Nhgn thiic lugn cua dng mang tinh phe phan tdt cd nhDng gl dang ap ddt, kim hdm nh|n thdc cua con ngudi, vd mang nhung d|c trung rieng: Tha nhdt, nhgn thdc lugn cua dng dupe xdy dyng tr
Trang 1MOT SO DAC TRUNG TRONG NHAN THdC LUAN CUA ADORNO
Phgm Vdn Dining'
' Th^c sT, Vien Tri^ hpc, Vi^n Hin lam Khoa hpc xll hpi Vift Nam
Email: duonglogic@yahoo.com
Nh|n ng^y 6 thing 4 n5m 2017 Chap nh|in d5ng ngiy 25 thdng 1 InSm 2017
Tom tdt: Theodor W.Adorno (1903 - 1969) la nhd tu tudng co vj tri quan trpng trong tnifimg phai
Frankfiirt Ong dd ki thira nhthig tu tudng c6 gia trj trong phep bipn chung cua C.Mac, phep bipn chung cua Heghen cung nhu cac tu tudng cd gia tri khdc ciia cac nha triet hpc phuang Tdy hipn dai
dl xay dyng nen mOt phep bi^n chdng mdi ma dng gpi Ik phep biin chiing phii dinh Nhgn thiic
lugn cua dng mang tinh phe phan tdt cd nhDng gl dang ap ddt, kim hdm nh|n thdc cua con ngudi,
vd mang nhung d|c trung rieng: Tha nhdt, nhgn thdc lugn cua dng dupe xdy dyng tren nguyen ly phi ding nhat; tha hai, nhdn mgnh chu the hOu sinh cua nhan thdc; thu ba, nhdn manh den npi
dung kinh nghipm ciia nhan thdc
Td khoa: Theodor W.Adorno, phep phii dinh bipn chdng, nguyin 1^ phi ding nhat, chu thi hiiu sinh
De xay dyng nen nhdn thde lugn cfla
minh, Adomo dd tiip thu nhiing tu tudng
eiia ngudi ding nghiep Horkheimer rdng
nhgn thde lugn eua chfl nghTa duy l^ luc dau
mang tinh khai sdng, song v i sau lgi mang
tinh bdo thd vd dp ddt quan nipm chu quan
cfla mOt s i ngudi vdo tu nhien cung nhu xa
hOi Nhdn thuc ludn dd da gdp phdn hinh
thanh nen tri thde edng cy ma ngudi ta
dflng d i thing tri ty nhien cflng nhu xd hOi,
Iam tha hda con ngudi Adomo cho rdng,
nh|n thdc luan cfla chd nghia duy ly hinh
thdnh nen tri thde edng cy vd di ngupc lgi
tinh thdn khai sdng ban dau, bdi nhan thdc
lugn do dupe xay dyng torin nguyin ly ding
nhat va nhflng khiim khuylt trong mdi quan faO chu khdch the cua nd Trin tinh thdn phe phdn dd, Adomo da xay dyng nin nh|n thdc lugn cua minh vdi ba dde tnmg
CO ban, do la:
Tha nhdt, nguyen l^phi dong nhdt
Td vipe phi phdn co sd nh|n thuc luan cua ehd nghia duy ly la nguyin ly ddng nhdt (khai nipm dong nhdt vdi su vat), Adomo dd xay dyng nin nhgn thde luan eua minh dya tren nguyen ly phi ding nhdt Theo dng, nguyin Iy dong nhdt Id sy dp ddt chd quan y chi cua chd the lln khach the
Vi vgy, d i xay dyng nhgn thdc Iu|n eda minh, dng da kiln quyit bdc bd nguyen ly
Trang 2ddng nhdt Ong viit: "MOt ldn nfla chung
tdi ggt bd sy ding nhdt v i mdt nguyin ly,
sy tiiih tgi eda khdi niOm sl bi nhdn chun
trong sy syp dd eua nguyin If ding nhdt
Khi ma nhdng thuOc ti'nh cua mSi khdi niOm
ehung ldm mat di sy khac bift cfla cdc thyc
the thi mOt triit hpc tuypt doi sl khdng cdn
gi d i hy vpng nfla" [2, to-.136] Sdu xa hon,
Adomo cho rdng nguyin ly dong nhdt cfla
ehu nghTa duy ly dd dan tdi sy dp ddt khai
nipm, quan nipm eda chfl nghTa duy 1^ cho
mpi ngudi, biin hp thdnh nhflng ngudi cd f
thdc mdt chiiu Td dd, Adomo da xdy dyng
nhgn thde lu|n cfla minh dya trin nguyin 1;^
phi ding nhdt, d d6 ludn nhdn mgnh din sy
khdc biOt gifl:a sy v | t vd khdi nipm
Sy khdng dong nhat gifla sy vgt va khai
niOm, theo Adomo, mdi Id thyc tgi chan
chinh eda nh|n thdc; nguyin 1;^ phi dong
nhdt dd mdi Id co sd dflng ddn eda nh|n
didc ludn Nlu nhu nh|n thdc lu|n eua chu
nghTa duy ly chu truong nhan mgnh den sy
ding nhdt trong sy khac bipt; thi ngupc lgi,
Adomo chd tmong nhdn mgnh din sy khdc
bi§t trong sy ding nhdt vd cho rdng chinh
mdu thuan do mdi la dOng lyc d i nhgn thdc
cfla con ngudi khdng ngimg phat trien
Trong nhgn thdc lu|n eda minh, Adomo ddt
tdm quan trpng cua nguyen I^ phi dong nhat
lln vi tri hdng ddu Ong cho rdng, trong qud
trinh nhgn thdc, nhflng khdi nipm phdi phdn
dnh va ndm bdt nhflng thupe ti'nh, bdn chdt
cfla sy vdt; song v i mdt nguyin tdc nhihig
khdi niOm s l khdng bao gid phdn dnh dupe
toan bp, trpn vpn ban chat cua sy v | t vao
trong npi hdm cua nd Vi v|y, ngudi ta ludn
ludn phai ty f thde ve sy chua ddy dd, chua
trpn vpn cua khdi niOm de khdng ngimg
hodn thipn tri thdc cua minh 6 n g Igp lugn
rdng, niu nh|n thdc xudt phdt td nguyin ly
ding nhdt tiu ngudi ta ehl can nhgn thue mOt ldn Id da ndm bdt duac hodn todn bdn chat eda doi tupng va nhu vdy, qud trinh nhgn thdc s l diing lgi bdi khdng con gj cdn phdi nh|n thdc sdu hon nfla "Nhdn thdc se mdt di vai trd cua nd trong vipe ndm bdt khdch thi mOt khi khdch t h i dupe quy v i
khai niOm ciia nd" [2, tr.l39] Ong cho rdng
sieu hinh hpc cu dya tren sy ding nhdt tuypt doi gifla khm niem vd sy vat, dd ldm mdt di vai trd cua chd the; chd thi bi giam hdm trong sy sung bdi vd mdt di khd ndng nhgn thuc thyc su Ngupc lgi vdi nguyen ly ddng nhdt ciia chd nghia duy ly, Adomo ludn khdng djnh nguyin 1;? phi ddng nhdt gifla su v | t va khai niem khi cho rdng, khdi niOm Id sdn phdm eiia qua trinh nhdn thdc nhung nd khdng bao gid ding nhdt hodn toan vdi sy vat va trong qud trinh nhdn thdc khdi niOm cung ludn dupe phat trien 6ng viet: "Khdi nipm ve sy vgt khdng phai la mOt tri thdc hodn thipn; md su di sdu cua nhgn thdc ve doi tupng do cd thi ddn tdi khai nipm sdu sde hon" [2, tr.l35] Adomo ciing ludn nhdn mgnh den nhiing thuOc tinh, tfnh chat eua ddi tupng md ngudi ta chua nh|n thdc duac, dng eho rdng d6 chfnh la phdn khdng d i i ^ nhdt gifla khai nipm vd sy vgt, ma dng gpi Id phdn phi khdi nipm dang "Idn trin" khdi khdi niOm Nlu theo chfl nghTa thyc chung hay chu nghia duy ly thi se chi cd mdt khai nipm eo quan
hO vdi su vat duy nhdt (dd duoc nh|n thuc hodn todn); cdn theo nhan thdc lu|n cua Adomo s l cd hai bp phgn cung tdn tgi trong
cung sy vat do: Mdt Id, nhflng thupe tmh
cua sy vat da dugc phdn anh vdo trong khai
nipm eua tu duy vd hai la, nhiing tfnh ehdt
chua dupe tu duy phan anh vao trong khdi nipm do Trong tu duy cua con ngudi, hai
Trang 3ITnh vye ndy cd quan he mat thiet vdi nhau
Chung tgo nin mdu thuan cfla tu duy, va
day chinh la dpng luc dh tu duy phdt tiiin
Nhu v|y, nguyen ly phi ddng nhdt giup tu
duy f thuc dupe rdng nhflng gi da nhgn
thdc dupe van con khiem khuyet, ehua ddy
dd va nhipm vy cita tu duy la tiep tyc tien
sau hon nfla d i ndm bdt nhflng thude tdih
chua duoc phan dnh vao trong khai niem
Trong khi do, nhflng khdi nilm, theo tmyin
thdng cua ehd nghTa duy ly, dupe tu duy
xem xdt trong cai doi Igp vdi nd la nhflng
thupe tinh chua dupe phdn dnh trong nOi
ham ciia chung Khi vupt bd khdi niem cfl,
tu duy phdi phan anh dupe nhflng thuOc
tinh mdi ma nhgn thde trude ddy chua phdn
dnh duoc ehdng trong nOi hdm eda nhflng
khdi nilm dd, cdn phdn ndm bin ngoai khdi
niem cfl, chinh Id cai khdng ddng nhdt cua
khai niem Nhu vgy, khdc vdi nhan thdc
lugn cfla chu nghTa duy \f mang tfnh dp dgt
vd ddng nhat hda, nhgn thdc lugn cua
Adomo ludn ty y thdc ve nhiing khiim
khuyet cfla tu duy, ludn quan tam va hudng
den nhflng gi chua duac khai niem hda
Theo Adomo, nguyin ly ding nhdt cua
ehfl nghia duy ly la sy phan anh khdt vpng
eye doan cua mOt t a i ^ lap xa hOi mudn dp
ddt quan niem cua hp len toan bO xa hOi, vi
thi nd dl nen va tude di khdt vpng nh|n
thdc eua nhttng ngudi khdc Vd chinh
nguyin 1^ dd dd Idm eho chu nghia duy ly
di ngupc lgi tinh thdn khai sang cfla nd,
biin nhflng tri thde, chdn Iy khoa hpc thanh
cdng cy d i cflng eo quyin lyc cho giai cdp
tu sdn cdm quyin vd hp dflng nd dh dd nen
vd dp ddt quan nipm cfla mlnh cho nhflng
ngudi khac, lam tha hda eon ngudi Ong
eung cho rdng, nguyin ly ding nhdt Id sy
ky vpng thai qua cua chu nghTa duy ly v i
sdc manh cfla tu duy Nd cflng chfnh Id gide
mo hu do Id sy bdp meo hiin thuc khi md chfl nghia duy ly khdng nhdn thdc the gidi hipn thyc trong tuih chinh thi phong phu vd toan dipn cua nd No thi hiin gide mo cua ehu nghia duy ly mudn ddng nhdt hoan toan khai niOm vdi sy vgt Song trin thuc ti, diiu do la khdng t h i thyc hipn duoc 6 day,
thyc chdt, nguyen If ddng nhat eua chu
nghTa duy 1^ la mOt sy ne trdnh, khdng ddm ddi dipn vdi tinh vd cflng, vd t|n ciia thi gidi, vdi sy phong phu va da dang eda doi tupng nhgn thdc N h | n thdc lu|n cua chit nghia duy ly da ding nhdt tuypt ddi tdt ca nhung ddi tupng da dgng vdo mOt khach the
ma hp coi Id ddi tupng nhgn thdc cua hp Ddy Id mOt su khiim khuyit cdn phdi khdc phyc di trdnh sy dp ddt chfl quan 6ng nhdn mgnh: "Ban than sy vat thi khdng cd chut ndo Id sdn phdm cua tu duy, nd Id sy phi ding nhdt thdng qua sy ding nhdt" [2, tr.l89] Ong phe phdn chfl i^JiTa duy ly khi
nd thu hep doi tuang nhgn thiic song, th|m chi ngay ed vdi dii tupng nh|n thdc dd hi thu hep do, thi ngudi ta cflng khdng thi nhgn thdc dupe hodn toan dii tupn^ Chu nghia duy l^ dd khdng dam thira nhdn khdi niOm v i sy vat chi phdn dnh mOt phdn b ^ chdt sy vat vd van con nhiing thuOc tfnh khdc chua nh|n thdc duoc Khai nipm vi sy
v | t la sy ding nhdt trong sy khdc bipt chd khdng phai la sy ding nhdt tuyOt dii Chinh
vi vgy, Adomo da ddt ra nhipm vy cho nhgn thdc lugn, do la phai ndm bdt dupe nhflng thuOc tinh, nhflng tfnh chdt chua dupe phdn anh vao trong nOi ham khai nilm, la phai vupt bo nhflng khai nipm logic
Thu hai, chu thi hOu sinh cua nhdn thiic
Bin cgnh viOc phi phan nguyen 1^ ding
Trang 4phe phdn hO hinh "chu - khdch thi" vdi tu
each CO sd nhgn thdc ludn eda chfl nghia
duy l;y 6 n g eho rdng, h i hinh nay chda
dyng nhflng khiim khuyit Sd dT nhu v|y Id
vi, chfl nghTa duy ly da thuc hidn mOt sy
truu tupng hda ve nhflng ddi tupng nhan
thuc cflng nhu chu thi nhdn thuc Nhu vdy,
chd nghla duy ly da tach tu duy, nh|n thdc
ra khdi con ngudi hdu sinh, thay vao do Id
mOt chfl thi nhdn thdc mang tinh 1^ tudng,
cd thi dung ra thay nhung ngudi khdc nhdn
thdc chdn ly vd dp dat chan ly dd cho mpi
ngudi, do la chd the dgi dien Chfnh diiu
nay da lam cho nhgn thdc ludn cua ehd
nghTa duy ly thieu di tinh chu thi dich thye
Mdt khdc, chd thi n h | n thdc quy gidm tfnh
da dgng cua doi tupng nhgn thde thanh
nhflng thuOc tinh giong nhau, cd thi so sdnh
dupe vdi nhau Cac ddi tupng da dgng dupe
quy ve nhflng thude tfnh ma chd thi nhdn
thdc eho Id bdn chdt, cdn tu duy thi tiip thu
nhflng hien tupng nhu nhiing hien tupng
dupe suy tudng O day, vile logi trd sy di
bilt cfla ddi tupng la mOt khuyet tat nfla
trong nhdn thdc lugn cua khoa hpc can dai
ndi rieng vd trong nhan thuc lugn cua chfl
nghTa duy ly ndi chung Viec chpn nhiing
khdch the ly tudng, mac du cd nhflng hipu
qud nhat dinh trong nghien cdu ddi tupng,
nhung nhflng khai niem md nhdn thiix; do
mang lgi se bd sot nhihig thuOc tinh khdc
biit cua Idp ddi tupng dd, nhdt la nhflng
thuOc tinh khdng biiu hiin mOt cdeh rd
rdng trong d i i tupng nghiin cdu dupe chpn
Theo Adomo, md hinh chu thi nhgn
thdc mang tfnh dai diln vd doi tupng nh|n
thdc nhu cdi dupe suy tudng Id hai khuyit
tgt cua chu nghTa duy ly Nd thdm nhgp vdo
mpi ITtoh ^ ^ ^^ *^ ^^* ^^^° ^ ^^ ^"9*^
thira nh|n nhu Id nhung chuan myc Day
chfnh Id mdm mong, nguyen nhan dan din nhflng phdt triin lech Igc cua chfl nghia duy
l^, bien chu nghTa duy If tix ly tinh khai sdng trd thdnh ly tinh cdng cy cfla giai cdp
tu sdn cam quyen cung cd quyin lyc de dp ddt con ngudi, lam tha hda eon ngudi Adomo phe phdn md lunh khdch - chd the mang tinh ly tudng cua chd nghia duy Iy
la khdng tudng: "Su gid dinh mOt md hinh tuypt ddi v l khdch thi md nd cd thi cho phep tu duy thodt khdi chfl thi Id mdt diiu
do tudng" [2, tr.l35] Nhgn thue lugn cua chu nghTa duy ly da logi bd nhiing ddu dn ciia nhiing con ngudi huu sinh, ddng thdi lay chu the trdu tupng lam tnmg tdm eda nhgn thdc lugn Ong phan dii vile ldy chfl the ndo dd de lam dgi dien cho nhflng chfl thi khdc, cho du chfl thi do cd uu viit din dau chang nfla, thi van la mdt sai lam Ong viit: "Mdt chfl thd hiiu hgn, nhu Husserl dd ndi rang nd la mOt phdn eda the gidi Bdn than nd da huy hogi edng vdi tinh tuang ddi, nd khdng the dupe sd dyng d l lam nin cho cai tuyet ddi" [1, tr.l5] Trong Hch sd triit hpc, tu sau Descartei^, ehd thi nh|n thdc cfla chfl nghTa duy ly la chu the cua tu duy vucft ra khdi tinh da tap eda con ngudi
di dam bao mang lgi ehan ly eho mpi ngudi:
Sy trdu tupng hda ay ddng thdi la su quy giam con ngudi vao thude tinh co ban cd the
so sanh dupe gifla mpi ngudi - mOt diin hinh cfla thuylt ca gidi: "Tliuylt co gidi the hiOn qua su ep bupc nay ^ lam dui mfl chfl thi tfnh va tu duy trd thanh cdi khdch quan, cdi md dung ddi lap vdi nd" [2, tor 17] Vipe chu nghTa duy ly quy nhflng con ngudi hflu sinh cd n3ng lyc nh|n thdc khdc nhau ve mOt ehu thi tu duy mang tinh dgi diln Id mOt
sy dp ddt Ldm nhu v | y nd dd bdp chit sy da dgng, phong phd v i nhgn thdc cua eon
Trang 5ngudi Khi dd, nhflng con ngudi hflu sinh bi
tach ra khdi thuc tiin va chi cdn each hpc
lgi, thda nhin va sd dyng nhflng khai niem
ma chd thi dgi diln da mang lgi Dieu nay da
biin nhflng eon ngudi vdn hit sdc ndng
dOng trd thdnh nhflng ke thy dOng trong hogt
dpng thyc tiin, phai cdng nh|n chan ly eda
ke khae Nhttng con ngudi httu sinh dd hi
ehu nghia duy ly biin thdnh nhfli^ con
ngirdi mdt chieu
De khac phue nhflng hgn che trong hp
hinh nh|n thdc lugn cua ehu nghTa duy Iy,
Adomo da tiip thu tu tudng hit sue quy gia
cua C.Mae v i pham trd thyc tien de xay
dyng nhgn thde lugn cua minh Ong ddnh
gid rat eao pham tru nay, vi "chinh d dd,
eon ngudi cd diiu kiln d l khdm phd, nhgn
thdc vd khdng ngung hoan thien ban than
minh" [2, tr.3] Adomo khang dinh: "Tieu
chudn thye tien la bat buOc ddi vdi mpi ly
thuyet, nd la tieu chuan de cdp tiu thye cho
ly thuyit" [2, ti-.143]
Han the, Adomo ludn nhan mgnh den
vai trd quan trpng cua ehu thd tinh trong
qua trinh hogt dOng thyc tiin ndi ehung va
trong nhdn thdc ndi rieng Ong khdng dinh:
"Chd the tinh, ban than tu duy duac gidi
thich khdng chi bdi bdn than nd ma cdn bdi
thuc tien, bdi nhflng sy th|t xa hOi; nhung
tfnh chd thi eua nhgn thde cho thdy nd
khdng tdn tgi ngoai tu duy, ngodi chu thi
tinh" [2, tr.l40] Chinh sy da dgng, da chiiu
cua nh|n thdc mang ddu dn chu thi d nhflng
gdc dp khdc nhau mdi giup tri thuc nhan
logi ve mpt van d i trd nen sdu sde va toan
diln hon, tranh duoe sy phiin dien, mOt
chieu cfla tri thuc Sy dOc dao cfla nhgn
thdc duac thi hiOn qua nhflng chiiu cgnh
khae nhau ve hipn thyc mdi gidp tri thde
eon ngudi ngdy cdng hoan thipn hon Diiu
quan trpng Id chfl thi tinh trong nh|n thde
se gidp ngudi ta trdnh dupre vipe bi nhdi sp bdng nhflng tri thdc mOt chieu Md lunh nhgn thde eda chu nghTa duy ly vdi chu the dai dipn dd lam mdt di chd thi tinh, chinh vi vgy nd mang lai nhflng tii thdc mOt chiiu, don dilu va mang tfnh dp dgt
Dl khdc phue nhflng hgn che trong hi hinh nhin thdc lu|n cfla ehu nghia duy ly, Adomo dd k i thira tu tudng cfla Husseri
trong "Hiin tugng hgc", nhdn mgnh din
mdi quan he khang khit httu ca gifla khach thi vd chd thi trong qua trinh nhgn thdc Theo dng, mdi quan hp dd hit sdc khdng khft; chd khdng phai Id mii quan he mdt chiiu khdch - chfl thi nhu trong md hlnh nhgn thdc ciia khoa hpc can dgi ndi riing vd chu nghla duy ly ndi chung "Ddi vdi Adomo, khong cd chd the ma khdng ndm trong m i i quan h^ vdi khach thi, ciing khdng c6 khach thi md Ididng cd quan he vdi chd tiii - mOt khach thi Id mOt khdch till dang dupe nhgn thde - chu thi c6 mdi quan
he m | t thiit vdi khach the, sy nhgn thdc mang ddu dn chfl the dupe danh dau bdi sy phy thuOc chat chl giiia chu the va khach tiii" [4, to-.108] Adomo nhdn mgnh rdng,
"niu khach thi thiiu di tinh y hudng eda chii ihi tinh thi bdn than nhiing thuoc tfnh cfla khdch tiii tord nen vd nghia" [3, to:.509] Chi ti-ong mii quan hp khang khit do ehu the mdi
cd thi ndm bdt, nh|n thdc v i ^ i tupng mOt each sdu sdc vd dOc dao Theo dng, trong mii quan hp dd thi tfnh y hudng eda chu thi khdng don thudn dOc Idp vd khdeh quan vdi dii tupng nhu trong nh|n thdc ludn eda chd nghia duy ly Ong khdng dinh: "Mdt khach tiii trd tii^nh mOt khach thi cfla nhgn thde, khia cgnh vgt ly cfla no dupic tinh thdn hda td
sy bdt ddu bdng edch chuydn vdo nhgn thdc
Trang 6ludn, bang mOt sy quy dinh theo each
phuang phap lugn nhd hipn tupng hpc eua
Husseri" [2, tr.l92] Cung mOt khach thi
nhung moi chfl tiii khac nhau, bdng tinh y
hudng cua minh se nhgn thuc ddi tupng tiieo
nhung chieu cgnh khdc nhau Nhflng toi thdc
cd dupe dd mang dam ddu dn cfla kinh
nghiOm chd thi va tinh y hudng cfla y tilde
Dieu dd gidp eho tri thdc con ngudi bdt di
cai nhin phiin dipn eua chd nghia duy ly
Nhd ti'nh f hudng cua y thdc, chd the mdi ed
khd ndng theo duoi nhflng khia cgnh khac
nhau cua ddi tupng, td do, moi chu thi mdi
cd nhiing tii tilde dOc dao, khdc biet vi ddi
tupng Vi vgy, khdi nipm cua cdc chu thi
khac nhau vl sy v|t, ngoai nhihig thuOc tinh
chung nhdt, cdn chda dung nhttng tri tiidc
dpe ddo, khae bipt, mang dau dn eda moi chu
thi nhdn thdc
Adomo ludn nhdn mgnh din mdi quan
hO hun ca gifla ehu the va khach the trong
nhgn thdc Theo Adomo, mSi sy vgt cd vd
van cac mdi lidn h§ khac nhau, nhung khai
niem v i su v | t chi phan dnh dupe nhung
thuOc tinh bdn chdt trong mpt m i i quan hp
nhdt dinh vdi chu thi nhgn thdc md thdi
Cho nen, moi chu the nhgn thdc, td quan he
cua minh vdi ddi tupng nhgn thdc, bang
kinh nghiOm dOc ddo eda minh s l cd nhirng
tri thuc khac nhau v l ddi tupng Chfnh dieu
dd lam nin sy da dgng, phong phu vd toan
dien cfla tri thdc con ngudi Ngupc lgi, sy
phong phu, da dgng va todn diOn cfla tri
thdc se biin mdt niu nhdng tti thuc do
khdng cdn mang ddu dn, kinh nghiim sing
dOng cua cdc chfl the khdc nhau Vi vgy, md
hinh nhdn thdc khdng gdn vdi nhflng chu
thi hflu sinh cua chfl nghTa duy ly s l ehi thu
duoc nhttng tt-i thdc, khdi niOm hit sde
phiin dipn vd nghio nan vi dii tupng
Tha ba, ddu dn kinh nghiim cua chu the trong nhdn thae
Do nhgn thue lugn cua Adomo duac xay dung trin nguyin ly phi ddng nhdt, ludn nhdn manh den sy khdng ddng nhdt,
su khdc biet trong sy ddng nhat gitta sy vat
vd khdi niem, vi vgy, dng dgc bilt nhdn mgnh din dau an kinh nghiem cua chu thi trong nh|n thuc Khi nghiin cdu phep bipn chung cua HIghen, Adomo da danh gia rdt eao vai tro quan trpng eua y niem trong qua trinh nhgn thde, do la tinh chd dOng sang tgo eda y thuc Nhung niu chi dimg lai d day thi sl la khdng du, bdi do chi la
sy suy doan vd nd can duoc bd sung bdng ndi dung kinh nghiim cua chd thi nhgn thdc trong hogt dOng thyc tien Niu thiiu
di nhflng npi dung kinh nghipm, eda chu the, khdi nilm se trd thdnh thd tuyet ddi khdng the tham nhdp dupe ddi vdi da so nhung con ngudi hien thyc
Adomo dgc bilt nhdn mgnh din vai tro
va kinh nghiem cua chfl till trong vile hinh thanh cac tri thdc Ong khang dinh tinh dOc dao, da dang va phong phu cua tri thde ludn gan lien vdi ehd thi ti'nh Ddi vdi dng, tat ca nhflng khai nilm, tri thdc dupe coi la tuyet ddi deu trdi nguoc vdi tinh thdn cfla phep bien chdng Do vay, nhiing khdi nilm logic, theo ong Id nhflng tri thuc nam ngoai thdi gian va niu nhgn thdc ngudi ta chi dflng lgi
d khdi niem Idgie s l la khdng ddy du, do ti'nh phi mau thuan eda chdi^ Trong nhgn thde ludn eo su phdt sinh vd giai quyet nhflng mdu thudn eda cac toi thuc Nhd nhiing mau thudn xudt hien trong nhgn thdc
ma chfl thi nli|n thde tim each khac phyc
va vupt qua dupe nhttng mau thuan do, de nh|n thuc sau hon ve ddi tuang Khdc phyc mau thuan bao gid cflng Id sy nhay vpt, la
Trang 7sy pha vo vd phu dinh khdi nilm cfl, ding
thdi cung Id "sy ra ddi khdi niem mdi sau
sdc vd todn dipn hon, do Id dgt den sy
khdng ding nhdt cua khai nipm" [2, tr.9]
Sy nhay vpt ve chdt trong nhdn thdc diln ra
khi chu thi dua ra mdt khai nipm mdi,
nhiing tri thdc mdi trong do mau thuan cua
ly lu|n xudt phdt dupe gidi quyit vd vupt
bd; con ddi vdi qud trinh hogt dOng thyc
tidn thi dd la vipe hinh thdnh mOt chinh the
mdi cfla tri thdc mang tinh bao quat va toan
dipn hon vai tu cdeh la sy phdt trien va ke
thira nhttng tri thuc cu Ddu an kinh nghiOm
ciia chfl the nh|n thde gdp phdn khdc phue
tu duy mOt chiiu ciia con ngudi Day cflng
la Id mdt ly do nfla gidi thfch tgi sao Adomo
phe phan he hinh chd thi dgi dien cua chu
nghia duy ly
Trai vdi HIghen, Adomo khdng thua
nhan dgt dupe chan iy tuyet ddi trong nhgn
thdc Bdi, dng quan niem nhdn thdc la kit
qua cua qua trinh hogt ddng thyc tien, ma
trong dd nhirng chu the hflu sinh khdng
ngimg khac phyc nhihig mau thuan gifla tu
duy vd tin tgi, nhd do tii thdc con ngudi
ngdy cdng sdu sdc va hoan thien hon Con
dudng bidn chdng cua nhgn thuc khdng kit
tiiiic d chdn 1^ tuyOt ddi Vide chu nghTa duy
ly ludn khang dinh rang con ngudi hodn
todn cd the nhgn thdc dupe chan ly tuyet
dii, theo Adomo, la ho da ap dgt y chi cua
minh, khai nilm eua minh lln dii tupng
Ong khdng dinh: "Khdng cd sy vat nao cd
the dupe nhgn thdc hoan todn; tri thdc cfla
con ngudi khdng bao gid c6 thi phan dnh
duoc hodn toan ban chdt sy vdt" [2, tr.l4]
Trong qua tiinh nhdn thdc nhttng chan ly cfl
sl bi phu dinh bdng chan 1^ mdi sdu sdc vd
toan diOn hon Vi thi gidi la vd ciing, vd
tgn, nen nhgn thuc cua con ngudi ngdy cdng
tilm c|n din bdn ehdt dd, eho nen khdng thi ddng nhdt khdi nilm vdi su vdt Tdm lai, ddi vdi Adomo, nhgn thuc la mpt qud trinh hogt dOng thye tiin ma con ngudi khdng ngimg giai quyit cdc mau thudn gitta sy v | t vd khai nipm nhdm ndm bdt cai chua dupe khdi nilm hda Tu duy cung nhu nhgn thuc eda con ngudi phai dya trin nguyin ly phi ddng nhdt, toanh sy dp dgt chfl quan, phdi ty y thde dupe su khiim khuyet, hgn chi eda bdn than nd de khdng ngdng hoan thien tri thdc Mdi chd the ngudi trong hogt dpng thuc tidn cfla minh
s l cd nhung tri thdc dOc ddo khde nhau vi ddi tupng Nhu vgy, mdi cd thi gdp phdn mang lgi su toan diln eda tri thde con ngudi
v i khai niem vd diiu dd s l tranh dupe sy don diOu mOt chiiu trong nh|n thdc Cdc khdi nilm ludn d trong qud trinh van dOng
va phat trien nhd gidi quyet cdc mau thuan gitta khai nilm va phi khdi nipm troi^ nh|n thdc Viee giai quyet cac mau thuin dd trong hogt dOng thuc tiin eda con ngudi se gdp phan md rOng ndi ham eda khai niem
cu, ddng thdi iam cho qua tiinh nhgn thde con ngudi ngay eang tiin sau vdo nhgn thde ban chat ddi tupng hon
Tdi lipu tham khao
[ 11 Adomo (1993), Hegel three studies (Trasnlated
by Shieny Weber Nicholsen with an introduction
by Shierry Weber Nicholsen and Jeremy J.Shapio), The MET Press, Cambrige
[2] Theodor W Adomo (1973), Negative Dialectics
(Trans E B Ashton), New YoricSeabmy Press
[3] Theodor W Adomo (1997), Subject and Object,
In Arato and Gebbardt, eds The Essential Frankfiirt School Reader, New York: Continuum
[4] Jonh Drabinsky (2008), Reconsidering Adomo,
Klesis - Revuephilosophtque/ April 2008