Sa mac hoa gay ra nhiing tac dong tieu cue den mdi trudng va kinh te xa hgi, suy thoai dat lam mat dan kha nang san xuat cua dat, anh hudng den an ninh luong thuc ddng thdi thay dii dilu
Trang 1SINH KE CUA NGlTOfl DAN TRONG BOI CANH SA MAC HOA: TRirdNG HOP XA PHlTdC HUtJ, HUYEN NINH PHlTOc,
TINH NINH THUAN
D6 Thi Ngan Nguyen Dytmg Hoa
Tdm tdt: Sa mgc hda cd dnh huang l&n din sdn xudt vd dai sdng cua ngu&i ddn tai xd Phu&c Huu, huyin Ninh Phu&c tinh Ninh Thudn Dua tren khung sinh ki bin vimg cua DFID, nhdm tdc gid phdn tich tdc ddng cua sa mgc hda den sinh ki cua nguai ddn trin ba ngudn vdn Id vdn tu nhien, vdn tdi chinh vd vdn con ngu&i Kit qud nghiin cuu tgi Hdu Phu&c cho thdy thai tiit khd hgn, thiiu nu&c khiin cho ddt dai mdt di su mdu ma, dinh duang ddn din nang sudt trong trdng trgt, chdn nudi hi gidm sut, tdng them chi phi dau tu sdn xudt Ngu&i ddn da cd nhieu biin phdp thich img hiiu qud v&i sa mgc hda trong ITnh virc sdn xudt ndng nghiip vd dai sdng song cdn thieu tinh bin vimg Bin cgnh do, bdi viit cung dd chi ra lifc lugng lao ddng cua dia bdn nghien cuu chit yiu la lao ddng phd thdng trinh do chuyen mdn thdp vd cd xu huong r&i nhd di lam dn xa, vi lau ddi se gdy khd khdn trong viic dinh hu&ng phdt triin kinh te - xd hdi cua dia phuang
Tir khoa: Ninh Thuan; sa mgc hda; sinh ki
Dat van de
Ciing vdi su bien doi, phat trien khong ngimg
cua nen kinh te - xa hgi thi nhiing vin dl ciia tu
nhien nhu sa mac hda, suy thoai dat, han han va
dac biet la bien ddi khi hau (BDKH) da va dang tac
dgng true tiep den ddi song kmh te-xa hdi va moi
trudng toan cau Theo Bdo cdo tinh hinh thuc hiin
Chuang trinh hdnh ddng quoc gia chdng sa mac
hda (NAP) nam 2012 ciia Van phong Cong udc
chong sa mac hda, Tdng cue Lara nghiep, thi Uong
nhung nam qua hien tugng nang nong va khd han
keo dai bat thudng da xay ra nghiem Ugng d khip
mgi nai tren ca nude va dac biet la d khu vuc miin
Trung, Tay Bac va Tay Nguyen Dien hinh la dot
han han keo dai trong hai nam 2010-2011 tren dien
rgng da gay hau qua nang ne doi vdi san xuit nong
lam nghiep ciia nhieu dia phuang, lam thiet hai gin
100.000 ha dat liia d mien Trung va la nguyen
nhan gay man hda hon 600.000 ha d ddng bing
song Cliu Long (Tong cue Lam nghiep, 2012) Dgt
khd ban nam 2014-2015 ciing la dgt kho han keo
dai va gay gat nhat trong 40 nam trd lai day tai viing Nam Trung Bg da gay ra nhung thiet hai dang ke cho san xuat ndng nghiep
Sa mac hoa gay ra nhiing tac dong tieu cue den mdi trudng va kinh te xa hgi, suy thoai dat lam mat dan kha nang san xuat cua dat, anh hudng den an ninh luong thuc ddng thdi thay dii dilu kien sing theo hudng tieu cue ciia ngudi dan trong viing hi anh hudng Pham QuIc Vugng (2016) da chi ra hai nhdm nguyen nhan gay ra sa mac hda tai huyen Ninh Phuoc, tinh Nuih Thuan: Nhdm cac ylu tl tir nhien gIm vj tri dia ly, khi hau, dia hinh, biln dii khi khau; nhom cac yeu to lien quan din boat dgng ciia con ngudi nhu pha rimg, chuyin doi muc dich sir dung dat, dd thi hoa va phuang thiic canh tac khong phii hgp Sa mac hoa khiin cho dit dai giam
do phi nhieu, khd can, gia tang chi phi diu tu san xuat, nhit la trong san xuit ndng nghiep Xa Phudc Hihi, huyen Ninh Phudc, tinh Ninh Thuan n^m trong viing Duyen hai Nam Trung Bg vdi dac Irung la mgt trong nhiing huyen khd han nhit ca
Trang 2nude ve khi hau, ban han da hinh thanh nen nhiing
dien tich dat bi sa mac hoa, kho can, dat bj suy
thoai nghiem Ugng va vdi nhiing dac thii vl dia
hinh, khi hau va thd nhuong
1 Phuong phap nghiSn ciru
Nghien cim sir dung each tiep can lien nganh
de tim hieu nhiing thay ddi trong sinh ke cua ngudi
dan trudc nhiing tac ddng ciia hien tugng sa mac
hda Khung sinh ke cua DFID de cap den 5 ngudn
vdn sinh ke va cac ngudn von nay tac dgng qua lai,
bo trg cho nhau Uong viec duy tri va phat Uien sinh
ke ben viing cua hg gia dinh (DFID, 1999) Trong
pham vi bai viet, tac gia se di sau phan tich anh
hudng ciia sa mac hda den 3 ngudn von sinh ke la
von tu nhien, vdn tai chinh va von con ngudi Mat
khac, each ngudi dan van dung cac ngudn vdn nay
de thich iing vdi hien tugng sa mac hoa trong san
xuat, phat tnen kinh te ciing se dugc phan tich,
Nghien cim phan tich cac chucmg trinh, du an,
de tai lien quan den sa mac hda, sinh ke va tac
dgng ciia sa mac hoa den sinb ke ngudi dan khu
vuc ven bien va phan tich cac bao cao chinh quyen
huyen/xa, cac hgi/doan the tai dia ban nghien ciiu
tir nam 2008 - 2018 dl lara rd cac luan diem cua
nghien cim
Nghien ciiu ciing tien hanh khao sat xa hdi hgc
vdi bg can hdi dugc thiet ke gom cac ngi dung dua
tren khung sinh ke de thu thap thdng tin 100 bang
hoi doi vdi dai dien cac bd gia dinh va phdng van
sau 05 tnrdng hgp tai dia ban nghien ciru, bao gdm
ca nhan dai dien hg gia dinh, dai dien cac td chiic
chinh tn/ xa hgi va cac nha quan ly cd hen quan
din radi trudng Ben canh do, nghien ciiu ciing tien
hanh 02 thao luan nhom tai dia ban xa
2 Dac diem dia ban nghien cuu
2.1 Bgc diim kinh ti - xd hgi
Xa Phudc Hiiu la mdt xa nam d phia Tay Nam
ciia huyen Ninh Phudc, each trung tam huyen ly
1,5 km Ting dien tich toan xa la 6.043 ha vdi 7
thon vdi tong sd dan la 19.405 khiu/4.445 hg,
trong dd, dan tdc Kinh 7.670 khau, chiem 39,5%);
dan tgc Chara 11.652 khiu, chiera 60 %>; dan tgc
Hoa 52 ngudi, chilm 0,3 % va cac dan tdc khac
chiira ty le khong dang ke (dan tgc Raglay 11 ngudi; dan tdc Niing 03 ngudi, dan tgc khac 17 ngudi) (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Hihi, 2018a) Toan xa cd 163 hg ngheo/677 khiu, chiem ty le 3,66%, hg can ngheo 524 hg/2.373 khiu chiira ty lei 1,78%
Ca cau kinh fe cua xa vdi ndng nghiep chiem
68,49 %; tilu thii cong nghiep chiem 18,15%i, xay dung, thuong mai, dich vu chiem 13,16 % Ty le lao dgng cd viec lam Uen dan so trong do tudi lao dgng cd kha nang tham gia lao dgng 8.835/9 152 lao dgng, ty le dat 96,53% (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Hihi, 2018a)
Xa Phudc Hihi da dat chuan nong thon mdi vao thang 4 nam 2019, nghia la d giai doan 2 cua Chuong trinh rayc tieu quoc gia xay dung nong thon mdi, do vay tieu chi ve thu nhap d miic kha cao Nam 2018, thu nhap binh quan dau ngudi cua
xa dat 35,02 Uieu ddng/ ngudi/ nam, tang 23%i so vdi nam 2016 Xa dat chuan pho cap mam non cho tre 5 tuoi; pho cap deu hgc dimg do tudi; xda rau chii dat miie do 2) va phd cap trung hgc co sd Ty
le hgc sinh tdt nghiep trung hgc ca sd dugc hgc len trung hgc phd thong (ke ca pho thdng, bo tiic va trung cip nghi): 243/245 hgc sinh, dat 99,2% Ty
le lao dgng c6 viec lam qua dao tao: 4.635/8.835 lao dgng, dat 52,46%o (tJy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Huu, 2018a)
Smh ke chinh ciia cac hd gia dinh chu yeu la trdng trgt - trong cay liia Dudi tac ddng ciia su bien doi khi hau, dac biet la tinh trang sa mac hda tbi dia phuang da co nhung bien phap ciing nhu thay ddi co cau cay Udng Chinh vi vay, trudc dd chii yen dgc canh cay liia, nay da phat trien dugc nhieu viing chuyen canh cac loai cay trdng thich hgp vdi dieu kien kho han, thieu nude nhu nho, tao Ve ca sd vat chat cua cac ho gia dinh, ket qua khao sat cho thay chi co 8% hg gia dinh dang d nha tam, 17% hg gia dinh co nha raai bang va nha tang, nhung chiem dai da sd la nha cap 4 vdi 75% Chan nuoi ciing la mgt the manh ciia xa, vdi tdng dan gia siic toan xa cd ban 12.535 con, Uong do; dim trau 36 con, dim bd 3.993 con, dan de 1.952 con, dan cim 4.153 con va dan lgn cd 3.650 con
Trang 3phuong, thi Iii lut ciing thudng xuyen xay ra Vl han ban, Uen tiep 3 nam 2015 - 2017, dia phucmg chiu anh hudng nang ne ve san xuat, de dga den an ninh luong thuc ciia dia phuang Lfl lyt cung xay
ra 2 lin dinh diem vao nam 2010 va 2018, phai di ddi dan din nhiing not an toan ban Nhung thiet hai do han han, mua Iii gay ra doi vdi ddi song ngudi dan xa Phudc Hiiu la rat nghiem Ugng Van
dl dam bao an ninh luong thuc cho ngudi dan la rit cip bach moi khi cd han ban dien ra, nhat la doi vdi cac hg ngheo, cac hd cd dien tich dat d dong 1
vu Thiiu nude, nang nong gay gat khien cho ngudn thiic an cho gia siic von it 6i lai cang trd nen khan hilra, do vay, hau qua la viec gia siic hi chet
do ning nong, thieu thiic an cGng co kha nang xay ra(Bang 1)
Bang 1: THIET HAI DO THIEN TAI GAY RA TAI XA P H U Q C HlTU VA CAC HINH THlTC HO TRO
CUA CHINH QUYEN CAC CAP
Tdng dan gia cira cd cd 71.500 con, trong dd; dan
vit CO 49.000 con va dan ga co 22.500 con (Uy ban
Nhan dan xa Phudc Him, 2018)
2.2 Thuc trgng sa mgc hda tgi Phu&c Hiru,
Ninh Phu&c
Theo nhan dinh ciia ngudi dan, tinh Uang ban
ban tai dia ban nghien cim co xu hudng ngay cang
gia tang trong 10 nam ud lai day Chi co 8% so
ngudi dugc hoi cho rang tinh trang han han co xu
hudng giam di; 42.0% cho rang tinh trang han han
khong thay dii va 46% so ngudi nhan dinh la tmh
trang nay ngay cang gia tang
Tai xa Phudc Hihi, kit qua thao luan nhom ve
luge sir thien tai diin ra tren dia ban, cho thay, ben
canh nang nong, han ban la dac thu ciia dia
Nam
2014
2015
2016
Thien tai
Han han
Han han
- Han han
- Lii lut
Tinh hinh thiet hai
- Khong san xuat dugc do
thieu nude
- Giam dien tich gieo trong
(Ilia va cay mau) tong dien
tich gieo trong la 3700
ha/4817 ha, giam 928,2 ha so
vdi nam 2014
- Dien tich ddng 1 vu khong
san xuat dugc do han han keo
dai khong c6 nude mdi
- 46 con cim ciia 9 hg bi chet
- Giam nang suat cay Udng
- Dgt raua lii nam 2016 gay
thiet hai cho 447 ha/1.155 hg,
Uong do dien tich liia la
442,2ha/1.136 hd; cay mau la
4,8ha/19hg
Hinli thirc ho trg
Cim doi giap hat cho hg ngheo, can ngheo c6 dat khong san xuat do thieu nude cho 60 hd/ 257 khau vdi so gao la 11.665kg
- Cap phat tien ho trg dat san xuat Ilia dgt 1/2015 vdi so tien hem 650 trieu dong
- Ho trg giong chuyen doi chuyen ddi co cau cay trong tit Udng liia sang uong bap, dua hau, co chan nudi
- Cap phat tien ho trg thtxc an gia siic dot 1/2015 vdi 435 hg/2 678 con/ 272,8 trieu ddng va dgt 2
la 738 hg/ 4.039 con/ 725.6 trieu ding
- Hd trg gao Cliu ddi 3 dot la 111.741 kg gao
- Cap phat 467.100 kg cho ngudi dan
- Thong ke va lap danh sach cac hg bi thiet hai
- H6 trg 20.140 tin gidng lua cho 272 hg/5 thon Hiin Diic, Thanh Diic, Mong Dire va Nhuan Diic
Ngudn: Bdo cdo kinh te xa hdi cua xd Phu&c Hint ndm 2014, 2015, 2016 vd 2017
Trang 43 Anh hirdng cua sa maic hoa den sinh ke
ciia ngiroi dan xa Phiroi: Hihi, huygn Nmh Phuov
3,1 Anh huang den von tir nhien
ddng nong nghiep cua ngudi dan tai dia ban, trong
dd sa mac da la 746 ha, chilm 12,3%, dien tich thudng xuyen thiiu nude la 1.050 ha, chilm 17,4% (Bang 2) Nhu vay, dien tich khdng san xuat dugc
va phu thudc vao thdi tiet len den 29,7% Vdn tu nhien dugc xera xet Uong nghien ciiu la
dat dai, ngudn nude, tu lieu san xuat trong boat
Bang 2: DIEN TICH DAT NONG NGHIEP T H U Q N G XUYEN THIEU NUQc TREN
DLA BAN HUYEN NINH PHUClC STT
1
2
3
4
UBND cac xa, tlii trkn
TT Phuoc Dan
Xa Phuoc Hiiu
Xa Phuoc Thai
Xa Phuoc Hai
Tong dien tich
Dien tich (ha)
80 1.050
70
22 1.222
Xii' dong Dong 1 vu (Chung My, Phu Quy) Vung ho Bau Zon, dong da Tan Giang Vung Ho Ta Ranh
Vimg Ho Bau Ngu (Thon Thanh Tin)
Ngudn: Phdng Ndng nghiep huyin Ninh Phuoc (2019 )
Khdng cd rirng che phii, dat ngay cang bac
mau, bi phen hoa, man hda nen viec canh tac tai
canh dong 1 vu chii yen la dua vao nude mua,
nhung CO nude tudi ciing chua dam bao cho cay
trong sinh trudng tot, viec san xuat doi hdi chi phi
dautu Idn hon (Hop 1)
Hdp 1: Hien trang dat san xuat nong nghiep
tai xa Phudc Hiru
Sau Giai phong la it mua Trudc nam 1975 d
day cd rimg nhung sau do ngudi dan dot than
lam ray, rimg bi tan pha May nam nay thi lai co
du an nang lugng mat Udi, san iii mat bang nen
sau nay se con nang niia Mua d day la mua tren
mii nen khi cd mua la bi lii, chi tot cho vung
triing, dit tren nay la bac raau, soi cat khong
Bay gid lam cho cd le thdi vi phai bam nude ten
mdi lam dugc Bay gid lara lit chi phi rat cao
Thon Hiiu Due, Hau Sanh chu ylu la dong 1 vu,
hon 100 miu D day cd 2 loai ddng, mgt la dong
2 vy va ddng 1 vu Ddng 1 vu nhung cd vu gieo
uing xong la chit luon San xuat chu ylu la
trong vao nude trdi, cd nude mdi lam dugc,
nhung khi cd mua lai de bi lu Trong hai nam
ud lai day, cd ho chiia nude thi nhieu hg cung
tan dung de lam raau dugc Nhin chung la co
lam dl CO luong thuc an thdi (Phdng vin sau
ngudi dan, nam, 48 tuoi)
Thdi tiet khd han, nang nong, lugng mua trung binh nam thap, do vay, ben canh be thong kenh muong ngi ddng de phuc vu san xuat thi he thdng dap, ho da dugc xay dung de du trii va cung cap nguon nude chu dgng hem cho cac vung kho ban Tren dia ban huyen Ninh Phudc, cd he thong dap Nha Tnnh (Song Cai), he thing kenh Nam dai 29,5
km, cung cap nude tudi cho 6.800 ha (kenh Cham cung cap nude eho 3.3336 ha), trong do ruong 3 vy liia han 4 200 ha; he thong dap sdng Lu gom 7 dap dang chinh Ngoai ra cdn c6 cac ho Ta Ranh, ho Lanh Ra, ho Bau Zdn cung cap nude tudi cho ban
500 ha dat san xuat nong nghiep Tuy nhien, do raua it, nang nong keo dai nen cac ho chiia nay cung chi dap iing dugc mgt phan dien tich san xuat cua huyen Ninh Phudc
3.2 Anh hu&ng den von tdi chinh
Von tai chinh ciing la mgt nhan td tac dgng Idn den sinb ke cua ngudi dan dia phucmg Do dia ban tinh Ninh Thuan ndi chung va xa Phudc Hiiu ndi rieng co khi hau khac nghiet, siic canh tranh dau nj ciia tinh khdng cao, nguon von dau tu tryc tiep ciia tinh rat thap Nam 2017, vdn dau tu toan xa hgi dat 6.777,7 ty dong, trong dd ngudn von ngan sach nha nude chiem 19,28%, khu vuc ngoai nha nude chiem 78,71% va khu vuc c6 vdn dau tu nude ngoai la 2,01 %o (Cue Thong ke tinh Ninh Thuan, 2018) Vdn dau tu thuc hien tren dia ban phan theo nganh kinh te cho thay hoat ddng lam thue cac
Trang 5cong viec trong cac hg gia dinh, san xuat san pham
vat chit va dich vu tu tieu diing cua hg gia dinh
chilm 34,7%; nong nghiep, lam nghiep va thiiy sail
chilm 22,1 % cho thiy hien uang phat trien kinh tl
thien vl nong nghiep va cac hoat dgng san xuat ciia
hd gia dinh, cac hoat dgng ve cong nghiep, dich vu
- du lich cdn ban chi (Cue Thing ke tinh Ninh
Thuan, 2018)
Nguon von tai chinh ddng vai Ud quan Ugng d
ca diu vao va dSu ra eua san xuat nong nghiep
Vdi vi tri diu vao, von tai chinh cung cap ngudn
vdn dl ngudi dan mua giong, phan bon, cong cu
san xuit, thilt bi ky thuat, thitc an cho chan nuoi
Ci diu ra, tai chinh chinh la nguon thu nhap sau khi
trit chi phi da diu tu vao hoat dgng san xuat, tiep
tuc dugc sit dung dl phat trien nguon von tu nhien,
vat chat, con ngudi va von xa hgi
Thdi tilt kho han, thieu nude khien cho dat dai
mit dl sy mau mo, dinh dudng, san xuat Uong Ugt,
chan nudi bi tang them chi phi Trong so 100 hg
gia dinh dugc phong vin thi cd din 81% hg cd vay
Bieu 1: MUC DICH VAY V 6 N CUA NGUCJI D A N (%)
tiln Uong 1 nam vira qua Trong dd, vay cho dau Ur san xuat chilm ty le cao nhat, dat 72,8%i Do anh hudng ciia dilu kien khi hau, dat dai, cac miia vy
ma ngudi dan san xuit khdng mang lai gia trj, lgi nhuan, ddng nghia vdi viec ngudi dan khong cd tich luy vl vin diu tu cho miia vy sau Do do, ngudi dan phai di vay dl tai dau tu tii ngan hang, cac quy tin dung/td vay vdn - tiet kiem hay tir ngudi than, ban be Muc dich vay cho chi tieu sinh hoat ciing tuang doi Idn, chiem 42%) Sau cac dgt ning han, lii lut, miia vu bi that thu nen viSc ngudi dan phai di vay dl chi Ua cac khoan vl an uong, chi tieu cho cac dam hiiu/ by tai cong ddng cung
la nhiing ap lyc Idn doi vdi cac ho gia dinh tai noi day Vay tiln cho con di hgc ciing chiera ty le kha cao la 50,6% - cho thiy ngudi dan rat coi hgng viee giao due ciia con cai Cac muc dich khac thi chilm ty le thip han: vay de kham chiia benh (13,6%), vay dl xay/ siia chiia nha cira (16,0%), vay dl khic phuc hau qua ciia mSt miia/ lii lyt/ thien tai (4,9%) va muc dich khac (1,2%) (Bieu I)
Muc dich khac Vay de khac phuc hau qua ciia mat mua/
Vay de xay/ siia ch&a nha cira
Vay de kham chira benh
Vay cho con di hoc
Vay cho san xuat
Vay chi tieu sinh hoat
40 60 80
Ngudn: Kit qud khdo sdt cua nhdm nghien cuu
Theo khao sat tai dia him, cac cu soc ve thien
tai va dich benh trong khoang 10 nam gin day, dac
biet tinh Uang kho han keo dai trong nam cac
2012, 2015, 2016, Nmh Thuan da phai himg chiu
nhiing hinh thai thdi tilt bit thudng gay khd khan
va thiet hai Idn cho san xuit, cong them vdi tap
quan canh tac truyin thong din den giam nang suit
nhieu loai cay trong
Ben canh do, tinh trang dich benh ddi vdi nhieu cay trong va vat nuoi ciing cd xu hudng nghiem trgng ban, nhat la dich vdi gia siic Uong thdi gian gin day Sy biln dgng cua gia ndng san lam gia tang nii ro ddi vdi san xuit nong nghiep va anh hudng tieu cue den nguon vin diu tu cho san xuat
Trang 6Han han xay ra, mua vu bi that thu, dan gia siic
bi suy giam, khien cho ngudn thu nhap cua nguoi
dan ciing hi anh hudng Theo bao cao cua Hgi
Nong dan, nam 2018 cd 11 tl, 863 thanh vien vay
von ben Ngan hang Ndng nghiep va Phat Uiln
ndng thdn vdi tdng du ng 33.843 ty ddng Hgi
Nong dan phdi hgp vdi Ngan hang Chinh sach xa
hgi quan ly 6 to tiet ki^m va vay von vdi 382 thanh
vien, vdi tdng du ng la 6.428.265 ty dong, trong do
ng qua ban la 20 trieu ddng Nguyen nhan dugc chi
ra la do cac hg sau khi vay xong tbi cd ngudi di
lam an xa nen viec ddng lai hang thang bi cham va
khdng diing dinh ky Mdt sd hd thi co dien tich dat san xuat d ddng 1 vu khong san xuat dugc do thieu nude tudi nen din den viec tra lai va tiSt kiem khdng dam bao theo chinh sach de ra (Hgi Ndng dan xa Phudc Hiiu, 2018)
Tren thuc te, ngudi dan tai dia phuang da khai thac tdi da cac dien tich dat canh tac dugc 3 vy/ nara Khu vuc dat hudng nude tir kenh Nam, chil dgng ve tudi tieu da giiip cho ngudi dan Phudc Hihi san xuat dugc liia thucmg pham Tren dia ban ciia xa cd 4 hgp tac xa boat dgng Uong ITnh vuc san xuat lua gao (Hop 2)
Hop 2: Cac sinh Ice ciia ngirM dan tai xa Phirdc Huu
Xa Phudc Hiiu cd 70%j hg gia dinh lam ndng nghiep, san xuat liia thuang phara, cd 4 hgp tac xa hoat dgng Uong lmh vuc nong nghiep Xa bien co kenh Nam va 2 hd chiia phuc vy san xuat ndng nghiep, hang nam san xuat 4000 ha, chti ySu la cay liia, mgt sd dien tich tbi uIng nho (15-20 ha), tao 25 ha, thu gap 5 lan/ha
so vdi lua, 70-80 trieu/ sao (da tni chi phi) San pham chan nudi chii luc la bo, de, cira
500 ha san xuat 3 vu la dien tich hudng nude kenh Nam; 1.500 ha san xuat tiiy theo thdi tiet va hudng nude ho, cd nam 3 vu, cd nam 1-2 vu, cd nam khong cd vu nao vi phu thugc vao thdi tiet Trudc day san ngudi dan
Budn ban nhd le, co 4 nha may xay xat liia gao Idn 1 tnrdng trung hgc co sd, 4 tieu hgc, 1 mau giao, hgc sinh khoang 2500 hgc sinh
Ho ngheo: hon 3% hd ngheo Thu nhap binh quan: dat 35 trieu/ngudi/nara, dat chuan ndng thdn mdi thang 4/2019
La 1 trong nhiing xa co nhieu nha raay san xuat dien mat Udi nhieu nhat d Ninh Thuan (6 nha may, chiem khoang 1.000 ha) Vi tri cua cac nha may nay khong anh hudng gi den dien tich san xuat nong nghiep, chu yeu la dat ray, niii va cac dien tich dat san xuat khdng co hieu qua nen chuyen ddi sang lam nang lugng tai thucmg lugng gia den bii vdi ngudi dan, 1 ha - 120 tneu, cao nhat la 260 tneu, cao gap 3 lan thu hoi ciia Nha nude (Thao luan nhdm can bd xa Phudc Hiiu)
Do anh hudng ciia ban han nen thieu viec lam
vao miia khd thudng xuyen dien ra Ben canh dd,
ngudi dan da co gang tim kiem cac cong viec cd
tinh thdi vu de tang them thu nhap cho gia dinh
Tren dia ban xa cd 6 nha may dien nang lugng mat
Ucfi dugc Uien khai, do dd, nhu cau ve lao dgng
pho thdng cao Ngudi dan trong khu vuc dugc thue
theo cong nhat de dao, chon cot va lap cac tim pin
nang lugng vdi mire gia tir 250 000 ding - 300.000
ddng/ngudi/ngay Nhieu hg gia dinh co dat d khu
vuc dat nha raay ciing dugc den bii dat tir 120 trieu
- 260 tneu/ha nen nguon lue tai chinh dugc tang
cudng Day ciing la mgt nhan td giiip tang mirc thu
nhap trung binh cua xa len 35 trieu ddng/ngudi nam 2018 Dieu nay ciing cho thay tieu chi ve thu nhap ciia ngudi dan nai day khong ben viing, bdi cac cdng viec tir nha may nang tugng mat trdi chi mang tinh chat thdi vy va khi cac nha may di vao boat dgng thi ciing la ket thiic nhu can ve lao ddng pho thong Bai toan ve viec lam lai dugc dat ra ddi vdi chmh quyenxa/huyen
3.3 Anh hudng den von con ngu&i
Von con ngucri ciing khdng nara ngoai nhirng tac dgng bat lgi ciia tinh trang sa mac hda Bang 9 cho thay co su tuang quan chat che giiia trinh do
Trang 7hoc y k ciia chu ho djn miic sdng ciia ho gia dinh huong tang len: tieu hoc ya khac (khong di hoc) la KiSm dinh Chi- square la 002 < 0.05 nen Mong 23%, tnmg hoc CO so la 30,0%, trung hoc ph6 quan nay rat co y nghia yl mat thdng ke Trong s6 thong la 17%, cao dang tro len la 13% Do yay, khi
12 ho CO muc s6ng can ngheo thi co din 75% chii mu6n cai thien miic song cua ho gia dinh thi cac
ho CO hgc y k o bac ti6u hoc 6 nhom muc song chinh sach nen tap trung cho giao due nhieu hon
tmg binh thi trinh do hpc van cua ehu ho eo xu
Bang 3: BANG TLTONG QUAN OIOA HOC VAN CUA CHU HO VA MiTC SONG CTJA HO GIA DINH
Mire song cua ho gia dmb
Ho can ngheo
Trung binh
Kha gia
Tan suat
%
Tan suat
%
Tan suat
%
H9C vSn cua chii ho Tieu hoc
10 29,4
23 67,6
1 2,9
34
100
THCS
1 3,2
30 96,8
0
0
31
100
THPT
1 4,8
17 81,0
3 14,3
21
100
Cao dang
trff Ifen
0
0
13 92,9
1 7.1
14
10
Tong so
12 12,0
83 83,0
5 5,0
100
100
Nguon: Ket qud khdo sdt ciia nhdm nghiin cihi
Hien tugng di cu, chay mau lao dgng dang dien
ra tai dia ban va xu budng ngay cang gia tang Dia
ban nghien cim khong cd cynVkhu cdng nghiep
hay nha may co quy md Idn nen lao dgng thudng
tim kiem viec lam d cac tinh khac nhu Lam Dong,
Binh Thuan, Dong Nai Va chu yeu la lap thanh
nien - nhdra chu luc trong dinh hudng phat Uien
cua dia phuang phai di cu di lao dgng Di cu lao
ddng khong chi gay ra nhiing van de ve kinh te ma
con dang dat ra nhiing bai toan ve mat xa hgi Hien
tuang "khuyet the he" dang xay ra d nhieu
thon/lang, co nhiing thdi diem ca lang khdng thay
CO thanh nien, d nha chi con co ngudi gia va Ue
nhd Do do, viec di cu co the mang lai thu iih^p cho gia dinh va dong gop vao ngudn thu ciia dia phuang, song ve lau dai, nhiing chien luge phat tnen kinh te - xa hgi cua dia phuang noi rieng va ciia tinh Ninh Thuan noi chung se thieu ngudn nhan luc de thuc hien Mat khac, ty le lao dgng co trinh do eua dia phuang chua cao (51,78%) (Uy ban nhan dan huyen Ninh Phudc, 2019) Luc lugng lao dgng cua xa Phudc Hiiu chu yeu la lao dgng phd thong, nen neu cd cong viec doi hoi bang cap hay chuyen mdn se khong dap iing dugc (nha may dien mat trdi) (Hop 3)
Hop 3: Van de viec lam va trinh do cua lao dong cua dia phugng
Cac hien tugng thdi tilt cue doan: nang han tir thang I den thang^ 8, miia mua cd 4 thang, lu lyt Thdi gian thiiu nude, khong san xuat dugc nen nhieu hg ^la dinh chuyin djch nghi nghiep, di lam an xa, dii
do tudi, CO siic khoe la di lam an xa Hai nam vita rli, co I lang khong co thanh nien d nha, chit khong lara dugc gi, thara chi la khdng lara dugc chan nudi Nude ngam khong nhilu, cix nSng ban la bd rugng khong, khdng lam dugc
Diim din lao dgng la thanh pho Phan Rang, Da Lat, Ding Nai, Phan Thilt, Dak L5k, Dak Nong Chi la lao dgng phd thong (cong nhan may m|c, da giay, hat hat dilu, hai thanh long Trinh do dan tri khong
ddng diu, cd ca bac cao nhung ty le thkp, thanh nien hge hit c4p hai hoac cip 3 la di lao dgng Hien tai,
cac lao dong vao lam cong viec pho thdng (lap tim pin, dao cot Uu) thu nhap khoang 250.000 - 350.000 ddng/ngudi/ngay Nhung theo chii truang thi tiiang 6/2019 cac nha may ddng dien thi cac cong viec nay
Trang 8se ket thiic, ngudi dan lai quay lai chu trinh cii la nang han lai di lao dgng ngoai dia phuang Nha may co dang tuyen lao dgng cd tay nghe nhung dia p h u a n g khong dap irng dugc
N u d e sinh boat la ngudi dan sir dung nude may tir hd thiiy dien D a Nhim, dam bao 100% Ngudi dan lam bon chira nude it vi nude n i hd xuong dam bao (TLN iiy ban nhan dan xa Phudc Hiiu)
Dien tich dat san xuat nong nghiep it va p h u
thugc vao thien nhien nen ngudn luc de dau tu cho
von con ngudi la rat han che Dieu kien san xuat
khd khan, an ninh luang thuc la mgt mdi lo thudng
true, von tai chinh khdng du raanh de dau tu vao
giao due nen van de x a y dung va phat huy ngudn
von con ngudi g ^ rk nhieu nan de can phai giai quyet
5 S u thich u n g c u a n g u d i d a n xa P h u d c
H u u , huyen N i n h P h u d c , t i n h Ninh T h u S n
t r u d c hien t u o n g sa m a c h o a
Bang 4 ; SLT THAY DOI CUA NGANH C O N G NGHIEP, TIEU THU CONG NGHIEP, T H U O N G MAI
DICH VU CUA XA PHU'CIC HUTJ GIM DOAN 2 0 1 4 - 2 0 1 8
Trong linh vuc sdn xudt ndng nghiep
Viec trien khai vit nhan rgng cac mo hinh san xuat ap dyng tien bd khoa hgc mdi; rad cac Idp dao tao nghe nong thon nhara nang cao thu nhap va tao viec lara on dinh cho nhan dan ludn dugc dia phuang quan tara, mgt so mo hinh hieu qua, thiet thuc dugc dia p h u a n g trien khai, thyc hien n h u : rad hinh "1 phai 5 giam" tren cay liia; mo hinh trong tao, nho ket hgp nuoi de cim v6 b e o
Nam
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
So ho kinh doanh
djch vu, thirong mai (ho)
159
338
558
486
493
LTnh vyc hoat dgng
Cung img yat tu nong nghiep, mua ban nong san, che bien xay xat tuong thuc, thiic an gia siic va dich vu phuc vu nong nghiep (khau lam dat, khau thu hoach), buon ban kinh doanh nho
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nguon: Bdo cdo kinh ti - xa hot ciia xd Phuoc Hiru tir ndm 2014 din ndm 2018
Ve hinh thiic to chirc san xuat: Hien nay Uen
dia ban xa co 4 HTX dich vu ndng nghiep dang
hoat dgng, bang nhieu loai binh da dang, da dap
img ragt phan nhu cau ctia ngudi lao dgng, hg xa
vien, dong gop quan trgng vao qua trinh phat Uien
kinh te - xa hgi ciia dia phuang Mot so khau dich
vy mang tinh dac thii trong san xuat nong nghiep
dugc duy Ui va thuc hien tdt, nhu: Lara dat, tudi
tieu, thu hoach, cung iing gidng, vat tu, nao vet
kenh m u o n g ngi dong, giiip cho hg xa vien dam
bao dugc cac dieu kien can thiet de phuc vy cho
san xuat, Ben canh do, de phuc vu cho cac nhu
c4u v l g i l n g , phan bon, cac djch vu b e n quan den
hoat ddng san xuat nong nghiep, nhieu hg gia dinh
da dau tu chuyen doi sang kinh doanh, dich vu Tinh den nam 2018 cd 493 bg kmh doanh, dich vu, tang gap 3,1 lan so vdi nam 2014 (159 hg) (Bang 4)
Viec day manh ap dung khoa hgc cdng nghe mdi thong qua cac mo hinh san xuat lam gia tang gia tri san pham Uen ragt d a n vi dien tich, da tang thu nhap bmh quan cho ngudi nong dan tir 16 trieu ddng/ngucri/nam (vao nam 2011) len 35,02 trieu ddng (den cuoi nara 2018) (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Hihi, 2018a)
Trang 9hgc van cua chu hd den muc song ciia hg gia dinh
Kiera dinh Chi- square la 002 < 0.05 nen tuang
quan nay rat cd y nghia ve mat thong ke Trong sd
12 hg CO miic song can ngheo thi co den 75% chii
ho CO hgc van d bac tieu hgc Ci nhora raiic song
tmg binh tbi trinh do hgc van ciia chii hg cd xu
Bang 3: BANG TUONG QUAN GI0A HOC VAN CUA CHU HO VA MlTC SONG CUA HO GL^ DINH
hudng tang len: tieu hgc va khac (khong di hoc) la 23%, trung hgc co sd la 30,0%i, trung hgc pho thong la 17%), cao dang trd len la 13% Do vay, khi mudn cai thien muc sdng cua hd gia dinh thi cac chinh sach nen tap trung cho giao due nhieu ban
Mu-c song cua no gia dmn
Ho can ngheo
Tnmg binh
Kha gia
Tiin suat
%
Tiin suiit
%
Tan suat
%
T' '
Hoc van ciia chii ho
Tieu hoc
10 29,4
23
67,6
1
2,9
34
100
THCS
1 3,2
30
96,8
0
0
31
100
THPT
1 4,8
17
81,0
3
14,3
21
100
Cao dang trof len
0
0
13
92,9
1 7.1
14
10
Tong so
12
12,0
83 83,0
5 5,0
100
100
Nguon: Kit qud khdo sdt ciia nhdm nghien ciru
Hien tugng di cu, chay mau lao dgng dang dien
ra tai dia ban va xu hudng ngay cang gia tang Dia
ban nghien ciiu khdng co cym/khu cong nghiep
hay nha may cd quy mo Idn nen lao ddng thuong
tim kiem viec lam d cac tinh khac nhu Lam Dong,
Binh Thuan, Ddng Nai Va ehii yeu la Idp thanh
nien - nhom chii luc Uong dinh hudng phat trien
cua dia phucmg phai di cu di lao ddng Di cu lao
ddng khong chi gay ra nhiing van de ve kinh tl ma
con dang dat ra nhung bai toan ve mat xa hgi Hien
tugng "khuyet the he" dang xay ra d nhieu
thon/lang, co nhiing thdi diem ca lang khong thay
cd thanh nien, d nha chi cdn cd ngudi gia va tre
nho Do dd, viec di cu ed the raang lai thu nhap cho gia dinh va ddng gop vao nguon thu ciia dia phuang, song ve lau dai, nhimg chien luge phat tnen kinh te - xa hgi ciia dia phuang ndi rieng va ciia tinh Ninh Thuan noi chung se thieu nguon nhan lire dc thuc hien Mat khac, ty le lao dgng co trinh dg ciia dia phuang chua cao (51,78%i) (Uy
ban nhan dan huyen Ninh Phudc, 2019) Luc
lugng lao ddng ciia xa Phudc Hiiu chu ylu la lao dgng pho thong, nen neu cd cong viec ddi bdi bang cap hay chuyen mon se khdng dap img dugc (nha may dien mat trdi) (Hop 3)
Hop 3- Van de viec lam va trinh do ciia lao dgng ciia dja phugng
Cac hien urgng thdi tiet cue doan: nang ban tir thang 1 din thang 8, miia mua co 4 thang, lu lut Thdi
do tuoi, CO siic khoe la di lam an xa Hai nam vira rli, co 1 lang khong co thanh men d nha, chir khdng lam dugc gi, tham chi !a khong lam dugc chan nuoi Nude ngSm khong nhilu, cii ndng ban la bo rugng khong, khong lam dugc
Diim din lao dgng la thanh phd Phan Rang, Da Lat, Dong Nai, Phan Thilt, Dak L^k, Dak Ndng Chi la ding deu, cd ca bac cao nhung ty 1^ thap, thanh nien hgc hit cdp hai hoac c§p 3 la di lao dgng Hien tai, cac lao dgng vao lam cdng viec pho thong (lap tim pin, dao cot tm) thu nhap khoang 250.000 - 350.000 dong/ngudi/ngay Nhung theo chii tmomg thi thang 6/2019 cae nha may dong dien thi cac cong viec nay
Trang 10se ket thiic, ngudi dan lai quay lai chu trinh cii la nang han lai di lao ddng ngoai dia phuang Nha may co dang tuyen lao dgng co tay nghi nhung dia phucmg khong dap irng dugc
Nude sinh hoat la ngudi dan sii dung nude may tir ho thiiy dien Da Nhim, dam bao 100%) Ngudi dan lam bdn chiia nude it vi nude tu hd xudng dam bao (TLN uy ban nhan dan xa Phudc Hiiu)
Dien tich dat san xuat ndng nghiep it va phu
thugc vao thien nhien nen nguon luc de dau tu cho
vdn con nguiri la rat ban che Dieu kien san xuat
kho khan, an ninh luong thuc la mgt mdi lo thudng
true, von tai chinh khdng du manh de dau tu vao
giao dye nen van de xay dung va phat huy nguon
von con ngudi g ^ rat nhieu nan de can phai giai quyet
5 Sir thich ung cua ngudi dan xa Phirdc
Hihi, huyfn Ninh Phudc, tinh Ninh Thuan
trudc hien tuong sa mac hoa
Bang 4: SU THAY DOI CUA NGANH CONG NGHIEP, TIEU THU CONG NGHIEP, THUONG MAI
DICH VU CUA XA PHU6C HOXJ GIAI DOAN 2014 - 2018
Trong linh vuc sdn xudt ndng nghiep
Viec tnen khai va nhan rgng cac md hinh san xuat ap dung tien bg khoa hgc mdi; md cac idp dao tao nghe nong thdn nham nang cao thu nhap va tao viec lam dn dinh cho nhan dan luon dugc dia phuang quan tam, mgt so md hinh hieu qua, thiet thuc dugc dia phuang Uien khai, thuc hien nhu:
md hinh "1 phai 5 giara" tren cay liia; mo hinh trdng tao, nho ket hgp nudi de cim vd beo
Nam
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
So ho kinh doanh
dich vu, thu-ong mai (hd)
159
338
558
486
493
Linh virc hoat dgng
Cung ling vat tu nong nghiep, mua ban nong san, che bien xay xat luong thuc, thiic iin gia siic va dich vu phuc vu nong nghiep (khiiu lam dat, khiiu thu hoach), buon ban kinh doanh nho
Nt
Nt
Nt
Nt
Ngudn: Bdo cdo kinh te - xd hdi cua xd Phuoc Hiru tir ndm 2014 den ndm 2018
Ve hinh thiic to chiic san xuat Hien nay tren
dia ban xa co 4 HTX dich vu ndng nghiep dang
boat dgng, bang nhieu loai hinh da dang, da dap
ung mgt phan nhu cau cua ngudi lao dgng, hg xa
vien, ddng gop quan trgng vao qua Uinh phat Uien
kinh te - xa hgi ctia dia phuong Mgt sd khau dich
vu raang tinh dac thii trong san xuat ndng nghiep
duac duy tri va thuc hien tot, nhu: Lara dat, tudi
tieu, thu hoach, cung irng giong, vat tu, nao vet
kenh muong ndi dong, giiip cho hg xa vien dam
bao dugc cac dieu kien can thiet de phuc vu cho
san xuat, Ben canh do, de phyc vu cho cac nhu
chx vl gilng, phan bon, cac dich vu ben quan den
boat dgng san xuat ndng nghiep, nhieu hd gia dinh
da dau tu chuyen dot sang kmh doanh, dich vy Tinh den nam 2018 co 493 ho kinh doanh, dich vu, tang gap 3,1 lan so vdi nam 2014 (159 hg) (Bang 4)
Viec day manh ap dyng khoa hgc cong nghe mdi thdng qua cac mo hinh san xuat lam gia tang gia tri san pham Uen mgt dan vi dien tich, da tang thu nhap bmh quan cho ngudi nong dan tir 16 trieu ddng/ngudi/nam (vao nam 2011) len 35,02 trieu ddng (den cuoi nara 2018) (Uy ban Nhan dan xa Phudc Hiiu, 2018a)