Gid tri lieh sd va y nghta thdi dai eiia Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga cdn la d eho, nd da thue su tgo ra eon dudng each mang Nhflng tu tudng eiia Cach m ^ g thdng Mudi Nga dugc phd biln tren
Trang 1K t NI|M 100 NAM CACH M^NG T H A N G M\jCf\ NGA (1917 - 2017)
CACH MANG THANG mj6\ NGA: GIA TRI UCH SiJ,
Y NGHIA min DAI, BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM THUC T I I N
CHO CONG CUOC DOI Mdl d VIET NAM
DSng Hihi Todn'
' Ph6 gi^o su, tiin sT, Vi^n Tri^t hpc, Vifn Han lim Khoa hpc xa hOi Vi?t Nam
Nhanngfty I9th4ng7 n5m2017 ChSpnh^ndangng^y 1 thing iO nim 2017
Tom tat: Cach m^ng thang Mirai Nga nSm 1917 da di vao ljch sit nhan lo^i tron 100 nSm vdi tu
each cupe each mang vT d?) nhit, cupe each mang da Ijim rung ehuyen va dao Ipn tr|it tv the gioi,
mcr dau cho mpt thcri d^i mdi - thcri d^i qua dp len ehu nghta xk hpi tren pham vi toin th^ gi6i Qua vi^c Ii4n giai gia tri Uch sir, f nghia thoi d^i cua Cach m ^ g thang Muoi Nga va bai hpe kinh nghi?m thgc tien ma n6 dem lai cho cdng cuOc doi mdi if Vi^t Nam, bai viet khang djnh: Vdi tu each do, Cach m^ng thdng Mucri Nga khdng chi Ik m$t gid trj tmdng ton trong Hch sur nhSn lo^i,
ma con la ngudn co vu ldn lao, ta sue manh khdng gi ngin can dupe ciia nhan ioai tien bp tren con dudng tu giai phdng va cung la bai hpc kinh nghidm th\rc tien cho cdng cupe ddi mdi theo djnh hudng xa hdi chu nghTa ma Dang va nhan d ^ ta dang quyet tam thgc hien
TUT khoa: Cach m^ng thang Mudi Nga, gia trj lich sii, f nghia thdi dgi va bai hpc kinh nghi?m thvre
tien, ddi mdi d Vi^t Nam
The ky XX - t h i k^ ma nhdn Ioai duac
"chung kien mpt phong trao cdeh mang sau
rpng tren pham vi t o ^ the gidi", da di vao
lich su Ioai ngucri vdi "nhOng din in cue ky
sSu sdc" Mot trong nhfhig dau an sau sSc
nhdt, m3i truong t6n va khong the phai ma
voi gia tri lich sur, f nghta thoi dai vh bai
hoc kinh nghi?m th\ic tiin cua no la Cach
m?ng thdng Muoi Nga (7 11 1917)
-CUQC each mang gSn lien vdi ten tudi ciia
V.I.Lenin vi d?i
Trdn 100 ndm dd troi qua, Cach m?ng
thang Muoi Nga vSn duge ca c^ng ddng
nhihig s\t ki^n vi d^i nhdt cCia lich sit nhdn
loaii - sy: ki$n da lam rung ehuyin va ddo
lOn trat t\r the gidi 100 ndm qua, cd cgng
ddng nhdn logi vdn thdy ro dnh sdng tir con dudng do euge edeh mgng vT dgi dy khai phd vdi tu cdeh eon dudng cua thdi dgi -con dudng qud dg len ehu nghTa xd h^i
L{ch stjt Ioai ngudi 100 nam qua dd dien ra vdi bilt bao thSng tr3m, voi khdng it khuc
quanh lich si, nhung Cdeh mang t h ^ g
Mudi Nga van mai trudng tdn trong Hch sur nhan logi vdi tu each "cuge cdeh mang vl d^ md ra thdi dai qud dp tijr chii nghia tu ban
Trang 2Gid trj lich sir va y nghia thdi d^ eua
Cach m ^ g thdng Mudi Nga trude het Id d
chd, vdi nude Nga, thdng lgi eua eudc edeh
mang nay da tri?t d l gidi phong nhung
ngudi vd san va ndng dan Nga khdi sir dp
bdc, hoc Ipt ciia ehil nghia tu bdn, cua ehe
dp Nga Sa hodng, ldm thay ddi hodn todn
dia vi xa hdi eua hp, nang ho len hang
nhflng ngudi chii th^t sir cua che dO xd hpi
mdi Vdi thdng lgi cua eupe each mang ay,
d nude Nga, ehinh quyen ciia nhung ngudi
lao dong dupre thilt lap; mdt xa h^i hodn
toan mdi - xa hpi xa hpi chii nghTa - ra ddi;
khat vpng giai phdng eon ngudi khoi mpi
su dp biie, hoc Ipt, bat cdng ciia bilt bao the
he, eua bilt bao nha tu tudng vT dai trong
lich sir nhan loEii ma CMdc, Ph.Angghen vd
V.I.Lenin la nhihig ngudi vT dai nhat dupfc
thuc hien; sir cdng bdng vd binh ddng giQa
ngudi vdi ngudi duofc tao ra; con ngudi
dugc song trong t\r do vdi diing nghla ciia
nd va hp duge tu do muu edu hanh phiic;
cae dan tpe dugc sdng trong hda binh, trong
tinh hflu nghi anh em Vd, nude Nga - mdt
nude von kem phat trien nhat trong sd ede
nude tu ban chdu Au khi do - chi trong
vdng vai thap ky, da trd thanh m^t eudng
qudc Sau Cach mang thang Mudi, nude
Nga xa hpi chu nghTa ra ddi da trd thanh
thanh tri vflng chac cho phong trao gidi
phdng cdc ddn tOc bi ap hue, trd thanh l\re
lugng chli yeu nhat euu nhdn loEii thoat khdi
tham hpa cua chu nghTa phatxit, tao dilu
kien va giiip da cho mgt loat nude d Ddng
Au, chdu A vd sau dd la d My Latinh tiin
hdnh thdng lgi cdeh mang gidi phdng va di
I€n ehu nghia xd hpi
Gid tri lieh sd va y nghta thdi dai eiia
Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga cdn la d eho,
nd da thue su tgo ra eon dudng each mang
Nhflng tu tudng eiia Cach m ^ g thdng Mudi Nga dugc phd biln tren pham vi toan thi gidi da khich 1? cdc dan tde thuge dia dimg len ddu tranh chdng lai nhutig ke
dp biic dan tdc, gianh tu do vd d^c lap dan tdc; d6ng thdi, dem lai mdt xung lire each mang manh mg eho phong trao cdng nhdn qude t l , tao ra mOt eao trao dau tranh each mang rOng khdp eua giai cdp edng nhan, dua giai cdp edng nhan trd thanh giai cap trung tdm eua thdi dai hien dai Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga khdng chi gdn ket each mang gidi phdng dan tdc thanh mot bp phan cdu thdnh eua edch mang xa hdi chii nghia, md cdn md ddu eho viee thdng nhat cae cupe ddu tranh each mang eua giai cdp eong nhdn vd ndng dan lao dgng vdi phong trao gidi phdng dan tde eua cac ddn tpe bi
no dich va bi 1$ thude thdnh mdt lue lugng thdng nhdt Nd da md ra cho cdc ddn tpe thude dia mOt con dudng duy nhat diing ddn d l ddu tranh vi ehii quyin va dde Idp dan tgc; qua do, trd thdnh ngdi sao ehi dudng cho cdc cude each mang gidi phdng ddn tdc, dem lgi hy vpng eho ede ddn tdc hi
dp buc ve kha nang thdng lgi hodn todn, kha ndng tu giai phdng Theo nghTa dd, Tdn Trung Son da ggi Cach mang thang Mudi Nga la hy vong vt dai cita nhan Ioai, edn Neru thi eoi cuoc each mang ndy la nen tang cua mgt nen vdn minh mdi Dudi anh hudng va s\i tdc dOng true tiip eiia Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga, ca mgt he thdng rong ldn eua chO nghta thuc dan cu tren toan the gidi da hodn todn syp do, hang loat nude thu0c dia d chdu A, chau Phi va chdu My Latinh, trong do cd Viet Nam, da gidnh dugc dge Idp dan toe, hang tram trieu ngudi duge gidi phong khdi xieng xich nd
le Mgt h§ thdng xa hOi ehua timg ed trong
Trang 3ehu nghta, ra ddi da ddng vai trd ldn lao
trong tien trinh phdt trien cua thi gidi hipn
dai - tidn trinh phdt triin vi myc tieu hod
binh, ddc Igp dan tge, dan chu va tien bd xa
hdi Hidn nay, hp thdng cae nude xa hgi ehii
nghta khdng cdn sau su sup do cua Lien Xd
vd cac nude xa hgi ehu nghTa Ddng Au
Song, van cdn dd mdt sd nude theo con
dudng xa hpi chu nghta, trong do co Viet
Nam, dang tien hanh edng cude cai each,
ddi mdi vdi nhflng thdnh eong khong the
phii nhan, tao ra mdt thi diing vflng vang
trong thd gidi ddy bien dpng Che dp xa hdi
ehii nghta khdng con ton tgi vdi tu each mdt
hd thdng the gidi, song dieu dd khdng ed
nghta ia eon dudng di tdi ehii nghTa xd hpi
da bi chan lai Qud do len ehii nghTa xd hdi
van la quy luat tien hda eua xa hdi Iodi
ngudi ma Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga la
thdng lgi ddu tien "Thdng lgi ddu tien do
chua phdi Id mgt thdng lgi cuoi ciin^', song
nd da md ra mgt thdi dgi mdi, mgt sir
nghiip mdi trong lieh su nhdn logi - s{r
nghiip gidi phong nhiing ngudi lao dgng
todn the gidi Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga
"dd bdt ddu su nghiep ay", cdn "bao gid vd
trong thdi ban ndo thi nhung ngudi vo sdn
nude ndo se hoan thanh dugc sir nghiep ay,
dilu dd khdng quan trgng Dieu quan trgng,
chinh la bang da tan, dudng da md, loi da
vgch ra rdi" [6, tr.l87]
Cach mang thang Mudi Nga da di vao
lich sit nhdn logi 100 nam, song thdng lgi
cua nd khdng phai da thuoc ve qua khii eiia
nhan logi Cach mgng thdng Mudi Nga vdn
tiip tue di vdo lich su nhdn logi trong the liy
XXI vdi tu each nhdn td thuc day lieh su
nhdn logi phdt trien theo dung quy dgo ciia
no - phdt triin theo con dudng xd hgi chu
nghia Lich sir nhan logi dang cd nhflng
tudng eiia Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga vdn tda sang, con dudng tien bd xa hgi, gidi phdng nhan logi do nd vach ra van Id eon dudng phat trien tiep theo eua nhieu qude gia, dan tgc Thdng lgi cua Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga cho thay ddy la eon dudng duge lira chgn hgp quy ludt, ddu khdng ed con dudng nao la thang tap, tu dgng dan tdi tien bd xa hgi Sir sup do ciia Lien Xd va ede nude xa hdi chu nghta Ddng Au cdng vdi su chung lgi cua phong trao cdng san qudc te da cd anh hudng tieu cue tdi su nghiep each mgng eiia eac dan toe dang dau tranh eho hda binh, dde lap dan tde, dan chu
va chu nghta xa hgi Tdn thdt ndy da lam chdm bude tiin cua nhdn Ioai len chii nghTa
xd hdi, khiln eho each mang xa hdi chu nghTa roi vao giai doan thodi trao, song khdng vi thi ma gid tri lieh su vd y nghTa thdi dai cua Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga da het va chu nghta xa hgi khdng cdn kha nang phat trien That bgi tgm thdi ay khien cho
"chli nghta xa hgi hien thuc tgm thdi lam vao thoai trao"; cuoc dau tranh cua nhan dan cac nude vi hda binh, dde lap dan tde, ddn chu, phdt triin vd tiin bd xa hgi gap nhidu khd khdn, thiur thdch Song, "theo quy lugt tien hda cua lich sii, Ioai ngudi nhdt
dinh sS tien tdi ehu nghta xd hdi" [2, tr.69]
100 ndm qua va se cdn nhidu ndm tiep theo nfla, thdng lgi eiia Cach mang thang Mudi Nga van dem den eho phong trao cdng sdn va cdng nhan qudc te, eho nhdn dan lao dgng va cac dan tde ydu chupng hda binh va tidn bp xd hgi tren toan the gidi niem tin vao kha nang thdng lgi each mang giai phdng giai cdp, giai phdng ddn tge, giai phong toan nhdn Ioai Va, nhu Chli tich Hd Chi Minh da khdng dinh:
"Gidng nhu mat trdi ehdi loi, Cach mgng
Trang 4thuc tinh hdng triiu ngudi bi dp buc, bde
Igt trin trdi ddt Trong Hch su Iodi ngudi
chua tung cd cugc cdeh mgng ndo cd y
nghTa to ldn vd sdu xa nhu thi" [3, tr.300]
(chiing tdi nhdn mgnh - D.H.T)
Ndi din gid tri '/c/i sa vd y nghTa thdi dgi
cua Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga khdng thi
khdng khdng dinh dgc dilm ea ban ciia cude
edeh mgng nay la "ed tinh tdt yeu lich su", la
"se tdi dien trong pham vi quoc te" Nhdn
mgnh dieu ndy, V.LLenin viet: "Ngdy nay,
chiing ta da cd trude mkx mgt kinh nghiem
qudc t l rdt phong phu chiing thue hien nhien
rang mgt so dgc dilm eo ban ciia cupe each
mgng cua ta khdng phdi chi cd y nghTa <£a
phuong, y nghla d§c bipt - dan tpe, y nghta
rieng eho nude Nga md ed f nghta qudc t l "
[5, tr.3] Bdi le, Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga
khdng ehi eho thay sir diing dan ciia hgc
thuylt Mde, tinh khdch quan ciia cac quy
lugt phat triin x§ hdi, md edn khdng dinh
con dudng qua dp len chfl nghta xd hpi la
con dudng phat triin lich sd - tir nhien
Gid tri lieh su vd y nghTa thdi dgi cua
Cach mang thdng Mudi Nga edn d kinh
nghidm d^u tranh each mgng vd gift vflng
thanh qua each mang ma no la mdt tim
guong sang ngdi Trong lich sii nhan Ioai dd
tdng cd nhieu phong trdo dSu tranh anh dflng
eiia qudn ehung nhdn ddn lao dgng nhdm
giai phdng khdi su bdc Igt va dp biic, song
tdt cd eac phong trdo dd ddu dd thdt bai d
day, cd nhiiu nguydn nhan vd mdt trong
nhflng nguyen nhdn ca bdn, theo V.I.Lenin,
Id d cho, bdt cii mdt cude cdeh mgng ndo
cung chi c6 gja tri khi nd bilt tyc ve, nhung
khdng phdi cdeh mgng cd thi bilt ngay dugc
each tu V? Cach mgng la s\r thiic tinh cua
hang tri^u ngudi ve cuOc ddi mdi va do vdy,
can phdi c6 thdi gian Cach mgng thang
sdng tgo vd dh lai eho chiing ta mgt bai hpc
quy bau trong dau tranh each mgng va bdo
ve cac thdnh qud each mgng
Thyc tien lich sit nhdn Ioai 100 ndm qua,
tien trinh phat triin cua cdeh mgng thi gidi
va sir nghiep qud do len chu nghta xd hdi d nhiiu nude trong nhiiu thap nien qua, cung nhu cdng cugc ddi mdi dat nude theo dinh hudng xa hgi chii nghta 6 Vi^t Nam vd d mgt sd nude khac tren thd gidi trong nhung ndm gdn ddy da eho thdy, Cach mang thang Mudi Nga Id mgt sir ki^n mang y nghia thdi dgi Id cugc edch mgng cd tde dgng manh
md tdi todn bd tien trinh phdt trien ciia the gidi Thdng lgi cfla Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga khdng chi la thdng lgi vt dgi cua giai cdp edng nhan va nhan dan cac dan tpe Nga, ma cdn la thang lgi vt dgi ciia giai cap edng nhan, nhan dan lao dgng vd cdc dan tdc bi dp biic tren todn t h i gidi Da khong cd va cung se "khdng the eg biic tudng ngdn each gifla nhung chidn thdng ciia Cach mang thdng Mudi vd nhflng chien thdng eiia each mgng xa hpi chii nghta quoc td" [4, tr.615] Thuc tien ljch sir nhdn logi da, dang vd se edn eho thay,
chinh thdng lgi cua Cdeh mgng thdng
Mudi Nga da tgo ra ca hgi eho nhdn logi thuc hi?n bude qud do lich su tir ehu nghTa
tu bdn len chu nghTa xd hgi tren phgm vi todn thi gidi, trong do bao hdm cd khd ndng qud do bd qua chi dg tu bdn chii nghTa ddi vdi eac nude chdm phdt triin md Viit Nam ta la mgt trong nhiing nude do
Co hdi dd da duge th\ie tiin Uch sii nhan logi 100 ndm qua xdc nhdn va Id dilu khdng the phu nhdn duge, cho du nhung bien dgng ddy bi kich ma nhdn logi dang phdi chiing kiln tu nhflng thdp niSn cuoi thd k^ XX den nay ed Iam eho tiin trinh
Trang 5Neu hge thuyet Mdc - Lenin la m^t gia
tri trudi^ tdn trong Uch sir phdt triin tu
tudng nhdn logi, thi thdng lgi cua Cach
mgng thdng Mudi Nga vdi tu each thdng lgi
ddu tien eua hpc thuyet do, thdng lgi dua
chu nghta xd hpi khoa hpe tii cho ehi la ude
ma cao dep cua giai cdp cdng nhan, eua
quan chiing nhan dan lao dgng va cdc dan
tge hi dp biie tren todn thi gidi "trd thdnh
m$t hi^n thuc trong xd hdi, ed sue manh vo
ciing to ldn ldi euon hang nghin tri^u ngudi
vdo hdnh ddng edch mgng, vi hda binh, dOc
lap ddn tgc, dan chu va tien bg xd hgi" [3,
tr.303], cflng la mgt gia tri lich sir trudng
tdn Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga khdng chi
danh di.u thdng lgi lich sir eua hpe thuylt
Mac - Lenin ddi vdi chu nghta eo h^i va
chu nghta cdi luang xa hdi, md cdn khdng
dinh siic manh cdi tao to ldn ciia ede tu
tudng xa hdi chu nghta Thdng Igi eua cu^c
edeh mang dy cho thdy tinh tdt ylu eua vi$c
sO: dung bao lure each mang ddnh dd quyen
thing tri eua giai cdp tu sdn, thiet lap ehinh
quyin edeh mang eua nhflng ngudi lao
dgng va xdy d\mg mgt xa hgi khong cdn
chl dg ngudi bdc Igt ngudi Thdng Igi do
dem Igi cho nhdn Ioai todn the gidi m$t
chan ly khdng thi bac bd Id bdt cii mgt che
dg xa hdi nao dd td ra loi thdi trong lieh sii
tdt ylu se bi thay the bdi mgt che dg xd h^i
tiin bO hon, khi qudn chiing nhdn ddn lao
d$ng dugc mgt dang each mgng chan chinh
Idnh dgo nhdt logt noi day ddu tranh dl t\r
gidi phdng Thdng Igi dy la mdt tdt yeu
khdch quan, no bac bd nhflng quan ni|m sai
ldm vl tinh vmh hdng cua chd nghia tu bdn,
cua chl dO ngudi bdc Igt ngudi vd nhflng
quan dilm cai luang chii nghia vl "s\f
chuyin hoa ddn dan" tii chu nghia tu bdn
len chu nghta xd hgi
mang thdng Mudi da "md ddu mgt thdi
dai mdi trong lieh su thi gidi, thdi dgi
thdng tri cita mgt giai cap mdi, giai cdp bi
ap biie trong tat cd cae nude tu bdn vd d khdp nai diu dang tidn tdi mOt cuOc ddi mdi, tdi ehS chien thdng giai cdp tu san gidi phdng nhdn Ioai khdi dch tu bdn, khdi nhflng cuOc chiin tranh dl qudc chu nghta" Thdng lgi dy da md ddu eho "mgt
su nghiap mdi me" trong xa hdi Iodi
ngudi - "sir nghipp sang tgo ra mdt kieu
che do nha nude xua nay chua timg ed"
-"ehd dd ddn ehu d miie caonhat eho cdng
nhan va ndng dan", "che do ddn chfl kieu mdi", "ehe dg dan chu vd san hay la
ehuyen ehinh vd sdn" [6, tr.184-185] That vay, thdng Igi ciia Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga khdng chi danh ddu sir ra ddi cua nha nude vd san dau tien tren the gidi, md cdn dgt nen mdng cho mdt ehl dg xd hdi phu hgp nhdt vdi cac lgi ich ca bdn cua con ngudi Nd khdng dinh ede ca sd chua tflng
ed trong Uch su ton tai x3 h$i eiia con ngudi; Chinh quyen eua ngudi lao ddng trong ddi song chinh tn, sd hiiu xd hgi vl tu lipu san xuat trong ddi sdng kinh tl, svr cdi^ bang trong ddi sdng x3 hgi, su binh ddng trong quan he gifla ngudi vdi ngudi Thdng lgi eiia cuOc each mang ndy cdn khai pha eon dudng mdi cho cd nhdn logi - eon dudng di tdi chii nghta xa hgi, dan tdi kha ndng sdng tgo to ldn vd tri|t dl nhdt nhdm
thue hi$n if tudng gjai phdng ddng dao
qudn chiing lao dgng bi ap biic, dua "con ngudi tfl vuong qudc cfla tdt ylu sang vuong qudc ciia tvr do" Nd cho thdy sue mgnh sdng tgo ciia eon ngudi, cfla quan chung nhan ddn lao dgng trong cugc ddu tranh tu gidl phdng vd md ddu mgt su
n ^ $ p kien tgo xa hgi mdi chua timg cd
Trang 6Trong thdi dai ngay nay, dnh hudng cua
Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga din s^r phdt
triin xd hdi la hit siic ldn lao Ngudi ta khd
cd thi chi ra mgt Imh vuc ndo ciia ddi sdng
xd hgi hien dgi ma lai khdng thd hien, phdn
anh kinh nghiim thuc tiin cua cude each
mgng ay Cdc tu tudng cflng nhu kinh
nghiem th\re tiin eua nd trong vi^c thay the
mgt ehd dp chinh tri - xa hdi Igc hdu bang
m^t xd hdi cdng bdng, binh ddng, vi con
ngudi vd sv phdt tridn eon ngudi dd dua
nhdn logi tdi tidn bg xa hdi, phat trien van
hda vd van minh, tdi chu nghta nhdn vdn
eao ca Vdi thdng lgi cua Cach mgng thang
Mudi Nga, cac dan tpe tren the gidi ngay
cdng tin tudng vd kien quyit ndm lay hipn
tgi va tuong lai ciia nin van minh nhan logi,
day manh sg nghiep dau tranh vi hda binh,
ddn chu va tiin bd xa hpi, tien hanh edng
cude xdy d\mg kinh t l , xd hgi va vdn hda
Bg mat ehinh tri - xd hgi hi^n thdi cua thi
gidi, cd the khdng dinh, Id kit qud hgp quy
lugt cua tidn trinh phat trien Uch sir ma
Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga da md ra
Gid tri lich sa vd y nghTa thdi dgi cua
Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga edn la d ch§,
thdng lgi eua cugc each mang nay dd eho
thay, trong thdi dai ngay nay, sir kit hgp tdt
yiu, hOu ea giiia cugc ddu tranh vi ddn chu
vd cuge ddu tranh vi chu nghTa xd hdl, giiia
ddn ehu vd ehu nghia xd hgi khdng ehi Id
m^e tiiu, md cdn la dgng luc mgnh me thiic
ddy tien bd xd hgi, dua c^ng ddng nhan logi
tdi cdng bdng va binh ddng xa h^i Vdi
thdng Igi eua cude each mgng nay, ldn ddu
tidn trong Uch sfl, eOng ddng nhan Ioai
khdng nhflng cd dugc edng bdng vd binh
ddng xd hgi, ma edn cd duge nhflng dilu
kipn bdo ddm thue hien cdng bdng va binh
ddng xa hOi dy vao thirc tien cuoc sdng
Chu nghta tu bdn da sdn sinh ra mOt cOng
dong dan tdc; song do s\r duy tri chl do ehilm huu tu nhdn tu ban chu nghta vd tu Iidu sdn xuat, nen nd eung tao ra sir khdng cdng bang, su bat binh ddng trong ddi sdng
xa hgi va sir ddi khang giua cdc dan tdc trong cgng ddng, chu nghta dan tgc hep hdi, ehu nghta sd vanh nude ldn, chiin tranh gifla cac qudc gia, cae ddn tdc Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga dd chi cho cd cdng ddng nhan logi thdy con dudng duy nhdt diing ddn dd gidi quyet van de ddn tgc, tgo ra mpt
xa hgi cd binh ddng dan tge, thinh vugng vd dodn ket dan tge - do la eon dudng gdn kit dgc l|p ddn t0c vdi chfl nghta xd h^i
Di theo con dudng ma Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga da md ra, van ddng trong quy dao cua each mgng vd sdn, trong ldgic tiin tdi chu nghta xa hgi, Cach mgng Viet Nam
do Dang Cgng san Vidt Nam ma ngirdi sdng Igp, ren luydn va Idnh dao Id Chu tich
Hd Chl Minh da gidnh dugc thdng loi ed y nghta Uch su va thdi dai trong eudc ddu tranh oanh liet gidnh lgi ddc lap, tu do, thdng nhat Td qudc va xdy dung chu nghta
xa hdi Mdt ky nguyen mdi trong Uch sfl dan tdc Viet Nam da duge md ra - ky nguydn dde Igp ddn tgc, ddn chu vd ehu nghta xa hgi
Van dung mgt cdeh khoa hgc vd sdng tgo nhiing bdi hgc lieh su, nhiing kinh nghidm edch mgng mang tinh phd biin vd sdu sdc cua Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga, Cdeh mgng Vi^t Ngm dd di tu thdng lgi ndy din thdng 10 khdc vd dang chOng minh cho gid tri lich sU, y nghTa thdi dgi cua cugc each mgng do Cd thi khdng djnh, thdng lgi cua Cdeh mgng Viet Nam Id thdng lgi cua ehu nghTa Mdc - Lenin, tu tudng Hd Chi Minh, ciia ly tudng Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga, cua mue tieu, ly tudng dgc lap ddn tgc gdn liin vdi chu nghTa xd hdi Vai thdng Igi vt
Trang 7the gidi, Cach mang Viet Nam da gdp phdn
khdng nhd vdo vipe khdng dinh vd tao nen
sflc manh eiia thdi dgi mdi - thdi dai qud do
tfl chfl nghta tu ban len ehu nghta xa hdi
trdn phgm vi toan the gidi ma Cach mgng
thdng Mudi Nga da md dau
100 nam qua, dudi anh sang cua Cach
mang thang Mudi Nga, sir nghiap each
mang thd gidi, dfl phai trdi qua bao bude
thang tram, khung hoang, thgm cht cd sir
dd va cua ehu nghta xd hdi vdi tu cdeh mdt
he thong thd gidi, song ehii nghta xd hdi
hidn thuc, vdi tdt cd nhflng edng hidn Uch
sfl cfla nd ddi vdi tien trinh phdt trien lieh
su nhdn logi dd, dang va se cdn la mdt gid
tri trudng tdn Con dudng ma Cdeh mang
thang Mudi Nga da md ra van tiep tue la
con dudng phdt trien tdt yeu, hgp quy luat
cfla lieh sfl nhdn Ioai Gid ddy, "chfl nghta
xa hdi tren the gidi, tfl nhflng bai hge thdnh
edng va that bgi cung nhu tfl khat vgng vd
su thfle tinh eua cae dan tgc, ed dieu kidn
va kha nang tgo ra bude phat tridn mdi"
Vd, cflng vdi dd, "cude dau tranh vi hda
binh, dOc lap dan tgc, ddn chfl, dan sinh,
tien bd va cdng bdng xd hgi se ed bude tien
mdi"[l,tr.65-66]
100 ndm qua, thue tidn lich sfl nhdn Ioai
dd minh chflng mgt each xdc dang rang,
thdi dai ngay nay van la thdi dai qua do tfl
ehu nghta tu ban Idn chfl nghta xd hOi ma
Cach mang thang Mudi Nga la diem khdi
ddu Thuc tidn lieh su dy, nhat la thuc tien
diln ra trong nhiing thap nidn qua, cung cho
chung ta thdy, chfl nghta xa hdi khdng thi
phat triin vd di den thdng Igi hoan todn neu
khdng thudng xuydn tu ddi mdi mOt each
cd nguyen tdc vd coi dd la con dudng tat
ylu khdch quan dd gifl vflng dOc l|ip ddn
tde I n dinh ddt nude, ddy nhanh tien dp
xdy dung chu nghta xa hgi Vdi tu cdeh
va phat triin trdn eo sd khoa hge Id chfl nghta Mde - Ldnin, ehfl nghta xa hdi khdng the khdng tu lam phong phu them, sdu sde hem bdng nhung tri thfle mdi, kinh nghidm mdi, ddng thdi thay the, logi bd nhihig kdt Iuan, lugn diem dd trd nen lae hau, bi thue tien Uch sfl vugt qua
Khi khdng dinh rang chung ta hodn toan diing trdn ea sd I^ luan cfla C.Mac, Iy ludn Ian ddu tien dd bidn ehu nghta xd hpi tfl khdng tudng thdnh khoa hgc, 1^ ludn dd dung ldn nhiing co sd vflng ehdc cho khoa hgc ay vd vgch ro con dudng ma chflng ta can phdi theo, dd phdt trien khoa hpc dd thdm niia vd phat huy nd vdi ddy dfl chi tidt, V.LLenin da chi ro: Chung ta khdng he coi
ly Iudn ciia CMac nhu la mgt cai gi da xong xudi hdn va bat khd xdm pham; trdi lai, chflng ta tin rdng ly luan dd chi ddt ndn mdng cho mdn khoa hgc ma nhung ngudi xd hdi chfl nghta can phai phdt trien hon nfla ve mgi mgt, neu hg khdng mudn trd thdnh Ige hgu ddi vdi cugc sdng Thuc tien cay ddng cua nhflng nam ddu xdy dyng chfl nghia xd hdi d nude Nga theo "chmh sach cgng sdn thdi chidn" vd thdng ipi bude ddu ciia nhflng ndm thue hien "chinh sdeh kinh t l mdi" da dua V,LLdnin tdi cho thira nhdn rang: "Ngdy nay, chflng ta ed quyin ndi toan b0 quan diem cfla chflng ta ve ehfl nghta xa hgi da thay ddi v l can bdn" [7, tr.428]
Theo do, cd the ndi, ddi mdi chu nghTa
xa hgi Id tdt yeu khdch quan nham ddp iing
nhung ddi hdi, ydu cau v l phuang di^n ly ludn cfla chu nghta xa hgi Mat khdc, thuc tien xdy d\mg chfl nghta xd hgi 100 ndm qua, ke tu thdng lgi qua Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga, cho thdy chfl nghta xa hdi khdng phdi Id mgt xd hdi dd hodn chinh ngay tu ddu, md cflng nhu mgi chl dg xd hOi khac trong lich sflr, nd edn phai thudng
Trang 8vd phdt triin hi?n thyc cfla lich sfl Chi cd
trin ea sd tu ddi mdi cd ly lugn ldn thtfc
tiin ehu nghTa xa hdi hiin thuc mai cd khd
ndng tim ra dgng luc phdt triin eua chinh
nd vd t{r vgeh ra con dudng eho su phdt
triin tiep theo eua nd va qua do, cho nhdn
logi tiin bg todn the gidi
Cdng cupe cai edch, d l i mdi chfl nghta
xa hdi khdng thdnh cdng d Lien X6 vd ede
nude xd hdi chit nghia Ddng Au dd ddy
chfl nghta xd hdi ldm vdo khiing hoang,
dua phong trao cgng san va cdng nhdn
quic t l vdo giai dogn thodi trdo tam thdi
Song, khdng the vi su khdng thanh eong ay
md coi do la "sy pha san" cfla ehfl nghta
Mac - Ldnin vd ly luan chfl nghta xd hgi
khoa hoc, la "sy that bgi" cfla Iy tudng
cdeh mang Khdng the vi thd ma Cach
mgng thang Mudi Nga dd khdng edn gid tri
ljch sfl vd y nghia thdi dai Thdnh edng cfla
cdng cupe ddi mdi, cdi each d cdc nude
theo eon dudng xa hOi chfl nghta, trong dd
cd Viet Nam, Trung Quoc, Cuba; vipe tidp
tue phdt trien theo dinh hudng xd hpi ehfl
nghia vd phong trao canh td d nhieu nude
trdn the gidi cho thdy ly tudng each mgng
do Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga khdi
xudng vdn cdn giU nguyin gid tri Uch su, y
nghia thdi dgi cua nd vd ly tudng do dang
ddn duge thuc hiin
Trong lieh sfl nhdn logi, chu nghta xd hgi
khoa hgc do cac nhd sang lap chfl nghta
Mac dua ra chi cd mgt, Cdeh mang thang
Mudi do V.LLenin vd Ddng C^ng san Nga
lanh dao thyc hipn chi cd mgt, song con
dudi^ din vdi chu nghta xd h$i khoa hpc
dd, ddn vdi ly tudng cfla Cdeh mgng thdng
Mudi Nga khdng phai la mOt, md hinh thi
hipn cdc luan diem khoa hgc va ly tudng do
cung khdng phai la mgt Sy nghipp cdi td,
doi mdi khdng thanh cdng d Lien Xd vd cdc
nude xd hgi ehfl nghta Ddng Au chi la sy
khdng thdnh edng cfla mgt md hinh tren con dudng thyc hipn 1;^ luan chfl nghta xa hpi khoa hge, ly tudng each mang Viec ly tudng edch mang xd hgi chfl nghta vd chfl nghta xa hgi hidn thue "bi ddy Iiii" d day khdng ed nghta la nd bi xda bd Nhung thanh edng dang khich le cua cdng cugc ddi mdi, sy on dinh va tiip tue phat trien theo dinh hudng xd hdi chfl nghta nhd ddi mdi mgt each ed nguyen tde, sdng tao va ndng ddng tren eo sd kien tri mye tidu dOc Igp ddn tdc va chfl nghta xd hdi, vdi nen tdng ly Iudn la chfl nghta Mdc - Ldnin, tu tudng H i
Chi Minh, ddi mdi dua vao nhdn ddn, vi Igi
ieh cfla nhdn dan, phfl hgp vdi thyc tien each mang sinh dgng, ket hgp sue manh dan tpe vdi sflc mgng thdi dgi, ldy dudng ldi ddi mdi dflng ddn cfla Dang ldm nhan td quydt dinh md Vidt Nam chiing ta da c6 dugc ban 30 ndm qua eho thdy, ly lu^n chii nghta xd hdi khoa hgc, 1^ tudng each mang
do Cdeh mang thang Mudi Nga khdi xudng vSn sdng vd dang ddn dugc thyc hipn, van
la nhflng gid tri trudng tdn trong Uch sfl tu tudng nhdn logi
100 ndm qua dd c6 rdt nhidu bdi vidt, tae phdm, edng trinh viit v l Cach mang thang Mudi Nga, song m i i ldn bdt ddu suy nghT
ve y nghta xd hgi va dnh hudng cfla nd tdi
sy phdt trien xd hgi, thi Cach mang thang Mudi Nga lai the hipn ra la cugc each mang
ma gia tri Uch sfl vd y nghta thdi dgi cfla nd ngdy cdng ldn lao "Cdi ngay vi dai ay cdng each xa chflng ta, - V.I.Lenin khdng dinh,-thi y nghta cfla cupe each mgng vd san d Nga cdng trd nen ro rpt, chflng ta cimg eang suy nght sau vd todn bp kinh nghidm thyc tien cua cdng tdc cfla chflng ta" [6, tr.l79] Dflng nhu vgy Ciing vdi ndm thdng, y nghta lich su cfla Cach mang thang Mudi Nga ngdy cdng dugc nhdn logi tien bg trdn phgm vi toan thi gidi nh$n thuc mgt each
Trang 9ro rang va sdu sdc hon Mdc du vgy, chflng
ta vdn khd ed thi dua ra mgt sy ddnh gid
todn di$n, ddy dfl ve gia tri Uch sfl, ve y
nghta qudc tl, y nghta vach thdi dgi cfla
eudc edch mang nay, t h ^ chi cd trong
tuong lai xa Mpt trong nhflng nguyen nhdn
cfla dilu dd la d chd, Cdeh mgng thdng
Mudi Nga Id cugc each mgng ehua timg ed
khong ehi trong thi kf XX, md trong ea
todn bg Uch sfl nhdn logi, euOc each mgng
md ddu "mgt sy nghiep mdi md" "sy
nghiep sang tao ra mdt kiiu ehl dg nhd
nude xua nay ehua timg cd", "md ra mdt
thdi dai mdi trong Uch sfl t h i gidi" Lich
su nhan logi trude vd sau Cdeh mang thdng
Mudi Nga dd timg cd khdng it ede cude
edch mgng xa hOi ed dnh hudng tdi sy phat
trien xa hgi, nhung Cach mgng thang Mudi
Nga van Id cugc each mgng mang f nghta
dgc bi^t trong Uch sfl nhdn Ioai, khdng cd
cugc edch mgng ndo cd thd so sdnh vdi
cude edch mang ndy Anh hudng cua cugc
edch mgng ndy tdi tidn bd xa hdi Id vd
cung vt dgi, sdu sdc so vdi dnh hudng cfla
cac eupe each mgng xa hgi khdc
100 ndm qua, cfl moi ldn den ngay ky
niem Cdeh mgng thang Mudi Nga thi ngay
dd khdng nhung Id ngdy hdi chung cfla ede
ddn tgc tiin bd, yeu chuong hda binh tren
todn the gidi, ma cdn la m^t sy khdng dinh
mdi cho gid tri Uch sfl todn cau, y nghta
vgch thdi dgi cfla nd, Id sy nhd lai "cdi vt
dgi" vd nhflng khd ndng tiem tdng eiia nd
trong vi^c cdi tao the gidi vi lgi ieh con
ngudi, vi tien bg xd hgi
Cach mgng thdng Mudi Nga thuc sy da
lam rung chuydn tgn gdc re toan bd tda lau
ddi ciia ehfl nghta tu ban tren the gidi Nd
md ddu cho nhflng cdi tgo xd hgi ca bdn
trong tiin trinh phdt trien lich sfl nhdn logi,
eho mgt thdi dgi lich sfl mdi - thdi dgi qua
do tfl chii nghla tu ban ldn chfl nghia xd hgi
tren quy md toan the gidi
Cach mgng thdng Mudi Nga trdn 100 tudi, song do khdng phai Id thdng lgi dd thugc ve qua khfl nhan logi Cach mang thang Mudi Nga van sdng, van dang thue hidn vd sg thuc hi$n thdnh edng chfle ndng eiia nhdn t l thfle ddy lich sfl nhan logi phat tridn theo dung qu^ dao cfla nd Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga vdn dang vd se cdn tiep tue
cd vu nhdn Ioai tien Idn ehu nghta xa hdi Kinh nghidm thye tidn cfla nd eho chflng ta thdy ro khdng trd nggi nao, khdng xu hudng ddi Idp ndo ed khd ndi^ chSin dflng sy phat tridn tidn bd cfla nhdn logi tren con dudng
di ldn chfl nghta xd hdi
Lieh sfl vdn phflc tgp vd ehua bao gid phat trien theo eon dudng thdng tdp Nd Id ddng ehdy lien tue, nhiiu chidu vd khdng thudn nhdt Va, trong sy phdt trien bidn chflng, trong qua trinh van ddng tiin ldn tu thap den eao, theo Ph.Angghen, lich sfl nhan logi sd ed ed "nhflng su vdn ddng ehfl ehi"
vd "nhung bude thyt lui tgm thdi" Dd Id quy ludt cfla lich sfl nhan Ioai Sy phdt triin cfla chu nghta xd hpi 100 nam qua cho thdy nd khdng ndm ngoai quy ludt dd Khi phdt trien khdng ngoai quy ludt do, chfl nghta xd hdi dfl dang ldm vao khiing hodng, dang hi sup
dd d noi nay, noi khdc, cdeh mang xa hgi chfl nghta dang d giai dogn thodi trao, song tdt yeu chfl nghta xd hdi vdn tidp tue tdn tai, phyc hoi va phdt triin, each mgng xd hgi chu nghta sd den giai dogn cao trdo, Iy tudng nhdn dgo, gidi phdng con ngudi, gidi phdng
xd hdi, thye hien cdng bdng vd hanh phflc cho con ngudi do Cach mgng thdng Mudi Nga dem Igi se nhdt dinh duge thyc hipn trdn quy md toan cdu
Chung ta deu biet, khi ndi v l Cdng xa Pari, CMdc dd khdng dinh edch mang ed thd
bi that bgi, nhung each mgng khdng bao gid
bi tieu dipt Dilu md C.Mae khdng dinh dd
Trang 10hoan todn dflng khi ndi ve gia tri lieh sfl, y
nghta thdi dgi cfla Cdeh mang thdng Mudi
Nga Vdi tu each kit qud phdt triin tdt ylu
cfla lich sfl nhdn logi, Cdeh mang thang
Mudi Nga vd ly tudng eao dpp cfla nd, gid tri
lich su vd y nghta thdi dgi cfla nd khdng bao
gid mdt Ngdy nay, con dudng tien len chfl
nghia xd hgi vdn Id mgt tat yeu khach quan,
nhdn Ioai tien bd tt^n todn the gidi vin
hudng theo nhihig ly tudng cfla Cdeh mang
thdng Mudi Nga - dd Id hda binh, dgc I|ip
ddn tgc, dan chfl vd tiin bd xa hdi Tiep thu
va phdt tiiin sang tgo nhthig ly tudng dd,
nhan logi tiin bd tren toan the gidl vdn dang
tiin hanh ddu tranh cho hda binh vd mdt trat
ty the gidi edng bdng, binh ddng vd tidn bd
Khdng chi la thanh qua cfla mdt eu0c
edch mang xa hgi, Cach mgng thdng Mudi
Nga cdn Id thanh qua phdt trien eiia vdn
hda, van minh nhan logi Vdi tu each do, nd
van mdi la cude each mgng mang gia tri Hch
sfl, ed y nghta thdi dai vd Id bdi hpc kinh
nghidm thyc tiin quy gid cho tdt cd cdc
qudc gia, ddn tgc qua do ldn chfl nghta xa
hdi tiong thdi dgi ngay nay Thdng lgi vi
dgi cfla cupe edch mang ndy vdn Id nguin
cd vfl ldn lao, la sflc mgnh khdng gi ngdn
cdn dugc eiia nhan logi tidn bg trdn con
dudng ty gidi phdng Anh sdng cfla tu
tudng Cdeh mgng thdng Mudi Nga khdng
bao gid tat Dudi dnh sang cfla eudc cdeh
mang nay, gidi phdng vd sang tgo - do vin
Id tiidt ly phdt trien eua thdi dgi ngdy nay
Cach mang thang Mudi Nga md ddu cho
vipe thyc hipn trong ddi sing xd hdi ly Iudn
each mgng xa hdi chfl nghta cfla ehfl nghia
Mdc - Ldnin vd giai cdp cdng nhdn Nga la
ngudi da dem lgi cho phong trdo c0ng sdn
vd cdng nhan quic t l kinh nghipm thye
hipn 1^ lugn dd "Kinh nghi$m dd, - nhu
V.I.Lenm dd khdng dinh, - se khdng hi qudn
di , se khdng thi bi ggt bd, dfl cho cdeh
mgng Nga va each mang xa hdi chu nghia qude t l sd ed trdi qua nhihig dot bien gian khi den mdy di ntta Kinh nghidm dd da di vao Uch sfl, vdi tinh cdeh la mdt thdnh qua ciia chfl nghta xa hgi, va can cfl vao kinh nghiem dd ma each mang quoc t l tuong lai
se xdy dyng ldn Idu ddi xa hdi chfl nghta cflaminh"[4, tr.473]
100 nam dd qua, Cach mgng thang Mudi Nga van di vao lieh sfl nhdn logi vdi tu edch cu^c cdeh mang vT dai nhdt - cude cdeh mgng, nhu Chfl tich Hd Chi Minh dd khdng dinh, "md ra con dudng giai phdng cho ede ddn tgc vd ed Iodi ngudi, md ddu mdt thdi dgi mdi trong Hch sfl, thdi dgi qud dO tfl chu nghta tu bdn len chfl nghta xd hpi tren toan thi gidi" [3, tr.301] Vdi hi each dd, Cdeh mang thdng Mudi Nga la mgt gia tri trudng tdn trong Uch su nhdn Ioai Doi vdi Viet Nam, thang Igi cua Cach mgng thang Mudi van Id ngudn ed vu ldn lao, Id bdi hpc kinh nghiem thyc tidn eho cdng cu0e ddi mdi theo dinh hudng xa hgi chu nghta ma Dang
vd nhdn ddn ta dang quyet tdm thyc hien
Tdi lipu tham khao
[1] DingC$ngsanVt§tNam{2001), Vdnki?nBgi
hpi dgi bieu todn qudc ldn thu DC, Nxb Chi'nh
ni Quic gia, Hk N^i
[2] Ding C6ng sin Vi^t Nam (2011), Vdn kiin Bgi
hgi dgi biiu todn qudc ldn thii XI, Nxb Chinh
tri Quic gia H i N$i
[3] H 6 Chf Minh (1996), Todn tgp, t.l2, Nxb
Chfnh tri Q u i c gia, H i Npi
[4] V.I.Lfinin (1978), Todn tgp, t.36, Nxb Tien bg,
Mitxccrva
[5] V.LUnin (1978), Todn tgp, t.41, Nxb Ti^n bO
Mitxcava
[6] V.LUnin (1978), Todn tgp, t.44, Nxb Tiin bO,
Mitxcava
[7] V.I.Lenin (1978), Todn tgp, t.45 Nxb Tiin b^,
Mitxcava