CHUYEN D 6 I N I E M TIN, TANG QUYEN VA NGirdfl PHU Ntr H'MONG THEO DAO TIN LANH d VUNG CAO BIEN GIQil MIEN NUI PHIA BAC VIET NAM**' Le Tran Quyen Tom tdt: Bdi viit tiep can vdn di ch
Trang 1CHUYEN D 6 I N I E M TIN, TANG QUYEN VA
NGirdfl PHU Ntr H'MONG THEO DAO TIN LANH
d VUNG CAO BIEN GIQil MIEN NUI PHIA BAC VIET NAM**'
Le Tran Quyen
Tom tdt: Bdi viit tiep can vdn di chuyin ddi mim Hn vd nguoi phu nit ngudi H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh vung cao bien gidi Viet Nam Qua co so ludn vi quyin luc vd gidi cdu true, bdi viet nhan dinh Tin Lanh dd trao cho nguoi phu nii mot ca hdi, thuc ddy hg van ddng vd dat duoc nhung ket qud tich cicc trong cugc sdng gia dinh Tien trinh trao quyen cho nguoi phu nit H'mdng thdng qua tdn gido tro thdnh nhdn td loi thay ddi dien mao ddi sdng tdn giao tin nguong vung cao bien gioi mien nui phia Bdc Viet Nam Bdi viit ggi md' vi triin vgng sic dung khungphdn tich quyin luc khd dung, irng dung cua nghiin cuu nhdn hoc ve chuyin ddi mim tin trin nhieu binh dien hgc thuat, ciing nhu
cd tren phuang dien nghiin cuu phdt triin, quan tnxahdi, hoach dinh vd thuc hien chinh sach, gidi quyit xung dot ton gido vung ddn tdc thiiu sd, vung tdc nguai theo dao Tin Ldnh a Viet Nam Tie khda: Chuyin ddi niem tin; Tin Ldnh; H'mdng; giai; tdng quyen; vitng cao miin nui
M d d i u
Lieu dao Tin Laiih cd trao quyen cho ngudi
phu nii H'mdng thieu sd vimg cao mign phia, va hg
trd thanh nhan td thay ddi dien mao ddi sdng tdn
giao tin nguong viing cao mien niii phia Bac
(Rumsby, 2019) Cau hdi ciia Rumsby xoay vao
mot van de cdn bd ngd, chiing ta chua cd dii thdng
tin trong nghign ciru ve viec chuyen ddi niem tin
theo Tin Lanh tai Viet Nam Trong ba thap ky gan
day, mdi quan tam nghien ciiu vg dao Tin Lanh d
viing dan tdc thieu sd d Viet Nam tang len rd ret ve
so lugng, mang tinh chuyen biet hoac lign nganh,
tap trung vao cac nhdm van de chinh nhu: i) su
thay ddi vg the gidi quan tir da than sang dgc than
thd Chiia ciia cdng ddng Tin Lanh; ii) nhan thiic
ciia tin dd; iii) mdi quan he vdi Due Chiia Trdi va
cac mdi quan he van hda xa hgi trong chuyen ddi;
'"'Bai viet nay la ket qua ciia de tai khoa hoc cap Co so;
"Mot so vdn di ve dao Tin Ldnh a vitng ddn tdc thieu
so mien niti phia Bdc Viet Nam " Phong nghien ciiu
ton giao, tin nguong tpc ngudi, Vien Dan toe hgc,
2019
iv) thiet che tdn giao theo chuan muc cua Tin Lanh
va anh hudng ciia chiing den cac thiSt chi truygn thdng; v) su bien ddi phong tuc, tap quan; vi) xay dung nhung gia tri, chuan muc dao diic mdi; vii) nhiing xung dot tdc ngudi tdn giao va bien phap giai trir xung dot (Tran Thi Hdng Yen, 2016) Tdn giao, gidi va quyen luc da dugc ghi nhan nhu mdt hien tugng phd bign trong nhieu nghien ciiu, mieu
ta nhiing thay ddi tich cue ve binh dien binh dang gidi, ngudi phu nii dugc giai phdng Gan day, nghien ciiu dao Mau, dg cap phu nii-tin do dao mau dugc trao mdt thir quyen lire mem, gan vdi mdt tign trinh the tuc hda va tinh giai tri trong ddi sdng tdn giao tin nguong dang chuyen ddi d Viet Nam (Vu Thi Tu Anh, 2006, 2011; Vu Thi Tu Anh, 2012) Lieu cd mau thirc quyen luc nao khac lign quan den niem tin va thuc hanh tin nguong tdn giao tai Viet Nam? Trao quyen dugc sii dung trong nghien ciiu gidi nhu la trgng tam hanh ddng nham can thiep hd trg phat trien nhung nhung ly luan nay hiem khi lign quan den cac nghien ciiu ddi sdng tin ngudng tdn giao d Viet Nam Bai vigt tiep can chuygn ddi niem tin d phu nir H'mdng dudi gdc nhin quyen luc, trao quyen Cd sd dii lieu ciia
P H A T T R I E N B ^ N V O N G V U N G Q U Y E N 9, S6 3 (9/2019) 41
Trang 2nghien ciiu nay dua tren viec nghign ciiu dien da
tai 5 diem nhdm dao Tin Lanh ciia ngudi H'mdng
tai 2 huyen Nam Pd va Mudng Nhe, tinh Dien
Bien, nam 2015
1 Khai liTtfc mot sd quan diem ly luan ve
quyen luc
Quyen lire la mot khai niem da chieu, phd
quat, the hien trong tat ca cac mdi quan he xa hdi
nhung khdng cd mdt khai niem chung thdng nhat
Cac nha nghien cim can cii vao cac chieu kich nhu
CO cau va thuc lire, mdi quan he, lgi ich hay vi tri
hgp thiic ciia quyen lire ma hieu khac nhau Theo
Le Minh Tien (2009), khai niem quyen luc (dugc
trich dan thudng xuygn nhat la cua Max Weber) la
kha nang ma mot chu thg hanh ddng - trong mdt
mdi quan he nhat dinh - cd the dat dugc mue dich
nhu y mudn cua minh bat chap su phan khang cd
thg cd tir ngudi khac cung nhu nhiing nen tang cua
kha nang dd (tr 67) Quyen luc gan hen vdi su
thdng tri", dugc hieu la toan bd eac mdi quan he xa
hdi ma d do quyen lire dugc thuc thi theo nhiing
nguyen tac da dugc thira nhan, tiic la su thdng tri
chi dien ra d nai ma quyen luc da dugc xac lap va
van hanh tren nhiing nen tang va nguyen tac cdng
khai hoac an ngam dugc su thira nhan bdi mdt
phan hoac tat ca mgi ngudi (tr 67) Giddens
(1984) coi quyen luc gan chat vdi hai pham trii
thuc luc va ca cau^ Chiing ta ed the hinh dung
viec ngudi phu nii' thudng bi giam ham trong cac
khudn khd van hda, d dd hg cho viec hg bi tudc
' Weber djnh ra mo thiic ba ioai, gom: kieu truyen
thong, uy tin ca nhan va sir hgp phap Mo thiic truyen
thong dua tren kieu niem tin vao tinh hop thiic ciia
cac truyen thong, su ton trong va quy phuc cac khuon
mau van hoa
^ Thuc luc la kha nang thuc hien nhiing lira chon co muc
dich ciia mot ngudi hay mot nhom ngudi Khi mot
ngudi CO nang luc lira chpn nhung ho (c6 the) khong
dii kha nang de sir dung thuc luc do mot each hihi
hieu thi do la do ho bi han chet bdi ca cau xa hoi No
la cac khia canh trong boi canh the che, trong do con
ngudi dang hoat dong gay anh hudng tdi klia nang
chuyen doi thuc luc cua hg thanh hanh dong He qua
la boi canh cua the che se it nhieu quyet dinh den tinh
hieu qua cua thuc luc
quygn la diing din va thich dang (Kabeer, 1999) Day la ca che de nhan ra lam thg nao ma nhiing ngudi phu nii, cac nhdm thieu sd bi rai vao tinh trang thua thiet, bat binh dang Becker (1993) nhan dinh phu nii, nhdm dan tdc thieu sd thudng dugc nudi day theo each tin rang hg khdng the lam dugc mdt sd viec nao dd ma ngudi khac cd the lam dugc Vi vay, phu nir hay nhdm xa hgi da tiep thu
vi tri thii cip cua minh theo each khien hg duy tri mai tinh trang bi tudc quyen cua minh (Nussbaum, 2001) Gidi nghien ciiu dua tren cac yeu td can ban cua quyen luc nhu ca eau va thuc lire; mdi quan he
xa hdi; lgi ich, va vi tri hgp thirc de xuat nen cac quan digm ly luan khac nhau, chang ban nhu: quan digm mac xit ve quyen luc, thuyet uu tuyen, nhan quan da the hay dudi gdc do nii quyen He thong cac y tudng ly luan nay lai dugc phan chia thanh cac ddng chu luu theo cac each khac nhau vi du nhu hai dang md hinh: i) chii thuyet thdng nhat; chu thuyet man thuan; cac thuyet hai hoa tmng dung giua hai ddng tren, ii) quyen lire ben trong; quygn luc vdi va quygn luc cho; quygn luc tir ben trong Do each tiep can va van dg nghign ciiu ciia cac tac gia khdng chi trong khudn khd nhan hgc nen d bai viet nay, chung tdi khdng trinh bay chi tigt timg dang thiic Dang ehii y va gan giii vdi van
de ciia bai viet dat ra la quan diem nir quyen'' ve quyen lire Nhiing hgc gia ung hg ly luan nay cho rang: i) quyen luc xuat phat hi cap do ca nhan (trong mdi quan he nam - nii trong gia dinh, xa hdi); ii) md thirc phd bien nam thdng tri, nii gidi d
vi tri bi thdng tri Ngudn gdc cita su thdng hi ke tren, la nguyen do ciia su bat binh dang gidi gdm:
^ Theo quan diem nir quyen, quyen luc mang dang thiic hai chieu: quyen luc cho va quyen lire vdi, khac vdi dang thiic quyen luc thong tn mgt chieu, mang tinh ap dat dugc ggi la quyen lire ben Uen De thiic day viec binh dang gidi, ung ho cho nhirng ngudi yeu the ben
le xa hgi, mot so nha nghien ciiu chu truong thiic day cac nguon iuc ben trong cua chii the hanh dong, trong
do CO viec tang cudng thuc luc nhan thiic va cac nguon luc bo trg dS tu hg tien len gianh lay sir binh dang Nhiing quan diem theo hudng nay dugc nhom vao dang thiic quyen luc ben trong theo khung phan loai noi tren
Trang 3lao ddng dc tra luong; viec nha; van hda, tinh due,
bao lue, nha nude (vi du nhu Syl^via Walby)
Trao quyen la nang luc cua mdt ca nhan hay
nhdm dg thuc hien nhiing lira chgn hfru hieu, nghTa
la thuc hien cac lua chgn va sau dd, chuyen ddi
thanh nhung hanh ddng va kit qua mong mudn
(Alsop, Bertelsen va Hollano, 2006, Xv 12-13)
Pham Quynh Phuang bd sung quygn dugc hieu
khdng mang y nghTa quyen hgp phap cdng dan cd,
ma mang ndi ham vi the xa hgi, quyen lire va nang
lire thuc thi cua ngudi phu nu trong bdi canh cua
van hda tdc ngudi, dugc nhin nhan va phan tich
dudi gdc do cua tinh chii thg tu quyet ciia ngudi
phu nii (2012, tr 21) Tiep can nay img hg quan
diem cua Mosedale (2005) khi xem sir tang quyen
cua ngudi phu niia la mdt qua trinh va trong dd hg
tu xac dinh va ndi rdng nhiing gi khien hg la chinh
minh va dieu bg cd the lam trong tirih hudng ma so
vdi dan dng, hg bi ban che
Tir thap nien 1990s din nay, trao quyen trd
thanh van de trung tam trong cac nghien cuu phat
trign Ngudi ta tin rang viec ngudi phu nii dugc
tham gia nhigu ban hg se cd kha nang tiep can tdt
han, thdng qua dd se giam dugc bat binh dang va
ganh nang se dugc giam bdt De nhin nhan va danh
gia hoat ddng trao quyen trong cac nghien cuu phat
trien, ngudi ta quan tam nhieu den nam khia canh
sau: i) trao quyen qua tham gia; ii trao quyen qua
dan chii; iii) trao quyen trong viec xay dung nang
luc; iv) trao quyen qua tang thu nhap; v) trao
quyen ca nhan (Oakley P., 2001; Pham Quynh
Phuang, 2012) Tir nhirng ylu td tren, Sara H
Longwe da de xuat khung phan tich 5 mire do
WEP (Women's Empowerment Framework) de dat
dugc su binh dang trong viec: i) ra quygt dinh ddi
vdi cac yeu td san xuit; ii) tham gia vao qua trinh
ra quyet dinh lien quan dgn quan ly, len ke hoach
va ra chinh sach; iii) nhan thuc vg vai trd gidi va
phan chia lao ddng theo gdi; iv) ve tigp can ddi vdi
cac yeu td trong san xuat; v) tiep can vdi cac ngudn
phuc Igi (Pham Quynh Phuang, 2012, h- 19) Nang
lire trao quyen phu thugc vao bai yeu td se tuang
tac vdi nhau: thuc luc va ca cau xa hgi Miic do tac
ddng lan nhau ciia chiing se anh hudng den mire do
trao quygn ma cd the truy van, theo doi tren ba
phuong dien sau: i) tdn tai su lua chgn; ii) sir dung sir lira chgn; iii) dat dugc muc dich vdi ket qua mong mudn (tldd, tr 13-14) Bdn dac tnmg phd quat cua quyen luc, gdm: i) quyen lire la mdi quan he; ii) ca nhan cd quyen lire tiem nang (sd hiiu ngudn luc) va quyen luc thuc hien (sir dung cac ngudn luc trong cac hanh ddng xa hdi); iii) mang tinh dinh hudng hoac ngan ngira hanh ddng cua ngudi khac, iv) mang tinh can bang hoac khdng can bing (Le Mmh Tien, 2009)
2 Nguoi phu nir, tinh trong nam va xa hgi H'mdng truygn thdng
Xa hdi H'mdng truyen thdng tao ra mgt khudn mau van hda cd tinh trgng nam dign hinh, ma ngudi phu nii cd vi tri thap kem ban ngudi dan dng
va hg ddng thuan vdi nd Phu nii nhu the chinh la ngudi thiet thdi, "diing cudi sd trong bac thang gia tri va quyen lgi cua tgc ngudi phu he" (Nguyen Manh Tien, 2013, tr 944) Tinh trgng nam the hien tren nhieu phuong dien cugc sdng, qua bieu tugng van hda, thuc baiih ddi sdng thudng nhat Be trai
cd tinh bilu tugng cao, xem la mdt tai san, tru cdt gia dinh sau nay, se sdng lau dai vdi cha me, thuc hien bach nhiem thd cimg td tien Vi tbi ngudi Hmdng chdn cudng nhau thai be trai d chan cdt chinh, ham y nd se lam tru edt gia dinh Ngugc lai, nhau thai cua be gai, dem chdn d xd budng vdi y quan xuyen viec bep niic nha ciia (Vuong Duy Quang, 2005; Trin Hiiu San, 1996) Vi thi, vai trd ciia con trai trong mau thiic van hda truygn thdng dac biet quan trgng O gia dinh H'mdng, neu ngudi
vg sinh con gai mdt bl toan thi hoac phai chap nhan, hoac ggi y ehdng lay them vg be, de cd dugc con trai Viec chdng lay them vg, sinh con trai, la mgt viec lam hgp dao diic Be trai dugc quygn uu tign nhieu ban trong cugc sdng, cung nhu trong giao due hgc hanh, cham sdc y te hoac hoach dinh tuang lai nghe nghiep Neu mdt gia dinh khd khan ve kinh te, gia dinh ngudi H'mdng thudng de dat ddng thuan viee be gai budc phai nghi hgc dl
uu tien cho em hoac anh trai tiep tuc di hgc Trong quan he hdn nhan va gia dinh, con gai thudng it cd quyen chu ddng lua chgn ban ddi nhu cac chang trai Trong hdn nhan truyen thdng, nha trai se tra cho nha gai mgt khoan tiln thach cudi de
P H A T T R I ^ N B E N V O N G VCJNG Q U Y S N 9, s o 3 (9/2019)
Trang 4rude cd dau ve va sau dd, cd dau duge xem la mdt
tai san ben nha chdng Cach thiic tien hanh nghi lg
truygn thdng dl lam cac gia dinh can kien cac
ngudn luc tai chinh He luy la cugc sdng cua ngudi
phu them thiet thdi, vat va hon sau hdn nhan Hg
chi sdng dugc nhd vao dat dai cua nha chdng, la
lao ddng phu trong gia dinh, mac du hg phai lam
viec vat va hon va lam nhieu gid dai ban so vdi
nam gidi Trong quan he hon nhan, neu chdng
chet, ngudi vg cd thg lay em chdng hoac d vay
Trong hoan canh nao thi hg de cd cam giac cugc
sdng be tac, chan chudng va dau khd Ngudi vg it
cd CO hdi gdp tiing ndi hoac dugc boi y kiln trong
cac cdng viec trong gia dinh va d ddng hg Ngudi
chdng nam giii kinh te, tien bac, de ra quyet dinh
sir dung, muc dich su dung Ngudi vg ddng vai trd
phu thugc khiem tdn mac du hg ciing ddng gdp vao
hoat ddng kinh tg chung va tao thu nhap khdng nhd
cho gia dinh Chi d mdt sd it hd gia dinh, ngudi vg
se quan ly tien nhung ngudi chdng cd tigng ndi
quyet dinh trong cac quyet dinh chi tieu Idn Tinh
trang ngudi dan dng thudng nam giii tai chinh, tien
bac trong xa hdi H'mdng dugc giai thich vi hg
thong thao tinh toan, cd hgc van cao hon, ranh
tieng phd thdng hon, gidi giao dich ban phu nir
Dan dng trudc day la ngudi diing tgn chii sd hiiu
tai san cd gia tri Idn nhu giay chiing nhan quyen sir
dung dat d, dat ndng nghiep, dat rimg hoac cac tai
san khac cd gia tri nhu xe may Thudng nam gidi
se dung ten vay vdn ngan bang uu dai hoac su
dung nd de the chap vay vdn, tiep can vdi cac
ngudn luc tai chinh
Trong vin dl lao ddng san xuat, nam gidi va
phu nu dugc phan chia tuong ddi theo khdng gian
va gidi Dan dng dam nhan khong gian ngoai xa
hdi, phu nii thi ganh vac cdng viee trong gia dinh
Trong lao ddng san xuat, thudng ngudi phu nii
phai lao ddng nhieu gid ban, di nuang ve cdn phai
lo cho con cai va gia dinh Hg it cd thdi gian cham
sdc ban than, it tham gia tiep can va hgc hdi, trao
ddi kign thiic tang gia san xuat hay ngudn lire cai
thien chat lugng cugc sdng Mo thiic xa hdi truyin
thdng trdng dgi nhieu d phu nii, hg cd it quygn lira
chgn hem nhung dugc mong chd dam nhan nhieu
viee ban tir ndi trg, lao ddng san xuat, tir gia dinh
den trong rirng Trai lai, ngudi dan dng co nhigu
khdng gian cho ban than minh trong ddi song thudng nhat Viec cua dan dng dugc xem la viec nang nhgc nhu viec xay dung nha cua, ddn gd, di san thu hoac di budn ban gia siic Tuy vay nhung khdng phai ngay nao hg ciing cd viec de lam, va do
dd dan dng nhan rdi va udng rugu trd thanh thii vui khi ranh, giiip cugc sdng cua ngudi dan dng dd te nhat Viec say rugu thudng lign quan dgn bao luc gia dinh ma ngudi phu nii chiu nhieu ton hai ca ve the chat va tinh than Neu bi chdng danh, hg thudng chiu dung Hdi phu nii, td hda giai lam viec Cling ngudi chdng nhieu lan nhung neu chdng con nghien rugu thi tinh trang dd lai tai dien Ngudi phu nir H'mdng da tham gia hau nhu hgt minh va lien tuc vi lgi ich cua nliiing ngudi ma phu thugc vao Hg sdng vi eon cai, gia dinh va vi chdng, hg it quan tam va ddi hdi ve quyin lgi hoac mac dinh phd thac ludn cho chdng quyet dinh
Mau thirc van hda truyen thdng trgng nam khien phu nir d vi the thap kem han nam gidi Ho chap nhan su sap dat cd tinh xa hgi nay ddi vdi ban than theo mgt tien trinli xa hdi hda tu' tham than cac gia tri van hda tgc ngudi trd thanh mdt phan tam thg ling xir ea nhan Bourdieu (1990) dien giai
la habitus, mdt toan the thdi quen va tam the hanh
vi cua mdt van hda hoac cua mdt mdi trudng xa hdi tham than vao ca nhan trong qua trinh xa hoi hda Ca nhan cd xu hudng tai tao cac tam the hanh
vi ay bang each kich boat cac khung hanh vi va thich ling chiing vdi cac digu kien hay hoan canh
ma hg sdng trong do (xin xem them Trinh Anh
Tung, 2009) Chiing ta thay khudn man van hoa truyen thdng, mac dii dang van ddng va thay doi cimg vdi tien trinh phat trign cua tdc ngudi nhung tu' than nd da ngam dinh tinh chat trgng nam - len Idi, cd huu d nhieu chiiu canh cua cugc sdng Dii nhan thirc hay vd thiie, can tinh trgng nam dinh vi tam the ngudi phu nii nhu mdt he luy tham thau qua viec hge hgc mdt each cdng khai hoac ngam ngam, trd thanh nhiing chuan gia tri cho phu nii, tao ngn cac chuan md thiic hanh ddng (md thirc hanh vi) ma d dd phu nii chap nhan viec minh thua thiet so vdi nam gidi vi dcm gian hg la phu nix Day
ia can nguyen tao ra mdt dang dinh tbiic van hda phu thugc, yem the cita ngudi phu nii H'mong trong khudn mau truygn thdng, cai dc ggi la
Trang 5habitus ca nhan ciia chinh hg Tien trinh mang tinh
cau tnic nhu chiing ta thiy, habitus tap thi hrong
tac trd lai ca nhan khien hg tiep nhan, tham thiu
nhiing gia tri dd mdt each vd tbiic Nd la vd sd cac
kieu hanh vi dugc gai vao san, chd de hanh ddng
trong cac bdi canh van hda hgp thirc theo mgt qua
trinh dugc ggi dd la qua trinh ndi hda nhung dac
tinh bgn ngoai Mgt khi tam thi hanh vi da hoan
thien va dat dugc miie do can dii, chung se giiip
sinh ra cac hanh ddng tuang ddng, vi du nhu phu
nii mac nhign thiy viec ylu the, mit quyin luc
trudc nam gidi trong cugc sdng la dieu hoan toan
hien nhien, chip nhan dugc mdt each de dang
3 Chuyen d6i niem tin theo Tin Lanh, sur
tang quyen cho ngudi phu nir
Viec chuygn ddi niem tin theo dao Tin Lanh d
•vung cao mign nui Viet Nam cua ngudi H'mdng
thuc chit la mdt ca duyen tinh cd qua he sdng
ngin hen radio (Ngo Tbi Thanh Tam, 2009) da tao
ra nhiing ddi thay sau sac trong ddi sdng kinh te
van hda xa hdi tdc ngudi Thdng qua do, mdt tbilt
chg van hda xa hdi mdi da dugc hinh thanh, cdn
ggi la cai ly mdi cua ngu'di H'mdng (Nguyen Van
Thang, 2009), gay ra sir chia re sau sac ben trong
cdng ddng, dat ra hang loat cac van de khac Mac
du vay, ngudi ta cung khdng the phu nhan rang
viec theo dao Tin Lanh da dem den nhiing tac ddng
va ddi thay sau sac tren nhilu phuang dien trong
ddi sdng van hda kinh tl xa hdi cua tdc ngudi Bai
viet nhan dinh viec chuyen ddi nilm tin theo Tin
Lanh cung cap va trao cho ngudi phu nii H'mdng
mdt bdi canh, sir lira chgn; bang each nay ngudi
phu nii thdng qua tdn giao, dugc giup siic, gianh
dugc nhieu lgi ich cho ban than minh, gia dinh, dat
cam giac hanh phuc Chieu ngugc lai, phu nii trd
nen mgn md viec thuc hanh niem tin va nep sdng
dao nhu la mdt he qua tat yeu Nhiing ddi thay nay
dac biet cd y nghia quan trgng ddi vdi ngudi phu
nii, dien ra chii ygu d pham vi hd gia dinh nhung
nd da va dang gdp phan thay ddi dien mao •vung
cao mign niii phia bae Viet Nam
Trong phuang dien tinh cam, cac mdi quan he
gia dinh dugc tdn giao cung cd va that chat
Chuyen doi theo Tin Lanh, tin dd phai thue hien
triet de nguyen tac hdn nhan mdt vg mdt chdng du
ngudi vg cd con trai hay khdng Ddi vdi ngudi phu nii, chdng la ngudi hg mudn la ngudi duy nhat va trgn ven hg gan bd, khdng chia se vi bat cir ly do
gi Ngudi phu nu dugc bao ve quyen Igi khi theo Tin Lanh, ngudi chdng se khdng dugc cdng ddng tin huu chap thuan khi cd quan he hdn nhan khac hay tinh due ngoai hdn nhan de tim kiem dira con trai Viec khdng ed con trai gid day "khdng phai ldi cua phu nii" do dd, hg se khdng chap thuan va chiu thiet thdi khi phai chia se ehdng vdi mdt ngudi dan ba khac Khac vdi quan niem truyen thdng, ngudi theo dao Tin Lanh khdng cdn lo lang
vg viec thd ma sau khi minh theo td tien, hg tin rang gid day, chet la trd ve vdi Chiia, dugc cham sdc an nhien vui sdng trong su yeu thuong va an sung cua Ngudi nen viec cd bay khdng cd con trai khdng cdn la ndi ban tam, khdng cdn la bieu tugng nhu nd da timg trong mdt xa hdi trgng nam truygn thdng
Han the, dan dng khdng chi bi bat budc tiet giam quan he tinh cam ngoai hdn nhan, phai cd trach nhiem hon trong cugc sdng gia dinh Viec khuyin khich dan dng bd rugu, thuoc la hay nhiing thdi hu tat xiu khac bao gdm ca viec danh bac, but thudc phien, da cho nam gidi nhiing lgi ich ve siic khde, tinh than sdng lac quan hon Hg dugc khuyen khich viec cd trach nhiem vdi viec nha, giiip dd ngudi phu nu thay vi y lai hay giao phd toan bd viec nha Ign vai ngudi phu nii 0 nhigu cap
vg chdng tre, budi chieu sau gid di nuong ve, ngudi chdng trdng con nhd, vui diia ciing chiing, dgn dep nha hoac lam nhiing viec nhu nghi thu cdng, trong khi vg nau ccmi Sau gid an, chong dam nhan giup cham sdc nhiing diia tre, giiip chiing di ngii Thay vi chiu cam giac phai lam vd
sd viec khdng ten mdt minh, gid day phu nix cam giac hg hanh phuc khi dugc chia se cugc sdng ciing chdng Hg ed nhieu thdi gian danh cho minh nhu viec tap hat thanh ca, hgc kinh thanh hoac tu lam dep bang viec khau va nhiing vay ao mdi Ngudi chdng thudng dugc nhac nhd vl viec ngudi phu nu ciing la ngudi tham gia lao ddng san xuat, ddng gdp vao tai san chung Do dd, hai ben phai tt-an tt-gng sir nd luc cua nhau, ciing cham chi lam an Ngudi vg budc dau dugc giao quan ly tai
PHAT T R I S N B E N V C N G VCJNG Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019)
Trang 6chinh gia dinh va lam viec nay tdt hem nam gidi
Tuy khdng phai tat ca mgi ngudi dan dng deu ban
giao cho vg minh quan ly tay hdm chia khda
' nhmig ho ngae nhien, bd quan niem quan ly tai
chinh tdt ban phii nii Ngudi phu nu H'mdng theo
dao Tin Lanh dugc hdi y kien nhigu hon trong cac
quygt dinh quan trgng phai sir dung ngudn luc tai
chinh Phu nir ndi rang dii khdng di dugc xe may,
nhung van thay •vui khi hai vg chdng cimg ban bac
viec sir dung mgt phin tien thu hoach vu ngd de
mua chiec xe may mdi, phu nii thich duge di chgn
mau xe du khdng bigt lai Viec bao hanh danh dap
vg hay tham chi la ming chiri vg cua gidi dan dng
cung bi phe phan la sai trai va yeu cau giam thieu
tien din tir bd Ngudi chdng dugc khuygn khich
thi hien sir yeu thuang ngudi vg thdng qua hanh
ddng va ldi ndi Neu anh ta vi pham cac tin digu
cac ldi ran ciia Chiia, thi ban than anh ta se chiu ap
luc tir trudng nhdm dao va cdng ddng Nhirng dac
quyen dugc xem la duong nhien dan dng ddi vdi
vg con trudc day, gid day hg se thay ddi cimg each
sdng ygu thuong, chiu trach nhiem hon Viec
chuyen ddi niem tin theo Tin Lanh dimg viec thuc
hanh cac nghi ll truyin thdng tdn kha tdn kem tiln
bac, bg danh dum va tich liiy dugc ngudn Igc tai
chinh trong gia dinh Thdng thudng mdt gia dinh
phai chi 10 trieu ddng cho td chirc dam ma (thay vi
40-50 trieu) va ca 15 trieu ddng cho mdt dam cudi
(thay VI 70-80 trieu nhu each thiic td chiic truyen
thdng) (Nguyen Quynh Tram, 2016) Vdi tu each
ngudi me, gid day, ngudi phu nu cd the nghT dgn
viec img hd va nudi dudng nhiing diia con minh an
hgc tdt hem, lau dai va ben viing ban klii co mgt
ngudn du trii tai chinh san sang cho tuong lai
Trong van hda truyen thdng, phu nir nhudng vi
the ddi ngoai cho chdng, it tu tin trong giao tigp vi
vdn kign thdc xa hdi ban che va kha nang ngdn
ngu it di thi da sd nay da tu bgc, tu dgc dugc tieng
H'mdng la-tinh hg da dgc dugc kinh thanh va hat
thanh ca Hg cam thay •vui vi gid day chinh hg tir
day dugc con minh bgc chu Hg tham chi chat vin
can bd iiy ban nhan xa khi hd sa giay khai sinh cho
con lau hon quy dinh 14 ngay cua nha nude Khi
can bd td thai do khdng vui vg viec ngudi H'mdng
theo dao Tin Lanh thi hg hdi lai "sao can bg lai ndi
theo Chiia la klidng tdt, nha nude cho chiing tdi
quyen duge theo, nha nude khdng cim thi sao can
bd lai ndi vay?" (Tu heu dien da tai Dien Bien ciia tac gia, 2015)
Thieu nu H'mdng theo dao Tm Lanh gid day chii ddng va cd dinh hudng ro rang trong viec tim kiem ngudi ban ddi ciia minh Thay vi bi ddng chd dgi sir xep dat cua gia dmh ket hgp vdi viec tim hieu lan nhau, gid day cac thieu nii H'mdng m^nh dan lua chgn, khoanh •vimg ddi tugng ban ddi dua trgn cac tieu chi nhu hg nen la ngudi H'mdng theo Tin Lanh de cd thg de chia se niem tin va thirc hanh ldi sdng dao, hieu va tran trgng gia tri cua vg
va gia dinh ban Bang mdt each nao dd, cac em thudng km tam nhieu hon cac khia canh cam xiic cua minh nhu la mdt yeu td dam bao rang cugc hdn nhan se duge hanh phuc, Viec mdt cd gai thich hat thanh ca chon lua mdt chang trai se khdng phai bdi
vi anh ta cd gi ma don gian la vi dd la mdt chang trai tdt, thien lanh va bigt chai dan Cd ke rang co mudn budi tdi ed mudn ngdi hat va anh choi dan ca hai Cling chia se cugc sdng theo each nhu vay dugc hieu la hanh phiic Mdt khia canh khac, mgt so era ciing khdng loai trir viec yeu hay ket hon vdi cac chang trai thudc tdc ngudi khac, theo tin ngudng truyen thdng Dieu ea ban hg gid day mong muon
d ban ddi do la bdn nhan dam bao dugc cugc sdng sau nay se hanh phuc, theo each higu binh di nhat ciia ngudi thiiu sd vimg cao
Ddi vdi trudng hgp ngu'di gia, hg la ddi tugng Cling cd muu cau chuyen ddi niem tin manh me Mgt tnrdng hgp gda chdng vi dng udng rugu roi hi benh gan qua ddi, nha chdng muon ba kit hon cung em ehdng ngudi ma ba cho rang ciing kha hem, mdi khi udng rugu, tinh khi hung ban ciia dng
ta se lam khd ba Trudc day, ba khdng thi trong cay vao ai vi khdng cd con trai May man, ba dugc con gai d Nam Fd, Dien Bien ddn vl hi que cii Ha Giang Con gai va con re vui ve giiip ba cd thg on dinh cugc sdng, ba cd cam giac nhu tim lai dugc chinh minh sau tit ca Tin Lanh la mdt su giai thoat cho phan ddi tam tdi trudc day theo cam nhan ciia ba Trudng hgp nay cho thay viec chuyen ddi niem tin khdng chi dien ra vdi nlidm phu nir cu the ma nd cd hieu luc thay ddi da sd neu khdng mudn ndi toan bd nhirng ngudi phu nii H'mdng
Trang 7Gia nhap dao, hg hang hai ban trong viec nhdm
dao, hgc hat thanh ca va cac cdng viec khac Ngudi
ta thay phu nii ciing tu tin trong viec xin di dao tao
cac khda hgc do Hdi thanh Tin Lanh td chiic Mac
dii ca cau nu trong cac diem nhdm dao cdn ban che
nhung rd rang ngudi phu nii nhan thirc dugc ca bdi
ciia minh, bat dau tan dung ea hdi de dugc lam
digu minh mong mudn
Cd mdt thuc tg dang lim y la phu nii, cung
nhau hg the niem nilm tin vao Chiia, da gay ra mdt
hieu img cd tinh ap dat trd lai ngudi dan dng trong
viec khien hg phai ddng thuan vdi viec theo dao
Tin Lanh va ddi vdi nhirng ngudi H'mdng chua
theo dao khac, dac biet la phu nii h-e tuoi Chung
tdi thay khi trong nha nguyen mgt sd thieu nii hat
thanh ca, ben ngoai cd sir tap trung ddng dan ciia
nhieu thieu nii va tre em Hg la nhung ngudi theo
tin ngudng tmyen thdng cu tni d nhiing khu vuc
lan can gan dd nhung bg din vi siic hap din cua
cac sinh boat ngay chu nhat va thii 5 hang tuin Hg
khdng budc vao nha thd vi chua gia nhap dao Tin
Lanh nhung ciing da bat diu tim higu va nhan thirc
dugc dieu trudc het khien hg cam nhan cugc sdng
cua hg cd y nghTa ban, loai bd cam giac budn chan
Nhung chac chan hg cung se nhan ra dugc siic hap
dan Idn lao cua viee dang thiic tdn giao nay da va
dang giai phdng nhiing ngudi phu nii ddng tdc vdi
minh nhu the nao Trai vdi sir hung phan nhat dinh
cua phu nii, trong mdt sd trudng hgp, dan dng
dugc phdng van cho rang hg cam giac minh bi mat
di rat nhigu thii nhu mgt phan cugc sdng trudc khi
theo dao
Mdt trudng nhdm dao tai Mudng Nhe giai
thich viec thudng xuyen it dan dng den du cac budi
le ban phu nir vi dan dng hi huge phai dimg dieu
minh thich trudc day Theo Chua la khdng dugc
udng rugu, hg udng lau thanh quen, gid khd ndi bd
la bd dugc ngay Ngoai viec phai bd di thdi quen
nhu it phai lo lang hay chia se trach nhiem vdi vg
-dieu ma trudc day hg khdng bi ai phe phan, gidng
nhu mdt mac dinh cugc sdng hg dugc quyen nhu
vay, nhung den nha nguyen thi bi mgi ngudi ndi
nen xau hd khdng thich di Nhieu ngudi da cam
giac mudn trd lai cugc sdng dd dii hien tai da theo
Chua Digu nay la ca sd giiip de higu them vi sao
dan dng thudng de nhat dao, bd dao, cdn phu nu thi khd ban The nhung nhiing ba vg la ngudi ludn
cd each de budc cac dng chdng phai tai nhap dao bang nhigu bien phap tao ra ap iuc nhu tuyen bd dimg cham sdc, phuc vu cam nude, giat giu quan
ao Phu nii bat dan dng mudn dung theo Chua phai
tu cham sdc ban than hoac giao phd trach nhiem cdng viec lao ddng, dgn dep nha cira cho dan dng Nhiing viec nay khign nhieu ngudi dan dng liing tiing va hg biet minh ciing phu thudc vao ngudi phu nii nhu thg nao trong cugc sdng Bgn canh do, ngudi phu nii mem mong giai thich va lien tuc nhac lai nhiing y ngbta tdt dep khi theo chua da cd nhung lgi ich nhu the nao dg chinh ban than ngudi chdng mudn •vugt len cam giac nhat dao, tim ra ddng lire dg phat trien ban than, la mdt ngudi chdng, mdt dng bd tdt Do dd, thay vi lam mdt ca nhan hoac thigu sd lac long, hg chap nhan lai tiep tuc theo Chiia mac dii trong tham tam, ddi liic hg van hoai niem ve nhiing phiit giay thoai mai udng say mgm rdi vit veo tren lung ngua, tim dudng ve nha
Nhu vay, dao Tm Lanh da cd mgt tac ddng hit siic sau sac den nhdm ddi tugng la phu nir H'mdng
d vung cao bien gidi Viet Nam Viec chuyen ddi nigm tin theo dao Tin Lanh mdt mat cung cap cho phu nii mgt ca bdi lua chgn va bdi canh hgp thirc, bao dam rang phu nu dugc lira chgn va da cd ket qua tich cue tren nhigu phuang dien cugc sdng ea nhan va gia dinh Dieu nay ngay ea chien sy va can
bd bien phdng d Mudng Nhe, Dien Bign ciing phai thira nhan rang, minh van ddng ddng bao tir bd hu tuc, thdn ban theo nip sdng ve sinh bao nam ma hg chuygn ddi kha cham, nhung Tin Lanh vao, nhanh chdng tao ra nhung thay ddi tich cue, bugc minh phai thira nhan hg lam tdt ban trong viec van ddng
ba con nang cao nhan thiic Dd la mgt qua trinh ma qua dd dao Tin Lanh trao quyen cho phu nii va nang cao vi the eiia hg trong bdi canh hien nay Tien trinh nay xay ra ngay tai nhiing dia ban heo lanh nhat, nhung hoan toan rd rang Nd se dac biet
rd rang va ndi bat hon d nhiing •vimg cd su tang cudng quan he budn ban giao thuong hoac cd ylu
td phu nu tham gia chudi gia tri toan ciu phuc vu
du lich nai ma ngudi phu nii tham gia vao tiln trinh budn ban trao ddi hang hda va ddng chay tien
PHAT TRIEN BEN VCfNG VUNG QUY^N 9, SO 3 (9/2019) 47
Trang 8chinh gia dinh va lam viec nay tot han nam gidi
Tuy khdng phai tat ca mgi ngudi dan dng deu ban
giao cho vg minh quan ly tay hdm chia khda
nhung hg ngac nhien, bd quan niem quan ly tai
chinh tdt ban phu nii Ngudi phu nii H'mdng theo
dao Tin Lanh duge hdi y kien nhieu ban trong cac
quygt dinh quan trgng phai sir dung ngudn lue tai
chinh Phu nii ndi rang dii khdng di dugc xe may,
nhung van thay vui khi hai vg chdng ciing ban bae
viec su dung mdt phin tiln thu hoach vu ngd de
mua chiec xe may mdi, phu nii thich dugc di chgn
mau xe dii khdng biet lai Viec bao hanh danli dap
vg hay tham chi la mang chiii vg ciia gidi dan dng
ciing bi phe phan la sai trai va yeu cau giam thieu
tien den tir bd Ngudi ehdng dugc khuyen khich
thg hien su ygu thuang ngudi vg thdng qua hanh
ddng va Idi ndi Neu anh ta vi pham cac tin dieu
cae Idi ran ciia Chiia, thi ban than anh ta se chiu ap
luc tir trudng nhdm dao va cdng ddng Nhung dac
quygn dugc xem la duong nhien dan dng ddi vdi
vg con trudc day, gid day hg se thay ddi cimg each
sdng yeu thuang, chiu trach nhiem hon Viec
chuygn ddi niem tin theo Tin Lanh dimg viec thuc
hanh cac nghi ll truyin thdng tdn kha tdn kem tien
bac, bg danh dum va tich luy dugc ngudn lire tai
chinh trong gia dinh Thdng thudng mdt gia dinh
phai chi 10 trieu ddng cho td chire dam ma (thay vi
40-50 trieu) va cd 15 trieu ddng cho mgt dam cudi
(thay vi 70-80 trieu nhu each thirc td chirc truyen
thdng) (Nguyen Quynh Tram, 2016) Vdi tu each
ngudi me, gid day, ngudi phu nii ed the nghT dgn
viec ung hd va nudi dudng nhung diia con minh an
hgc tdt hon, lau dai va ben virng hon klii co mgt
ngudn du trii tai chinh s5n sang cho tuong lai
Trong van hda truyen thdng, phu nii nhudng vi
the ddi ngoai cho chdng, it tu tin trong giao tiep vi
vdn kign thirc xa hdi ban chg va kha nang ngdn
ngii it di thi da sd nay da tu hge, tu dgc duge tieng
H'mdng la-tinh hg da dgc dugc kinh thanh va hat
thanh ca Hg cam thay vui vi gid day chinh hg tu
day dugc con minh hgc chii Hg tham chi chat van
can bd iiy ban nhan xa khi hd sa giay khai sinh cho
con lau han quy dinh 14 ngay cua nha nude Khi
can bd td thai do khdng vui ve viec ngudi H'mdng
theo dao Tin Lanh thi hg hdi lai "sao can bd lai ndi
theo Chua la khdng tdt, nha nude cho chung tdi
quyen dugc theo, nha nude khdng cim thi sao can
bd lai ndi vay?" (Tu lieu dien da tai Dien Bien ciia tac gia, 2015)
Thieu nir H'mdng theo dao Tin Lanh gid day chu ddng va cd dinh hudng rd rang trong viec tim kiem ngudi ban ddi ciia minh Thay vi bi ddng chd dgi sir xgp dat cua gia dinh ket hgp vdi viec tim hieu lan nhau, gid day cac thieu nil H'mdng manh dan lua chgn, khoanh •vung ddi tugng ban ddi dua tren cac tieu chi nhu hg nen la ngudi H'mdng theo Tin Lanh dg cd the de chia se niem tin va thuc hanh Idi sdng dao, hieu va tran trgng gia tri ciia vg
va gia dinh hem Bang mdt each nao dd, cac era thudng luu tam nhieu hon eac khia canh cam xiic cua minh nhu la mgt ygu td dam bao rang cugc hon nhan se dugc hanli phuc Viec mdt cd gai thich hat thanh ca chgn lua mdt chang trai se khdng phai bdi
vi anh ta ed gi ma don gian la vi dd la mdt chang trai tdt, thien lanh va biet chai dan Cd ke rang co mudn budi tdi cd mudn ngdi hat va anh chai dan ca hai Cling chia se cugc sdng theo each nhu vay dugc higu la hanh phiic Mdt khia canh khac, mdt sd em ciing khdng loai tru viec yeu hay kgt hdn vdi cac chang trai thudc tdc ngudi khac, theo tin ngudng truyen thdng Dieu ca ban hg gid day mong muon
d ban ddi dd la hdn nhan dam bao dugc cugc s6ng sau nay se hanh phuc, theo each higu binh di nhat cua ngudi thieu sd •vimg cao
Ddi vdi trudng hgp ngu'di gia, hg la ddi tugng ciing cd muu cau chuyen ddi nigm tin manh me Mdt trudng hgp gda chdng vi dng udng rugu rli bi benh gan qua ddi, nha chdng mudn ba kgt hon cimg em chdng ngudi ma ba cho rang cung kha hon, mdi khi udng rugu, tinh khi hung ban cua dng
ta se lam khd ba Trudc day, ba khdng thg trong cay vao ai vi khdng ed eon trai May man, ba dugc
eon gai d Nam Pd, Dien Bien ddn ve tit que cu Ha
Giang Con gai va con re vui ve giup ba cd the on dinh cugc sdng, ba cd cam giac nhu tim lai dugc chinh minh sau tit ca Tin Lanh la mdt sir giai thoat cho phan ddi tam tdi trudc day theo cam nhan eiia ba Trudng hgp nay cho thay viec chuygn ddi mgm tin khdng chi dien ra vdi nhdm phu nii cu the ma nd cd hieu lire thay ddi da sd nlu khong mudn ndi toan bd nhiing ngudi phu nir H'mong
Trang 9Gia nhap dao, hg hang bai hon trong viec nhdm
dao, hgc hat thanh ca va cac cdng viee kliac Ngudi
ta thay phu nii ciing tu tin trong viec xin di dao tao
cac khda hgc do Hdi thanh Tin Lanh td chuc Mac
du CO cau nii trong cac diem nhdm dao cdn ban chg
nhung rd rang ngudi phu nu nhan thiic dugc ca hgi
ciia minh, bat dau tan dung ca hdi de dugc lara
dieu minh mong mudn
Cd mdt thuc te dang luu y la phii nii', cimg
nhau hg the niem niem tin vao Chua, da gay ra mdt
hieu img cd tinh ap dat trd lai ngudi dan dng trong
viec khien hg phai ddng thuan vdi viec theo dao
Tin Lanh va ddi vdi nhiing ngudi H'mdng chua
theo dao khac, dac biet la phu nii tre tudi Chung
tdi thay kbi trong nha nguyen mdt sd thigu nii hat
thanh ca, ben ngoai cd su tap trung ddng dan cua
nhieu thigu nu va tre em Hg la nhung ngudi theo
tin ngudng truygn thdng cu tni d nhiing khu vuc
lan can gan dd nhung hg den vi sire hap dan cua
cae sinh boat ngay chu nhat va thii 5 hang tuan Hg
khdng budc vao nha thd vi chua gia nhap dao Tin
Lanh nhimg ciing da bat dau tim hieu va nhan thiic
duge dieu trudc hgt khien hg cam nhan cugc sdng
cua hg cd y nghTa ban, loai bo cam giac budn chan
Nhung chac chan hg cung se nhan ra dugc su-c hap
dan Idn lao cua viec dang thiic tdn giao nay da va
dang giai phdng nhiing ngudi phu nii ddng tgc vdi
minh nhu thg nao Trai vdi su hung phan nhat dinh
cua phu nir, trong mdt sd trudng hgp, dan dng
dugc phdng van cho rang hg cam giac minh bi mat
di rat nhieu thii nhu mdt phan cugc sdng trudc khi
theo dao
Mdt trudng nhdm dao tai Mudng Nhe giai
thich viec thudng xuyen it dan ong den du cac budi
le ban phu nii vi dan dng bi bugc phai diing dieu
minh thich trudc day Theo Chua la khdng dugc
udng rugu, hg udng lau thanh quen, gid khd ndi bd
la bd duge ngay Ngoai viec phai bd di thdi quen
nhu it phai lo lang bay chia se trach nhiem vdi vg
-dieu ma trudc day hg khdng bi ai phg phan, gidng
nhu mgt mac dinh cugc sdng hg dugc quyen nhu
vay, nhung den nha nguyen thi bi mgi ngudi ndi
nen xau hd khdng thich di Nhieu ngudi da cam
giac mudn trd lai cugc sdng dd dii hien tai da theo
Chiia Dieu nay la ca sd giiip de bieu them vi sao
dan dng thudng de nhat dao, bd dao, cdn phu nii thi khd ban The nhimg nhirng ba vg la ngudi ludn
cd each dg bugc cac dng chdng phai tai nhap dao bang nhigu bien phap tao ra ap luc nhu tuygn bd dimg cham sdc, phuc vu ccmi nude, giat giii quan
ao Phu nii bat dan dng mudn dimg theo Chiia phai
tu cham sdc ban than hoac giao phd trach nhiem cdng viec lao ddng, dgn dep nha cira cho dan dng Nhiing viec nay khien nhieu ngudi dan dng liing tung va hg biet minh ciing phu thudc vao ngudi phu nii- nhu the nao trong cugc song Ben canh dd, ngudi phu nii mem mdng giai thich va lien tuc nhac lai nhiing y nghTa tdt dep khi theo chiia da cd nhiing lgi ich nhu thg nao de chinh ban than ngudi chdng mudn vugt len cam giac nhat dao, tim ra ddng luc de phat trien ban than, la mdt ngu'di chdng, mdt dng bd tdt Do dd, thay vi lam mdt ca nhan hoac thieu sd lac long, hg chap nhan lai tilp tuc theo Chiia mac du trong tham tam, ddi liic hg van hoai niem ve nhiing phiit giay thoai mai udng say raem rdi vat veo trgn lung ngua, tim dudng ve nha
l^ibir vay, dao Tin Lanh da cd mgt tac ddng bet sue sau sac den nhdm ddi tugng la phu nir H'mdng
d •viing cao bign gidi Viet Nam Viec chuyen ddi niem tin theo dao Tin Lanh mdt mat cung cap cho phu nii mdt ca hgi lua chgn va bdi canh hgp thiic, bao dam rang phu nii dugc lira chgn va da cd ket qua tich cue hgn nhieu phuang dien cudc sdng ca nhan va gia dinh Dieu nay ngay ca chien sy va can
bg bien phdng d Mudng Nhe, Dien Bien ciing phai thira nhan rang, minh van ddng ddng bao tir bd hii tuc, thdn ban theo nep sdng ve sinh bao nam ma hg chuygn ddi kha cham, nhung Tin Lanh vao, nhanh chdng tao ra nhiing thay doi dch cue, budc minh phai thira nhan hg lam tdt ban trong viec van ddng
ba con nang cao nhan thiic Dd la mdt qua trinh ma qua dd dao Tin Lanh trao quygn cho phu nii va nang cao vi the cua hg trong bdi canh hien nay Tign trinh nay xay ra ngay tai nhiing dia ban heo lanh nhat, nhung hoan toan ro rang Nd se dac biet
rd rang va ndi bat hon d nhiing •viing cd sir tang cudng quan he budn ban giao thuang hoac cd yeu
td phu nii tham gia chudi gia tri toan cau phuc vu
du lich noi ma ngudi phu nii tham gia vao tiln trinh budn ban trao ddi hang hda va ddng chay tiln
PHAT T R I E N BEN VLJNG V O N G Q U Y E N 9, SO 3 (9/2019) 47
Trang 10te mdt each true tiep hem Phu nii la mdt nhan td
loi can ban, da gdp phan lam thay ddi dien mao
thuc hanh niem tin va ddi sdng tdn giao tin ngudng
d viing cao mien niii phia Bae Viet Nam eiia ngudi
H'mdng Hg trudc hgt nhan rd viec dugc hudng lgi
tir trao quygn kbi chuyen ddi niem tin theo Tin
Lanh Trao quyen ciing kich hoat, tang cudng tinh
cam tdn giao ciia ngudi phu nii tao ra bieu ung tren
dien rdng nhung sau sac va co ban nhat la tii' chinh
gia dinh hat nhan ciia mdi ca the tin bihi Chinh hg,
nhiing ngudi phu nii da tao ra sire anh hudng va ap
luc nhat dinh khien phin cdn lai cua cdng ddng,
nhiing ngudi dan dng, thanh thieu nien timg budc
chap nhan, nhan thirc day du hem vg mdt thiet che
van hda xa bdi mdi ma ngn tang la dao Tin Lanh
Kit luan
Viec giai cau tnic va md thirc truygn thdng van
hda truyen thdng, xac lap nen md tbiic Tin Lanh la
mdt qua trinh da va dang dien ra d •viing cao mien
niii Viet Nam Tuy nhien, trong tien trinh nay,
ngudi phu nii' H'mdng va nhiing gia tri hg dugc
hudng nhu viec dugc trao quygn lam nen nhiing
ddi thay cdt ldi Viec mdt sd nghien ciiu quan ngai
vg viec sir ran niit giiia cdng ddng ngudi H'mdng
khien hg nhu the phan ly ve hai hudng ly cii ly mdi
dan den cac tu van dua tren viec cimg cd va tang
cudng sire de khang cua tin ngudng truygn thdng
hoac gia dinh phat huy mgt tdn giao nao khac d khu
vuc viing cao mign nui phia Bac lam ddi trgng vdi
Tin Lanh Nhiing de xuat nay dudng nliu da bo qua
tam quan trgng ciia sir tham gia cua nhiing ngudi
phu nir va tdn giao, cung nhu viec hg dugc trao
quyen, tang quygn trong mdi lien he dugc gia tang
tinh cam tdn giao ca nhan Trai vdi hg la nhiing
ngudi dan dng va mdt xa hgi trgng nam truyen
thdng da td ra kem siie hap dan Viec ciing cd tang
cudng siic dg khang hay thiic day cae gia tri truyen thdng mdt each thieu chien luge va cd tinh toan, bo qua viec Tin Lanh da trao quyen cho ngudi phu nir
se it mang lai bieu qua canh tranh nliu mong muln ciia cac nha tu van, ngu khdng mudn ndi la dem an nguy CO thit bai trudc khi md rdng anh hudng ciia dao Tin Lanh Va chimg nao mgt tdn giao khac
khdng cung cap ca hdi lua chgn, bdi canh ciing
nhimg dieu kien trao quyen hap dan cho ngudi phu nii H'mdng nhu Tin Lanh tbi chimg dd se khd long gianh dugc sir anh hudng tren tiing manh dat reo cao mien nui phia Bac Tin Lanh da lam dugc mgt digu quan trgng, bg cd dugc su nhiet thanh yen Chua tir trai tim cua ngudi phu nii thdng qua viec trao quyen
Diem han che la nghien cuu nay chi mdi dugc tien hanh nghien cihi dinh tinh tren mgt dien hep d vimg cao bign gidi tinh Dien Bign, ddi chigu vdi
Ha Giang thdng qua nghien ciiu cua ban ddng nghiep, nhung nd md ra ca hgi cho chung ta biet
ve kha nang tdn giao cd the thuc hien qua trinh trao quyen cho ngudi phu nii ngudi H'mdng thiiu
sd nhu thi nao Thay ldi kit luan, bai viet nay muon cung cap ggi y ve viec xem xet tiep can nghien cii'u mang tinh vT md, hem toan dien hon ve tam anh hudng ciia viec chuygn ddi nigm tin theo dao Tin Lanh trong mdi lien be vdi cac van de gidi
va trao quygn Cac quan diem ly luan ve quyen lire, h-ao quyen, tang quyen md ra mgt trign vgng mot khung phan tich kha dung, chi ra tiem nang ling dung cua nghien ciiu nhan hgc tren nhieu binh dien
ve nhan hgc tdn giao ma cdn ca tren phuang dien phat trign, quan tri xa hdi, hoach dinh va thuc hien chinh sach, giai quyet xung dot tdn giao vimg dan tgc thieu so, viing tdc ngudi theo dao Tin Lanh d Viet Nam
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Alsop, R., Berielsen, M F , and Hollano, J (2006) Trao quyen trong thuc ti: tic phdn tich din thuc hien Nxb Van hda - Thdng tin Ha Ngi
2 Alsop, R., Bertelsen, M F,, and Hollano, J (2006) Trao quyin trong thuc ti: tir phdn tich din thuc hien Nxb Van hda - Thdng tin Ha Ndi,