Cham sdc siic khde tte em phu thupc vdo nhieu yeu td, ttong dd cac yeu td quan trgng nhdt phdi ke den la: nhimg ddc diem nhdn khau hpc - xd hdi cua gia dinh; kinh te, miic sdng cua hd gi
Trang 1Cham soc tre em trong gia dinh nong thon
Viet Nam qua mot so nghien curu
LiHrag Thi Thu Trang<*»
Tom tat: Gia dinh Id noi con ngudi sinh ra vd Idn len, nai the hi tre dugc cham lo ed vi
the chdt, tri tui, dgo dice vd nhdn cdch di hdi nhdp vdo cudc sdng cdng dong Tuy khdng phdi Id thiit chi duy nhdt cd vai trd cham sdc tre em, nhung gia dinh bao gid cxmg Id mdi trudng quan trgng nhdt Nhieu nam qua, gia dinh la chu de dugc nghien ciru tren nhiiu goc do, khia cgnh vd quy md khde nhau Tuy nhien, a Viit Nam cham sde tre em trong gia dinh d khu vuc ndng thdn cdn la mgt khia cgnh khd hgn chi, chua dugc nghien cicu rdng rdi Viee tim hiiu vd khdi qudt nhiing nghien cuu dd cd ve cham sdc tre em eua cdc gia dinh, dgc biit Id cdc gia dinh ndng thdn la cdn thiet Bdi viit tdng quan mgt sd khia cgnh
vi cham sdc tre em trong cdc gia dinh ndng thdn Viit Nam
Tix khoa: Tre em, Chdm sdc tre em, Gia dinh, Ndng thdn
Abstract: Family is where people are born and raised, where the younger generation is
nurtured physically, intellectually emotionally and socially before they enter community life Though not the only institutions that function as child-care ones, family has always been the most important environment Over the years, family-related topics have been discussed from various aspects at different scales However, little has yet been studied about the situation of child-care in rural Vietnamese families The paper conducts a literature review of some aspects of child-care in rural Vietnamese families
Keywords: Children, Child-care, Family, Rural Area
Bat van de gia dinh Viet Nam nhieu ndm qua Chara Chdm sdc gia dinh ndi chung va chdm sdc tre em trong gia dinh ndng thdn cdn la soc tte em noi rieng hien nay khdng con mdng chua dugc nghien ciiu trye tiep va
la van de cua mdi gia dinh md tir Idu dd lien he rdng rai, nhung ciing dugc nhieu ttd thanh van de ciia toan xd hpi Cham nghien eiiu de cap dudi dang doi sanh vdi soc tre era ciing la mdt trong nhung de tdi cac gia dinh do tbi Cac nghien ciiu cho dugc quan tam ttong nhilu nghien ciiu ve thdy, gidng nhu cdc boat ddng chdm soc tte
em trong gia dinh ndi chung, chdm soc tte
em trong gia dinh ndng thdn ciing dugc the
" ThS., Vien Thong tin Khoa hgc xS hoi, Vien Han ^-^^ ^ j ~ ^ ^^-^ g^^ ^^^ y^^^^ ^.j^^m SOC
lam Khoa hoc xahoi Viet Nam; ' • ' , , - •• ,
Trang 21 Cham soc sire khde
Tre em la tuong lai ciia ddt nude, Chdm
sdc siic khde cho tte em hdra nay se la ddu
an va ddng luc phat trien dai Idu cho xd hdi
mai sau Mac du siic khde tte em cd y nghia
het siic quan ttpng nhu vay nhimg khdng
phai tdt ca mpi tte em deu dugc cham sdc
chu ddo nhu nhau ttong moi cdng ddng, moi
gia dinh Cham sdc siic khde tte em phu
thupc vdo nhieu yeu td, ttong dd cac yeu td
quan trgng nhdt phdi ke den la: nhimg ddc
diem nhdn khau hpc - xd hdi cua gia dinh;
kinh te, miic sdng cua hd gia dinh; vd ttinh
do giao due ciia ngudi cham sdc chinh (chu
yeu la ngudi me)
Hdu het tte em dugc sinh ra, dugc nudi
day va Idn len ciing gia dinh Trong mdi
trudng gido dudng quan trpng ndy, cdc eni
bi chi phdi bdi boat ddng sdng ciia hd gia
dinh Hdnh vi cham sdc siic khde tte em
ciing khdng nam ngodi quy luat dd Ddc
diem dia ban cu tni ciia gia dinh la mdt yeu
to quan trpng tac dpng den chdm sdc tre em
(Dang Nguyen Anh, 2004) Ket qud Dieu
tra gia dinh Viet Nam nam 2006 chi ra rdng,
ngudi me ttong cac gia dinh ndng thdn danh
thdi gian chdm sdc con it hon ngudi me d
thanh thi (Bp Van hda The thao vd Du lich,
Tdng cue Thdng ke, UNICEF Viet Nam,
Vien Nghien eiiu Gia dinh va Gidi, 2008)
Dieu nay cd the gidi thich rdng, do ngudi me
d ndng thdn qua ban mai vdi cac cdng viec
dong dng, ndi ttg, nhiing cdng viec khdng
ten trong gia dinh da chiem phdn Idn thdi
gian khien hg khdng cdn du thdi gian danh
cho chara sdc con cai (Xera them: Tran
Quy Long, 2011) Ngay tir cac nghien ciiu
each day hai thdp ky, Dominique Haughton
va Jonathan Haughton (1999) cung da dua
ra mdt nhdn dirih van cdn diing cho den thai
dilm bdy gid; tre em d cac gia dinh khu
dudng nhilu hon dang ke so vdi tte em khu vuc thanh tiii Dong quan d i l m vdi nhdn dinh nay, nghien ciiu cua Stefanie Koch va Nguyin Bui Linh (2001) cimg cho rang,
su khac biet ciia tiianh thi vdi nong thdn lam thay ddi dang k l nguy ca hi suy dinh dudng Sy khac biet nay la do chi tieu hd gia dinh d khu vyc thanh thj cao hon nhieu
so vdi khu vuc ndng thon va tre^em d ndng thdn cd nhilu nguy ca bj nhiem cac benh Idy truyin hon (Ddn theo: Tran Quy Long, 2015)
Lien quan tryc tilp tdi ddc diem chi tieu d khu vuc sdng chinh la dieu k i | n kinh t l hd gia dinh Cac nghien ciiu gdn day cua Nhdm hanh ddng chdng ddi ngheo (2002); Bp Van hda, T h i tiiao va Du lich
T i n g cyc Thdng ke, UNICEF Viet Nam, Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dmh vd Gidi (2008); Nguyen Thi Van Anh (2011) deu khang dinh: Kinh t l hd gia dinh la mot yeu to cd anh hudng quyet dinh den tinh trang cham sdc siic khde cho tre em Phy nii thupc nhdm gia dinh thu nhap thdp nhdt dugc cham sdc tmdc khi sinh it han so vdi nhdm gia dinh thu nhdp tmng binh trd len Nhimg gia dinh cang giau cang cd xu hudng danh nhieu thdi gian cham sdc con cai bon Ndi chimg, tre em ttong cac hd gia dinh cd thu nhap cao cd siic khde tdt hon vi cha me co dieu kien mua cac thuc phdm tdt hon va hudng dich vu y te cd chat lugng cao ban Cha me trong cac gia dmh ngheo it ed kha nang ddu tu cham sdc con cai ban so vdi cdc gia dinh cd dieu kien kinh t l kha gia
Trinh do gido due cua ngudi me dugc
tap trung nghien ciiu vi cd mdi lien he hije tiep tdi viec cdi thien siic khoe tre em Cd thi thdy cd mdi quan he giiia trinh dp hgc vdn cua ngudi me vd tinh ttang dinh dudng ciia tte em d Viet Nam Khi ngudi me cd hpc vdn cao bon, con cdi cua hp it bi suy
Trang 3dmh dudng ban Mdt phdn quan ttgng cua
mdi quan he nay ro rang la phu nu; cd ttinh
do hgc vdn cao se cd nhieu khd ndng cd
dugc thu nhap cao ban bode sdng d nhimg
viing thanh thi, noi cd ca sd ha tang tdt ve
dich vu y tl Tuy nhien, mot phan ciia mdi
lien he nay cd the la do phu nii cd trinh dp
hgc van cao hieu biet hon ttong each nudi
dudng con cai khde manh (Nhdm hanh
dpng chdng ddi ngheo, 2002)
Ngoai cac yeu td ve dac diem dia ban
cu tni, ve kinh te hd gia dinh va hpc van cua
ngudi me, con nhieu yeu td khac ciing anh
hudng khdng nhd tdi chdm sdc sue khoe
tte em d ndng thdn Mdt ttong sd do phdi
ke den Id yeu td kit cdu hg tdng ndng thdn
Theo bdo cdo ciia Lien Hgp Qudc, tte em
sdng d ndng thdn Viet Nam cd nguy co tii
vong cao gdp hem hai Idn so vdi tte sdng d
thanh thi do sy bdt binh dang ttong viec tiep
can vdi cac djch vu cham sdc siic khde ban
ddu (Ddn tiieo: Hdi Diep, 2008) Cd thi be
thdng y te khdng phdi la yeu td duy nhat
mang lai ket qua cho siic khde ngudi ddn,
dac biet la ba me va tte em d ndng thdn,
dong thdi cung rdt khd lugng hda dugc
nhiing tdc ddng ciia timg yeu td Tuy nhien,
mgt qudc gia ndi chung va khu vyc ndng
thon ndi rieng khd ed kha nang dat dugc
nhung ket qua tdt ve y te ciing nhu nhutig
myc tieu ve siic khoe neu cd mgt he thdng
y te kem hieu qua (Ngdn hang Phat trien
chdu A (ADB) vd cdc co quan, 2007) Co
sd ha tdng ciing ddng mdt vai ttd quan trgng
khdng kem ttong muc tieu ve siic khde ciia
mot qudc gia Khi khu vuc ndng thdn cd co
sd ha tdng yeu kem, nd cung gdp phdn lam
cho viee tiep can dich vy y te cua ngudi dan
ndi chung, bd me va tte em ndi rieng ttd nen
khd khdn hon Chua ke den viec tre em cdn
la nhung ngudi phu tiiudc phdn Idn vao mdi
tmdng sdng ttuc tiep eua minh trong viec
dap ling nhung nhu cau co bdn va dya vdo
sy phdn bd nguon lyc cua cha me, gia dmh
va cpng dong (Nguyin Thi Vdn Anh, 2011)
Cd the thdy, viec cham sdc siic khoe tre
em ttong cac gia dinh ndng thdn phu thuflc vao nhieu yeu td, tir yeu td chu quan cua timg gia dinh den cac yeu td khdch quan ciia mdi tmdng, xa hdi, ttong dd ndi len vai ttd dac biet ciia ngudi me Cung vdi viec ndng cao cac dieu kien chdm sdc tte em, ben canh trao quyen cho ngudi phu nir, cdn
ed cdc chuang trinh tuyen tmyin giao due cudn hiit nam gidi de hg thay dii nhdn thiic hanh vi, tham gia tich cyc hon trong chdm sdc siic khde tre em
2 Cham sdc tinh than, tinh cam Siic khde ciia radi ngudi khdng chi don thudn la khde ve the chat ma cdn khde ve tinh than Thdng thudng siic khde ve the chdt de dang nhin thay dugc, trong khi siic khde ve tinh than khdng de nhdn ra hoac
it dugc luu y Chinh vi the, cham sdc siic khde tinh thdn cua tre em ciing la van de cdn dugc gia dinh ddc biet quan tdm Theo cdc nhd nghien ciiu, chdm soc siic khde tinh thdn cho tte em the hien ttudc bet d viec cha me thudng xuyen quan tam, ddnh nhilu thdi gian de ndi chuyen, hdi han
va ndm dugc thdi gian bieu ciia con trong ngay dl hilu dugc nhu cdu, nguyen vpng,
sd thich cua con
Quan tdm tdi cdc boat ddng cua con cai, ldng nghe tara tu tinh cam cua con khdng chi giiip cha me vd con cdi hieu nhau han rad cdn mang lai cho tre era cdm giac yen tdm vi cd dugc chd dya viitig chac trong cupc song Thong qua trao ddi, cha me se tmyen eho con cdi nhiing kien thiic, kinh nghiem cdn thiet giiip tre budc vao cudc sdng ty tin ban
Tuy nhien, theo nghien ciiu cua Ngd
Trang 4thdn chua ddnh nhilu thdi eho hoat ddng
cham sdc tinh thdn tte em, cy thi nhu tam
su, hdi han, vui chai cung tre Nguyen nhan
chu yeu la do cac bdc cha me d ndng thdn
cdn tap tnmg nhieu vdo viee kilra sing, dac
biet vdi nhimg gia dinh co miic sdng tnmg
binh hoac thdp thi cha me cdn tap trung
lam an kinh te dem lai ngudn thu nhdp cho
gia dinh nen thdi gian danh cho viec ttong
nom, cham sdc con cai la rat it, thara chi cd
nhiing gia dinh cha me phai "ddu tdt mat
tdi" lo kiem raieng an hang ngay, khdng cd
thdi gian nao danh cho con cdi
Miic do quan tdm cua cha rae den ddi
song tinh than ciing khac nhau theo dia ban
cu tni Theo Tran Quy Long (2014), miic do
hieu rd cac vdn de lien quan den ddi song
tdm ly, tinh cam ciia tte em vi tbanh nien cua
cdc bdc cha rae d khu vuc ndng thon thdp
hon so vdi d khu vyc thanh thi Cd le yeu to
thdi gian vdn la sy cdn ttd chinh ddi vdi cac
bdc cha me d khu vuc ndng thon ttong viec
quan tdm den tte em vi thdnh nien do hp ban
rdn vdi cdng viec lam an Tuy nhien, ben
canh do con cd nhiing yeu to tac ddng khac,
bdi cdc bdc cha me d khu vuc thanh thi ciing
ban rdn vdi viec kiem sdng theo mdt each
nao dd Ly giai cho su khac biet ve miic dp
quan tdm den ddi sdng tinh than, tinh cam
ciia tte era ciia cac bac cha me d ndng thon
thdp hon d thanh thi la vi nhiing cam dd ddi
vdi tte vi thanh nien d khu vuc thanh thi hoc
Id rd hon ttong khi raang ludi gidm sdt cua
cpng ddng lai boat ddng md nhat hon khu
vyc nong thdn Vi the, cac bac cha rae d khu
vyc thanh tbi cd khd nang phai chii y den
nhirng dien bien, quan he xa hdi ttong ddi
sing tdm ly, tinh cam ciia tte em ttong dp
tudi vi thanh nien nhieu ban
Chara soc tdm ly, tinh cam cho tre era
ciing dugc t h i hien tten khia canh quan
cai gap phdi ttong iing xu vdi thay cd, ban
be, ngudi than, d nhimg noi tte thudng din choi Cd nghien ciiu chi ra rang, muc
dp cde bdc cha me d khu vyc ndng thdn nhan bilt khd khan cua con cai trong cac quan he vdi thdy cd vd ban be tiidp ban cac bdc cha me d khu vuc dd thi So voi cac bdc cha me d dd tiii, cha me d ndng thdn Cling bilt v l ban thdn ciia con cdi va noi con cdi thudng d i n choi it hon Dieu ndy cd thi gidi thich rdng, do radi ttudng
xa hpi d khu vyc ndng thdn it cam do hon khu vuc dd thi, nhiing nguy ca gdy ton bai den tre em va tre vi thanh nien ciing it hon moi tmdng xa hdi d dd tiii, vi thi, cac bdc cha rae d khu vuc ndng thdn cd khd ndng
it phai quan tdra, luu tdra hem den nhirng quan be xa hdi trong ddi sdng tdm ly, tinh cdm ciia con cai khi con cdn nhd so vdi cac bdc cha me khu vuc do thi (Nguyin Hiiu Minh, Ngd Thi Tuan Dung, 2013)
Nghien ciiu ve Mdi quan he trong cdc gia dinh khu vuc Bdc Trung bd ndm 2013
ciia Nguyen Hiiu Minh, Ngd Thi Tudn Dung (2013) ciing cho thdy, cha me d ndng thon cd xu hudng quan tdra nhieu ban tdi tre em Idn tudi ban Tre em trong cac gia dinh ndng thdn ma cha rae cd hpc vdn thdp, gia dinh hat nhdn cdng it cd khd ndng nhdn dugc su quan tdm ciia cdc bdc cha me den ddi song tinh thdn, vui chai gidi tti ban so vdi nhimg gia dinh cd cha me hpc van cao
va cdc gia dinh d do thi
Ben canh sy quan tam chua diing miic
v l ddi sdng tinh than, tinh cdm cua cac bdc cha me, dieu kien vui choi, gidi tri ciia tre
em ndng thdn ciing rat ban hep va bi chi phii bdi nhieu yeu td Mdt ttong cac yeu td dnh hudng la do cha me khdng cd nhilu thdi gian ranh vd cdc em ciing phai phu giiip cha
me cdng viec gia dinh, bao gdm lam viee
Trang 5nha hoac lam kinh tl (Nguyen Huu Minh,
Ngd Thi Tudn Dung, 2013; Nghiem Thi
Thuy, 2016) Tmh ttang sd dung Iao ddng
tte em d cac khu vyc ndng thdn Viet Nam
la khd ph6 bien, thdm chi dugc coi la ciiu
canh ddi vtii cdc gia ^nh gap nhieu khd
khdn ve kinh te
Cac hinh thiic vui chai giai tri ciia tre
em d ndng thdn ciing kha dan dieu va trong
pham vi han hep (pham vi xung quanh gia
dinh) 0 cac viing ndng thdn, cac hinh thiie
vui chai gidi tti ciing nhu dieu kien co sd vat
chdt phuc vu cho nhu cdu vui choi gidi tti,
phat ttien the chat va tinh thdn cua tte em d
cpng ddng cdn ngheo nan ca ve sd lugng va
chdt lugng Them vao do kinh te ciia cac hp
gia dinh ndng thon da sd cdn ngheo nen cdc
gia dinh ciing it cd dieu kien de nang cao
ddi sdng tinh than cho cac thdnh vien ttong
gia dinh, ddc biet la tre em
Tdm lai, qua rapt sd nghien ciiu cd the
thdy, cha me d cac gia dinh khu vyc ndng
thdn cd quan tdm den viee chdm sdc ddi
song tinh thdn, tinh cam cho tte em, nhung
chua ddy dii va diing muc Day la sy thiet
thoi, han che ddi vdi sy phdt trien cua tre
bdi sy phdt ttien todn dien ddi hdi phai
ddng deu ca hai mat the chdt va tinh thdn
Van de nay cdn cd su quan tam hon niia
khdng chi eua cdc gia dinh ma cdn cua cdc
CO quan chiic ndng vd cua toan xa hdi
3 Cham soc giao due (giao due gia dinh)
Gia dinh la radi tmdng xa hpi hda ddu
tien vd quan trpng bac nhdt ddi vdi mdi con
ngudi Mdt diia tre sinh ra cd hmh thanh
dugc nhiing net tinh cdch tdt dep hay khdng
phu thupc nhieu vao each thiic, phuang
phap gido due cua gia dinh, ddc biet la cha
rae Dieu dd cd nghia la viec quan niem va
xac dinh cho tte nhiing phdm chdt cdn thiet
la quan ttpng, cd y nghia quyet dinh ttong
cua tre phii hgp vdi sy phat triln ciia xa hdi Chdra sdc gido due ttong gia dinh chu ylu
la sy gido due vl gia tti, phdm chdt, dao diic, Idi sdng, nhan each cho tte em (giao due ve kiln thiic, ky ndng tte dupe hpc chu yeu tai tmdng hpc)
Cho den nay, viec gido due, day do, hudng con cai vdo ne nep vdn la rapt trong nhiing viec quan ttgng trong gia dinh Tuy nhien da cd nhieu thay ddi ttong quan niem, trong phuang phdp day dd con cai d cac gia dinh ndng thdn d Viet Nam Niu nhu d cdc gia dinh ndng thdn tmyen thdng, viec day
do con cai dudng nhu Id nhiem vu chi ciia ngudi cha thi ngay nay de cao hon vai ttd ciia cd cha vd me Mdi quan he giiia cha rae
va con cai binh ddng vd ddn chii ban, cha
me ciing chii y ldng nghe y ki^n cua con hem, khdng ap dat, bat con lam theo y cha
me nhu ttudc (Le Thi, 2009)
Theo nghien ciiu cua Le Ngpc Lan (2016), cd hai nhdm phdm chat tinh cdch dugc cac bac cha me hudng vao giao due tte era Dd la nhdm nhiing phdm chat thugc
vl gia tti dao diic tmyen thdng (gian di, tilt kiem, tmng thyc, thdng thdn, quan tdm chdm sdc ngudi khac, tdn ttpng mpi ngudi, hieu thdo, khiem tdn, nhudng nhin)
vd nhdm nhiing phdm chat thupc ve nang lyc, tinh each cdn thiet cua ban thdn (tinh
ky ludt, nhanh nhen, thdo vat, sang tao, kien tri, ddc lap, manh dan, quyet doan)
Nhdm phdm chdt thugc vi gid tri truyin thdng it thay ddi qua thdi gian ma
thudng dugc duy tri, bd sung vd phat ttien qua cac thi he ke tiep bdi nd ludn de cao nhiing phdm chdt cao dep, dang ttdn trpng cua con ngudi d mgi thdi dai, mpi tdng Idp, mpi nhdm xa hdi Cdc bdc cha me ludn mong mudn diia tte phdi biet sdng gian dj, tiet kiem trong gia dinh, nghia Id mudn diia
Trang 6ngudi tiidn va ban than minh Idm ra Mong
mudn diia tte sdng trung thuc, thdng thdn
nghia la sdng khdng gia ddi, ludn ciii, sdng
thdng than, cuong true, bdo ve le phai, sdng
thuc vdi bdn chat ciia chinh minh Mong
rauon tte biet quan tam cham sdc ngudi
khac chinh la d l Idn len tte se ttanh dugc
loi sdng ich ky, cd nhdn, tir do tte khdng
nhiing cam thdng, chia se su vdt va vdi cha
me, dng bd, anh chi em, ma con thdy rd
trach nhiem ciia ban thdn ttong ddi sdng gia
dinh Mudn tte tdn trgng, hilu thdo vdi dng
ba, cha me la mudn tte sdng hudng den cdi
ngudn, gdc r l cua minh, hudng den dao ly
ludn thudng d ddi Tdm lai, do Id nhiing gia
tti, nhiing kinh nghiem song tdt dep mang
tinh tmyen thdng ciia ddn tdc Bdt ky ca
nhan nao dii la tri thiic hay cdng nhdn, nong
ddn, dii d thanh thi hay ndng thon deu cdn
cd nhiing phdm chat nhdn each do ttong
minh Chinh vi the, hdu bet cac bdc cha me
da lya chpn nhiing phdm chdt ti'nh cdch ndy
de giao due cho con cai, the hien d ty le lua
chpn khd cao ttong nhiing ngudi tham gia
khdo sdt
Nhdm phdm chdt thu hai raa cha me
quan tam day bdo tre em trong gia dinh do
la nhirng pham chdt thupc ve nang luc, tinh
each nhu: tinh ky ludt, nhanh nhen, thdo
vat, cd dc sang tao, kien tri, chiu dyng; cd
tinh dpc lap, manh dan, quyet doan Ddy la
nhiing net tinh cdch cdn thiet cho su thich
ling va hdi nhap ciia ban than ttong thdi ky
ddi mdi, thai ky phdt ttien manh me cda
nen kinh te thi ttudng
Cha rae mong raudn day dd cho con cdi
nhilu phdm chdt dao due khac nhau Dang
chii y la khong cd sy khde biet dang ke ttong
quan niem ciia cha me ve giao due dao diic
cho con trai vd con gdi, tuy nhien cha me
mong mudn vd giao due cho con gai su kheo
due tinh ddc lap, ty chu Nhu vay, ttong giao due con gai cha me van chu y den tinh nU, ttong khi cac pham chat gan vdi tmh nam dugc nhdn manh ttong gido due con ttai Mac dii vay, xet tiieo nai cu tiTi, nhiing cha me d thanh thi chii ttgng giao due tinh ty giac vd
cd ttach nhiem cho con cdi ban nhung cha
me sdng d ndng thdn Trong khi do, ty le cha
me d ndng thdn cd miic sing thdp 1^ quan tdra gido due con cdi tinh can cii, tiet kiem cao ban so vdi cac bac cha me sdng d thanh till (Trdn Thi Hdng, 2008)
Miic dp im tien gido due cdc phdm chdt dao diic, Idi song cd sy khac nhau giiia cac gia dinh d khu vyc ndng thdn va dd thi, miic sdng hd gia dinh, liia tudi vd hgc vdn ciia cha me song su khac biet dd khdng dang kl Dilu nay cho thay, co su ddng nhat tuong doi cao ttong viec lya chgn cac ndi dung giao due dao diic cho con cai d cdc gia dinh bdt k l khu vyc sinh sdng, miic sdng Trong tdt cd cac khia canh giao due pham chdt dao diic Idi sdng cho con cai, ngudi me la ngudi gifl vai ttd chu yeu (Le Ngpc Lan, 2016)
Thdng qua cac nghien ciin, cd the thay viec gido due nhdn each cho con cai trong gia dinh bao gdm nhieu npi dung, nhieu cdch thiic khac nhau Mdi quan he cha me -eon cai trong cac gia dinh nong thdn d Viet Nam ngay cang bdt tinh dp dat ban, tinh dan chii tdng ddn len, tuy nhien, cha me vdn
cd quyin quyet dinh ddi vdi mpi boat dpng ciia con cdi, quan he ttong gia dinh vdn tudn thu tdn ti trdt ty ttuyin thing, nhung quyin luc cua cha me khong raang tinh tuyet ddi nhu ttong gia dinh Nho giao
Thay Idi ket Cung vdi su bien ddi ciia xa hpi Viet Nam ttong nhimg nam gdn day, gia dinh ndi chung, gia dinh d cac vimg ndng thdn
Trang 7ddi manh me Dilu do till hien d nhilu gdc
dp, ttong do cd su biln ddi ttong viec cham
sdc tte em cua gia dinh Qua phdn tich mdt
sd kit qua nghien ciiu ve cham sdc tte em
ttong gia dinh ndng thdn Viet Nam cd the
tiidy, cdng viec chdm sdc tte em ttong cac 3
gia dinh ndng thdn van do ngudi me chiu
ttach nhiem chinh Mdng cham sdc siic
khoe tinh thdn, vui chai gidi tti cho tre ttong
cac gia dinh ndng thdn chua dugc de cao
vd quan tdm ddy du Hau bet cac bac cha 4
me ndng thdn hien nay chua danh nhieu
thdi gian quan tam, vui choi cimg con cai
Mat khac, cha me chua tao dieu kien ndng
cao ddi sdng tinh thdn cua tte em Su dinh
hudng ciia cha me ddi vdi viec sii dung 5
thdi gian nhan rdi cua tte chua giiip tre
dugc vui ve, thoai mai, nang cao ddi sdng
tinh than Ben canh dd, yeu td kinh te ciing
dugc nhieu nghien ciiu tap tmng phdn tich
va chi ra rang, viec chdm sdc giao due tre
em doi hdi gia dinh khdng chi cd tinh cam 6
yeu thuang con cdi, ma cdn phdi cd thyc
lyc kinh te gia dinh thi mdi cd the cham
soc ddy dii mgi mat cho tte Hien nay edc
gia dmh khu vyc ndng thon d Viet Nam ndi
chung da sd van cdn ngheo, kinh te ndng 7
thon chua phdt trien, tre em trong cac gia
dinh nong thdn van con thua thiet nhieu so
vdi d cac khu vyc dd thi Dieu nay dang la
nhung thdch thiic ddi vdi viec chdm sdc tre
em trong cac gia dinh ndng thdn hien nay • 8
Tai Heu tham khao
1 Ddng Nguyen Anh (2004), "Cdu tnic hd
gia dinh vd siic khoe tie em: nhiing phat 9
hien qua khdo sat nhan khau hgc va siic
khoe 1997", ttong: Gia dinh trong tdm
guang xd hdi hgc, Nxb Khoa bpc xa
hgi Ha Ndi
2 Ngd Thi Nggc Anh (2008), Ddnh gid
due tre em cua cdc gia dinh khu vuc ndng thdn phia Bdc, Bao cdo Tdng kit
de tdi Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe cdp Bd,
Vu Gia dinh, Bd Van hda, Thi thao va
Du lich
Nguyen Thi Vdn Anh (2011), Cdc yiu
td dnh hudng den ty le tic vong tre em
d ndng thdn Viet Nam Ludn vdn thac sT
Kinh te, Tmdng Dai hge Kinh tl Thanh pho Hd Chi Minh
Bd Van hda The thao va Du lich, Tong cue Thing ke, UNICEF Viet Nam, Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh vd Gidi (2008),
Kit qud Diiu tra gia dinh Viet Nam ndm 2006,113.^1
Hai Diep (2008), Tre em ngheo, tre
ndng thdn cd nguy co tic vong cao,
http://www.baomoi.com/Home/Suc Kboe/thethaovanhoa.vntre-em-ngheo -tre-nong-thon-co-nguy-co-tu-vongcao /1870226.epi
Dominique Haughton, Jonathan Haugh-ton (1999), "Sd thich con trai", trong:
Hd gia dinh Viet Nam qua phdn tich dinh lugng Dominique va link (chu
bien), Nxb Chinh tti qudc gia Ha Ndi
Le Nggc Ldn (2016), Chdm sdc con cdi
trong gia dlnh Viet Nam hien nay, Bao
cao thudng nien 2016, Vien Nghien cihi Gia dinh vd Gidi, Vien Han 1dm Khoa hgc xa hgi Viet Nam
Trdn Quy Long (2011), Gia dinh vd
hogt ddng cham sdc tre em d Hd Ndi,
Bdo cao phdn tich ket qua Dieu tra Gia dinh HaNgi 2010
Trdn Quy Long (2014), "Sy quan tam ciia cha me ddi vdi con cai vi thanh nien trong ddi sdng tam ly, tinh cam d khu
vuc Bdc Tmng bd" Tap chi Nghien ciiu
Gia dinh vd Gidi, sd 5
Trang 8dugc ndng cao khi tdng lugng kinh t l
nude nay da diing thir hai till gidi Mat
khac, Trung Qudc ciing phai ddi mat vdi
nhiing thdch thiic ndi tai ciing nhu nhung
thach thiic den tir ben ngodi Doi vdi Trung
Qudc, sy nghiep cai cdch da trd thanh mot
cdng ttinh he thong phiic tap, cdn phai tinh
den cdc yeu td trong vd ngoai nude, tiln
hanh cdi each toan dien, dong bd d mpi
ITnh vyc •
Tai lieu tham khao
1 Bdo cdo chinh tri Dgi hdi XIX Ddng
Cdng sdn Trung Qudc ngdy 18/10/2017
(bdn dich tieng Viet cua Bd Ngoai giao
VietNam ndra 2017)
2 Cdng bdo thdng ke kinh ti xd hdi Trung
Qudc 2017 (K^B^W 2 0 1 8 ^ 0 3 ^ 0 1
H 10 ii&), http://paper.people.com.cn/
nnrb/btml/2018-03/01 /node_l 921 htm,
tmy cap ngay 09/10/2019
3 Nguyen Xudn Cudng (2018), "Tmng
Qudc: Nhin lai qua ttinh 40 ndm cdi
cdch, md cira", Tgp chi Cong sdn, http://
www.tapchicongsan.org.vn/Home/The
-gioi-van-de-su-kien/2018/53209/Trung
Q u o c N h i n l a i q u a t r i n h 4 0 n a m -cai-cach-rao-cua.aspx, tray cap ngay 5/9/2019
4 Hgc vien Chinh ttj qudc gia Ho Chi
Minh (2018), Gido trinh Chu nghTa
xd hdi khoa hgc (Diing cho he ddo tgo Cao cdp ly ludn chinh tri), Nxb Ly ludn
chinh tti, H a N g i
5 Kenedy, Paul (1989), The Rise and Fall
of the Great Powers, Vintage books
New York
6 Shambaugh, David (2017), Tuong lai cua Trung Qudc, Nguyen Dmh Huynh
dich, Nxb Hdi Nhd vdn Ha Ndi
7 Shirk, Susan L (2015), Gd khdng Id mdt ngu, Hoang Mai Anh dich, Nxb
Hdi Nha van, Hd Ndi
8 Trung tam tin tire VTV24 (2018),
Khodng cdch giau ngheo a Trung Qudc se ngdy cdng ro ret, https://vtv
vn/kinb-te/khoang-cach-giau-ngheo-o -trung-quoc-se-ngay-cang-ro-ret-201 809201529274I3.btm, tmy cap ngay 09/10/2019
(tiip theo trang 41)
10 Trdn Quy Long (2015), "Cdc y l u td
anh hudng den tinh trang suy dinh
dudng chieu cao theo tuoi cua tre em
dudi 5 tudi" Tap chi Nghien cuu Gia
dinh vd Gidi, sd 1
11 Nguyin Hun Minh, Ngd Thi Tudn
Dung (2013), Cdc quan he gia dinh d
khu vuc Bdc Trung bg trong bdi cdnh
cdng nghiip hda, hiin dgi hda vd hdi
nhdp qudc ti, De tdi cap Bd, Vien
Nghien eiiu Gia dinh va Gidi, Vien
12 Nhdm hanh ddng chdng ddi ngheo
(2002), Cdi thien tinh trgng sice khde
vd gidm bdt nhiing bdt binh ddng, Bao
cao chung ciia cdc nhd tdi trg Ha Ndi
13 Trdn Thi Hong (2008), "Khuonmaugidi trong gia dinh", ttong: Trdn Thi Vdn Anh, Nguyin Hiiu Minh (ehii bien),
Binh ddng gidi a Viit Nam (pp
388-419), Nxb Khoa hpc xa hdi Ha Npi
14 Le Thi (2009), Su tuang ddng vd khac biet trong quan niim vi hdn nhdn gia dlnh giira cdc he hi ngudi Viit Nam hien nay, Nxb Khoa hgc xa hdi