xd hgi gdn bd hftu co vdi triet
hpe, ngMa la nhiing npi dung xoay quanh
cdi trif.c triit hgc vd thi hi$n len cdc mure
dg phdt triin ciia triit hgc" [9, tt.I 3]
Cach xac dinh dli tugng ngMdn cttu cfla
GS Trdn Vdn Dodn mang tinh nguydn tdc
phuang phdp luan, cdn cdeh dinh nghia cfla
GS, TS Nguyin Tdi Thu vfla ddm bao ti'nh
nguydn ly, vfla cd khd ndng flng dyng ttong
ttiln khai nghien eflu Dli tugng ngMdn
curu la "nhung nfi dung ngMen cuu xoay
quanh cac trye triit hge vd thi Mfn cac mflc
df phdt tridn cfla triit hgc", v|y tM "triit I^,
minh triit, hf thing triit ty, triit hge" Vift
Nam theo cdeh GS Trdn Vdn Dodn ggi diu
thufc vdo dli tugng ngMen eflu cfla lich su
tu tudng tiilt hgc Vift Nam
Vgy, doi tugng ngMen cuu do duge thi Mfn d nhftng nfi dung nao vd nhftng nfi dung ndo chua dugc dd cap mft cdeh thau ddo trong ede ngMdn eflu dd ed? 6 day, chiing tdi khdng dl cap tdi nhung nfi dung ngMdn eflu dd dugc di sdu vd tuong doi quen thufc, md cM nhdc tdi nhihig nfi dimg ngMdn eflu se lam ndn edi mdi trong vifc ngMen cfln Uch sfl tu tudng triit hgc Vift Nam, dd Id:
Thu nhdt, sde thdi TMen tdng Phdt gido
giai dogn Ly - Trdn so vdi cdc ddng TMdn Trung Hoa, An Do nhu thd ndo? Vide hgp nhdt 3 ddng TMin: Ddng TMin Ty-m-da-luu-chi tfl An Df sang, ddng Vd Ngdn Thdng tfl Trung Hoa sang, Thdo Dudng cd tfl ddi L^ - thdnh nhdt tdng Trfle Ldm ra sao? Nhin nli|n nhu thd ndo ve sy mai mft nhanh chdng cfla TMen phai Tnic Lam qua
3 vi tl truyin thfla? C6 vdn dl gi vl ni§t hi tudng ttong mft hf phai Iudn dugc ty tide td ddng TMen ddu tidn thufc vd ddn tfc Vift Nam? Ph|t giao Tnie Ldm thudng dugc nhdc tdi nhu bidu Men thinh tri cfla Ph|t gido Vift Nam, Id thanh tyu cfla Phgt gido ddi Tran Song, do tu lifu da bi mdt mdt ndn cdc ngMdn cuu ve cdc ddng tu, cdc hf phdi, phuong thfle tu t|p, cdc sdc thdi khdc bift cfla nMeu ddng TMen khdng c6 nhieu
M§c du v|y, day van la vdn dh quan trgng
can duge ngMdn eflu sdu, bdi kM tiin hdnh ngMdn curu so sdnh, chinh cdc hgc gid nude ngodi lai nh|n ra nMeu diem khdc bift cfla ldi tu tgp Thiin hanh cfla cac tdng sT Vift Nam so vdi cdeh tu tdp gdc Do cdc ddng TMin Ty-m-da-luu-cM, Vd Ngdn Thdng,
Thdo Dudng, v.v dugc truyin bd vdo nude
ta qua con dudng Trung Hoa, An Df, ndn vifc t)o tflc kiln thuB Phdt hgc vd ddo tgo cac chuydn gia ngMdn cuu vl tjch sfl Phgt
Trang 8gido Vift Nam Id vifc ldm cap bdeh Cd the
ndi, cho ddn nay, ngodi hai cuon sdeh Lieh
sa Phgt gido Viit Nam do GS,TS Nguyen
Tai Thu bidn soan vd Vi0t Nam Phdt gido
sa ludn cfla Nguyen Lang, hau nhu chua cd
mdt tdc phdm chuydn khdo gia tii ndo di sau
hon nfta v l ljch sfl Phgt gido Viet Nam
Mft van de dgt ra nfta la, ddng Thien
Trfle Ldm v i n dugc cdc hge gid hit ldi nggi
khen, dd thilt l|p dugc mft ddng Ph|t giao
Vift Nam thdng nhdt (Phdt gjao nhat tdng),
eiing nhu Gido hfi Phdt giao Vift Nam
thdng nhdt ddu tidn ttong ljch sfl, bdi mdt
nhan v | t vfla Id quan vuong vfla Id gido
chfl, song lgi chi t i n tai ttong mdt thdi gian
qud ngdn ngfli (sau 2 ddi truyen thfla Phap
Loa, Huyen Quang) Phdi chang nguydn
nhdn co ban cMnh la sy budng long ve gidi
lugt va td chflc tu t|p? Nhung vdn dd tten
ddu dang chd cac the he nghien cuu di sau
tid Idi
Tha hai, tu tudng cfla cae nhan v | t nho
si ttong giai doan bidn logn, nhung tap dodn
nho sT ma tde gia bai vllt tam ggi Id "tiidi
bien" khd tidu bilu cho Idi tu duy va lya
chgn gid tri linh hoat, thyc t l cfla ngudi
Vift Nguyen Binh Khiem, Ngd TM Nham,
Phan Huy Ich, v.v la nhung dn s6 v l tu duy
cMnh tri Chinh vi vdy, nghien cuu nhdm if
gidi thau ddo hon tu tudng cfla nhftng nhdn
v|t mang tinh thdi dai ndy Id cdn tMdt, vi
thdng qua dd sS thdy dugc tinh chdt dde ddo
tiong edch suy tu triit hgc vd lya chgn xfl
the cfla ngudi Vift ttong mdt sd hoan canh
ddc thfl
Thu ba, nghien cflru so sdnh: Trude cdc
thfl thdch lich sfl, Vift Nam thidu nhung
nhdn td gi vd mat tu tudng so vdi Nh|t Bdn
vdi tu each nguydn nhan ddn din thdt bgi
ttong sy ngMfp cat each, duy tdn?
Tha tu, cdn nghidn eflu ldm ro vdn de
Tam gido trong tu tudng cfla cae nha nho Vift Nam, dde bidt Id nhftng nhd nho loi Igc chiu dnh hudng sdu sac cfla cfla Khdng, sdn Trinh, nhu Nguyen Trdi, Le Thanh Tdng,
Ld Quy Ddn, v.v
Tha ndm, ngMdn eflu dudi gdc df tiip cdn lidn ngdnh van de "ydu nude", quan
niem "nude" cfla ngudi Viet; mdi quan he gifta "lang" vdi "nude"; anh hudng cfla sy
ty trj tuong ddi cfla "ldng" va tinh khu biet gifta cac lang vdi tinh thdn cfng ding din dde tnmg ydu nude cua ngudi Viet, v.v
Thu sdu, can trd ldi cho mft logt cdu hdi,
nhu van de sd him ddt dai trong lich su dd cdu tiiic ndn mgt tam 1^, y thfle ddt vd nude cfla ngudi Vift ra sao? Vai ttd cfla phuong thfle san xudt chau A tae dgng nhu till ndo den muc df va sy phat tridn tu duy triit hgc Vift Nam? Nd quy dinh ra sao din ddc ti-ung, tinh chdt cfla tu tudng triit hgc Vift Nam?
Thu bdy, tu duy ttilt hgc dan gian Viet
Nam ttong cdc ngMdn eflu dd ed, d mft chimg myc nao dd, bi ddng nhat vdi tu duy cua ngudi Viet ed thdng qua thdn thogi, cd tich Nhung, cdc Ioai hinh khdc, nhu ca dao,
hd ve, tyc ngft, dan ca, v.v diu Id nhung sdn pham truyen khdu, khd xde dinh nien dai Hifn nay, chflng ta cM cd thi khdng dinh rang, tinh chat cfla nd Id tinh chdt binh dan, ddi song cfla nd thugc ve tang Idp binh ddn, ddu rdng nhflng ngudi sdng tdc ra n6
ed thd la tinh hoa ttong tdng Idp tri thfle nhung khuydt danh
Thdng qua ca dao, thdnh ngft, tue ngft -kho tang tri tud cfla dng cha Viet Nam de lai, each tu duy tfly theo hodn canh ("d bau thi ttdn, d Ing thi dai"), tinh thdn yeu thuong diim hgc lan nhau ("bdu oi thuoi^ lay bi cflng", "la lanh la rdeh"), tridt ly ddi
Trang 9song vd thudng ("sdng gfli thde vd"), ede
quan mdm thd Mfn tridt I^ Imh hoat mang
tinh ehat cM dan nhdn sinh, hay cd thih phd
phdn, canh tmh Idi sdng xu thdi ninh thi
("thdy ngudi sang bdt quang Idm hg", "tdt
nude theo mua", *'mugn gid be mdng", **theo
ddm dn tdn" v.v.) vdn cdn luu gift va in dam
sflc dnh hudng trong ddi sdng van hda Viet
Nam Nguyen Ddng Thyc da y thfle rd mdng
vdn de nay, nhung vdi ldi trinh bay ngy ngon
tM ti'nh ehdt he thing vd mat triit ly qua ca
dao, tyc ngft se tMdu sy dam bdo va hdu
nhu mdi la sy phac thdo eho mdng nghidn
eflu cdn rat tiem ndng nay Kim Dinh dd
quan tam ddn mdng ndy qua Triit ly cdi
dinh, song thuc chdt, dng mdi cM "cdm"
thdy c6 mgt tinh thdn tiilt hgc nam trong ca
dao, hd ve, tyc ngft, le ldi sinh hogt tu duy
cfla ngudi ndng dan Viet Nam, md thilu di
mft phuong phdp lugn, mft khung ly thuylt
de cdt ngMa cho thdu tiift thfl tu duy triet
hgc do la nhu thd nao va sflc anh hudng cfla
nd tdi vdn hda va tinh than yeu nude cua
Vift Nam ra sao Triit iy edi dinh ciing
thien vd tdn van tridt hgc hon Id mgt cuon
sach cd luan chflng ddy du, ehi tidt
Ket tuan
GSjTS Nguyen Trgng Chuan da nhan xet
rdt xac dang v l tinh ttgng cfla tu tudng triet
hge Vidt Nam: "Ong cha ta da phdi mdt qua
nMeu thdi gian, sure lyc, tri tue de gianh lai va
gift dgc lap cho dat nude; nhftng gi tot nhat
ciing deu phdi ddnh cho cae cuf e cMen tranh
gidi phdng dan tfc vd bao vf T I quic; khoa
hgc, ky thuat dugc ddu tu qud it nen phdt triin
rdt k6m, rat tac hgu; khdng cd sy phan cdng
lao dfng trift dd, khdng hinh thanh mgt dfi
ngu chuydn vd lao ddng tri dc dd n ^ d n cfln
nhftng vdn dd trim tugng" [3, tt.23]
Dau vdy, thdng qua qua tiinh gianh vd gift dat nude, tu duy tridt hge cfla ngudi Vift vdn duge tiiflc ddy vd phdt tiidn, song, su phat tiiin ehfl ylu nhdm phyc vu myc dich gidi phdng dan tdc vd bdo ve Td quoc NgMdn eflu bdng cdeh nao, ngMdn eflu nhu tiid ndo, ngMdn eflu phyc vy djnh hudng gi, ddu tu lau ddi hay tap trung, v.v la mdt bai toan ldn va phflc tgp ddt ra eho gidi ngMen eflu quan tdm tdi tu tudng van hda Vift Nam
Tdng quat lai, bdt cfl ngMen cuu ndo gidi quydt dugc trift dd mgt trong cac van de neu tren se deu ed ddng gdp mdi trong ngMdn cflru ljch sfl tu tudng Vift Nam Ddy Id mft cdng vifc Idu ddi, khdng he don gidn vd can dugc dinh hudng ddu tu ngMem tflc mdi cd the dgt duge nhflng thanh qua thyc sy
Tdi tidu tham tchao
[1] C.Mic v i Ph.Angghen (1994), Todn tgp, t.20,
Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia H i Npi,
[2] Doin Chinh (chu bien) (2013), Lich su tu tudng
triit hgc Viit Nam - TCr thdi ky difng nude din dau thikyXX, Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gja, HiN§i [3] Nguyen Trpng ChuSn (chii bien, 2006), Lfch su
tu tudng triet hoc Viet Nam, 1.1, Nxb Khoa hpc
X i h f i
[4] Kim Djnh (2016), Triit Iy cdi dinh, Nxb H§i
nhi vin
[5] Kim Djnh (2016), Ca cdu Viit Nho, Nxb HOi
nhi vin
[6] Kim Djnh (2015), Viii ly td nguyen, Nxb Hfi
nhi v3n
[7] T r k van Doin (2000), Viit triit lugn tgp,
Thupng T|ip, Washington D.C: Vietnam University Press
[8] Nguyen Ding Thyc (1998), Lich su tu tudng
Viit Nam, X 1 Nxb Tp Ho Chi Minh [9] Nguyen Tii Thu (cha faiSn 1993), Ljch su tu tudng ViitNam, t.l, Nxb Khoa hpc xS hOi