Vifc tim hi^u van dl tha hoa tinh than ttong con ngudi phuang Tdy hifn dgi trong bdi canh tiep biln vdn hoa toan cdu va toan cau hoa hifn nay la nhdm tranh "vet xe d l " ciia nin vdn min
Trang 1MOT SO QUAN NIEM VE THA HOA TINH THAN CUA CON NGlTdl TRONG XA HOI PHlfONG TAY HIEN DAI
Trinh Vdn Todn'
Tien sT, Tnrimg Dgi hpc Di^n hfc
Email: toantv@epu.edu.vn
Nhgn ngiy 9 thing 10 nim 2017 Chdp nhan ding ngiy 1 thing 11 nim 2017
Tdm tat: Trong bli canh hfi nhdp quoc te, tiep bien vdn hoa toan cdu va hifn dgi hda x3 hfi d thdi dgi ngay nay, chung ta cdn phai co thdi df sdn sdng tiip nhgn nhihig gia ttj van hda nhan logi, nhung su tiep nhdn do phai dya tren ca sd vdn hoa Vift Nam, nghta la nhung gia trj ay cdn dugc lam cho thich ung vdi van hoa Vift Nam, chu khdng phai lam suy doi vd din tdi thu tieu van hoa Vift Nam vdn dd cd ban sac, difn mgo rieng ciia nd Vifc tim hi^u van dl tha hoa tinh than ttong con ngudi phuang Tdy hifn dgi trong bdi canh tiep biln vdn hoa toan cdu va toan cau hoa hifn nay
la nhdm tranh "vet xe d l " ciia nin vdn minh phuang Tay, khi tiep thu nhflng thanh tyu tich cue ciia
no dang trd thanh vdn de cd ^ nghTa quan trpng ca vl mat ly lugn lan ve mat thyc tiln vd ddy ciing chinh la van dl ma chung tdi xem xet ttong bai viet nay
Tft khoa: Con ngudi, tinh than cua con ngudi, tha hda tinh thdn cua con ngudi, xa hfi phucmg Tay hifn dgi
Cd thi thdy rdng, hien nay, ttong xu the
toan cdu hda, ehung ta lgi dang phdi ddi
difn vdi mgt hilm hga khd Iudng la tdm thi
siing bdi phuong Tdy, tuyft d l i hda nhflng
gid tri cua nd vd hon the nfla Id xu hudng
"phuang Tdy hda" Trong khi do, ban than
vdn hda phuang Tay ciing dang vdp phai
nhflng vdn d l nan giai rieng cfta no Do
v|ly, tiln hdnh hifn dgi hda vi myc tieu ddn
gidu, nude manh, ddn chu, cdng bdng, vdn
minh, duang nhidn, ehftng ta cdn phai nhan
thuc dugc nhihig cam bay md xd hdi hifn
dgi d phuang Tdy dd hi sa vdo d l ttdnh vd
khdng Idp lgi chftng Vdn d l nay ddi hdi
phdi dugc nghien eftu mdt cdeh sdu sdc tren
binh difn triit hgc
vdn d l Id d cho, triit hgc da, dang vd mdi mai cd mgt mye dich nhan vdn duy nhdt efta minh Id gidi phdng con ngudi, dem lai ty do eho eon ngudi, tfte Id ehi ra ban chat dfeh thye efta sy tha hda cfta con ngudi
vd eon dudng khde phyc sy tha hda ay Trong moi mpt thdi dgi lich sft, eon ngudi ludn bj ehi phoi bdi mdt hinh thftc tha hda ndo do CMdc dd vgch trdn sy tha hda cfta con ngudi dudi chu nghta tu bdn la do sy thing tri cua chl df tu hfln va dng cflng da chi ra con dudng khdc phyc sy tha hda do bdng cdeh mgng xd hgi chu nghta vd xdy dyng chl df cfng sdn ehft nghta Gid day, hinh thftc tha hda ehilm uu thd ttong xd hgi phuang Tdy chinh la sy tha hda tinh thdn
Trang 2Nghta Id, eon ngudi trong xa hgi phuong
Tdy hifn dgi hi nd dich v l mat tinh thdn vdi
tu edeh gid tti tdi cao, cd y nghta quyet dfnh
bdn ehdt ngudi Phdn tieh hinh thfte tha hda
ndy vd chi ra eon dudng khde phye no da
trd thdnh d l tai chft ylu cfta mgt sd ttdo luu
triit hgc phuong Tay hifn dgi
Ciing vdi thdi gian, chftng ta ngay eang
nhdn thdy ro han rdng, thi ky XXI sd trd
thdnh mgt m I c quan ttgng trong ljch sft
Ioai ngudi Nd ddnh ddu su cdo chung cua
thdi dai "chinh phyc ty nhien" eua con
ngudi Ndn vdn minh md eon ngudi da tgo
dyng nen Id hung manh, khd ndng tdc ddng
eua eon ngudi den sinh quyen da sdu rdng
tdi mfte de dga bdn thdn mdi sinh cfta
Homo Sapiens vd do v|iy, den ca sy tdn tgi
cfta Iodi sinh vdt ndy vdi tu edch mdt ttong
cdc hf thdng sinh quyen Thue chdt cfta
van dd la d chd, gid ddy, mdi quan hf qua
lgi gifta con ngudi vd ty nhien khdng the
lap lai nhu trude kia, khdng thi dya tten co
sd sft dyng tdi nguyen thien nhien mgt
cdeh thilu suy nght, khdng cd gidi hgn vd
thudng xuyen ldm tdn hai ty nhidn Dd din
liic Iodi ngudi cdn phai y thftc dugc ddy du
sy phy thude cfta minh vdo khd ndng eua
sinh quydn trong vife duy tti sy dn djnh vd
tiip tyc xdy dyng cufc song theo nguyen
tde ddng tien hda (coevolution) Dd Id ngi
dung ehu yeu eua nhihig chuyin biln dang
bdt ddu diln ra Tdt cd nhiing vdn d l khdc
diu la thft ylu
Cd thi ndi, ea hdi khde phyc su khftng
hoang toan edu dd cfta Iodi ngudi, trude hit,
khdng hdn phy thufc vdo khd ndng t l ehftc
- cdng nghe efta nin vdn minh nhdn logi,
ma ehft yeu Id vao y thftc vd dgo due cfta
bdn tilian con ngudi Vd, dudng nhu mgi edi
ddu phy thugc vdo trinh dp phat triin dao dfte efta eon ngudi - trinh dg md con ngudi
y thftc duge thyc chdt cfta mfnh Ifnh sinh thdi do vdi tu edeh mpt thdnh td efta hf thing dgo dfte chung - "mfnh Ifnh tuyft doi", nhu Kant dd tiing noi Neu Itnh vye dgo dftc tmdc kia ehi bao qudt nhung quan
hf d ben ttong he thdng "xd hfi Ioai ngudi" thi hifn nay, nd da duge md rdng ra ca nhiing quan hf "xd hdi Iodi ngudi - ty nhien" Ldi ran "khdng dugc sdt sinh" dd trye tiip chuyen sang nhftng quan hd ay, bdi nhung quan hf ndy, khi bdi ednh hinh thdnh Id bdt lgi, chung ed the dan den sy huy dift efta Iodi ngudi tten Trdi ddt theo dung nghta cfta tft nay Dilu ndi tten dd ti^ thanh tam dilm ttong cdng trinh nghien euu ciia N.I.Moiseev, nd duge coi Id mgt thft nghiem thft vj nhdm phac hga triet hge ljch sft sinh quyin [Xem: 9] N.I.Moiseev dd ddt niem tin vdo con ngudi vd dng hy vpng rdng, eon ngudi cd khd ndng ttdnh dugc tham hga Theo dng, "de nhdn thfte sdu sdc han ve tuong lai eua Iodi ngudi, chftng ta cdn phdi ehuyen tft nhiing vdn de sinh thai hgc vd chinh tri hgc sang vdn dd tidn hda ttong thi gidi ngi tam cfta con ngudi Ddy chfnh Id ehiee chia khoa de md ra didu quan trgng nhdt - bdo t i n Iodi Homo Sapiens tien hdnh tinh" [10, tt.30] Chung ta dang phai ttd ldi cho mgt van de nan gidi: Xdt ve phuong difn dao dftc, eon ngudi d ddu the
ky XXI la ^ , eon ngudi do ed khd ndng nhfn thue duge su bat ddu cfta tinh ttgng khung hoang toan edu vd tinh edp bach cua mfnh Ifnh smh thdi d chimg mye ndo? Din lugt minh, nhidm vu ndy lgi ddi hoi phdi ldm sdng td b l i ednh dao dftc cu thi vdi tu edch phuang difn quan trgng bge nhat cua
Trang 3tdn tai ngudi hifn dai Ndi edch khdc,
ehung ta can phai xde dinh nhiing nhdn td
cdn ttd eon ngudi ldm Ngudi, hay ndi ehinh
xdc hon, edn trd con ngudi ty hodn thifn
minh vdi tu edch Ngudi, ciing nhu can ttd
con ngudi danh gid nhflng khd ndng khdc
phue cdc nhdn to ay
De gidi quyit nhflng vdn d l ttdn, edn
phdi xdy dyng mft phuong phdp thich hgp
Do viec khdo cftu t h i gidi duong dgi vd
eon ngudi vdi tu each mgt thye thi tinh
thdn - xd hdi phftc tgp, t i n tgi trong thi
thdng nhat hiiu ca, nen chung ta cdn phdi
nhdn thfte duge phftc hf mang tinh chinh
the: "Tinh thdn - vdn hda - vdn minh" ThI
nhung, chiing ta lgi khdng t h i nhdn thfte
duge phftc hf ndy khi dp dyng phuang
phdp ludn cfta khoa hge ed dien - phuong
phap ludn quy qud trinh nhdn thue vd cdi
biln thi gidi ve su tde dfng ddn the gidi tft
phia chft thi bdng cdeh ddi lap nghidm
ngdt khdch thi vdi chft thd Phuang phdp
ma ehung ta edn phai cd Id mgt phuang
phap gid dinh ve: Thu nhdt, cd sy tdc dgng
lan nhau giita khdch t h i vd chu the, vd tha
hai, chii t h i la mgt thyc the tinh thdn Vdi
nhflng gid dinh nay, cd the coi ban chdt xa
hfi ciia con ngudi la mgt tao phdm cfta
chinh con ngudi Nhiing tri thfte cd dugc
ve eon ngudi nhd phdn tieh cdc dft lieu
kinh nghifm tinh thdn dd dugc khach quan
hda Id sy bd sung edn thilt cho cdc khoa
hgc ed diln Nhiing dfl lifu ndy, v l thye
chdt, phdn dnh mgt phuong difn khdc cfta
t i n tai ngudi - phuong difn md ehung ta
khdng thi dat duge bdng tu duy duy ly
thudn tuy, nhung vifc bd qua nd sd ldm
mdt ca mye dich lan ngi dung efta lich sft
-tinh thdn hda xahgi -tinh
Con ngudi sdng d thdi dgi ndo ciing ddu
cd thidn hudng phong dai y nghta cfta thdi dai do Tren thye tl, hg di din thidn hudng
do mpt each vo tinh, ehu khong phdi hflu f
Chftng ta cflng di din thien hudng ay, khi quan nidm thdi hifn dgi nhu Id ket qud eiia todn bd tien trinh phdt trien lich sft nhdn logi Duong nhidn, khi do, chung ta dd khdng nhin nhgn thdi hifn dai bdng nhdn quan cfta ede the hf tuong lai, bdi chftng ta thudng coi edch nhin nhdn do Id ehuan xdc Mae du vdy, ben cgnh nhiing nhdn td md ehftng ta dd bilt, ttong Uch sft nhdn logi vdn
ed nhung nhdn td bugc ehung ta phdi tdeh biet thdi dgi thay the cho thdi Trung dai d chdu Au vd nhdn duge ten ggi Id "modem" (thdi Hifn dai) hay thdi dai cdng nghifp, tfte la giai doan dang di den hdi ket d trude mdt chftng ta Van de la d eho, ddy chinh Id thdi dgi ddu tien ma nhung ddc diem quyet dinh cfta nd la vifc gidi phong con ngudi khdi the gidi quan tdn gido dd timg chiem
vj tri thdng tri, id vife tft bo thft ehft nghta coi than la trung tam (theocentrisme) de chuyin sang thft chft nghta coi eon ngudi Id trung tdm (anthropoeentrisme) vd ket qua tdt ylu ciia nd Id vife the tye hda (secularisation) xa hdi Khung hodng xa hgi bdt ddu bge Id ro d thdi dgi nay vd do ehinh
Id sy khftng hodng eiia ldi sdng coi con ngudi la trung tdm Den lugt minh, ehinh su khftng hodng ndy dd quyet djnh bdi ednh dgo due eua con ngudi hien dai
Tft gifta the ky XX, ngudi ta da bdt ddu ndi tdi khdi dilm cfta thdi dgi hgu cdng nghifp Nhiing thudt ngfl, nhu "thdi dgi cdeh mgng khoa hge - ky thudt" hay "xd hdi thdng tin", dd xudt hifn Nhung, nhin chung, nhftng ddnh gid nguge lai postmodern
Trang 4-vdn chiim uu till Dilu ndy ehftng td rdng,
ngi dung cfta thdi hifn dai van ehua duge
khdo eftu mdt each ft nhiiu thda ddng; rdng,
thdi hifn dgi cftng vdi tdt ed mpi each tdn
cua nd vdn Id sy k l tyc hgp ldgic efla Uch
sft Can dgi Tren thye t l , nhiiu ITnh vyc cfta
ddi sing xd hgi hifn dai dang ddn rdi xa vdi
qua khu tiieo nhung mfte dd khde nhau
Chdng han, neu cdc Iiiih vye kinh td, chinh
trj - xa hfi biln ddi dd it nhiiu cho thdy sy
xudt hifn cua mft chdt lugng mdi, thi quan
nifm phi tdn gido v l thi gidi van dang
ehftng td mfte df khung hodng sau sdc cfta
thdi Celn dai Khiing hodng ndy dd dugc the
hien ra nhu the ndo?
Ngudi ta eho rdng, sy khftng hodng cfta
thdi Cein dai ddu tidn xudt hien d cudi thdi
Phye hung Nhd triet hge ngudi Phdp
-B.Pascal (1623 - 1662) da dua ra ldi ednh
bao ve cdc mdi nguy hidm ciia vifc de cao
con ngudi mgt cdeh qud mfte Mudn hon,
nha tridt hpc ngudi Dftc I.Kant (1724
-1804) da chta mui nhgn phe phan cfla dng
vdo viee ehIng lgi sy ty hoai nghi eua ly
tinh Vdo thi k^' XIX, nhd triit hpc ngudi
Dan Mgch - S.Kierkegaard (1813 -1855) da
ldn tilng ching lgi logic hpc mang tinh phi
nhdn cdeh hda trong hpc thuylt Hegel Con
nhd vdn, nhd triet hgc ngudi Nga
M.Dostoesky (1821 - 1882) da dua ra tir
tudng ve mdu thudn cua bdn tinh ngudi, v l
nhflng mien sdu bi dn cfta nhdn cdeh Tu
tudng ndy eua dng duge eoi Id thu djch sdu
sac vdi quan nifm thi tye v l con ngudi vin
dac trung cho thdi Can dai Vd, CMdc dd
dua ra tu tudng ve sy tha hda eua eon ngudi
ttong xd hpi tu bdn ddi vdi ban ehdt xd hdi
cua nd md theo do, eon ngudi dung dli lap
vdi lyc lugng thft dich - kit qua hoat dfng
lao dfng efta bdn thdn nd (tu bdn) Nhd triit hpc ngudi Dftc - F.Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)
da ndi mft edeh khinh mift ve sy "hdn hg" trdn phuong difn tinh thdn eiia con ngudi hifn dgi vd kdu ggi khde phyc tinh trgng ndy Vao ddu the ky XX, xd hpi cdng nghifp
I4u iaf dd bj phe phdn mft cdeh t o ^ difn
v l sy phe phdn ndy, ehung ta cd thd k l din
sy phe phdn cfta cdc nhd tridt hge ldn, nhu Ortega y Gasset, Nietzsche, Spengler, v.v Chdng hgn, Ortega y Gasset da chi ra xu hudng man rg hda xd hgi nhu Id kit qud eiia qud trinh "noi dgy eua dgi ehftng" va nhu la kit qud thong tri efta eon ngudi dgi chftng ttong xd hfi [Xem: 5, tt.55]
Gvardini vach ra su doi lap gifla ede kit qud hogt dgng cfta con ngudi hifn dgi vdi nhflng myc dich thuc sy nhdn van ciia nd Theo dng, ndn vdn minh nhdn Ioai (cu the Id quyin luc) da "nii logn" chong lai con ngudi vd dan den nen "vdn hda phi - vSn hda"[Xem:15,tr.l8]
Berdyaev nhgn thdy "cdi bi ddt" cfta todn
bd thdi CEUI dai la d su "chdi bd Kitd gido" Vdi thdi hien dai, theo dng, dieu quan nggi nhdt Id niem tin thdi qud vdo ky thu$t, tftc quyen lue vd hgn ddi vdi ty nhien vd con ngudi tft phia cdc lye lugng xd hfi vd danh tinh, duy ly hoa y thfte eon ngudi mft each bat edn va do vdy, ldm tieu tan mue dich cfta tdn tgi ngudi Rang, dai bf phdn ngudi phuang Tdy dd timg Id nhiing ngudi da thdn gido, hg duge sinh ra tii mgt nin van hda tham dugm tu duy Kitd gido Hp di den giai dogn duge ggi Id "trudng thdnh",
"dfe ldp", song v l thyc chdt, dd ddnh mdt qud khft cfta minh md lgi ehua dgt tdi hifn tgi, tftc mdt nin vdn hda khdc Hg ddnh mdt cfi ngudn Kitd gido, song Igi chua trdi
Trang 5nghifm mft n i p sdng mdi theo Phue dm
Do vdy, theo dng, dilu lo nggi nhdt la sy
thdng tti hodn todn cfta vdn minh d l i vdi
v a n h d a [ X e m : 8 , t t 4 8 5 ]
Sorokin cho rdng, ndn vdn hda duy edm
ciia thdi dai cdng nghifp tdt ylu phdi bi dift
vong, bdi chu nghta tuong dli v l gid tri
dang ehuyin hda thdnh ehft nghta hu vd
pCem: l l , t r 4 2 7 ]
Fromm vd Vyeheslavsev luu y rang,
ttong xd hdi hdu cdng nghifp, con ngudi
dung ddi lap vdi mdt hd thdng td ehfte
khong 16 - nhd nude eung vdi ndn cdng
nghiep hifn dai md, khi hogt dgng vi nhiing
Igi ieh rieng eua minh, thudng ttd ndn rdt
xa la ddi vdi eon ngudi, thgm chi cdn thu
djch vdi eon ngudi vd biln con ngudi hodn
todn thanh khdeh thi - "vgt hoa" con ngudi
Theo Fromm, "eon ngudi bj xdm chiem bdi
tdm ttgng bdt an vd mong mudn cdng hien
toan bd ty do cfta minh eho mgi ke dde tdi
du logi; hay con ngudi ddnh mdt ty do, bien
minh thdnh cai dinh vft efta ed may: Khdng
phdi Id con ngudi tu do, ma la ngudi mdy
duge nudi dudng tot, dugc dn mdc dep" [3,
tt.9; xem tiidm: 2; l,tt.21-28]
Tillieh nhdn xet rdng, "nhflng bao ddm
dugc dem lgi nhd ede co che gidm sat ky
thudt mgt cdeh ed hifu qua doi vdi ty nhien,
nhung phuang phdp gidm sdt tdm ly doi vdi
cd nhan va vide giam sdt sy phdt trien nhanh
vl mdt t l ehftc ddi vdi xa hdi - tat cd nhihig
bdo dam nhu vdy diu phdi tia mgt gid ddt:
Ban thdn eon ngudi md tdt ed nhiing bao
ddm dd dugc tgo ra nhu Id nhihig phuong
tifn lgi trd thanh phuong tifn b l ttg eho
nhflng bdo ddm dy" [13, tt.l32]
Tft nhung quan nifm do, ngudi ta cho
rdng, cai ddc trung cho nen vdn minh dang
"nii loan" chong lai van hda Id nhflng hf qud xd hpi vd tinh thdn sau ddy: Khi bj chuyin hda thdnh mft thdnh t l cfla hf thdng td chfte phftc tgp, "eon ngudi dgi ehung" ty thdy minh bdt luc va cd dfe Con ngudi do hudng din nhiing gidi phdp don gian vd thdi qud, din bgo lyc vd sy "tdn thd thdn tugng", khi md nhflng gia tri dich thye ciia nd (nhdn vdn) bi thay till bdng nhiing hifn tugng xd hfi, nhu nhd nude, ddn tde,
iif thudt vd thdm ehi Id thdn thogi (vl chiing
tge, ddng hp, v.v )
Vdi tu edch cdi trye tiip thft djch vdi bdn nguyen tinh than tiong con ngudi, "vdn hda dgi chung" dd khudn mdu hda y thftc cfla eon ngudi dgi chiing, khudn mdu hda ldi sing, nhflng nhu cdu va ldi ftng xft efta eon ngudi ndy
Theo Ortega y Gasset, qud trinh "chuyen mdn hoa mft cdeh thdi qud" da diln ra: Ngudi lao dgng buf e phai tid thdnh chuyen gia ttong mft Itnh vyc rdt hep, xu hudng ndy tat yeu ddn ddn sy hgn che vd trinh do phat triin tri tuf vd tinh tiidn cfta con ngudi, ddng thdi ldm tdng sy phu thufc eua hp vdo nhiing to ehfte phftc tap Xu hudng nay lai cdng tdng len ttong thdi dgi md quyin thing tii thufc v l cae lyc lugng sdn xudt vd hinh Net dde tnmg cua khoa hgc hien dgi Id su hilu bilt ngdy mgt nhiiu hon v l nhung cdi ngay mgt nhd hon Tft do, theo Sorokin, con ngudi thudng hudng den tri thftc kinh nghidm, phdn ly thuylt - thft chft nghta tiiyc chftng de tifn nhdt [Xem: 12, ti.485] Tiln bg khoa hgc - ky thudt dem lai mdt sue mgnh chua timg thdy cho nhiing con ngudi md, v l thyc chdt, chua trudng thdnh
v l phuang difn dgo dftc Dd Id mgt hiem hga dli vdi sy sdng tren Trdi ddt (vu khi
Trang 6huy dift hdng logt, ngn d nhilm mdi
tiudng) Cdi ggi Id cdeh mgng thdng tin dua
tdi cho "eon ngudi ty nhgn thdy minh ngdy
eang trd ndn hen mpn han, khi hp phdi ddi
mdt khdng nhthig vdi mgt hf tiidng nhihig
xi nghifp khdng 16, md vdi ed mdt thd gidi
vi tinh ty qudn, suy nght nhanh hon vd
thudng diing hon con ngudi" [3, tt.I0]
Nhu vdy, ed thi khdng djnh rang, nhung
hau qud eiia cufc cdeh mang cdng nghf Id
hit sftc da dgng Sftc manh ky thu^t cd the
md ra nhihig kha nang to Idn eho sy phdt
trien tinh thdn theo cdc phuang hudng khac
nhau nhdt Song, k^ thudt ty thdn nd kh6ng
nhiing khdng tu ddng keo theo sy tien bd
ttong liiih vye van hoa vd tinh thdn - dao
dfte, md cdn trd thdnh nhdn td ldm phftc tgp
hon niia bli ednh tinh thdn v i n dang ngdy
cdng ttd nen phong phu vd roi rdm hon rdt
nhiiu so vdi trude kia Nidm tin mfl qudng
vdo sftc mgnh todn nang efta k^ thudt cd thi
lam cho con ngudi ddnh mdt nhung gid tri
nhdn vdn, nhu ndng lye thdu hilu vd ddng
cdm vdi ngudi thdn, quan nifm v l edi thidn
vd edi dc Didu ndy ed the ddn den sy phi
nhdn van hda cdc quan hf xa hdi vd quan hf
giiia cac cd nhdn vdi nhau
Ddnh gid chung v l thdi dai edng nghiep,
ehung ta de dang nhgn thdy xd h^i hifn dai
dang Idm ndy sinh cdc lye lugng thu dich
vdi bdn than nhdn edeh eon ngudi Do vdy,
hien nay, ben cgnh nhifm vu giai phdng con
ngudi khdi sy dp bftc ben ngodi, thue tidn
xd hfi hifn dgi edn ddt ra mgt each gay gdt
van de ty do ngi tdm efta con ngudi Sy gidi
phdng con ngudi khdi dp bftc xd hdi chua
hdn dd gidi quyet duge vdn d l tu do ngi tdm
efta con ngudi eiing vdi todn bd dung lugng
cua nd Sau khi duge gidi phdng khdi xiing
xich eua che d§ dp bue, "con ngudi nhd be" lgi bf c If khdt vgng duge gidi phdng v l mat tinh tiidn ngdy mgt ldn hon Khi do, cdc
"m|lt den toi" cfta bdn tinh ngudi bdt ddu dugc xem xdt khdng hdn tft gdc dg nhgn thftc, md chu ylu Id tft gde dp hifu qua tdy rfta, ldm trong sgch ban tinh dy Vifc im Igng vd che d|iy sd sinh ra tinh hilu chien Ngugc lgi, vife ldi "con ngudi den t i i " ra dnh sdng lgi cd khd ndng logi bd dugc sy cdng thdng ngi tdm Thyc te ndy gan lien vdi qud trinh phi than thanh hda vdn hda Nhdn dinh ndy edn duge ldm sdng td Vdi nhiing eau hdi, nhu "con ngudi hifn dai
Id gi?", "edi gi dang ehd dgi no?", trude het edn phdi thira nhgn rdng, trd ldi cho cdc cdu hdi nhu vdy khdng he don gidn Sy nan gidi
d ddy khdng ehi vi dy bdo tuong lai bao gid cflng khd, md con vi tinh hgp ly cua ban thdn cdc cdu hdi ndy ludn dan den sy hoai nghi Theo Chaadaev, khi mdt nhd ttiet hpc ndi ra danh tft "con ngudi", thi khdng phdi bao gid 6ng ta cung hieu minh dinh ndi gi [Xem: 14, tt.468] Sy hodi nghi do ciia Chaadaev rdt ddng phdi suy nglm Duong nhien, neu eho rdng, con ngudi hoan toan thuge v l thi gidi xd hfi, thi cd the hgn che
s l phgn efta hg mft each tuyft ddi d bdn thdn tinh xd h6i ndy Khi do, theo F.Fukuyama, thgm ehi cdn cd thi ndi den
"sy cdo chung eua Hch sit" [4, tt.28] Theo quan diem nhan hgc triet hpc, nhiing quan nidm nhu vsiy Id rdt hdi hgt Thyc ra, sau han hai t h i ky tim kiem eau tta ldi cho can hdi "con ngudi Id gi?", tu tudng triet hpc phuang Tay, mdc du mdc phai nhthig hgn chl mang ti'nh thyc ehftng ehu nghta, ludn gift quan dilm cho rdng, khdng thi quy con ngudi chi v l thi gidi xd hfi
Trang 7Neu nhin nhgn myc dich song c i ^ eon
ngudi chi Id khdt vgng dugc gidi phong ve
phuang difn xd hgi, thi tu tudng v l ede cpi
nguon ndo do cfta ljch sft se ttd ndn vd
nghta Khdng nen hilu so phdn cfta eon
ngudi chi Id sd phgn mang bdn tfnh xd hpi
(bdn thdn no cdn phdi duge nghien eftu m^t
each sdu sde hon niia) Khdng thi hinh
dung noi tuong lai eua nhdn Ioai se ra sao,
neu khdng tfnh den so phgn cfta con ngudi
vdi tu cdeh mgt thye the tinh thdn, mft
nhdn cdeh Mye dich vd triin vgng tdn tgi
trong xd hgi hidn dgi nhu mgt thyc the tinh
than cua con ngudi Id gi?
Dd ttd ldi cau hoi ndy, trude het chftng ta
cdn phai quan tdm ddn vifc lya chgn mgt
giai phdp nao do d l sao cho vdn d l ndy
khdng thi dugc ludn chiing mft each hodn
todn duy ly Theo Berdyaev, day Id e6ng
vifc lya chgn cu6i cung, doi hdi phdi c6 ty
do [Xem: 7, tt.393] Phuong an lya chgn
phd bien d ddy Id sy lua chgn bat ngudn tft
quan dilm nhan hgc cfta Kant - quan diem
chft ylu dya ttdn quan nifm Kitd giao ve
con ngudi Do Id quan nifm cho rdng, con
ngudi ding thdi thufc ve hai thd gidi - the
gidi tu nhien vd the gidi sidu nhien
Mamardashvili ggi the gidi sieu nhidn nay
Id "dat nude vd hinh", la "to qude bi an vd
hinh eua bdt ky thye thi cd f thftc ndo"
Theo 6ng, do con ngudi cd f thftc, nen hg
diu CO t l quic thft hai vd, vdi tu cdeh thyc
thi tinh thdn, vdi tu cdeh eon ngudi, hg la
nhimg cdng dan cfta t6 quic thft hai do" [6,
tt.l05] Bdn chat sidu nhidn efta con ngudi
till hifn ttong tinh thdn efta nd, trude hit Id
trong f thftc tdn gido md, din lugt minh, f
thfte tdn gido nay lgi bge Id ra thdng qua
nhiing quy ^^ ^ ^'^^ ^^n eo efta con
ngudi Khi dd, mgi n l luc tinh thdn deu the hifn ra Id bg phdn edu thdnh quan trpng nhdt cfta hoat dfng tinh thdn Do vdy, mpt van de triet hgc quan ttpng dugc d?lt ra d ddy - vdn d l bifn minh eho ehft nghta duy
ly dd bj bd qua Tuy nhidn, ehftng ta cdn phdi coi nhung no lyc tinh thdn do Id dilu kifn can thiet cho ddi sdng van hoa Id sy khdch quan hda ddi sdng eua con ngudi Vdi quan diem ndy, Mamardashvili cho rdng, "y thftc" (hay y thftc tdn gido) Id edi khdng thi quy v l hogt ddng ly tii; nd Id edi bieu thi Itnh vye khdng phan chia dugc, bao hdm mgi bieu hien cua con ngudi nhu mpt thyc the thude v l hai thd gidi Rdng, thyc hifn hdnh vi y thftc ed nghta Id thye hifn no lye cd ban chdt tri tuf - dao dftc thing nhdt Nhu vdy, cd thi ndi, thugt ngii "y thftc" dd dugc Mamardashvili sft dyng theo nghta
"tinh than" Vdi dng, khdng co no lye tin cflng khdng c6 eon ngudi vdi tu edch mot nhan each; ttd thdnh con ngudi cung cd nghta la ttd thdnh thye thi dgo dftc Id sdng
bdng nd lyc thudng xuydn cfta f thftc (tmh
thdn) Chinh vdi nghta dd md Mamardashvili
da noi rdng, vdn hda chi Id kha ndng eua vdn hda cao cd hem
CJ ddy, ehung ta cdn phdi hieu quy tde dgo dftc ~ pham tru dao dfte hgc co ban cfta Kant - theo nghta Id ngoai luong tdm vd tri tue, cdn phdi khieh If cdi thifn, hay tdc dpng trye tiep va tich eye cua ban nguyen thien din chiing ta vd d trong chung ta [Xem: 16, tt.393] Tu tudng v l nang lyc bdm sinh ciia con ngudi trong vife khu bift gifta edi thifn vd cdi dc, v l sy can thiet phdi tgo ra edi thifn d l con ngudi trd thdnh ngudi Id tu tudng xudt phdt tft quan nifm Kitd gido ve ed nhdn nhu mft chft thi dOc
Trang 8lap cd gid tri ty thdn, cd ndng lyc tiip can
vdi cdi tiidn thdnh nhd f ehi ty do cfta nd
Do vay, con dudng ehdn chinh ddi vdi moi
con ngudi ehi co thd Id con dudng no lye
khong met mdi, ty sang tao ra bdn thdn
minh nhu mft tiiyc thi tuang ty vdi Chua
Mfte dp md con ngudi y thftc dugc su
cdn tiiilt phdi n l lyc nhu v^y, phdi hodn
thifn dgo dftc, eflng nhu cdc ehuan mye dgo
due tuong ftng ma hg ed nghta vu tudn thu
- dd chinh Id edi chftng td trinh do phdt tridn
tinh thdn cua eon ngudi Khi do, d mdi thdi
diem ey thi, X\xf thufc vdo mfte df no lyc
eua minh, con ngudi trd nen khdc nhau mgt
edch ddng kl Ngudi nay n l lyc it hon,
ngudi khdc nd lyc nhieu hon, nhung ddy
khdng phai Id vdn de thufc ve ddn ehft, bdi
ddn chu ddi hdi sy binh ddng v l nhftng dilu
kifn xudt phat Dan ehft khdng ed nghta Id
ehia deu Id eao bang Ngudi ta khdng the
ehia deu nhiing edi khdng ed Con ngudi
phdi ty minh tim kiim nhung edi ma mmh
can CO bang no lye cua chinh minh Vd, vdi
nghta dd, mii ngudi deu ed eudc sing rieng
d mdt thdi diem nao dd Thyc tien cho thdy
ngudi ta chi ed thd ndi den trinh dd phat
trien tinh than eao ddi vdi nhiing ed the ndo
do, edn sd ddng dugc phdn bd khdng ddng
diu giiia hai ranh gidi tinh thdn Id vdn minh
vd man rg Tu tudng ve "gidi tinh hoa tinh
thdn" chi Id mft sy triiu tugng hda cd lgi
eho nhftng suy ludn tu bien Vife phdn chia
con ngudi thdnh gidi tinh hoa vd dgi ehftng
chi mang tinh tuong ddi Cit loi cfta vdn d l
la ty y thftc ciia moi con ngudi v l tu do nhu
mdt gid tri tinh than tii cao eua minh Id
vifc hifn thye hda nd vd ehiu ttdeh nhifm
ve nd dya tren nhirng gid tri nhdn vdn dich
thyc ma nhan logi da tich iuf duge ttong
suit ehiiu ddi lieh sft ton tgi vd phdt trien cfta minh Ddy cflng Id myc dich md tdc gid bai viit ndy mudn dgt ra nhu mgt van dl dl dfe gid cftng suy nglm vd tim ra con dudng gidi phdng eon ngudi hifn dgi khdi nhihig cam do, nhthig khdt vgng tdm thudng ludn
dn ndu ttong mdi ngudi chiing ta
Tai lifu tham khao
[I] B.P.VychesIavsev (1953), Khung hodng cua vdn hda cdng nghiip, N.Y
[2] E-Fromm (1990), C6 hay tdn igi?, London [3] E.Fromm (1992), Chgy trdn tif do, Basel [4] F.Fukuyama (1990), Su cdo chung eda lieh si?, N.Y
[5] H.Ortega y Gasset (1995), Sif noi dgy cua dgi ehung, London
[6] M.Mamardashvili (1992), Tu tuang bi cdm dodn, Cambrigie
[7] N.Berdyaev (1951), Vmmg qudc tinh thdn vd vuang qudc nd li, N.Y
[8] N.Berdyaev (1994), Trgng thdi tinh thdn cua thi gidi hiin dgi, Mitxcava
[9] N.I.Moiseev (1993), Vuon len l^ tinh Nhihig bdi gidng ve ihi^il tien hda phd qudt vd nhung ung dyng cua nd, Mitxcava
[10] N.I.Moiseev (1995), S^r phdt sinh hdi ngudi hiin dgi vd nhiing buac ngodt cua nin vdn minh, Phdn tich chinh sdeh sinh thdi, "Nhiing
vin de triit hpc", No.5
[II] P.Sorokin (1959), Khung hodng dia thai dgi chiing ta, - Con nguai van minh xd hgi, N.Y [12] P.Sorokin (1959), Khiing hodng cua thai dgi chung la N.Y
[13] P.Tillich (1994), DSng cdm ldn Igi, Cambrigie
[14] P.Ya.Chaadaev(1991), Toon/pp, t.2, London
[15] R.Gvardini (1990), S^e cdo chung eua thdi cgn hifn dgi, Maiz
[16] V.Sotoviev(199I),M«:'dfcftaia/tfi/i;«^Loodwi