Ngdy nhgn bdi: 4/11/2019; ngdy giti phdn bien: 10/1/2020, ngdy duyet ddng: 9/2/2020 Dat van de Ddk Ldk la mdt trong nhiing tinh eiia ea nude co nhigu chuang trinh, du an nhu hd trg ddt
Trang 1NHlrtVG T H A Y £»OI T R O N G DCtt S O N G VA PHlTONG T H U C SINK KE
H I E N N A Y C U A NGU^CH E-DE 6 X A E A N U O L ,
H U Y E N B U O N D O N , T I N H D A K L A K '
ThS Ndng Bang Nguyen Vi^ii Dan toe hoc
Tdm tdt: Ngudi E-de cu trit tap trung chu yiu a tinh Dak Lak Didm qua nhieu ngMen cuu cho
thdy sinh ke truyin thong cita tpc nguoi ndy thu&ng Id canh tdc tren rdy, chan nudi nhd le va san ban
hdi luam Bdi viit ndy md td nhieng su- bien doi d&i song vd sinh ki hien nay cua ngu&i E-de & xd Ea
Nuoi, huyen budn Ddn, tinh Dak Lak Sir biin doi ndy cd sic tdc ddng cua nhieu yeu td, trong dd, cdc
chinh sdch phdt triin kinh ti - xa hpi cua nhd nu&c vd su hd trp cua nhieng chucmg trinh du dn qudc
ti ddng vai trd quan trpng Trong su biin ddi dy, nguai E-de cd nhieng lua chpn mang tinh duy ly
nhdm thich nghi v&i hoi cdnh m&i
Tie khoa: ngu&i E-de, sinh ki d&i song, chinh sdch, chuang trinh vd du dn qudc te
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 4/11/2019; ngdy giti phdn bien: 10/1/2020, ngdy duyet ddng: 9/2/2020
Dat van de
Ddk Ldk la mdt trong nhiing tinh eiia ea nude co nhigu chuang trinh, du an nhu hd trg ddt san
xudt, ddt d, nha d va nudc sinh boat cho hd dong bao dan tdc thigu sd ngheo, ddi sdng khd khan
(Chuang trinh 134); Chuong trinh giam ngheo Tay Nguyen; Chinh sach hd trg true tigp cho ngudi
dan thudc hp nghgo d vung khd khan (Chuong trinh 102); Chinh sach hd trg hd ngheo vg nha d
(Chuang trinh 167); Chuang trinh mue tigu quoe gia vg xay dung ndng thdn mdi; Trong nhigu
nam qua, tinh edn co hang tram du an ODA tap trung vao cac van dg xay dung eo sd ha tang, y tg va
giam ngheo (Uy ban nhan dan tinh Dak Lak, 2015; Minh Thdng, 2017) Ngoai ra, tinh Dak Lak con
cd nhigu du an do cac td chuc quoc tg hd Up
Qua trinh thuc thi cac chinh sach va du an d cac cap dp khac nhau da tao ra nhiing thay doi ve
kinh tg, van hda, xa hgi d tpc ngudi E-de tai tinh Dak Lak Trong khudn khd bai viet nay, ehiing toi
gdp phan bd sung tu lieu vg nhung thay ddi ve ddi sdng va sinh kg cua ngudi E-dg hien nay qua
nghign ciiu trudng hpp tai xa Ea Nudi vao thang 4 nam 2019
Xa Ea Nudi cd 1.285 hp gia dinh ngudi E-dg vdi 5.515 nhan khau, chigm khoang 45,68% dan
sd toan xa Hd ngheo ngudi E-de la 898 hp, chigm hon 68,13% hd nghgo toan xa Xa Ea Nudi la mot
trong nhiing xa ngheo ciia tinh Ddk Ldk va dupe nhan ho tro eua Du an giam ngheo kliu vuc Tay
Nguygn giai doan 2 Qua frinh tham gia du an tir nam 2015 dgn nay da thay ddi dang ke cac digu kien
kinh tg - xa hpi cua ngudi E-de noi day (Uy ban nhan dan xa Ea Nuoi, 2019)
' Bai vigt la kgt qua ciia dk tai nghien ciru cdp Co sd nam 2019: "Anh hudng cita vdn hoa toe ugmh ain viec
ddu tu- vd thuc Men cdc chuang trinh du dn gudc tid vimg Tay Nguyen" do Vien Dan toe hoc chu i, j, j g
Trang 21 Nhijng thay doi ve to chuc xa hdi
Ngudi E-de d xa Ea Nudi eu tni chu ygu tai cac budn: Nieng 1, Nieng 2 va Nigng 3; Ko Dung
A va Ko Dung B; Ea Mthar IA, Ea Mthar IB, Ea Mthar 2 va Ea Mthar 3 Nhihig budn nay duoc tach
ra tir cac budn gdc do su phat frien dan sd, Chang han, budn Nieng 1 la gdc cua buon Nieng 2 va
Nigng 3 tach ra tir nam 1983 va 2004, Dac digm xa hdi ctia ngudi E-dg tai xa Ea Nudi hien nay eo
nhieu thay ddi so vdi truygn thdng
Su cd ket tpc ngudi: Nhung budn "gdc" nhu budn Nigng 1, da sd cu dan la ngirdi E-dg, rdt it
tpc ngudi khac cu tni Nhiing budn mdi duge tach ra, nhu budn Nieng 2 va 3, tinh trang mua ban ddt
dai giiia ngudi E-de va cac tdc ngudi khac dien ra kha manh me dan den tinh trang cu tni xen cai
giua cac tpc ngudi khac nhau Chang ban budn Nigng 3, cd trudng hpp ngudi E-dg ban dat cho ngudi
Kinh va ngirdi Kinh nay lai thue mdt hd gia dinh ngudi Tay khac dgn d dg cham sdc cay ca phg
Mac dil eae budn dupe tach ra do su gia tang dan sd, song ngudi E-dg sdng d cac budn nay cd
moi quan he ddng hp ben chat Day cd thg xera la dac digm xa hdi quan trpng nliat ciia ngudi E-dg
anh hudng den cac boat ddng va hieu qua ciia nhieu boat ddng phat trign kinh tg - xa hdi Mdi quan
he nay the hien ro nhdt qua viec giup do Idn nhau trong cudc sdng va hoat dpng kinh te Anh Ywing
Hra dign giai cho chiing tdi vg su tuong tra xa hpi frong ddng hp giira cae budn nliu sau; anh sinh ra
va ldn Ign d budn Nigng 2, kgt hdn va theo vg vg sdng d budn Nigng 1, bd me anh van dang sinh
song d buon Nieng 2, gia dinh anh cd nhigu anh em hp hang d buon Nigng I, Nigng 2 va Nigng 3
Den miia thu hoach liia, ea phe hay hd tieu nhung ngudi frong eimg ddng hp tham gia ddi cdng, giiip
dd lan nhau khi cdng viec rdia ndng ban rdn
Phdn chia tdi sdn sau khi ket hon • Ngudi E-dg cd tuc raau he, con cai dat tgn theo hg rae, sau khi
ket hdn nam gidi vg nha gai sinh sdng va ciia cai thudng dugc chia cho eon gai Hau hgt phu nir la
ngudi quan iy kinh te, quyet dinh cae van dg trong gia dinh Tap tuc nay hien van edn d ngudi E-de tai
xa Ea Nudi Ba Brui Tui, budn Nigng 1 dign giai eho ehiing tdi vg each phan chia tai san nhu sau'
Trong gia dinh, cac cd con gai di lay ehdng deu dupe ehia cdng bang rapt dien tich dat canh tac nhat
dinh, cdn vg chdng ba giii' lai dien tieh dat ldn hon cae con mdt chut Dien tich dat dugc giii lai do vg
chong ba canh tac va c6 su hd tro eiia cac con, ke ca con gai va con frai Sau khi thu hoach, vg chong ba
giii lai dli tigu dimg, phan cdn lai cho cac con Dien tich dat dugc giii lai do dng ba sd buu va dg thiia ke
cho cd con gai lit hoac ngudi con gai dung ra cham sdc dng ba khi gia ygu, dm dau Vai frd ciia gidi
trong gia dinh va san xuat phan nao tac ddng dgn cac boat ddng ciia cac du an phat frign dang trien khai
tai dia phuong O xa Ea Nudi, hau het eae thanh vien tham gia nhdm san xuat la ehi em phu nir,
Quan he kinh te giiea ngu&i E-de v&i ngu&i Kinh vd cdc tpc ngie&i khac: Vg quan ly cap chinh
quygn hien nay, Bi thu, Chu tieh va nhieu can bd chu chdt cua xa deu la ngudi Kinh Su thara gia vao
cac hoat dpng Du an, nhdra frdng trpt hay chan nudi dgu cd ldng ghep giua cac hd thudc nhigu thanh
phan tpc ngudi khac nhau Quy dinh ciia nhdm du an la sir frao ddi va chia sg kien thuc, ky nang
trong qua trinh trdng trpt va chan nudi Khi chiing tdi hdi vg van dg nay thi da sd ngudi E-dg deu cho
rang hp thudng xuyen frao ddi cac thdng tin cho nhau, nhung fren thuc te eac hd ngudi Kinh thudng
thanh edng hon so vdi eac hd ngudi E-dg frong cimg mdt du an
Ngudi Kinh d xa Ea Nuoi chii ygu la budn ban tap hda, lam dai ly phan bdn, thu mua hd tieu,
Trang 3lam ndng nghiep Da so cac hg gia dinh ngudi E-dg ma nhdm nghien ciiu khao sat cho bigt hien datig vay mupn tign Cae khoan vay mugn nay nhdm trang frai nhu cdu sinh hoat gia dinh ddu tu cho chan nudi va frong trgt Do digu kien kinh tg cd ban, mdi hd gia dinh chi vay duge khoang 20 trieu dong tu Ngan hang chinh sach xa hdi (thdi han tir 1 - 5 nam tiiy kha nang ehi fra) Nhigu ngudi E-dg buoc phai vay tien hoac vat hr ndng nghiep, chan nudi tir cac cira hang vat frr ndng nghiep hoac doanh nghiep tu nlian thu mua ca phg, ho tigu vdi sd tien lai sudt cao Ddi vdi nhirng gia dinh vay lioac mua vat Ur nong nghiep tir 1 trieu dong frd Ign thi lai sudt fra hang thang frr 20.000 - 50.000 ddng, tiiy theo uy tin cua ngudi di vay Uy tin eao la nhiing ngudi fra gdc, lai diing ban va cam ket ban san pham (ca phg, ho tieu, digu, ngd) ngay sau khi thu hoach Nhu vay, udc khoan lai sudt eho vay ddi vdi 1 trieu ddng la 24%/nani Miie lai sudt nay eao hon rdt nhigu so vdi lai sudt cua Ngan hang chinh saeh xa hpi la 1,2%/nam Chi Hdi Hwing eho biet Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hdi chi thu lai 6.500 dong/l frieu ddng mdi thang Cac khoan vay giiia cac ca nhan phai fra lai cao va ndng san ban ra bj ep gia nen nguoi ndng dan rat thiet thdi, tham chi thua Id va red vao canh np ndn chong chat
Ty li ngheo vdn cdn rdt cao a nguai E-de: Theo bao cao cua UBND xa Ea Nudt nam 2018,
toan xaco 1.318 hd ngheo trong tdng sd 2.986 hd, chiem 44,14% so hd toan xa Trong dd, hd ngheo
la ngudi E-dg cd 898 hd, chiem han 68,13% hp ngheo toan xa Ty le ngheo cao cua ngudi E-de tai xa
Ea Nudi ed nguygn nhan tir su gia tang dan so, thigu ddt canh tac va frinh dp giao due phd thdng thap Trong cac tigu chi vg xay dung ndng thdn mdi thi dgu chi thii 14 ve giao due eiia xa da dat dupe Trong do, toan xa dat tieu ehi phd cap giao due mdm non, tigu hpc va trung hpc co sd; ty Ie hpc sinh tdt nghiep ph6 thdng eo sd dat 100% vdi 124/124 hpc smh (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) So sanh vdi
sd lieu chung vg trinh do hoc vdn cua ngudi E-dg qua biic franh tdng quat theo kgt qua dieu tra nam
2015 etia Uy ban dan tde cho thay sir khae biet, chi cd 71,2% ngudi E-de tir 15 tudi trd len biet dgc, vigt chii' phd thdng; 65,1% tre em frong do tudi di hpc hgc dimg cap; ty le nay d cdp tigu hgc la 91,7%, trung hgc casd la 67,6%, trung hpc phd thong la 26,8% (Uy ban Dan tpc, 2015),
Trinh dp hpc van thap thudng la nguyen nhan cua ngheo ddi, thieu kign thirc, ky nang trong viec tham gia Du an giam ngheo va dua ra cac kg hoach nang cao sinh ke cho gia dinh Trinh dp hoc van thap ciing cd the dan den han ehe vg tam thg frong viec tham gia du an va iing dung kien thiic mdi trong san xuat kinh tg Thdng thudng, khi ed kign thirc mdi lien quan den san xudt, ngudi E-de thudng hdi hg hang, hang xom, hay nhijng ngudi eimg trong nhdm, chii chua ehii ddng trao ddi true tigp vdi cac can bd ky thuat cita Du an hoac tim cae thdng tin tir sach vd va intemet Chi Hblen Bya,
budn Ko Dung A danh gia vg nhan thiic cua ngudi E-dg nhu sau: "Ngu&i E-de thi rdt khd khdn tic did trinh dp ho kem, hp khong dupe nhu ngu&i Kinh, nen ngu&i E-de & budn Ko Dung A ti le ho ngheo rdt la cao, 138 hp ngheo"
Thay ddi cdu trite xd hpi: Tinh frang di cu va cu tni xen cai giiia cac tdc ngudi dang diln ra manh
me trong 20 nam trd lai day da lara thay ddi noi eu tni cua ngudi E-dg Xung quanli khu vuc UBND xa
Ea Nudi qua con dudng Nguyln Thi Dinh (cdn ggi Tinh Id 681) frd thanh nai cu frii ciia ngudi Kinh va tap trung cac hoat dgng budn ban, djch vu Cac hoat ddng kinh tg nay frd thanh diem niit chinh frong quan he kinh tg - xa hdi giiia cac tge ngudi, nhdt la quan he giiia ngudi E-dg va ngirdi Kinh Cac buon mdi eiia ngudi E-dg ddn chuygn sau vao bgn frong Cho du c6 nhimg thay ddi vg cau fnic cu tni nhung
ngudi Edg vdn cd tinli doan kgt rdt cao Quan he xa hdi gdn bd giua cac budn khdng chi • :• hon nhan
-gia dinli, ma cdn vg kinh te va eac tuong fro xa hdi khac
Trang 4Tinh frang ngheo tai cac hd gia dinh ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi hien cdn rat cao, chiem den gan
70% sd hd ngheo toan xa Ngheo ddi thudng keo theo nhiing khd khan khae nhu dau tu vg giao due,
site khde, kign thiic va nang lire Hep nhan cac du an ho frg Van dg nay dan den su thidu hut cac
ngudn vdn cua ngudi E-dg noi day, trong do cd vdn tai chinh Miic cho vay cua nha nudc cdn thdp
ngn nhigu hd gia dinh ngheo phai tim kigm ngudn vdn khae vdi lai suat cao Nhu tren da phan tich,
day la mpt trong nhung nguygn nhan khign mdi quan he kinh te - tai chmh giua eac hd gia dinh E-de
va dai ly vat tu ndng nghiep eiia ngudi Kinh dan trd ngn tigu cue
2 Nhung thay doi ve gia tri van hoa
Vdn hda vgt chdt: Nha dai la hinh thiic eu tni truygn thdng cua ngudi E-dg Trong nha dai
diudng cd K'pang, chieng, frdng, ghe rugu hoae nhung bd da thu la san pham cua viee san bdt Nliieu
nha dai tai xa Ea Nudi van con nhiing hien vat nhu frgn Tuy nhign, so lugng nha dai dang giam ddn
va thay thg bdi nha fret bang gach, gd Su giam siit ve sd lugng nha dai va su tach hg cho thdy xu
hudng md hinh quy md gia dinh nhd hien nay Hon niia, cae chuong frinh, du an ciia nha nudc va
nhiing td chirc qude te gan day thudng ho trg theo hd gia dinli, uu tign hp ngheo, can ngheo Vi the,
hau het eae gia dinh Idn trudc day deu da tach hd dg dupe hudng ehg do uu tign
Hien nay, frang phuc cua ngudi E-de hoan toan thay ddi so vdi truygn thdng Au phuc thay thg
cho vay, kho Ba Brui Tui, nghe nhan det d budn Nigng 1 cho bigt: cac nir thanh nign bay gid kliong
con ai thich hpc det vai truygn thdng nira Ngay nhu hai cd con gai ciia ba ciing khdng thich hpc nghg
det nay Nghe det vai theo ba ddi hdi phai cd tinh kien nhan va sire khde do phai lam hang tuan mdi ed
the det dugc mdt tam chan hoac mdt chiee ao, Tuy nhign, nhiing frang phuc truygn thdng van co gia
tri linh thigng frong nhirng dip trgng dai nhu cudi hdi eua ngudi E-dg Khach mua hang ciia ba chu ygu
la Idiach du Hch nudc ngoai, nghe sT va mdt sd gia dinh trong viing mua dg lam lg vat frong eac dam
cudi, Phuang tien di chuyen eiia cae hd gia dinh ehu ygu la xe dap va xe may Nliung gia dinh kha gia
con CO xe cong ndng, may cay phuc vu eho eac hoat ddng san xuat Dien thoai di ddng la phuong tien
lign lac rat phd bign nai day, Hau nbu gia dinh nao eiing cd it nhat mdt dien thoai di dpng,
Ea Nudi la mdt trong nhihig xa ngheo ciia huyen Budn Ddn, tinh Dak Lak ngn dugc uu tign
tham gia rat nhieu chuong trinh, du an giam ngheo, phat trien ciia Chinh phu va cae td ehiic qudc tg
nhu: Chuong trinh hd frg dat san xuat, dat d, nha d va nudc smh boat cho hd ddng bao dan tdc tliigu
sd ngheo, ddi sdng khd khan (Chuong trinh 134); Chuong trinh giam ngheo Tay Nguyen; Chinh sach
h6 trg true tigp eho ngudi dan thudc hd ngheo d vimg khd khan (Chuang trinh 102); Chinh sach hd
trg hp ngheo ve nha d (Chuong frinh 167); Chuong frinh mue tieu qudc gia vg xay dung ndng thdn
mdi, Cac chuong trinh nay da gdp phan thay ddi dien mao eac budn cua tde ngu'di E-dg noi day
(UBND xa Ea Nuoi, 2018); raang lai eho xa dien mao mdi vg he thdng co sd ha tang (dien, dudng,
tnrdng, tram y te, nha van hoa cdng ddng) Cac hp gia dinh deu dugc sir dung dien ludi, eac con
dudng chinh frong thdn hdu het dugc do be tdng, trudng hpc, nha van hda va fram y te xa dupe xay
mdi va sita ehiia khang trang
Vdn hda tinh thdn: Tai xa Ea Nudi ed ba tdn giao chinh la Phat giao, Tin lanh va Cdng giao vdi
tdng s6 2.540 tin dd
Tin Lanh rat phat trign d cac cdng ddng ngudi E-de nai day vdi mgt chi hdi va hai digm nhdm
Trang 5tin dd frai dgu d 7 budn (Buon Nigng I Nigng 2, va Nigng 3; budn Ko E>ung A va Ko Dung B: budn Ea
Mthar lAva IB) Cdng giao cd 1 giao hg (HdaNam) vdi 1.406 tin dd (UBND xa Ea Nuoi 2018)
Tin Lanh va Cong giao da cd nhirng tac ddng ldn dgn viec bd cac nghi Ie tmyen thdng cua
ngudi E-de, kg ea iihiing nghi lg quan frong nhu le cung ben nu&c ciing khdng cdn nira Khi chung toi
hoi cd lai cac budc cua nghi le nay thi hdu hgt nhung ngudi tir Iiia tudi trung mgn trd lgn '^eu co the
ke chi tiet quy trinh cua nd, edn thanh nign thi chi bigt tgn ma khdng bigt nghi Ig nay nhu thg nao
Tim higu ve cac dac digm van hda cua ngudi E-de nai day cho thdy, cac chuang tnnh giam
ngheo va xay dung ndng thdn radi da cd nhiing tac dpng nhat dinh den van hda vat chat va tinh iJian
ciia ngudi dan Nhigu khia eanh trong van hoa ciia ngudi E-dg da thay ddi nhigu so vai truygn thdng
Thay ddi quan frgng cua ngudi E-de noi day la mdt bd phan Idn da frd thanh tin dd ciia Cdng giao va
Tin lanh, Nhirng gia tri van hoa mdi nliu phucmg tien di lai, lign lac va co gidi hda frong boat dpng
san xuat dang ngay cang ddng gop vao su phat frien d eac budn lang cua ngudi E-de
3 Nhirng thay doi trong sinh ke cua nguoi E-de hien nay
Ngudi E-dg tai xa Ea Nudi co cac hoat dpng muu sinh chinh bao gdm: frdng frgt, chan nudi,
radt sd nganh nghg thu cdng va khai thac cac ngudn lgi tii tu nhign Trong cac boat ddng muu sinh
nay, trdng trpt va chan nudi la hai hoat ddng quan trpng nhat
3.1 Trdng trpt
Trong trpt eua ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi bao gdm frdng liia nudc, ca phe, digu, hd tigu, eao su
va mdt sd loai cay luong thuc, hoa mau, cay an frai va cac loai dugc heiu Trong cae loai cay frdng kg
fren, liia va ca phe la hai loai cay trdng chinh Nhtrng loai cay frdng khae chi mang tinh thdi vu, nhd lg,
hoac tan dung eae khoanh dat frdng cua rudng, vudn, ehua cd quy md ldn Theo bao eao eua UBND xa
Ea Nudi, toan xa hien cd 2.414 heeta dat frdng cay ca phe, 1.365 hecta cay luong thue (ngd, liia), 285
hectahdtigu, 185 heeta digu (UBND xaEaNudi, 2018)
Liia dugc ngudi E-dg trong d nhiing noi ven theo trign sdng Sgrgpok va mgt sd eon suoi nho
ddn ngudn tir con sdng nay Liia vdn la cay frdng chinh dem lai ngudn luang thuc chinh cho ngudi
E-de tai day Ngudi E-dg tai xa Ea Nudi mdt nam thudng frdng 2 vu liia, Mdt sd hd gia dinh ed mpng
ngay sat eae eon sudi frong dgn 3 vu liia, nhimg sd lugng nay rat it Vu liia thii nhat thudng bat dau vao
thang 6 hoac thang 7 va kgt thiic vao thang 10 Khi mua mua bat dau vao thang 6 la Iiic ngudi dan tien
hanh vu lua thii nhdt; vu liia thii hai bat dau tir thang 10, thang 11 cho dgn thang 1 eua nam sau (tinh
theo duong lieh) Cho den nay, ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi chi frdng lua nudc, it frdng luong thuc fren
nuong ray
Vg giong Ilia, do chuyen sang trdng liia nude, ngn ngudi E-dg thudng su dung gidng do hgp
tac xa cung cap, hoac dg danli gidng lua ciia vu trudc hay mua gidng d cac cua hang vat tu nong
nghiep Nhiing loai gidng liia ma ngudi E-dg hay frdng la UM, ML 48, UEM, Dai ihom, Tam, Vdi
dien tich canh tac han chg, liia thu hoach duge thudng chi dii diing trong gia dinh Do he thong thuy
lpi chua dupe tdt, nhdt la hi khi thiiy dien Srgpdk 3 hoan thanh vao nam 2010 eho dgn nay, ngudi dan
xa Ea Nudi cang gap khd khan trong vdn dg tudi tigu cac loai cay trdng, bao gdra ea trong lua
Gia lang Ychon Pya, budn Ko Dung B cbo bigt, ngudi E-dg trudc day cd lg cung bgn nudc
Trang 6ddu mpt miia trdng trpt, thudng tir thang 4 dgn thang 5 am Hch Tuy nhign, tir nhieu nam nay,
ngudi E-dg d budn Ko Dung B da khdng cdn ciing ben nudc nira Mdt trong nhiing nguyen nhan
ciia su thay ddi nay la do nhiing bign ddi ve hinh thitc eanh tae liia nudc va tin ngudng Phdn ldn
ngudi E-dg d day da theo Tin Lanh hoac Cdng giao ngn khdng cdn duy tri eae nghi le truygn thong
Dg cham sdc cay lua, ngudi E-dg thudng bdn eac loai phan hda hpc nliu dam, Ian, kali va cae
loai phan chudng sau khi da u hoai vdi rom Theo djnh ky 1-2 thang, hp lam cd va phun thuoc trir sau
bgnh de lua phat frien tdt hon Cac loai phan bdn trong mpt vu liia gdra: phan dam, phan ure va phan
kali Chi phi cho viee cham sdc cay lua khoang 2 trieu ddng/sao/vu Sd tien nay tuong duang nhu
viec cham cay ca phg, hd tieu va rapt sd cay trdng kliac, Chi phi nay chua ke den tign cdng nhd ed va
thu hoach Cdng viec nay thudng dupe lam dudi hinh thirc van ddi cdng va ngudi den lam giup dirpc
gia chii mdi cam, rugu, nude udng, thudc la
Dien tieh frdng liia rat khac nhau giiia cae hd gia dinh va thudng klid xac djnh chinh xac dien
tich canh tac Thay vao do, cac gia dinh thudng xac dinh sd lugng khoanh rudng ma hg cd Vi du, gia
dinh ong Ychon Pya, budn Ko Dung B ed 10 khoanh rudng do dng va cac eon khai pha tir trudc nam
1975 Den nay, dng khdng bigt ehinh xae dien tieh cae manh rupng nay la bao nhigu ma chi ude doan
khoang 2 hecta
Nang suat lua cd su khac nhau giua cac hd gia dinh Theo bao cao eiia UBND xa Ea Nudi,
trong nam 2018, nang suat lua thu hoach trung binh 5,2 tan/hecta (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) Thuc tg
qua cac cudc phdng van sau, ngudi dan cho rang hp thu hoach eao nhat la khoang 200 kg/sao Da sd
cac hp gia dinh dugc phdng van cho rang vdi dien tich dat trdng frpt hien nay eua hp gia dinh va nang
suat lua nhu vay khdng dam bao nhu cau luong thuc eua gia dinh hg Vao liie giap hat, tir thang 3 den
thang 5 la liic hg phai mua thgm gao bgn ngoai de an Rieng gia dinh dng Ychon Pya cd du chiit it liia
dg ban sau cac vu thu hoach do gia dinh frdng 3 vu Iiia mdi nam, nhung d xa Ea Nudi ed rat it bd gia
dinh cd digu kien nhu vay Trung binli nha dng ban tir 20 bao dgn 40 bao liia, mdi bao 20 kg
Trong tinh toan nhu cau tieu thu luang thyc, chiing tdi thay ngudi E-de tigu thu kha nliigu gao,
Trong hd gia dinh khoang 4 ngudi ldn va 2 frg em, mgt ngay hg dimg het 1,2 kg gao, Nliu vay, mdi thang
nhu cau Hgu thu gao ciia hd nhu vay khoang 36 kg Ddi vdi eae hd ed nhigu khoanh dat frdng liia va frdng
dugc 3 vu liia nhir gia dinh nha dng Ychon Pya thi dii an va ed du mdt chiit dg ban Cdn gia dinh nao it
dat thi phai mua thgm dg bii cho nhu cau luang thuc ciia gia dinh, Mgt sd hg gia dinh bu dap viec thigu
lirong thue bang viec frdng ngd, khoai, sdn; nhung gao van la loai luong thue ua thich ciia ngudi dan
Nhu vay, trong viec trdng lua cua ngudi E-dg hien nay da hoan toan thay ddi so vdi each frdng
Iiia fren nuong ray truygn thdng ma nhirng nghign cihi tni'dc day da de cap dgn Chang ban, trong
eong frinh Dgi cuang ve cdc ddn tpc E-de, Mndng & Ddk Ldk, Bg Vigt Dang va eac cdng sir (1983)
cho bigt binh thiic canh tac liia pho bign cua ngudi E-de la chgc Id, fra hat Ngudi dan eiing frdng
nhigu gidng liia mdi ed nang sudt cao Tuy nhien, viec thay ddi hinh thirc frdng lua va su dung nhieu
loai gidng Ida khac nhau vln chua dam bao sinh kg bin viing cho ngudi dan noi day Nguygn nhan
chinh la do su gia tang dan sd, dien tich ddt rudng it, phan chia rudng dat cho con gai khi lap gia dinh
va chi phi dg chain sdc cay lua gidng mdi Idia nhigu Do dd, trong bao cao nam 2018, UBND xa Ea
Nudi cd de cap din viec cdp 7.455 kg gao cho 137 hd ngheo ciia xa Phan Idn cac hd ngheo la ngudi
E-de, chigm 68% tdnghd ngheo toan xa (UBND xaEaNudI, 2018)
Trang 7Ca phd la loai cay trdng da cd tir trudc nam 1990 tai xa Ea Nuoi, song mdi phd hien t i nam
2000 trd lai day Tir khi canh tac luong thuc d nuong ray bi han chd va dvmg hin do anh huong cua viec cjiri pha rimg, cac loai cay ca phd, ho tidu, didu duoc khuydn khich trdng Cac loai cay nay duoc trdng d nuong rSy, hoac vudn quanh nha cua ngudi E-de Giong ca phd phd bien la loai Robusta, dugc nguoi dan tu uom gidng hoac mua gidng ciia cac nha vudn trong xii Cay ca phe tar day thudng dugc thu hoach vao khoang tir thang 10 ddn thang 11 hang nam Khao siit tai radt sd ho co hrdng ca phd cho thiy, 1 hecta ca phe thu hoach duoc khoiing 2 tSn hat, vdi gia ban khoang 33.000 ddng/kg Dd cham sdc ca phe, ngudi dan thudng dimg cac loai phan bdn dam, lan, kali va phan chuong
Hd gia dinh chi Hdi Hwmg cd 8 sao ca phd (1.000m'), diing hdt 1 bao phan ure udt, 1^ bao phan ure khd, 1 bao phan dam, 1 bao phan kali (50kg) Gia ca cac loai phan bdn nay khac nhau Bat nhat la phan
ure khd vdi 500.000 ddng, cdn re nhit la phan dam gia 220.000 ddng Tidn tin nr cho phan bdn khoang
1.640.000 dong Trung binh cdng lao dong cho 1 hecta ca phe khoang 15-20 ngay, bao gdm ca viec lam
cd, bdn phan, tudi tieu va thu hoach Ndu cac ho gia dinh thud lao ddng thi gia ca khoang 140.000-170.000 ddng/ngay Thdng thudng, cac hp gia dinh cd 1-2 hecta va cd 2-3 lao dong thi it thue nhan
cdng ma thudng van ddi cdng cho nhau Nam 2018, gia dinh chi Hdi Hwing thu dugc 33 trieu ddng tu
viec ban ca phe Sau khi Uir cac khoan chi phi san xuSt thi hg gia dinh cd 1 hecta ca phe thudng thu nhap khoang 10-15 hidu ddng mdi nam
Ve phan cdng cdng viec h-ong san xudt, da sd dan dng va phu nir ldn tuoi la lao ddng chinh trong viee cham sdc ciiy ea phe Dan dng thugng dam nhiem viec dao hd trdng cay, tudi tieu, phun thuoc bao ve cay hrong - nhiiTrg cdng viec nang nhoc Phu nir thugng lam co, hai ca phe Nudc tudi cho cac loai cay ca phe, hd tieu, didu thudng la tir gieng khoan hoac tir ao, song, sudi
Mac dii ca phe, hd tieu, didu la cay trdng chinh, song ngudi E-de d diiy thucmg trdng cac loai cay nay dua tren kinh nghiem hoac theo ldi khuyen truyen mieng cua nhimg ngudi ban vat tu ndng nghiep Trong nhimg lan den thiim cac hd gia dinh chung tdi quan sat thay hau nhu ngudi dan khdng
cd biit ky tai lieu nao ve cac gidng ciiy trdng, ky thuat san xuat va thong tin ve nhu cau thi tnrdng cua nhirng loai cay ma ho dang trdng
Ngoai cac cay trdng truyen thdng hoac nhimg cay cdng nghiep ngan ngay dugc dua vao trdng liru nam, cac chuong trinh, du an qudc te dua vao trdng thi diem d Dak Lak, trong dd cd xa Ea Nudi, mot sd cay trdng mgi nhu ca cao, gac, dinh liing, Cac cay nay sinh tru'dng tdt vgi khi hau va thd nhugng dia phugng, song ngudi dan chua nSm bat tdt ky thuat trdng va cham sdc, dac biet la du an chua giai quyet tdt diiu ra cho ba con nen cay chi cdn 1 hg duy nhat trong sd 10 hd trdng ciiy ca cao cdn duy tri va gan 10 heeta trdng gac tai xa Ea Nudi dang bj chet khd, khdng cd ngudi chiim sdc
Tir nam 2015 trd lai day, ngudi E-de tai xa Ea Nudi bit dau ft-dng ngd lai trong khuon khd Du
an giam ngheo khu vuc Tay Nguyen tai xa Ea Nudi Tdng dien tich n-dng ngd cira xa klioang 1.170 hecta Nang suit thu hoach 5,5 tin/hecta (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) Tai budn Nieng 1 cd 10 hd tham gia du an trdng ngd lai Nhimg hd dugc tham gia la ngudi E-de thudc dten ngheo va can ngheo Tdng kinh phi du an trdng ngd lai tai xa Ea Nuoi la 87.406.000 ddng De ttien khai ke hoach, ngudi dan phai cd su ddi ling bing viec danh 3 heeta dSt dd ttdng ngn lai va vdn tu dan to tren 37 trieu ddng Ngudn vdn nay chu ydu quy ra tir cdng lao ddng cua ngudi dan Du an hd trg gidng, phan bdn va hudng din ky thuat cham sdc Thj ttudng tieu thu san pham cung dugc cam ket bdi du an Tuy vay, khi xem xet kd hoach san xuit cua du an va so vdi thuc te thi chung tdi thay cd sir khac nhau Theo
Trang 8kg hoach cua du an, nang sudt dat 8 tdn/1 hecta, edn theo bao eao nam 2018 ciia UBND thi nang sudt chi dugc trung bmh 5,5 tdn/1 hecta (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2015) Nguyen nhan suy giam san lupng dugc ngudi dan dg cap la do dat bac mau va cac loai sau benh Ba Brui Tui, budn Nigng I cho rdng tinh hieu qua kinh tg ciia ngd lai khdng cao, chi phi bd ra nhieu, nhung gia ngd qua thap Trong bao cao nam
2019 cua Ban quan ly du an giara ngheo huyen Budn Ddn thi dir an trdng ngd lai khong con thuc hien niia (Ban quan ly du an giam ngheo huyen Budn Ddn, 2019), nhung hien nay ngudi dan vdn edn tiep tuc canh tac ngd lai, vi tuy ngd co gia thap, nhung cd thg dimg frong chan nudi va cac phu phdm ciia no nhu loi ngd co tbg dung lam chat ddt va than cay ngd cd thg dimg vao chan nudi bd, de
3.2 Chan nuoi
Ngudi E-dg chan nudi nhieu loai gia siic va gia cam nhu bd, ga, vit, heo, de, , Theo tmygn thgng, gia siic va gia cam dugc nudi de lam vat hien sinh, phue vu nhiing nghi le frong nam cua gia dinh va cdng ddng Ngudi E-dg nuoi gia siic, gia cam chu yeu de phue vu cho nghi le, ma chay, cudi xin Theo quan niem truyen thdng, frong cac nghi lg va sinh boat cpng ddng, cang hign sinh nhigu siic vat, cang vinh du va khang dinh vai trd, vi tri xa hdi cua ngudi lam hign sinh (Lg Tran Quyen, 2018)
Chan nudi cua ngudi E-dg dang chuygn phan nao y nghTa tir kigu nudi truyen thdng sang san xuat hang hda dap img nhu cau thi trudng Trong Du an giam ngheo khu vue Tay Nguygn, ngudi
fi-de da thara gia vao nhigu nhdm chan nudi nhu dg, Ign va ga Hien nay, chan nudi eiia ngudi E-dg d
xa Ea Nudi tdn tai song song hai hinh thire, vira chan nudi theo truygn thdng vira chan nudi theo phuong thire chuygn giao cua Du an Dg phan biet ngudn gdc cac gidng vat nudi, ngudi dan dai tgn la
"heo Tay" (giong eiia du an) va "heo De" (gidng dia phuong); hay ga cdng nghiep, ga Tara Hoang va
ga "tpc" hoac "ga De"
Hinh thiic chan nudi truygn thdng cua ngudi E-de rat don gian Heo va ga dupe tha rdng quanh nha dg tu kigm an Thinh thoang, chiing dupe an cam nau tir cac phu phara luong thuc va rau Sau khoang 12 thang, frong lupng cua heo ehi dao ddng tir 15 den 20 kg Nhiing con heo nai
dg nhigu thudng dugc giu lai dg gay dung dan gidng Heo due thudng dugc ngudi dan dg danh cho cac dip le, tet cudi nam Gia thit heo trung binh tir 120.000 - 150.000 ddng/kg Mdi gia dinh thudng chi nuoi 2-3 con heo; nhung gia dinh cd dat va chudng rpng hon nudi tir 5 dgn 7 Sd lugng
ga nudi ciia moi hd ehi dao dpng dudi 10 eon Mdt eon ga ban ra ngoai thi trudng ed trpng lugng khoang 1,5 kg ed gia 150.000 - 170.000 ddng Heo va ga eiia ngudi E-dg dugc thi trudng rat ua chudng nhung quy md chan nudi cua cac hp cdn han ehe, ehu yeu vdi muc dieh tieu dimg ma chua hudng dgn kinh doanh
Theo bao cao cua UBND xa Ea Nudi, tdng dan trau, bd nam 2019 la 2.750 con, Trung binh mdi gia dinh nuoi bi 1-2 con Tre em hoac ngudi ldn tudi thudng dam nhan cdng viec chan dat Cae thanh vign khae frong gia dinh ciing gdp siic vao viec cham sdc trau, bd nhu cat cd, thu gom cac loai
la cay hoac than cay ngd dg bo sung thgm thiic an Ngudi E-de thudng tan dung thdi gian lam cd d mdng hay frgn ray dg thu gom thiic an cho vat nudi Bd thudng dugc nudi it nhat 15 thang, tiiy theo dieu kien cham sdc, mdi cd the ban ra thi frudng Mdt con bd khi ban ra thi trudng cd gia khoang tu
10 trieu ddng dgn I? trieu dong, tiiy theo khoi lugng va chat lugng bd nudi Nhiing con bd cai sinh de tot thudng dugc giu' lai dg gay dung dan Sd lugng bd cung dugc xem la tieu chuan dg danh gia dieu
Trang 9dien gia dinh kha gia Du an giam ngheo khu vue Tay Nguygn ho trp gidng bo cho 1 nhdm g o ^ ^ *
hp gia dinh tai budn Ko Dung B vdi sd vdn 393.000.000 ddng tir khi Du an bdt ddu trign khai Vi gia
bo gidng cao va chi phi chan nudi bd kha ldn nen hoat dpng nay khdng dupe md rdng do nguon vdn
hd trg cd ban
Cae nhdm chan nudi ga thudc Du an giara ngheo Tay Nguygn duoc hinh thanh vao thang 9/2018 tai cac budn: Ea Mthar IA, Ea Mthar IB, Ea Mthar 2, Ea Mthar 3, Nigng 2 va thdn Hda Thanh (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) Mdi nhdm gdm 20 hd (bao gom ca bd ngudi E-dg, ngudi Kinh va cac DTTS khac), dupe giao 200 con ga gidng Tam Hoang, hd frg vat tu lam 200m' chudng frai va 6 bao thirc an edng nghiep dg nuoi ga; ngudi tham gia ddi iing bdng cdng lao ddng lam chudng trai va cham soc ga Sd tbiic an dugc hd trg chi dii cho ga an trong khoang 1 thang ddu, sau do ngudi dan tu
bd chi phi dg mua thiic an cho ga, Chi HdT Hwing, td phd eua nhdm chan nuoi ga tai budn Nigng 2 cho bigt, each thicc chan nuoi ga Tara Hoang khac hoan toan so vdi ga gidng dia phuong Ga Tam Hoang phai dupe nudi trong chudng sach se, tigra cae loai vacxin phong benh va thirc an phai la loai cam cdng nghiep, Ga Tam Hoang khdng cd kha nang tu kigm thiic an tot nhu gidng ga dia phuang Hien nay, gia dinh chi HdT Hwing Ididng cdn nudi ga Tam Hoang nua Chuong ga frd thanh nha kho ehiia eae dung cu lao ddng CQng gidng vdi nhan xet cua chi HdT Hwing, anh Ywing Hra eho bigt:
" thi con gd ddy [Tam Hodng] nuoi Id cho dn cdm hda hpc cho nhanh lan, neu cho dn binh thu&ng lau l&n ldm, gd cong nghiep Id lau l&n Gd cong nghiep nd khdng di b&i dn gidng nhu gd ndy ddu nd khong biet b&i minh cho thi nd dn thdt chu nd khong biet an moi, dn nhimg thu tu kiem duac" Sau qua
trinh nudi khoang 5-6 thang, ga Tam Hoang cd thg ban duge vdi gia 50.000 ddng/kg So vdi ga dia phuong CO gia khoang 80.000 - 90.000 ddng/kg thi ngudi dan chudng nudi ga dia phuang hon, dii lau Idn nliung dg nudi va dugc tbi trudng ua thich hon Hon nira, ga Tam Hoang ehi la ga thit, khong co kha nang sinh san nhu ga dia phuong, nen sau mdt Iiia nudi, ngudi dan phai mua gidng khac vg dg ke tigp dan, Vdi 200 con ga duac giao nuoi, chi HdT Hwang Men nay cdn lai khoang 120-140 con, sau khi
ga bi dieh benh chgt, hi mat cap,,, Hien nay, frong nhdm nudi ga ciia ehi HdT Hwing ehi edn 1 -2 hp nudi ga Cac hp khac sau khi ban liia ga da ldn hoae ga gidng hi chgt thi bd han va khdng mong mudn nudi lai loai ga nay nira, vi mat nhigu cdng chara sdc ma hieu qua kinh te khdng eao
Tinh frang nudi heo thit ciing tuong tu nhu nudi ga Thudc Du an giam ngheo Tay Nguygn, eo tdt ca 5 nhom nuoi heo thit vdi tdng s6 220 con tai 100 hd gia dinh (ca ngudi E-de, ngudi Kinh va cac dan tdc thigu sd khac) thuoc cac buon Nigng 1, Nieng 2, Ea Mthar I A, Ea Mthar IB va Ko Dung A Tai budn Ko Dung A, thdi gian thuc hien Du an frong 12 thang, tir thang 7/2018 dgn thang 6/2019 Tdng so kinh phi cho du an tai budn Ko Dung A la 472.260.000 ddng, frong dd vdn Du an cap ia gdn 200 tneu ddng, phan con lai la do cac thanh vien ddi iing dua fren cdng lao ddng, dien tich dat lam chudng frai, va mua thirc an cho heo khi ldn (UBND xa Ea Nudi, 2018) Tuy nhign, ngudi dan tham gia nlidm nuoi heo thit thudng phan anh la gidng heo do Du an cdp "khd nudi", hp "khdng bigt cham soe", "khdng bigt each cho an", hay "heo benh khdng bigt dimg thude gi", Chi Hblen Bya, frudng buon Ko Dung A cho
bigt: '"Nlidm nudi heo thit khdng dupe on dinh vi heo nudi nd khdng lan dupe, nen Id no cung dnh hie&iig den d&i sdng kinh te cita bd con "
Khi chimg tdi hdi ve each thirc cham sdc heo thit, chi Hblen Bya cung cbo biet ngudi dan ehua bigt each cham sdc giong heo nay, vi nd hoan toan khae vdi gidng heo dia phuang ho da nudi tir
nliieu nam nay Chi Hblen Bya cho bigt: "Logi heo Mdng Cdi ndy nd cung dn giong heo ddu tpc hay
Trang 10hp heo Mdng Cdi ndy, tuy cd mpt sd hp hp thich heo trdng, nhimg md heo trdng khd nuoi han, ve cdi
thitc an nd hoi kho" Do cham soc kho, ma gia heo lai kha thap, dao ddng 45.000 - 50,000 dong/kg, sau
hon 3 thang chan nudi vdi sd lugng 2 con heo, mdi hg gia dinh ed thg thu dugc khoang 8 - 9 frieu
d6ng, ehua trir chi phi
Nhdm nudi dg cua Du an giam ngheo Tay Nguygn duge trign khai tai cac budn Nigng 1, Ko
Dung B, Ea Mthar 2 Mdi nhdra tii' 15-17 hp, mpt gia dinh dugc giao 2 con de (cai hoac due) va
102m'^ ludi B40 dg lam chudng trai Ngudi dan thara gia Du an nudi dg bd chi phi vg gd va cong siic
dg lam chudng frai eho dg Sau khoang 12 thang, mdi dg cai se sinh san khoang 2 con de con, Ngudi
thara gia Du an dvtqc hudng lpi tir viee ban de thit trudng thanh hoae dg con Trong frudng hgp de
con la dg due ngudi nudi de cd the hudng lgi tir lam dich vu phdi gidng de
Tir dg eon 1-2 thang, sau khi nuoi khoang 12 thang la cd the phdi gidng va sinh san Neu nudi
dg dg ban thit thi sau 6 thang trgng lugng dg tam 20 kg la cd the xuat chudng Gia thjt dg dao ddng
70.000 - 80 000 ddng/kg Thiic an eho de kha da dang, tir cac loai cd, dgt cay non, cho dgn cam cdng
nghiep Nhung da sd ngudi dan tan dung cac loai cay ed ngay trong vudn nha hoac rudng, ray Hien
nay, phan ldn ngudi dan di lam ray sir dung xe may de tiet kiem thdi gian va franh thu ehuygn chd
thiic an eho de va cac vat nudi khac Chi frong khoang 12 thang la ngudi nudi de ed thg gia tang sd dg
trong dan ciia hd gia drnh Nhimg hg gia dinh cd dg cai nhigu ban thi cd uu thg ban frong viec thu lpi
nhuan qua viec ban de con hoae tang thgm sd dg nudi Nudi de eiing dg eham sdc hon so vdi nuoi ga
va heo, Ngudn thiic an eiia de lai rg va cd the tan dung cac phu pham ndng san hoae hai lugm
Viec nudi dg cho den hien nay kha thuan Igi vi dg it mac benh so vdi ga va heo Trong cae nhdm
chan nudi cua Du an, ngudi E-dg chudng nudi dg nhat Vi vay, cd nhigu hd gia dinh khdng tham gia
vao cac nhdm chan nudi ciia Du an ciing hgc hdi va phat trign chan nudi dg Nhin chung, theo danh gia
ciia nhdm nghign ciru, nuoi dg hien nay cd kgt qua kha quan hon so vdi nudi ga va nudi heo,
Chan nudi cua ngudi E-de hien nay cd nhigu khac biet so vdi trudc day, dac biet kg tir klii cd
su hd frg ciia Du an giam ngheo Tay Nguygn Phuang thiic chan nudi hien nay la su long ghep giiia
each thirc tmygn thdng va rad hinh chan nudi xay dung tir Du an, Nhiing md hinh chan nudi nay gop
phan tao sinh kg bgn viing cho nhigu hp gia dinh thara gia Du an, gdp phan xda ddi giam ngheo Tuy
nhign, de Du an cd hieu qua Hon, mdt sd khau ciia Du an can duge eai tign, nit kmh nghiera, dac biet
la viec chpn eon gidng phii hgp vdi digu dia phirong Cae con gidng dia phuang ed siie dg khang va
thich ling vdi dieu kien mdi trudng tdt hon nhirng con gidng nhap ve
3.3 Khai thdc cdc nguon lpi tu nhien
Kliai thac ngudn lgi tir nhign la mdt phan trong sinh ke va van hda muu sinh eiia ngudi E-de tai
xa Ea Nuoi Qua cae phdng van sau va quan sat, chiing tdi thay nhiing san pham thu hai tit tu nhign chu
ygu la nam, la giang, la mi, ca dang, mang, gd lam eiii va cae loai cd cho chan nudi gia sue,.,, Tai dia
ban nghign cim, rimg bj cam khai thac nen ngudi dan khdng duge phep vao do de san bat, thay vao do
hp dat biy ven ning hoac ven mdng, rIy, sdng, suoi Vi thg, nhung ddng vat dugc san bat hien nay chii
yeu la chudt ddng, sdc, ehdn, ea sudi,., Ngoai viec khai thac cae san pham tir tu nhign phue vu cho
gia dinh, ddng gdp ldn nhdt ciia khai thac frr nhign ddi vdi sinh kg va cac boat dpng du an la chan
nudi dg Nhu tren da frinh bay, nhieu loai cay, ed rat cd lgi eho chan nudi heo (Ion), bd va dg Nhd