Ngudi My goc Viet d thanh phd New Orleans dugc tmy§n thdng My biet den nhieu hon qua viec phuc hoi cgng dong tu sau con bao Kafrina nam 2005.. Su ket thuc che do nd le sau eugc ngi chien
Trang 1Dinh kign toe ngiroi ct My:
Nghien cmi trudng hop nguoi My gic Viet tai thanh phi New Orleans
Nguyen Vii Hoang'
' Dai hoc Toronto, Canada
Email: hoang.vunguyen@mail.utoronto.ca
NhEin ng4y 03 thing 09 nSm 2019 Chap nhSn dSng ngiy 15 thing 10 nSm 2019
Tom tit: Hi^n nay, trong xa hgi My, vin de dinh kien tpc ngudi (DKTN) dugc nhic den thudng
xuyen, khong chi frong hoc thuat, ma con ton tgi frong ddi song hang ngay Ngudi My goc Viet d thanh phd New Orleans dugc tmy§n thdng My biet den nhieu hon qua viec phuc hoi cgng dong tu sau con bao Kafrina nam 2005 Sau nam 1975, cong ddng ngudi My goc Vi?t phdt frien tft khoang 1.000 ngudi len tdi khoang 15.000 ngudi d6n thdi diim hifn nay Tren co sd Iy thuyet ve thugng tdn da tring va dan tgc thieu s6 ki6u mlu, bai vidt sii dyng phucmg phap chpn mau qua bdng tuyet (snowball sampling) ttong nghien cftu thyc dja, nhiing tu li?u dien da dan tgc hgc tgi thanh phd New Orleans chi ra ring, ngudi My gic Vi$t doi khi cung nga theo y thftc h? thugng tdn da fring
Tir khda: Dinh kien tgc ngudi, ngudi My goc Vi?t, New Orleans
PhSn lo^i nganh: Dan tgc hgc
Abstract: !n the American society today, the issue of racial prejudice is frequently mentioned not
only in academia but also in everyday life Viemamese Americans in the city of Nfew Orleans are known to the American media for the community recovery after Hurricane Katrina in 2005 Arriving after 1975, the community of Vietnamese Americans there has grown from approx.1,000
to approx 15,000 people Based on the theories of white supremacy and model minorities the article uses the snowball sampling method in fieldwork and ethnographic materials in the city to indicate that the Vietnamese Americans are sometimes inclined towards the white supremacy ideology
Keywords: Racial prejudice, Vietaamese Americans, New Orleans
Subject classification: Ethnology
Trang 2l.Datvinde
"GiSc mo My" la mgt niem udc ao ddi vdi
cong dSn cua nhieu quoc gia tten thd gidi
Tuy nhien, khi da dat chan den My, nhirng
thanh tyu vd kinh te, hgc van chua chic da
tao cho ngudi nhap eu mgt cuge sdng hanh
phuc, vien man va an toan Xa hgi My vdi
nhiing phan ting xa hgi va da dang vd chung
toe da mang Iai nhidu tac dgng vao cude
s6ng hang ngay cua hg Ngudi My gdc Viet
tai thanh phd New Orleans, bang Louisiana,
doi khi nga theo y thtic he thuang tdn da
tring khi dat ttong mdi quan he vdi ngudi
My da mau
Vao thdi diem cudi thang 4 nam 1975,
cu dan cua nhieu lang ngu phu Ien ghe
thuyen va chay ra ngoai bien de ttanh anh
huong bom dan Trong bdi canh do, nhiing
ngu phii nay cung dugc mgt sd tau hai quan
My don len thuyen va dugc chd den mdt sd
trai ti nan dugc thiet lap d My nhu Fort
Chaffee, Pendleton Luc nay, Tdng Giam
muc Philip Harman cua Tdng giao phan
New Orleans ddng y tidp nhan 6.500 ngudi
Viet Nam theo Cdng giao Ong da tim dugc
mot vj Iinh muc ngudi Viet den cac trai lam
thu tiic bao lanh ngudi Viet tdi thanh phd
New Orleans Gia dinh ngudi Viet dau tien
dugc bao ttg tdi tiianh phd vao thang 9 nam
1975, tidp dd la 1.000 ngudi Viet vao cudi
nam 1976 Tdng Giao phan New Orieans da
sap xgp ngudi Viet din dinh cu d khu
chung cu Versailles Arms, d phia ddng
New Orieans each tmng tam thanh phd
khoang 25 km Tft do, theo mdi lien he vdi
han be, ngudi than, nhidu ngudi MJ gdc
Viet di cu tu cac tieu bang khac ddn sinh
song tEii khu vyc nay Cho ddn nam 1990,
so lugng ngudi My gdc Viet d day Idn tdi
4.600 ngudi Theo thdng ke, sd lugng ngudi
My gdc Viet hien nay khoang gin 2 trieu ngudi [13] Sy hien didn cua ngudi My gdc Viet ngay lap tftc dugc dat trong mdi quan
he vdi cac ehung tgc khac ttong xa hdi My
La mgt dan tgc gdc Chau A, ngudi My gdc Viet sdm dugc nghien cftu dudi goc nhin vd dan tgc thidu sd kieu miu Tuy sd lugng it nhung hg van dat dugc thanh cdng tuong ddi Idn sau hon ba thap ky sinh sdng tai
My Ngudi My gdc Viet dat nhidu thanh cdng nhd sy cham chi, can cu va cac gia tri van hda mang ddn tu Viet Nam Darrel Montero (1979) chi ra ring hon 80% tiong
sd 170.698 ngudi Viet Nam ti nan cd viec Iam toan thdi gian Nam 1999, thu nhap hang nam ciia mdt hd gia dinh ngudi Viet la 32.000 do la (USD) [9] va hon 90% sd tiiu nhap nay la tft lao ddng chinh thftc dugc tta luong Sau hon 40 nam, cdng ddng ngudi Viet d day ngay cang ldn manh va hda nhap vao xa hdi My, nhung hp vin tiep tuc hung chju sy DKTN ttong xa hgi My Do do, nghien cftu vi the thieu sd ciia ngudi My gdc Viet d New Orleans ddng gdp ve ca ve
ly thuydt va tu Hdu cho nganh nhan hgc Bai vidt nay ban vd DKTN t^ My va nghien cuu tiudng hgp d thanh phd New Orleans, bang Louisiana
2 Dinh kien toe ngirdi tai IVTy
2.] Ngudn gdc vd cdc biin the cua dmh kiin tgc ngudi
Xa hgi My tdn tai ngim ngim mgt h? thdng ttat ty ehung tpc mang tinh lich su do ngudi
da tting tao lap Dudi he thdng nay, nhung chung tgc khdng phai da tring bi xdp d hang dudi so vdi ngudi da ttang Lich su cua vin de nay cd ngudn gdc tft budi so
Trang 3khai cua nudc My d the ky XVI khi ngudi
da trang Chau Au ciing vdi ngudi nd le da
den gdc Chau Phi den vdi lue dia nay Hg
da nhanh chdng thiet lap mdt he thdng dam
bao vi tri thugng tdn cho ngudi da tting
Theo do, khai niem chung tgc dugc tao
dung de hgp ly hda y thftc he thdng tri cua
ngudi da trang Su ket thuc che do nd le sau
eugc ngi chien (1861-1865) da khien he
thdng nay chuydn tft nhung cdng cu bao luc
nhu cuong ep nd le va diet chung, sang
cdng cu luat phap nham thiet lap vi the ciia
ngudi da trang, tao dyng mdt he thdng cho
phep DKTN ddi vdi nhung ngudi khdng
phai da trSng Trong giai doan nay, nhflng
cgng ddng ngudi da mau chiu nhidu tdn
thuang tft nhung hanh ddng DKTN d
nhiing noi cdng cdng, d tmdng hgc va khu
vyc cu tru Dac biet, che dp DKTN Jim
Crow dugc ban hanh d nhieu bang mien
Nam nudc My da hgp phap hda viec phan
biet chung tgc gifta ngudi da ttang va ngudi
da mau d noi cdng cdng Giai doan nay
diln ra tft sau nam 1865 cho ddn Phong ttao
Quydn Dan sy vao thap nien 1950
Mgt trang sft mdi cua nudc My da dugc
md ra vdi sy thang lgi cua Phong frao
Quydn Dan su Phong trao nay da dua ddn
sy ra ddi ciia hai dao luat quan trgng: Dao
luat Quydn Dan sy nam 1964 bao dam
quydn binh dang giua cac cdng dan; chdng
ky thi, phan biet chung tgc, mau da, tdn
giao, gidi tinh tren toan nudc My; Dao luat
Quydn Biu cft nam 1965 khing dinh quydn
dugc biu cft ddi vdi tat ca cdng dan My
khdng phan biet mau da, ngudn gdc Trong
khi nhidu ngudi cho rang thanh cdng cua
Phong trao Quydn Dan sy da xda bd sy
DKTN d nudc My, nhidu hpc gia da chftng
minh ring, ngudi da mau tiep tuc bi ky thi d
nhung dang thuc mdi Eduardo
Bonllla-Silva ggi dang nay la ky thi khdng mau da
ttong thdi ky hau Phong trao Quydn Dan
sy Bonilla-Silva cho ring he tiidng quyen lyc da ti^g chuydn tft ky thi cdng khar sang tiiyc hidn ky thi ngim Theo do, thay
vi sft dung cac cdng cu cdng khai bang bao luc hay luat phap nhu tiidi ky tiorde, sy DKTN ttong giai doan nay ttd nen tinh vi
va khd nhan dien ban Bit binh ding chung tgc tidp tuc dien ra va vi thd da sd cua ngudi
da tting tidp tuc chi phdi xa hdi My [4] Mpt sd tidp can khac ve y thuc he tiiugng tdn da tting cung dugc phat tiien ttong nhftng thap nien gin day Clafre Jean Kim (1999) dua ra luan thuydt vd tam giac chiing tgc vdi viec dat ngudi My gdc A d dudi ngudi da fring va d tten ngudi da den
vd thft bac xa hdi, tuy nhien ngudi My gdc
A Iai kem ngudi da den vd muc dp hda nhap vdi xa hdi My; hoac Andrea Smith (2010) vdi lap luan vd ba tru cdt dam bao tinh logic cua h? thdng da tring Ba tru cdt Clia Smith la: (1) tinh logic cua che dp nd
le, gan lien vdi chft nghia tu ban; (2) tinh logic ciia che do di^t chiing, gan lien vdi ehu nghia thyc dan; (3) tmh logic cua ddng phuong, gan vdi vide coi ngudi My gdc A ludn mang hidm hga cho dit nudc My Diem quan ttgng ciia lap luan nay la vide nhung ngudi thudc mgt try nao ciing bi cam
do bdi viln canh cd the tham gia cac try cdt khac NhGng tidp can mdi nay khing dinh ring y thftc he thugng tdn da fr^g van ludn tdn t^ va anh hudng tdi cuoc sdng cua mgi cdng dan My bat ke mau da
2.2 Ddn tgc thieu so kiiu mdu
Phdt trien gan nhu song song vdi Phong frao Quyin Dan su la Iy thuydt vd dSn tgc tiiidu sd kiiu mau Ly thuydt nay nghidn euu cac nhdm ngudi gdc Chau A nhu ngudi Nhat Ban, ngudi Han Qudc va cho ring
Trang 4nlu nhu cac cdng ddng thieu sd cd the
thanh cdng, thi khdng cd ly do nao cd thd
ngSn can ngudi My gde Phi phat triin binh
d^g vdi nhung cdng ddng khac Ra ddi
vao thap nien 1960, ly thuyet nay dugc coi
nhu mdt frong nhflng nd lyc phan khang lai
Phong ttao Quyen Dan sy cua ngudi da
den He thdng da ttang cho rang thay vi do
loi cho he tiidng, ngudi My gdc Phi ndn tap
trung nang cao trinh do va hpc each thich
nghi de cd the dat nhidu thanh cdng hon [6],
Dik nay da tao ra mot su ttdng dgi xa hdi
cho ngudi My gdc Chau A Mgt mat, nd
bilu duong thanh tyu cua ngudi My gdc
Chau A, mat khac nd la can cft de chi ttich
nhung doi hdi quyen lgi cua ngudi My da
den Tuy nhien, ngay ca khai niem dan tpc
thieu so kieu mau ciing chi nham bao dam
vj the thdng tri cho ngudi My da ttang
Basch va cdng sy (1994) cho rang chu
nghia da van hda da khien cho nudc My
chSp nhan ngudi nhap cu da mau nhung giu
hg d vi tri thap hon trong xa hdi Cung xem
xet ngudi My gdc A ttong he tu tudng
thdng tri cfta ngudi da trang, Mia Tuan dat
cau hoi ring lieu cd thd coi ngudi My gdc
A "mai mSi la ngoai kieu" hay hg la "nhixng
ngudi da ttang danh dy" Nghien cuu cua
Mia Tuan khdng dua ra cau tra ldi bdi le ca
hai khai niem nay bd qua ban chat phftc tap
cua quan he chung tgc ttong xa hdi My
Ndu cho ring hg mai la "ngoai kieu" thi se
phu nhan viec ngudi My gdc A thanh cdng
hon mpt sd cdng ddng khac cung sinh sdng
tren nudc My; trong khi do, neu coi hp la
"ngudi da tring danh dy" thi lai phu nhan
viec hg vin dang hang ngay phai chiu dyng
sy DKTN ngay tai qudc gia hg mang qudc
tich [12] Chia se vdi Mia Tuan, Rosalind
Chou va Joe Feagin neu bat ban chat cua
thuydt dan tgc thidu sd kidu miu frong vide
cung cd vi the ciia he tu tudng thdng tri da trang Chou va Feagin nghien cuu nhung dia ban nhu tmdng hgc, noi lam viec, khdng gian cdng cdng va chi ra viec ngudi
My gdc Chau A ludn bi ngudi My da tting
ky thi tai bat cft khdng gian nao Cac tac gia kit luan, he tu tudng da tting thdng tri mgi khdng gian xa hdi va do dd, vi?c dugc coi
la dan tgc kieu mau khdng giup ich gi ngudi
My gdc A ttanh khdi sy DKTN [5],
3 Nghien cihi trirdng hpTp ngndi IVly gic Viet tai thanh pho New Orleans
3 L Dinh kien tgc ngudi tgi nai cu tru
vin de an toan/an ninh la dieu dau tidn tdi nghe dugc tft nhung ngudi dan d lang Versailles Bing vide p h ^ tich nhan thftc
vd an toan d nai cu tni ciia ngudi My gdc Viet trong mdi quan he vdi ngudi My gdc Phi cd thu nhap thap, phan nay se chi ra dinh kien gidng vdi ngudi My da trang cua ngudi My gdc Viet
Vao thang 4 nam 2010, sy kidn ttan dau cua tap doan BP d Vinh Mexico da khidn hang nghin ngudi bi mat viec lam Ngudi
My gdc Viet d New Orleans bi anh hudng true tidp bdi cd mdt sd lugng ldn ngudi smh sdng dya vao cdng nghiep hai san d vimg Vinh Trong nhung thang dau tien cua tham hga nay, ca quan tft thidn Cdng giao d New Orieans da trao tang 100 USD moi tuin cho
75 gia dinh dua tren phuong thftc "ai din trudc dugc tmdc" Do do, mdi budi sang, ngudi dan keo den xep hang dai de tim co may nhan dugc tidn hd ttg Hp cd mat xdp hang nhidu gid ddng hd tindc khi van phdng
md cfta Tdi nghe tiiiy nhidu ngudi My gdc
Trang 5Viet ndi vdi nhau vd nguy ca bi ngudi My da
den cudp ndu di mdt minh vao sang sdm
Nhidu ngudi so sanh tinh hinh nay vdi
bdi canh sau con bao Kattina nSm 2005
Ong Doan^, 72 tudi, khing dinh: "Vd vin
de an ninh, trong qua khu cd nhidu ngudi
My da den, cd nhieu vu cudp bdc, dac
biet la d khu vuc Versailles Arms Sau khi
ngudi My da den rdi di, tinh hinh cd tdt
hon Bay gid chu yeu la ngudi My gdc
Vidt, chi cd mgt it ngudi My da den,
ngudi Mexico sdng d day thdi"
Tuy nhidn, nhung ngudi My gdc Viet
khac lai cd nhflng suy nghT ddi lap Cd Van,
60 tudi, chia se vdi tdi:
Cd Van: Cd khdng dam di nha thd mdt
minh vao budi sang, bdi vi cd sg ngudi
My da den
Hoang: Tai sao cd sg?
Cd Van: Ngay nay, ngudi My da den d
Versailles chu ydu la nhiing ngudi thue nha,
khdng phai chii nha Nam ngoai, cd nghe
ndi cd nhieu tmdng hgp bi cudp, hiep d sau
nha thd nhd Do dd, bat cft luc nao cd di
chg Viet, cd phai nhin xung quanh can than
tmdc khi xudng xe CJ day thudng chi sg
ngudi My da den, nhung nay cdn sg ca
ngudi Me"* nua Chung ta khdng the g ^ hg
vi chiing ta yeu hon hg
Hoang: Cd cam thay d day mSt an toan
tu luc nao?
Cd Van: Da lau rdi Ngudi gia thi khdng
biet tidng, hg khdng lam dugc gi Neu
ngudi tre thay vide day, hg cd the ggi canh
sat hd 6 khu vyc nay khdng an toan dSu
Sau can bao Katrina, ca ba xe dtd nha cd hi
trgm d day Tmdc bao, khu vyc nay rat tdt
vi chu nha cung d day Ngudi My da tring
dpn di chd khac sau bao, ngudi My da den
cting vdi ngudi Me vd thue nhiing ngdi nha
nay Bay gid, d day khdng an toan ti nao
(Phdng vin thang 10/2011 tai New Orieans)
Trong sudt cupc phdng vin, cd Van chi tap tinng vao ngudi My da den va sau do la ngudi Me khi ttao ddi vd sy mit an toan Kit luan nay dua tten ca tin ddn va gia djnh cua ca nhSn cd Mac du khdng cd barig chftng, nhung cd cho ring xe da bi ngudi
My da den ttgm bdi vi "ngudi M? da ttSng
da dgn di hdt sau can bao Katrina" Ddi vdi
cd Van, vide khu cu tni trd nen kem an toan hon la vi su rdi di cua ngudi da ttang va nhap vao cua ngudi da den va ngudi Mexico den thud nha
Ong Sang, mdt ngudi Iam nghi ngu phu,
cd Cling quan didm vdi cd Van vd cam giac bat an vdi nhung ngudi mdi den La mgt chu nha d Versailles hon 30 nam, dng td ra rit lo ling vd nhiing ngudi ddn thue nha Theo dng, khu phd nay tmdc bao Katrina rit an toan bdi vi cd nhiiu ngudi chu nha cu trft Trdi nghiem cua dng la nhung ngudi chu nha ddu cham sdc ngdi nha ciia minh va quan he tdt vol hang xdm Iang gieng Tuy nhidn, sau con bao Katrina, nhieu ngudi My
da trang da ban nha va nhiing ngudi chu mdi cho thud nhftng ngdi nha nay cho ngudi My da den, ngudi Md Didu nay khidn dng Sang cam thiy lo ngai vi hg
"thudng mit ttat tix, hu hdng, mgu bia va dftng ma tiiy" Trong cupc phong vin, dng khdng chi so sanh ngudi thue nha va ngudi chu nha, ma dng cdn tiid hi§n hodi niem vd cuge sdng gin ngudi My da ti^g Nhiing cym tii nhu "tmdc bao Katrina rit an toan",
"ngudi My da tting tiiudng d diy rit
nhiiu" thi hien sy thi$n cam ciia ong Sang vdi ngudi My da tting
Tuy nhien, khdng phai tit ca ngudi My da den sdng d Versailles ddu la ngudi thue nha Tdi gap nhiiu chu nha la ngudi My da den d cac cude hgp cgng ddng tai viing ddng New Orieans Ong Edward Blouvin sdng
d Versailles tft nam 1980 din nay Mdc du dng sdng d gin bdn gia dinh ngudi My
Trang 6g5c Viet, nhung hg ciing khdng cd nhidu
giao tidp vdi nhau Tuy nhien, dng cd in
tugng tit ve ngudi Vidt Nam: "Ngudi
Viet rit tit nhung ma hoi nhftt nhat" Ong
thudng chi ndi "xin chao" mdi khi gap
ngudi Clia bdn gia dinh ngudi My gdc
Viet hang xdm Mac du cd it lidn lac vdi
hang xdm nay, dng Blouvin Iai rat tich
cue trong boat ddng cgng ddng Ong la
thinh vien cua Ban Dieu hanh nhdm phat
trien Iang Village de I'Est va la chii cua
ngdi nha cung bi trdm pha ba Ian tu nam
2011 din 2012
Trong mdt lan tdi dang di do xang, mdt
ba ngudi My da den tien Iai va hdi tdi cd
nhin thay mdt cai tiii d dau khdng Sau dd,
ba gidi thich rang xe ciia ba bi dap cfta kinh
va lay trdm tiii xach Ba dang mong ke ttdm
se chi lay tien va vut tiii lai dau dd Vi the,
khflng chi ngudi Viet ma ngudi My da den
Cling phai chiu canh trgm cudp d khu vyc
nay Mat an toan la cam nhan phd bien lien
quan den an ninh tai dia ban nay, khdng chi
voi ngudi My gdc Viet Tuy nhien, ngudi
My gdc Viet dudng nhu gan van dd ndy vdi
ngudi thue nha la My da den va ngudi Me
Nhin chung, ddi vdi ngudi My gdc Viet
sdng d khu vyc ngoai d phia ddng thanh
phd New Orleans, Idi sdng d nhixng ngdi
nha don Ie da han chi tdi da sy tuong tac
giira hg va nhung ngudi thudc cac chiing
tpc khac Didu nay la mdt tac nhan quan
trgng din din nhftng mdi quan he ndng can,
md nhat, tham chi la hiiu nhim gifta nhung
ngudi thuge nhung chiing tpc khac nhau
3.2 Dinh kiin tgc ngudi d noi cdng cdng
Noi cong cgng la nai diln ra nhidu hoat
dgng chung cua cac cu dan, trong do cd
ngudi My gdc Viet Day cung la noi chua
dung nhung hanh vi DKTN mdt each tinh
vi Phan nay se phan tich sy tiiam gia ciia ngudi My gdc Viet d nhiing noi nhu benh vien, quan an va khu vui choi giai tri Qua
dd se giup Idm ro vi tri cua ngudi My goc Viet ttong he tiidng chung tgc tai My Ddi vdi the he thft nhat, nhung rao can
ve ngdn ngft khdng chi ngan hg vuon len trong su nghiep md cdn la ngudn gdc cho
sy ddi xft bac dai tft nhftng ngudi chiing tgc khac Xuan Lan nhd lai cau chuyen ciia bd
cd d mdt benh vien dia phuong
Hodng: Bac sT va didu duong da cu xft the nao vdi gia dinh ban?
Xuan Lan: Bd tdi tmdc day cd vao benh vien Methodist d ddng New Orleans Do la mdt benh vien tft thien, cdc dieu kien deu khdng tdt cd Cac bac sT khdng chu tam Hg cft chay ra chay vao ghe tiiam rat nhanh Chiing tdi khdng dugc hudng mdt dich vu tdt nhu d cac benh vien nhd hon hoac d nhiing quan khac
Hoang: Methodist cd phdi Id mot benh vien ldn khdng?
Xuan Lan: Diing rdi, tdi cho rang Iuc do, cac nhan vien ddi xft khdng thi$n cam vdi bd
me tdi vi hp khdng ndi tieng Anh vd chftng tdi thi cdn qua be de can thiep Luc dd, tdi chi nghi Id hg da khdng cho chftng tdi mgt
sy phuc vu cdng bing nhu nhung ngudi khac Tdi nghi, rao can ngdn ngft da khien
bd tdi khdng dugc phuc vu chuan myc Hoang: Ban cd nghT Id day chi Id vin di
vd ngdn ngft?
Xuan Lan: Dftng thd, bdi vi chiing tdi cdn qua be nen khdng giup dugc Nhtmg niu nghT ky hem, tdi khdng bidt co tim ra thuat ngft chinh xac hon khdng Nhung dd
CO lien quan tdi DKTN d benh vidn Ban biit diy, chung tdi thiy each hg cu xu vdi nhflng ngudi bdnh ndi tidng Anh, ngudi My
Trang 7da ttang, da den, va thiy dich vu cd khac
biet hon Bd me chiing tdi khdng ndi dugc
tieng Anh, khdng hidu cac y, bac si Do dd,
tdi nghT chung tgc la mdt Iy do quan trpng
khien cho cdc dich vu khdng tdt nhu le ra
chiing phai dugc thuc hien
(Phdng v i n 8/2014 tai New Orleans)
Tmdng hgp cua bd Xuan Lan frong benh
vidn chi rd tai sao nhirng rao can ngdn ngft
da t^o ra su ddi xu bat binh dang Nhieu
ngudi My gdc Viet khac da phai le thudc
vdo con cai va nhan vidn cua cac trung tam
hd frg cdng ddng de nhd thdng dich hd hda
don tien dien, tidn nudc vd cac van de bao
hidm y td, bdo hiem xa hdi Do do, sy thieu
hut ve ngdn ngu da can trd ngudi My gdc
Viet the he thft nhat trong vide hudng thy
mgt dich vu day du d noi cdng cgng
Trong cupc sdng hdng ngdy, nhieu ngudi
cap tin cfta tdi xac nhan rang ngudi My gdc
Viet da phan danh gia thap ve ngudi My
gdc Phi va lai danh gia cao ngudi My da
trang Ong Tuc, tdi My nam 1975, cho rang
dng khdng bi ddi xft ky thi ma chi cd ngudi
My gdc Viet hay ky thi ngudi My da den
Tuc: Ci My hg tuan thu phap Iuat lam
Cd nhieu ngudi nhap cu ma Do dd, hg
quen vdi nhieu ngudi da mau rdi Tmdc khi
ngudi Viet sang thi cung cd ngudi Cuba,
ngudi Ailen va nhieu ngudi nhap cu khac
Hoang: Ong cd nghi la vi thd cua ngudi
My gdc Viet d cao han ngudi My da den
trong xa hdi nay khdng?
Tuc: Cd day, ngudi My da den thi khdng
ky thi, nhung ngudi My gdc Viet Iai la
ngudi ky thi ngudi My da den Ngudi My
gdc Viet thich di mua sam d cac khu vyc
Clia ngudi My da ttang vd khdng thich den
khu ngftdi My da den
Hodng: Tai sao vay?
Tftc: Mdt p h i n la vi v i n de an ninh, nhung cai chinh tdi nghT la vi hg che nguoi
My da den Mmh ky tiii hp nen minh toari
d i n khu cua ngudi My da tring Ngudi cd thu nhap cao tiii mua nha d khu ddng ngudi
da fring se an toan hon Khdng ai dam di vao khu vyc cua ngudi My da den sinh sdng vao budi tdi Hg se gidt minh Neu mmh mudn di choi, minh se tdi khu vuc cua ngudi da tting kd ca khi ngudi My da den
td chuc su kien gi dd vao cudi tuan (Phdng v i n thang 6/2012 tai New Orleans) Quan diem cua dng Tuc rat phd bien trong nhixng ngudi My gdc Viet d New Orleans Ciing nhu da trinh bay d phin tindc, ngudi My gdc Viet rit lo ling vd van
de an ninh, khdng phai chi d noi cu tni ma cdn tren toan thanh phd Doan trich phdng van tten vdi dng Tuc da chi ra viec Iam the nao ngudi My gdc Viet lai cd cai nhin dinh kidn ve khu vyc cua ngudi My da den Trong khi cd ngudi cho rang day chi Id van
de sd thich cua tftng ngudi, viec ngudi My gdc Viet lya chpn dia diem vui choi giai tri Cling thd hign ring hg thich song vdi kidu Clia ngudi da tting va sinh hoat d nhiing khu vyc ddng ngudi da tting hon Khdng chi cd thai do dinh kiin v i khti vyc cua ngudi da den, ngudi My gdc Viet cung cd cai nhin phan bidt ddi vdi ngudi
My da den khi so sanh vdi ngudi My da tting va ngudi My gdc Vidt trong viec an udng Tac Nguyln, mdt ky thuSt vien y khoa, nhan xet: "Ngudi My da t r i i g khdng thich di an buffet bdi vi hg mudn chit lugng dich vu hori sd lugng thuc an Hg nghi rang hg tta tidn dd nhan dugc thu ma
hg mong mudn Dac biet la vao ngay sinh nhat, hg khdng mudn di an buffet vi moi ngudi cft phai chay di chay Iai liy dd an
Hg mudn cd tide suih nhat d tiem va duoc
Trang 8b6i ban phuc vu Tuy nhien, ngucri My da
den lai nghi khac Ho mu6n di toi ncri ma
ho CO thi an duoc nhieu, an d6n no Hp
ngK ring dugc an la suong Va d6i vcri
nguiri My g6c Vi?t mudn an ngon nhung
phai re D6 an ngon nhung anh muon hoa
to thip, doi khi con khong cho tien tip"
Nhiing suy nghT dap khuon nay trcr thanh
nguyen tJc cho Tac Nguyln ung xu voi
nhfing ngucri ban khac mau da khi c6 viec
giao luu
Nhu vay, co thi thSy van de chung toe
hien dien trong moi hoat dong cua doi s6ng
hang ngay ma ngucri My goc Viet tham gia
Til benh vien, quan an, cho dSn nai vui choi
giai tri, nguoi My goc Viet luon xem xet va
danh gia nhiing nguoi thuoc chung toe
khac Ngugc lai, hp cung bi danh gia va doi
xii dua vio nhftng gi ma nhiing nguoi kia
nghi ve hp Trong khi m6t s6 nguoi My g6c
Vift van thjy hp bi d6i xil ngugc dai boi
nhflng ca nhan nguoi My da den, nguoi My
da tring, nhieu nguoi My goc Viet van gift
cai nhin dinh kien ve nguoi My da den
J.i Dinh Iden toe nguoi a nai lam viec
Neu nhu a khu lang Versailles, nguoi My
goc Viet khong co nhiSu m6i quan he true
tiJp vcri nhiing nguoi thupc chimg tpc khac
thi d nhthig ncri cong so nhu van phong,
nha may, cua hang nguoi My goc Viet
phai tim each d6 chung song vol nhung
dong nghiep khac chung tpc Phin duoi
day se lam ro rjng, mac du nguoi My g6c
Viet da vuon len trong cong viec, thugng
t8n da tring tijp tuc am anh hg tai noi
c6ng so qua he thdng chung tpc Hp vin
luon phai chiu dung viec minh la mpt
nhom thiSu s5 va bi d6i xit khong cong
bSng a m6t mile dp nhit dinh
Sau khi toi New Orleans vao nam 1975, ngucri Viet da phai bat tay ngay vao cupc song mcri Nhieu nguoi bat diu bing cong viec dap so va be dau tom o cac hang chi bien hai san Hp di thanh timg nhom toi cac hang vao buoi sang som va tro ve nha vao luc trua sau khi ket thiic ca lam viec Mpt
so lugng Ion nguoi cap tin cua toi nhan xet ring ngucri Viet kheo leo va lam t6t hon ngucri My da den Hp thuong hoan thanh
cong viec sam hem va hieu suat cao hon
nguoi My da den Dan din, thi he ngucri Viet thii nhat tro thanh luc lugng lao dpng quan trpng d cong nghiep che bien hai san ciia dia phuong
Nhthig ngucri Viet lam cong trong cac cong xuong c6 nhieu trai ngliiem tot vrli cac ong chu ngudi My da trang Ong Lae Bui lam viec d mpt xudng che bien go do ngudi
My da tring lam chii Sau 20 nam, dng dugc di bat lam trudng mpt bd phan Nhan xet vi nhiing ngudi ddng nghiep da tring,
da den Mi va ngudi My goc Viet, dng khing dinh ring ngudi My gdc Viet cham hem ngudi My da tring, ngudi My da den Diiu duy nhit ma dng lo lang nhat la ngdn ngu Mac du tiing Anh ciia dng du tdt de sir dung, dng thira nhan rang: "So vdi ngudi
My da tring, thi tiing Anh cua minh khdng bing Ddi khi minh cd nhung cai bat lgi Do
dd, di canh tranh voi ngudi My da trang, chiing ta phai lam tot hon Niu khdng hp se coi thudng minh" Theo dng, so vdi ngudi
My da tring thi ngudi My gdc Viet bi xep a
vi tri thip hem trir phi ngudi do c6 nang luc, trinh dp cao hon ngudi My da tring Dieu nay cung dugc gidi hpc gia ve ngudi My gdc A trao ddi rgng rai Mia Tuan mo ta ve thach thilc nay khi thao luan lam the nao ngudi My gdc Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban ddi mat vdi thuc ti quan he quyin luc va he
Trang 9thdng chiing tgc d My Tuan chi ra ring rit
nhidu ngudi cap tm cfta ba da dugc canh
bao: "Hg can phai Iam viec cham chi hon
de dat dugc muc tieu bdi vi hp khdng phai
Id ngudi da tting" [12] Tuong ty vdi
trudng hgp cua dng Lac Bui, ndu nhu chi cd
ky nang nghd nghiep ngang bing vdi ngudi
da tting, thi ngudi My gdc Viet ciing khong
dugc danh gia bing ngudi da tring Chi cd
each la phai ldm viec va cd ky nang vugt
trdi hon thi ngudi My gdc Viet mdi dugc
nhin nhan nhu ngudi da tring
Trong thi trudng lao ddng d New
Orleans, ben canh ngudi My gdc Viet cdn
cd ngudi da ttang, da den, va ngudi Ml
Ong Lac Bui nhan xet so sanh: "Ngudi My
da den khdng bao gid Iam tdt han minh
dugc vi hg khdng nhftng ludi ma cdn thich
kien dng chft Ngudi Me thi "ok", hp cd sftc
khde, nhung khdng nhanh nhen nhu ngudi
My gdc Viet Do dd, neu dng chu hang phai
cho thdi vide mpt ngudi, dng ta se chpn
ngudi My da den dau tien" Trong suy nghT
cfta dng Lac Bui, ngudi My da trang d vi tri
cao nhat, tiep sau Id ngudi My gdc Viet,
ngudi Me rdi den ngudi My da den Gdc
nhin cua dng cung tuong ddng vdi y thftc
he thugng tdn da trang, coi ngudi My gdc
Viet Id mdt dan tpc thieu sd kieu mdu
Thugng tdn da trang cdn dugc cdm nhan
ttong bdi canh la, cho du hg cd cham chi
lam viec, va dugc dd bat thdng chftc thi
ciing khdng dam bao cho ngudi My gdc
Viet dugc hoan toan chap thuan bdi ddng
nghiep da trang Ong Tac Nguyen, Iam viec
cho phdng xet nghiem y te, ttai nghiem viec
cu xft xau tu nhiing ngudi ddng nghidp da
tting Ong ndi: "Van de ky thi tdn tai d
khip noi, bat cft khi ndo chftng tdi cd vi tri
tdt Trudc bao, tdi Iam vide d vi tri quan
ddc tai mpt bd phan d benh vien La ngudi
My gdc Viet, nhung minh cd tiid bao ngudi
My da tring Idm bit cft viec gi lien quan ddn cdng viec Mdc dft nd phai Idm, no Idni
Id vi tidn luong, chft khdng phdi vi nd ne minh Nd chi lam vi tiin chu khdng phai yi
nd coi ttpng minh Cho dft minh cd tdt den dau chang nua tiii hg cung khdng coi ttgng minh Hg se dat cau hoi, tai sao hg khdng dugc dd bat lam quan ddc, tai sao mdt ngudi My gdc Viet lai dugc?" Trdi nghidm cua dng Tac Nguyen cho tiiiy sy lan tda cua thugng tdn da trdng ttong khdng gian noi cdng sd rit rd net He thdng chiing tgc d
My la ndn tang cho vide ngudi My gdc Viet
bi dat dudi ngudi My da tting Quan diem cua dng Tac Nguyen chia se vdi Bonilla-Silva: "Khi ngudi da tting khdng cd vide lam hoac khdng dugc dd bat, do la vi mdt ngudi thidu sd Neu hg khdng vao dugc trudng dai hgc, dd Id do ngudi tiiiiu sd Ddng chay tu duy nay cho phep ngudi da tting khdng bao gid cdng nhan nhftng ly do kliiin hg khdng dugc dd bat" [4, tt.83] Trong cac trudng hgp ciia Lac Bui va Tac Nguyen, nhung cau chuyen cua hg da cho thiy rd vin dd rao can vi chiing tgc d noi cdng sd tai My Nhftng rdo can nay khdng phai do ngudi chu co sd dgt ra, md nd din tft nhung ngudi ddng nghiep Trong khi mdt sd ddng nghidp da tting khdng sin sang chip nhan viec ngudi My gdc Viet nim vi tri Ianh dao, mdt sd ddng nghidp da den cung nhin nhan ngudi My gdc Viet nhu mdt mdi de dga cho tucmg Iai nghd va nhin xudng ngudi da den, dac biet la nhung ngudi da den cd thu nhap thip, ngudi My gdc Viet d New Orleans tiip tuc cung cd cho ly thuyit dan tgc thidu sd kiiu mau, va do do, da vd thuc nga theo y thftc he thugng tdn da tring
Trang 104, Ket luan
Bai viit da cung cip chi tiit nhieu khia canh
chung tgc trong ddi sdng hang ngay cua
ngudi My gdc Viet d New Orleans Y niem
\k DKT Nhdng ngay van hien hixu d nhieu
khong gian nhu: khu dan cu, noi cdng cdng
va noi Iam vide Mac diu cd rat it, tham chi
la khdng cd nhung hanh dgng DKTN mang
tinh cue doan, nhung ngudi My gdc Viet the
hien mmh vfta la ngudi cd suy nghT dinh
ki6n, 1^ vfta la nan nhan cua viec dinh kidn
Nhiing trudng hgp nghidn cftu tten chl ra
rang ngudi My gdc Viet bi rai vao bay cua y
thiic he thugng tdn da ttang
Nhieu ngudi My gdc Viet cd cai nhin
djnh kien ve ngudi My da den thu nhap
thap d thdnh phd nay Khu Idng Versailles
tap trung nhieu ngudi My gdc Viet va tao
thanh mdt vung dat dan tpc khac biet d
New Orleans Sy hien dien cua nha thd
thanh Maria Nft vuong Viet Nam va ldi
song cgng doan cdng giao cfta nhung ngudi
My goc Viet da giam thieu mdi quan he
xom gieng vdi nhung ngudi khac chung
toe, van hoa va ngdn ngu Do dd, ngudi My
goc Viet cd mdt su canh giac cao dp vdi
ngudi My da den d noi cu trft Didu ndy the
hien rang ngudi My gdc Viet cd chung gdc
nhin ciia ngudi My da tring ve ngudi My
da den thu nhap thip
CJ New Orleans, ngudi My gdc Viet chiu
thiet thdi vi la mdt nhdm thieu sd trong mpi
mdi trudng Trong cdng sd, nhidu ngudi
My gdc Viet khd sd vi nhftng su dii xft
ngirgc dai mang tinh chung tpc tft nhftng
ngudi ddng nghiep khac chung tgc Trong
nhiiu tinh hudng, ngudi My gdc Viet phai
dii mat vdi sy phdn khdng tu nhiing ngudi
My da tring ddng nghiep cip dudi Do dd,
dii la cd ttd thanh mdt ca nhan thieu sd kidu
mau d cdng sd, dieu ndy khdng dam bao cho mdt thai do khdng dinh kiin tft nhftng ngudi thudc phe da sd (da tting, da den) Dac biet, bai vidt phan tich ro rang ngudi
My gdc Viet the hien mdt sy thda hiep vdi
y thftc he da ttang Muc sdng trung binh va nhung thanh tyu ma ngudi My gdc Viet vugt ttdi hon ngudi My da den da lam cho
hp chap nhan vi the: "It nhat hg khdng d dudi day cua cau tnic xa hdi chung tgc" [11, tt.2] Ndi each khac, bang vide tdn ttgng gia tri cua ngudi My da ttang vd dat
vi the cua minh d tten ngudi My da den, ngudi My goc Viet d New Orleans dudng nhu thuan theo y thuc he da trang thdng tri trong xa hdi My
Chu thich
^ Trong bai vi6t nay, tdt ca ten nguiri deu da dugc thay dfii dS bao dam bi mat danh tinh cho ngirii cdp tin
' Ngufri Ml \k ten do nguiri Vi^t Nam diing de chi
ngu&i Mexico (Me Tay Co)
Tai lieu tham khao
[1] Nguyln Vu Ho^ng (2011), "Nhan h(?c xuyen quic gia: NhOng tigp can ly thuygt
nhan hoc vh ngutii Viet tai Hoa Ky, Tap chi Ddn lpc hpc, so 172
[2] Nguyen Vu Hoang (2017), "Qud trinh tao dung hinh inh mdi sau thien tai: So sdnh tru&ng hii^) nguiri My g6c Phi vil nguiri My g6c Vi§t d
New Orleans", Tap chi Ddn tpc hpc, so 203
[3] Basch, Linda, Nina Glick Schiller & Cristina
Szanton-Blanc (1994), Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Poslcolonial
101