Ly luan ciia chft nghTa xa hOi khoa hpc cung cho rang, ea sd kinh td di thay the xa hdi ndy bdng xd hOi khac cao hon Id su phdt tridn cua luc lugng sdn xudt: "Khdng mOt hinh thdi xa hOi
Trang 1CHU NGHiA XA HOI HIEN THUC THE KY XX VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM
CHO XAY DlfNG CHU NGHIA XA HOI THE KY XXI
Le Thi Thanh Ha'
' Tiin sT, Vi§n Triit hgc, Hoc vien Chinh fri Quoc gia Ho Chi Minh
Email: hatriethoc@gmail.com
Nhin ngiy 28 thing 7 nim 2017 ChSp nhan ding ngiy I thing 9 nim 2017
Tom tat: Bdi viet lupc khao quan nifm cua cac nha sang Igp chu nghia Mde - Lenin vd tiin de thyc tien cdn thiet de thay thi chu nghTa tu ban bdng xa hOi mdi cao han la sir phat triin cua lyc lupng san xudt hi?n dai Va cung chinh sy phat triin ciia Iuc lugmg san xudt hien dai do se la dieu kien, la co sd di cai tgo xa hOi cu, xay dyng xa hOi mdl cua giai cap cdng nhan Ddng thdi, bai viet chi ra nhiing lech lac trong nhdn thiic va van dyng ly luan chii nghTa xa hpi khoa hpe khi xay dimg chli nghia xa hOi liifn thuc thi ky XX Tren ca sd do, rut ra bai hpc kinh nghifm cho Viet Nam va cac nude xay dyng chu nghTa xa hpi the ky XXI
Tft khoa: Bai hpc kinh nghiem, Chu nghTa xa hpi hifn thyc, the iif XX, thi ky XXI
1 Quan nifm cua cac nha sang l^p chu cdn chua chfn mudi trong long bdn thdn xd n^iia Mac — Lenin ve chu nghia xd hOi
Hpc thuydt ly luan vd chft nghia xd hpi
cfta C.Mac da ludn ehftng tinh tdt yiu, su
thay thi chft nghia tu bdn bdng chu nghia xa
hOi khdng phdi bang sy phdn nO cdm tfnh ve
dgo dftc, md nhu V.I.Ldnin chi ra: "Mac
hoan todn dya vdo va ehi dya vao nhiing quy
luat kinh te cua su van dpng cua xd hOi hifn
dai ma kit ludn rdng xd hdi tu bdn ehii nghTa
nhdt dinh se phai chuydn bidn thanh xa hOi
xd hOi chu ngMa" [6, tr.86] Ly luan ciia chft
nghTa xa hOi khoa hpc cung cho rang, ea sd
kinh td di thay the xa hdi ndy bdng xd hOi
khac cao hon Id su phdt tridn cua luc lugng
sdn xudt: "Khdng mOt hinh thdi xa hOi ndo
dift vong trude khi tdt cd nhung lye lugng
sdn xudt md hinh thai xd hOi do tao dia ban
hOi cu" [3, tr.15-16] Dieu ndy cd nghia Id, chu nghia xa hpi chi cd thd ra ddi trdn ca sd luc lupng san xudt da phdt triin tdi mfte trd thdnh mdu thudn khdng thd giai quyet dupe vdi quan he sdn xuat dd trd ndn loi thdi trong long xa hOi cu (xd hdi tu bdn) CMdc gpi ddy Id "tidn de thuc tien tuydt ddi cdn thidt,
vi khdng cd nd thi tat ca se chi Id su ngheo ndn se trd thanh phd bidn; md vdi su thiiu thdn lot do thi dt se bat dau trd lai mOt cuOe
dau tranh de gidnh nhung cdi can thidt, thd la ngudi ta lai khdng trdnh khdi roi vdo cung
sy ti tifn trude day" [1, ti-.49] Noi edch khac, "su phdt trien dy cfta nhiing Iuc lugng
sdn xudt", "sy tdn tai ed linh ehdt Uch su thi gidC" dy Id diiu kifn d i xay dung chu nghla
xa hOi, khdc phue sy tha hoa con ngudi, thue ddy du cho su phdt triin vdn cdn chua phdt hien muc dfeh cao nhat eua lich sft Id su phat tiidn, va nhiing quan hf sdn xudt mdi, cao tridn ty do vd todn difn cfta con ngudi hon, khdng bao gid xudt hifn khi nhftng diiu Bdn cgnh do, eung chfnh "sy phdt triin kidn tdn tgi vat chat cfta nhiing quan hf dd dy ciia nhiing lyc lupng sdn xudt" quy dinh
Trang 2tinh tat ydu cua vifc thu lieu ehe dg sd huu
tu sdn Ddc tnmg eua chii nghTa eOng sdn
khdng phdi Id xda bd chd dO sd htm ndi
chung, ma la xda bd che dO sd hiiu tu sdn
Nhung ehd dO sd hihi tu sdn, nhu CMde va
Ph.Angghen ehi rd trong Tuyin ngdn eua
Bdng Cgng sdn, "lai Id bidu hifn cudi cimg
vd hodn bj nhdt cfta chi dO tu hftu, tftc la
phuang thftc san xuat vd chidm hftu dya
ti-dn CO sd nhihig d6i khdng giai cdp, tren ea
sd nhiing ngudi ndy bdc lot nhftng ngudi
kia" Vdy Id, khi xda bd ehd dO sd hiiu tu
sdn, chu nghTa cpng san da xda bo chd dO tu
hftu ndi chung, vd nhu vdy, chi dd ngudi
bdc lot ngudi vd su ddi khdng giai cdp
trong xd hdi bi xda bd tft ngudn gdc kinh te
cfta nd Vi thi, nhu Ph.Angghen nhdn
manh: "Thft tidu chi dp tu hiiu Id mdt cdeh
ndi vdn tdt nhdt vd t6ng qudt nhdt vi vifc
cdi tao toan bp che dO xa hOi; vide edi tgo
ndy la ket qud tat ydu cua sy phdt trien edng
nghidp Cho ndn, nhftng ngudi cpng sdn
hodn todn dung khi dd ra vifc thft tidu chd
dO tu hiiu thdnh ydu cau chii yeu ciia minh"
[5, tr.452] Chi dO tu hftu dupe thay thd
bdng chi dO so hiiu xd hOi, sd hftu cdng
cOng, sd hftu chung, chd dO cdng hftu (cdc
thudt ngft ndy ddu dugc C M a c sft dyng
-L.T.T.H.) Kdt lu|n ndy dugc CMac nit ra
khdng phdi bdng cdeh suy 1^ Idgic thuan
tuy, rang phu dinh sd hihi tu nhdn sd Id cdi
ddi lap vdi tu hftu, tftc Id cdng hiiu Trdi lgi,
CMdc xudt phdt tft doi tugng chidm hihi dd
hidu vd chu thd vd phuang thftc chidm hiiu
Chidm hiiu mOt lyc lugng sdn xuat mang
ti'nh xd hOi hda cao nhu mpt "tdn tgi ed tinh
lich sft thd gidi" md chu nghTa tu bdn dd tgo
ra chi cd thd thyc hidn dugc bdng mOt chu
thd vdi tu cdeh xd hOi, tftc "tdt ca mgi cd
nhdn", cdn phuang thftc thyc hidn sy chidm
hihi do "chi cd thi thyc hidn bdng su Iidn
hgp" gifta cdc thdnh vidn trong xd hOi
Cung chfnh viec phdt trien Iuc lugng sdn xudt dat tdi trinh dO cao da dan den su phdt tridn cua edng nghifp hien dai vd ddy ciu'nh
Id CO sd ldm mdt di chd dO sd huu tu sdn Den mOt ehftng muc nhdt dinh, su tdn tai cfta giai cdp tu san khdng cdn tuang dung vdi su tdn tai cua xd hdi nua Nd khdng cdn kha nang tidp tue lam trdn vai trd giai cdp thong tri cfta minh Giai cap tu san tft cho la giai cap cdeh mgng trd thdnh giai cdp phdn dOng, can trd sy phdt tridn manh me hon niia cfta lue lugng sdn xudt Chd dp tu bdn chu nghTa se tat ydu bi thay the bdi mOt chd
do xd hOi cao hon, phu hgp vdi su phat trien cua Iuc lugng sdn xudt Vi vdy, "nhiing vu
khi md giai cap tu sdn dd dftng dc danh dd
che dp phong kien thi ngdy nay quay lai dap vdo chinh ngay giai cdp tu sdn" [2, tr.605] Ngudi sft dung vu khi do chinh la giai cap
vd sdn, giai cap cdng nhan hien dgi Khdng dinh didu do, C.Mac vd Ph.Angghen vidt:
"Giai cdp tu san khdng nhung dd ren nhiing vfl khi se gidt minh; nd con tao ra nhftng ngudi sft dung vft khi ay ehdng lgi no, do la
nhiing cdng nhdn hidn dgi, nhiing ngudi vd sdn" [2, ti.605] Theo dd, giai cdp vd sdn, giai cdp eong nhdn hiin dgi se trd thdnh giai cdp thdng tri khdng phai chi vi dd Id
giai cap bi dp bftc, boc lOt ndng nd nhat, ma
vi do Id giai cap each mang nhat, giai cap dai bidu cho sy phdt trien lyc lugng sdn xudt hidn dai
Tdng kdt kinh nghiem lich su ddu tranh giai cap cua giai cap vd sdn va xet dia vi kinh te cfta giai cdp dd trong ndn san xudt hidn dai, CMdc da ket lugn rang, de di tdi
mOt xa hpi khdng edn giai cap, giai edp vd sdn phdi trd thdnh giai cdp thing in va
ndm lay quyen lyc nha nude dd thyc hifn
sy thdng tri chfnh tri cua minh Ong viit:
"Nhiing quan didm Iy lugn cua nhftng ngudi cOng sdn tuydt nhidn khdng dya trdn nhiing
Trang 3y nifm, nhftng nguydn ly do mOt nhd cdi
cdeh thd gidi ndo phat minh hay phdt hidn
ra, nhftng nguydn ly dy chi Id bidu hifn khdi
qudt nhung quan he thyc tai ciia-mOt cude
ddu tranh giai cdp hidn ed, cfta mOt sy van
dOng lich sft dang dien ra trude mat ehftng
ta"[l,ft.6I5]
Nhu vdy, nhiing dgc trung ca bdn ma
CMdc vd Ph.Angghen vach ra, nhu dd ndu
tren, tdn tai tirong mdi quan hf tdc dpng
bifn ehftng vdi nhau Trong dd, lyc lugng
sdn xudt hidn dai la nen mong cua chft nghTa
xd hOi, la "tiin di thuc tiin tuyet ddi cdn
thiet" de xdy dung xa hOi xa hOi chu nghia,
cdn chd dO cdng hiiu vd tu lifu sdn xudt va
sy thing tri chinh tri ciia giai cap cdng nhdn
hien dgi la diiu kien, Id ca sd kinh te
-chinh tri dh cdi tgo xa hOi cu, xay dyng xa
hdi mdi, xa hOi khdng cdn giai cap, khdng
con dp bftc, bdc lOt, thye hifn sy phdt tridn
toan didn cua con ngudi trdn co sd lyc
lugng sdn xudt phdt triin cao vd cua cdi xa
hOi ddi ddo Chua cd dugc lyc lupng sdn
xudt hidn dgi ldm nen mdng thi chd dO cdng
hiiu vi tu lieu san xudt, su thdng tri chfnh
tri cfta giai cap cdng nhdn hidn dai chua cd
ca sd kinh td viing ehdc Co lye lugng sdn
xudt hifn dgi md khdng thidt lap ehi dO
cdng hiiu vd sy thdng trj eua giai cdp cdng
nhan hifn dai thi du mudn ciing chi tdn tgi
trong quy dao cua chu nghla tu bdn Nhiing
ludn diem cdn cdt tren eung ehinh la co sd
dinh hudng cho chu nghTa xa hpi tuang lai
2 Mo hinh xd hpi x9 hoi chu nghia the
ky XX - Nhung Ifch Igc trong nhdn thftc
va vdn dung ly lu^n chu nghia xa hpi
khoa hpc
Nhiing ngudi xay dyng md hinh chu
nghTa xd hpi hifn thyc thi ky XX do n h ^
thftc chua thyc sy dung tinh tiidn cua chft
nghTa Mdc - Lenin vd chft nghTa xa hOi
khoa hgc ndn dd gian luge hda chft nghTa
Mdc - Ldnin thdnh nhftng cdng thftc gido dieu, xa rdi quan diim lieh sft - cy thi Vifc nhdn thftc khdng ddy du, gidn don ve ti'nh chat khd khdn, Idu dai vd phftc tgp cfta cdng cuOc xay dyng chft nghia x5 hOi, khidn hp
da roi vao do tudng, ddt chay giai doan, cho rdng chft nghia x5 hOi se thdnh cdng trong khi chua xdy dyng dugc lyc lugng sdn xudt hidn dgi; nhdn thftc va vdn dung khdng dftng mOt sd quy lugt khdch quan, nhdt Id quy ludt vd sy phft hgp cfta quan hf san xudt vdi trinh dO phdt tiidn cua lyc lugng san xudt; doi Igp tuyet ddi, may moc chu nghia xa hOi vdi chu nghTa tu ban, tft dd cd
xu hudng phft dinh sgch tron chft nghTa tu bdn; xda bd ndn kinh td nhidu thdnh phdn tiong thdi ky qud dd; thdnh kidn vdi san xudt hdng hda, kinh t i thi trudng; eudng difu, td khuynh trong van dd giai cdp vd dau tianh giai cdp, eho rang dau tranh giai cap Id dpng lyc duy nhdt dd phat trien xd hOi trong khi chua xdy dung dugc dOi ngu giai cap cdng nhdn hifn dgi - dgi difn cho lye lugng sdn xuat tidn tidn; sy lanh dgo ve mgt chinh tri cua giai cap cdng nhdn chua thyc sy dya trdn co sd kinh t i vftng chac; chua chu tigng diing mfte den xdy dyng ndn dan chft xa hpi chu nghia va ca ehd dd ddm bdo ddn chu, ndn trong thyc td, tinh trang chuydn quyen, dOc dodn, mdt dan chu diln
ra khd phd bidn d cac nude xd hdi chft nghia hidn thyc NhGng sai ldm tren ddy do khdng dugc sfta chfta kip thdi, duy tii trong thdi gian ddi da trd thanh nguyen nhdn chfnh dua chii nghia xa hOi hidn thuc thi ky XX den tinh trgng tan rd hf thdng Dd eiing la bdi hgc vd vifc nhgn thftc vd vgn dyng khdng dung quan nifm cua cdc nhd kinh didn vd chu nghia xa hgi khoa hgc tdt sl phdi tia gia ddt trong thyc tiin Mat khac, sy sup dd ciia chft nghia xa hOi hidn thyc the ky XX cdn do dnh hudng
Trang 4cfta md hinh chft nghia xd hOi Lidn Xd vd
Ddng Au Md hinh ndy dd bi tuydt ddi hda,
coi nhu mOt trgng thdi Iy tudng khdng cdn
bd sung, phdt tridn, thdm chi trong quan hd
giua ede Dang ehju su dp d^t theo Iudng tu
tudng quan didm Xdviit Vi vdy, nhung thft
nghidm kinh t i thi trudng d Hunggari, Tifp
Khdc va Nam Tu vdi md hinh ty quan da
khdng dugc khuydn khich, cd vu sy tim tdi
hudng di mdi sang tao md cdn bi phd phdn,
coi dd Id ehu nghTa xet lgi, la tu ban chu
nghTa, xa rdi chft nghia xd hOi chinh thdng
Thyc te eho thdy, nhftng quan nidm mdi
vd thdi ky qud dp ldn chft nghia xa hOi trong
Chinh sdeh kinh le mdi (NEP) da dugc
V.I.Ldnin xdc lap vd dugc thuc tidn kiim
nghiem Id dftng ddn, nhu phdt trien kinh td
hdng hda, dp dung co chd vd quy ludt thi
trudng; tao ra nhung don bdy kinh t i dd gidi
phdng lyc Iupng sdn xudt, kich thich sdn
xuat vd tinh tich cue cfta ngudi lao dOng
thdng qua Igi ich; sft dung nhiing thdnh tyu
khoa hpc, ky thugt, cdng nghf, kinh nghifm
qudn ly cfta chu nghia tu ban, sft dyng cdc
chuydn gia tu sdn cd tdi phue vu lgi ich lau
ddi cfta chu nghia xd hOi; xdy dyng vd phdt
tridn nin ddn chu xa hOi chft nghia nhdm
phdt huy nhiing sang kidn vi dgi cfta qudn
ehftng nhan dan
Tuy nhidn, sau khi V.I.Lenin mdt, md
hinh NEP ddn bj thay thi bdi mpt quan
nidm vd cdeh lam khac de xdy dung chft
nghTa xa hdi hipn thyc Xtalin va Ddng
Cdng sdn Lidn Xd dd thyc hidn xdy dung
chft nghTa xa hpi bdng mOt md hinh khde
-md hinh chu nghta xa hOi kidu tdeh rdi lye
lugng sdn xudt vdi quan he sdn xudt, khdng
tap ti-ung phdt tridn lyc lugng sdn xuat ma
tap trung vdo giai quyet vdn dd quan hf sdn
xudt, ddc bidt la vdn d i sd hftu tu lifu sdn
xudt Xac lap chd dO sd hihi trong ehu nghTa
xd hdi chi vdi hai hinh thftc la sd hftu xd hOi
(cdng hihi ve tu lieu sdn xudt, nhd nude la dgi difn) vd sd hiiu tap the: Cac hgp tdc xd, cac ndng trudng, ndng trang Cdc thdnh phan kinh t i khdng thupe ve hai hinh thftc
sd hiiu ndy deu bi coi Id "phi xd hOi chii' nghTa" Nen kinh te dugc ddc tnmg bdi
kinh t i hifn v$t vdi phuang thftc quan If Id
kd hogch hda tap trung cao dO, quydn quan
ly thude ve Nhd nude Hinh thftc phan phoi binh qudn chu nghia, thidu quan tdm din lgi ich ngudi lao dOng da Idm trift tidu dpng lyc thftc ddy xd hOi phdt tridn Vd chfnh tri, chua xay dyng dugc ca che ddm bdo dan chu trong sinh hoat dang vd trong hoat dpng cua nhd nude nhu chi ddn cua V.I.Ldnin Thidu ddn chft dd ddn din cac td nan ldng phi, quan Iidu, tham nhiing, tha hda tiong
bO mdy lanh dgo ddng, nhd nude, nhdt Id d cdp cao Chinh diiu nay da Idm cho nhdn dan bat binh, gidm siit long tin ddi vdi Dang, Nhd nude vd trd thanh mdnh ddt tot cho eac thd lyc thu dich vdi chu nghia xd hOi triin khai chien luge "dien biin hda binh", phd hogi trdn linh vyc tu tudng, chinh tri, gieo cay cdc nhan td tu sdn phuang Tdy vdo trong he thdng Ddng, Nhd nude vd tiong xd hOi nhdm thuc hidn sy ty diln bidn, ty chuydn hda tu bdn trong
Md hinh chft nghia xa hOi vdi co chi ki hoach hda tdp trung, quan Iidu bao edp (md hinh Xdvidt) dugc thyc hifn d Lidn Xd tiong sudt giai dogn tft khi V.I.Ldnin mdt ddn khi Lidn Xd tan ra (ndm 1991) cung dugc dp dung khd phd biin vd gan nhu tipn vpn d nhidu nude xd hpi chu nghia khac trong hf thdng ehu nghta xd hOi hifn thyc
Sy If thuOc vao mdt khudn mau dd dan cdc nude xd hOi chu nghTa ddn tinh trang tri trf, sai lam vd khung hoang ttdm trgng Trong khi do, sy phat tridn nhu vu bdo eua cupe ednh mang khoa hpe - cdng nghf, nhdt Id tft nfta sau tiie ky XX, da lam bOc lp sy Igc
Trang 5hgu, bdt cdp nghidm trpng cfta ly ludn ehu
nghia xa hOi hidn thuc theo md hinh Xdviit
3 Bdi hpc kinh nghifm cho Vift Nam
va cdc nude xdy dung chu nghia x3 hpi
t h i ky XXI
Ddu thd ky XXI, chft nghia tu ban dd cd
nhftng sy didu chinh va thich nghi vdi didu
kien lich sft mdi mOt cdeh nhanh chdng Chft
nghia tu bdn da tan dung khd tiianh cdng
nhung thanh tuu cua cupe each mgng khoa
hpc - cdng nghd hidn dai dc phdt tridn lyc
lugng sdn xudt, tao ra nhung dieu kifn vdt
chat khdch quan cho sy tdn tgi va tidp tye
phat tridn ttong giai doan hifn nay Trong
khi dd, sau khi he thdng xa hpi chii nghTa
hien thuc theo md hinh Lidn Xd va Ddng Au
sup dd, nhung nude xd hOi chii nghia con lai
da bude vdo cdng cuOc ddi mdi, cdi cdeh,
md cfta vdi nhftng thdnh cdng nhdt dinh,
song cho ddn nay, nhin chung vdn chua vugt
dugc cac nude tu ban chft nghia ve sy phdt
tridn lyc lupng san xuat, mfte tang nang suat
lao dOng vd san xudt binh quan ddu ngudi
Vi vdy, vifc xdy dung chu nghla xd hdi d
cdc nude nay ttong the ky XXI cdn ndm
viing bdi hpc kinh nghidm sau:
Mot la, nhan thftc vd vdn dung sang tao
nhung nguydn 1;^ co bdn ciia chu nghia Mac
- Ldnin, dge bift Id quan nidm vd ehu nghTa
xd hpi cfta cdc nhd kinh didn - phdt trien
mgnh me lue lugng sdn xudt hiin dgi, van
dyng diing ddn quy luat quan hp san xuat
phu hgp vdi trinh dO phdt trien cua lyc
lugng san xudt Khdng dugc ndng vOi, chu
quan, ddt chay giai doan, nhu CMac da
khdng djnh: "Sy phdt tridn cua nhung hinh
thai kinh td - xd hOi id mOt qud trinh lieh sft
- ty nhidn" vd "mOt xa hOi, ngay cd khi dd
phat hifn dugc quy lugt tu nhidn ciia sy vin
dOng cua nd, cung khdng thd ndo nhdy
qua cac giai doan phdt tridn tu nhidn hay
dung sdc Ifnh dd xda bd nhung giai doan
dd", mac dau no "cd thd nit ngdn vd ldm diu bdt dugc nhftng con dau de" [4, ti.2I] Phdi khdng dinh rdng, mpt sd ludn diem
cu thd cfta chft nghia Mde - Ldnin dau Id diing ddn, nhung gid ddy khdng cdn phii hgp nfta, ho^c dd bj thyc tien vugt qua Song, nhin chung chft nghia Mac - Lenin
vd quan nidm vd chft nghia xd hOi, vd thdi
ky qud dO Idn chu nghia xd hpi cua cdc nha kinh didn v i n Id ly Iudn vd phuong phap ludn khoa hgc cho sy nh|in thftc, phan tich thdi dai ma khdng mOt hgc thuyet ndo co the thuc hidn dugc vai trd do Mdt sd vdn
de ly lugn vd chii nghia xd hOi vd thdi ky qua dO, do dieu kifn lich sft ciing edn phai nhan thftc lai cho dung vdi tu tudng eua cac nhd kinh didn, lieh sft xdy dyng chft nghta
xa hOi hifn thuc thd ky XX cung da chi ra nhieu van dd chung ta nhgn thftc chua dftng tinh than cua cdc nhd kinh dien Bdn canh
dd, khoa hpc vd thyc tien ludn bidn ddi, phdt trien ndn ly luan chft nghia xd hOi cua chft nghia Mac - Ldnin cung cdn dugc bo sung, ddi mdi vd phdt trien trong diiu kifn hien nay, cdn trdnh loi tu duy chft quan, y lgi vao kinh didn, khdng chiu tim tdi, sdng tao, nhdm lam gifta vide trung thdnh vdi chu nghta Mac - Ldnin vd benh simg bdi ly ludn, rap khudn, kinh vifn, gido didu
Hai la khdc phue Idi tu duy giao dieu vd
md hinh chu nghta xa hOi hifn thyc thd k^
XX vd tidp tue phdt tridn ly luan vd md hinh chu nghia xa hgi tiii ky XXI Phdi khdng dinh rdng, ldi tu duy gido dieu vd md hinh chu nghia xa hOi hifn thuc tiii ky XX da dnh hudng din vide xdy dyng chu nghta xd hOi tiid ky XXI d cac nude xd hOi chii nghia con lai din nay la rdt ldn Vi vdy, vifc thoat khdi tu duy gido didu vd van dd ndy ttong didu kifn hifn nay Id dieu khdng don gidn Ddi mdi tu duy Iy Iudn v i chft nghta xa hOi
- nhu thuc td da diln ra trong cdng eupe ddi
Trang 6mdi d Vidt Nam thyc sy la qud trinh Idu
ddi Nhidu vdn de sau 30 ndm doi mdi vin
cdn phdi tiep tyc Iam sang td Chdng hgn,
vide chuydn tft ca ehe k i hoach hda tdp
trung, quan Iidu bao cap sang co che th|
trudng da diln ra hon 30 ndm nay, nhung
nhidu vdn dd v i nhd nude vd thi trudng chua
that ro rdng, vdn cdn tinh ttang ldn san, ca
chi "xin - cho" cua thdi trude ddi mdi vin
cdn tdn tai d nai ndy, nai khdc Do dd, dd
xdy dung thdnh edng chft nghta xa hpi khdng
chi ddi hdi mOt tu duy kham pha, sang tao,
md cdn phdi cd mpt tinh thdn ttdch nhidm
eao, phai co thai dO diing cam nhin thdng
vao sy thgt, cd quyet tdm chinh tri cao nham
vugt ldn nhiing quan nidm xo ciing, nhiing
ldi tu duy gido dieu quen thuOc
Ba Id, phan tieh xu thd tat ydu cfta thdi
dai va tinh d^c thft cfta moi ddn tOc khi xdy
dung chft nghta xd hdi Mdc dft md hinh chft
nghta xa hOi d Lien Xd vd Ddng Au sup do
khidn chu nghta xd hOi thd gidi tgm lam vao
thoai trdo ttong khi chu nghia tu ban van
cdn tidm ndng phdt tridn, nhung nOi dung
ehu ydu ciia thdi dgi ngdy nay Id sy qua dO
tft chu nghta tu bdn ldn chft nghia xa hOi
dugc md ddu bdng Cdeh mgng thang Mudi
Nga Tft nam 1916, ttong tac phdm Vi mgt
su biem hga chu nghia Mdc, V.LLdnin dd
khdng djnh: "Tat cd cac dan tOc ddu se di
len chft nghta xa hOi, do Id diiu khdng ttanh
khdi, nhung tdt ed cdc ddn tOc deu tidn ldn
chu nghia xd hpi khdng phai mOt each hodn
todn gidng nhau; mdi dan tOc se dua ddc
diim cfta minh vao hinh thftc ndy hay hinh
thftc khac cua che dp ddn chii, vdo logi ndy
hay logi khdc cua chuydn chfnh vd san, vdo
nhip dO nay hay nhip dp khdc cfta vifc cai
tgo xd hOi chii nghta ddi vdi cac mgt khdc
nhau cua ddi sdng xd hOi" [6, tt.l60] Tien
ldn chu nghTa xd hOi Id con dudng tdt ydu,
khach quan ttong lieh sft phdt tridn cfta
nhdn logi Tuy nhidn, d giai doan hifn nay,
tu tudng "cdc ddc diim ddn tOc", didu kifn ljch sft - xa hOi cy thd cfta moi dan tOc ttdn con dudng di ldn chu nghTa xd hdi Id didu cdn phm dugc tinh den, bdi khdng thd cd mOt md hinh rgp khudn, duy nhdt ve con dudng di Idn chu nghTa xa hpi thich hgp cho mpi qudc gia, mgi dan tdc Sy sup dd cfta chft nghta xd hOi hifn thyc theo md hinh Xdviet da cho chiing ta thdy diiu dd
"Dac diem ndi bat ttong giai dogn hifn nay cua thdi dai Id cac nude vdi chd dp xa hOi vd tiinh dO phdt tridn khdc nhau cimg
thn tai, vfta hgp tdc vua ddu tranh, canh
tranh gay gat vi lgi feh quoc gia, dan tpe CuOc ddu tranh cfta nhdn ddn cac nude vi hda binh, dOc lap dan tOc, dan chft, phat tridn vd tidn bO xa hOi du gap nhidu kho khan, thach thftc, nhung se cd nhiing bude
tien mdi Theo quy lugt liin hda cua lich su, Iodi ngudi nhdt dinh se tiin tdi ehu nghia
xd hor [7, tt.69] Dd Id didu ma Ddng ta da khdng dinh ttong Cucmg ITnh xdy dung ddt nude trong thdi ky qud do lin ehii nghia xd hdi (Bd sung, phdt triin ndm 2011)
Tai lifu tham khao
[1] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tap, t.3,
Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia, Hi NOi
[2] C.Mic vi Ph.An^hen (1995), Todn tgp, t.4,
Nxb Chinh trj Qu6c gia Hi Npi
13] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tgp, L13,
Nxb Chfnh trj Quic gia Hi Npi
[4] C.Mic vi Ph.Angghen (1995), Todn tgp, t.23,
Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia Hi Ngi
[5] C.Mic vi Ph.Anghen (1980), Tuyin lap, t.l,
NxbSvth|t,HiNoi
[6] V.LLanin (1980), Todn tgp, t.26, Nxb Tiin bO,
Mitxcorva
[7] DingCOngsin Vi5tNam(2011), VdnkiinDgi hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thU XI, Nxb Chfnh
tri Quic gia, Hi Ngi