THANH TAM - DINH THf HANH TOM TXT: Bai vie't xem xet cdc ye'u td' anh hffdng den "mffc do hanh phuc" ciJa ngffdi dan Viet Nam nhff: Tudi tdc, gidi tinh, sffc khde, trinh do hpc vS'n, tin
Trang 1PHAN TICH TAC DQNG CUA CAC
NHAN TO ANH HlJdNG DEN MlTC DO HANH PHtJC CUA NGlTCJl DAN VIET NAM
• HOANG TH! THANH TAM - DINH THf HANH
TOM TXT:
Bai vie't xem xet cdc ye'u td' anh hffdng den "mffc do hanh phuc" ciJa ngffdi dan Viet Nam nhff: Tudi tdc, gidi tinh, sffc khde, trinh do hpc vS'n, tinh trang hdn nhan, Ihu nhdp, khu vffc, cac ye'u td thupc vo'n xa hpi - nhff niem lin, md'i quan he ban be - cua ngffdi dan Dong thdi, bdi vie't cung dffa ra cdc gpi y chinh sach nham nang cao mffc dd hanh phffc cua ngffdi dan Viel Nam
Tuf khoa: Hanh phuc, xa hdi, ngffdi dan, Vidt Nam
I.D3tv3'nd^
Cd rat nhieu khdi niem, dinh nghTa ve hanh
phuc, tuy nhien hau hd't cdc nghidn cffu trffdc day
ve hanh phuc chu yd'u mang tinh dinh tinh va
chu quan
"Hanh phuc" la thuat ngff chi sff thffdng xuydn
cd nhffng cam xuc tich cffc, sff hai long cao vdi
cupc sd'ng Hanh phuc vd'n la mdt Men iffdng chu
quan nen cd the ddnh gia nd qua sff ddnh gia chu
quan ci3a khach the' Do dd, do Iffdng hanh phuc la
mdt va'n di khd trffu tffdng, kho nam bat vi nd phu
thupc nhieu vao sff cam nhan 6 trong cdc hoan
canh khac nhau
Tren thd' gidi da co nhieu nghien cffu ve hanh
phuc, nhu: Feelmg Good: The Science of
Well-Being cua C Robert Cloninger (2004) Happiness:
A New Perspective cua James Hadley (2013),
Cf Viet Nam, cung cd mot so' nghien cffu \ e
hanh phuc nhff: "Cam nhan hanh phuc ciia ngffdi
ndng ddn" cua Phan Thi Mai Hffdng (2014); "Cam
nhan hanh phiic cua sinh \ien" cua Hoang Thi
Trang(2015),
Co th^ thay cdc van de lidn quan de'n mffc dp
hanh phiic cua ngffdi dan ludn dffde xa hoi quan
tam Nghidn cffu ve cdc van de nay se gdp ph^n nang cao mffc dp hanh phuc cua ngffdi dan, tff dd gdp phan cai thien chd't Iffdng cudc song, kinh te* cua moi qud'c gia
Bai vidt nghien cffu mffc dp hanh phffc cua ngffdi dan vdi vide so sanh mffc diu nhap tffdng doi cung vdi cac bie'n dpc lap khdc nhff: Thu nhap trung binh, sffc khde, y td', giao due,,
2 So'li^u nghien cihi va cac bid'n so
2.1 So lieu nghien cdu
Doi tffdng nghidn cffu la 3311 chu hp cua cdc hd gia dinh dUdc chon nglu nhidn vdi pham vi khdng gian trdn 12 tinh la: Ha Tay, Lao Cai, Phu Thp, Lai Chdu, Didn Bien, Nghe An, Quang Nam, Khdnh Hoa, Dak Lak Dak Ndng, Lam Dong, Long An Pham vi thdi gian la nam 2016
Bang cau hdi bao gom thdng tin nhan khau hpc nhu Viing, gidi tinh tudi, thu nhap, sffc khoe , cd
sd ha tang, tiep can cac dich vu va chffdng trinh phdt irien Bang cau hoi hp gia dinh bao gom: Danh sdch hd gia dinh, dac diem chung ciia cac thanh Mdn va nha d; vide lam; chi tieu thffe pham, tie't ki?m va tin dung, cu soV va riii ro dd'i phd di cff, ket
ndi chinh \j\ \ a vd'n xa hdi
Trang 22.2 Cdc biin so (Bdng 1)
Bid'n phu thudc "Mdc do hanh phuc" - HP: La sif
tff cam nh|n cua ngffdi dan vi mffc do hanh phuc
vdi 4 mffc: Tha't vpng, khdng hai long, hdi long, rat
hai long
Cac bien dpc lap:
"Mdc thu nhdp"- TN: Thu nhdp binh quan dIu
ngffdi trong hd, ddn vi 1.000 dong/nam
"Chinh lich thu nhdp"- TN _CL vdi 2 mffc: Nho
hdn mffc trung binh va Idn hdn mffc trung binh so
vdi ngffdi dSn cung dia phffdng
"Mdc dap dng viyti cua diaphucfng"- YTE vdi
5 mffc: Khdng cd dich vu, rd't thie'u/ye'u so vdi nhu
cau, thid'u/yd'u so vdi nhu cau, ve cd ban ddp ffng du
nhu can, ddp ffng tot
"Mice dap ling ve gido due cua dia phuang" - GD
vdi 5 mffc: Khdng cd dich vu, rat thie'u/ye'u so vdi
nhu c^u, thie'u/ye'u so vdi nhu c^u, ve cd ban dap
ffng du nhu clu, ddp ffng td't
"Chinh tri"- CHINH_TRI vdi 2 mffc: Khdng hai
long va cd hai long vdi cudc sd'ng
Ngodi ra, cdc dac trung nhan khau hoc cung
dffde xem la cd anh hffdng de'n sff cam nhan vi
hanh phuc cua ngu'di dan:
"Tinh trang si2c khoe"- SK vdi 4 mffc: R^t khde,
binh thu'dng, khong khoe lam, ra't ye'u
"Tuoi" - TUOI: Tudi d day dffde lay la tudi cua
chu hp
"Gidi tinh" - GIOITINH: Nff va nam
"Hoc vdn" - HOCVAN la bang cd'p cao nhd'l eua
chu hp: Khdng bang cd'p, day nghe ngdn han, day nghe dai han, ining hpc chuydn nghidp, cao dang, dai hpc, thac sT, tid'n sT
"Hon nhdn" - HONNHAN vdi cdc mffc: Chffa
kd't hdn, dang cd vd/ chong, god, ly hdn, ly than
"Nhdn to bdn thdn" - BT: La viec dffa ra quye't
dinh cua ban than ve cac viec trong hidn tai va tffdng lai vdi 4 mffc: Hoan loan dong y, dong y, khdng dong y, hoan loan khdng dong y
"Khu vUc" - KHU_^VUC: Thanh thi va ndng
ihdn
Nghien cffu da sff dung md hinh hoi quy Logit thff bdc lam cdng cu phan tich bdi vi bien phu thudc dffde do lu'dng bang thang do thff bac
Bang 1 Thong ke mo to cac bien
GIOITINH
TUOI
HONNHAN
HOCVAN
TN-CL
YTE
GD
HP
CHINH_TR
KHU_VUC
BT
SK
Valid N (llstwise)
N
3311
3311
3311
3311
3311
3311
3311
3311
3311
3311
3311
3311
3311
MInlrtium
0
19
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
Maximum
1
101
2
6
9
6
5
4
1
1
4
4
Mean 50 32,23 1.29 1.49
4 33
3 72
3 88
2 79 05 07 2.92 2.83
Std Deviation
500 20.462 600 1.220 1.553 ,783
815 532 227 256 648 593
Nguon: Ket qud xd ly so'lieu cda tdc gid
Trang 33 Mo hinh va k^'t qua tiik li/tfng
Mo hinli hoi quy:
HP = f(BT, SK, TNcu UTE, CHINHrs,
TN, KHVyVC, GIOITINH,
TUOI, HONNHAN, HOCVAN)
B ien phu tliuoc la: HP
Bie'n a6c lap la: BT, SK, TN_CL, YTE, GD,
CH1NH_TR, TN, KHU.VUC, GIOITINH, TUOI,
HONNHAN, HOCVAN
Sau khi loai bo cac bien d6c llip khong co y
nghia thong ke, hoi quy lai ta nhan difdc m6 hinh:
B 2 )
ve giao due tai dia phffdng, chinh • • a ndi d ciia ngffdi dan
Trong td't ca cac bid'n, bie^n nhan to' sffc khde c6 tac ddng nhieu nha't den mffc dp hanh phiic eiia ngffdi dan vdi he so' la 0,592 Co the thay, sffc khde la mdt yd'u Id' vd ciing quan trpng anh hffdng dd'n mffc dp hanh phuc cung nhff sff hdi Idng vdi cupc sd'ng eiia ngffdi dan
Theo kd't qua tren, anh hffdng cua mffe chdnh lech thu nhap la 0,339, tffdng dd'i cao nhffng khdng phai la cao nha't Bdi d Viet Nam hidn nay, ngUdi dan chffa quan tdm nhieu de'n mffc thu nhap tffdng Bang 2 Mo hinh hoi quy
Ordered logistic regression
Log likelihood = -2123,49
HP
TN CL
TN
SK
BT
GD
CHINH_TR
KHU_VUC
C08f
0,339 0,001 0,592 0.211 0,258 0,555 0,330
Std.Eir
0,027 0,031 0,068 0,061 0,048 0,192 0,163
Number of obs= 3,310 LRchi2(6)=442,58 Prob>chi2 =0,000 Pseudo R' =0,086
z 12,32 3,34 8,69 3,44 5,29 2,89 2,02
P 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,004 0,043
Nguon: Ket qud xd ty so'lieu ciia tdc gia
Ke'l qua hdi quy cho thay:
Prob > chi2 = 0.000 cho bie't md hinh la phii
hdp Vdi mffc y nghia 5%, cac bid'n TN_CL, TN,
SK, BT, GD, CH1NH_TR, KHU_VUC trong md
hinh trdn deu cd y nghTa thd'ng kd \i P<0,05 Dau
he so' cua cac bie'n ddc lap deu > 0 cho thd'y, cac
bid'n ddc lap tren deu tdc ddng ciing chieu len
bie'n phu thudc HP
Tff ke't qua md hinh hdi quy logit thff bac cho
iha\ cdc yeu to' anh hffdng dd'n mffc dp hanh phuc
gdm: Chdnh lech thu nhap thu nhdp trung binh,
nhan id sffc khde nhan td' ban than, mffc dap ffng
dd'i, hp chii yd'u quan tam nhieu de'n thu nhap tuy?t ddi Hp mdi dang quan tam de'n viec so sdnh moi thdng kie'm dffde bao nhieu tien ma chua quan tam de'n vide lam the' nao, ma't ihdi gian bao lau de kid'm
ra dffde so tien dd Vi vay du nhieu ngffdi cd nguon thu nhip cao nhffng lai phai lam viec qua nhieu gid dan de'n khong hanh phiic bdng nhffng ngffdi cd mffc thu nhdp on dinh vffa phai nhung chi phai lam so gid it hdn, ed thdi gian nghi ngdi, du lich
Dd'i vdi ty sd Odds cho bie'i d m6i phan loai khi bien dpc lap tang len 1 ddn vi thi bi^n phu thudc thay ddi bao nhieu (Bang 3)
Trang 4Bang 3 Ty so odds cdc bien doc lap Id bid'n doc lap
Tysoodd
Log likelihood = -2339,68
HP
TN_CL
TN
SK
BT
GD
CHINH_TR
KHU_VUC
Coef
1,404 1,001 1,809 1,235 1,295 1,742 1.392
Std.Eir
0,038 0,003 0,123 0,076 0,063 0,335 0.228
Number of obs =3,310 LRchi2 (5) = 422,58 Prob >chl2 = 0,0000 Pseudo R== 0,0864
z 12,32 3,34 8,69 3,44 5,29 2,89 2,02
P J 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,001 0,000 0,004 0,043
Md hinh hoi quy Ologit cho thd'y:
Bie'n "Chdnh lech Ihu nhdp cua ngffdi dan":
Vdi ha sd 0,339 > 0, ne'u mffc dp ddnh gia "Chdnh
lech thu nhap cua ngffdi ddn" tang len 1 mffc thi
log-odds thff bdo eua vide thudc phan loai mffe dp
hanh phiic tang khi cac ye'u to' khac khdng ddi
Ngoai ra, dffa vao ty sd' odds 1,404 > I cho tha'y,
ne'u chdnh Idch thu nhap dffde ddnh gid cao len 1
mffc thi ty sd' odds ung hd phdn loai mffc dp hanh
phuc cao hdn so vdi mdt phan loai mffc dd hanh
phiic thd'p hdn la Idn hdn 1
Bid'n "thu nhap irung binh " vdi he sd' 0,001 > 0,
ne'u mffc dp ddnh gid thu nhap tang len 1 mffc thi
log-odds thff bac ciia viec thudc phan loai mffc dp
hanh phiic tang khi eac ye'u to' khdc khdng doi Ty
sd'odds 1,001 > 1 cho tha'y, ne'u thu nhdp trung
binh dffde ddnh gid eao len 1 mffc thi ty so' odds
ling hd phdn loai mffc dp hanh phiic cao hdn so vdi
mdt phan loai mffc dp hanh phuc thd'p hdn la Idn
hdnl
Bid'n "tinh trang sffc khde" vdi he so'0,592 >0,
nd'u mffc dp danh gia tmh trang sffc khde tang len
I mffc thi log-odds thff bac ciia viec thupc phdn
loai mffc dp hanh phiic tang khi cdc yd'u id' khdc
khdng ddi Ty sd'odds 1,809 > I cho thd'y ne'u tinh
trang sffc khde dffde danh gia cao len 1 mffc ihi ty
Nguon: Ket qud xvcly so'lieu cua tdc gid
sd' odds ling hd phdn loai mffc dp hanh phiic cao hdn so vdi mdt phdn loai mffc dp hanh phiic tha'p hdn la Idn hdn 1
Bie'n "nhan id' ban thdn" vdi he so' 0,211 > 0, ne'u mffc dp ddnh gia nhan td' ban than lang Idn 1 mffc thi log-odds thff bac ciia viec thudc phan loai mffc dp hanh phuc tang khi cdc ye'u to' khac khdng ddi Ty so' odds 1,235 > 1 cho tha'y, ne'u nhan id ban than dffde danh gid cao len 1 mffc thi ly sd'odds ung
hd phSn loai mffe dd hanh phuc cao hdn so vdi mdt phan loai mffe dp hanh phuc thd'p hdn la Idn hdn 1 Bid'n "mffc dp dap ffng gido due tai dia phffdng" vdi he so' 0,258 > 0, ne'u mffc dd dap ffng gido due tang len 1 mffc thi log-odds thff bac eua viec thudc phan loai mffc do hanh phuc lang khi cdc ye'u td khac khdng ddi Ty sdodds 1,295 > 1 cho tha'y, nd'u mffc dp ddp ffng gido due dffde danh gid eao len 1 mffc thi ty sd' odds ung hd phan loai mffc dp hanh phuc cao hdn so vdi mot phdn loai mffc dp hanh phuc tha'p hdn la Idn hdn 1
Bid'n "iham gia chinh tri" vdi he so 0,555 > 0, ne'u mffc dp danh gia vide iham gia vao chinh tri tang len 1 mffc thi log-odds thff bac cua vide thupc phdn loai mffc dp hanh phiic tang khi cde yd'u to'
khdc khdng ddi T\ sd' odds 1,742 > 1 cho thd'y, nd'u
vide tham gia vao chinh tri dffde danh gia cao len I
Trang 5TAP CHi come THirifNG
mffc thi ty so' odds iing hd phan loai mffc do hanh
phuc cao hdn so vdi mot phan loai mffc do hanh
phuc thd'p hdn la Idn hdn 1
Bid'n "khu vffc" giup nhan xet dffde sff khac bidt
giffa mffc do hanh phuc ndng thdn va thanh thi Vdi
he so' 0.330 > 0 cho tha'y, ngffdi dan d nong thdn
hanh phiic hdn ihdnh thi
4, Kd't lii$n va khuyd'n nghi
4.1 Ket luan
Bdng viec khao sdt cdc bie'n dpc lap cung vdi
cac yeu to vl nhdn khau hpc, qua cae bi/dc xff ly sd'
heu va chay md hinh hdi Logit thff bac tren
STATA, ed the difa ra kd't ludn:
Cde bie'n "thu nhap", "chenh lech thu nhdp ",
"linh trang sffc khde", "nhan tdban than", "mffc dd
ddp ffng ve giao due eua dia phi/dng", "tham gia
ehinh tri", "khu vffc" deu cd lac ddng dd'n "mffc do
hai long ve cudc sd'ng hien tai" hay "mffc dp hanh
phiic" cua ngffdi dan
Cac bid'n GIOITINH, TUOI, HONNHAN, YTE,
HOCVAN khdng cd anh hffdng dd'n mffc dp hanh
phuc ciia ngffdi dan irong md hinh nghien cffu nay,
cd ihd do cdc tac dpng ben ngoai ma sff han che'cua
md hinh khdng phan tich rd diiOc mffc dd anh
hffdng
Thu nhap tuyet dd'i quan Q-png irong anh hffdng
dd'n hanh phuc, luy nhien tff ke't qua md hinh trdn
cd the tha'y thu nhap hrdng dd'i cung ra't quan trpng
Ngoai ra, cdc bie'n khdc deu phu hdp vdi md
hinh nghidn cda
4.2 Khuye'n nghi
Qua ke't qud phan tich nghidn cffu, de ndng cao
mffc dp hanh phuc, nghien cffu ^ ^ud't mdt sd khuye'n nghi sau:
- Can cd giai phdp ve thu nhap tffdng ddi, gidi phap de tang cffdng cd hpi cd vide lam cho ta't ca mpi ngffdi, dac bidt la ngffdi cd hoan canh kho khan nham dam bao ngudn thu nhap loi thieu va giam ngheo ben vffng cho ngffdi dan
- Can day manh cdc chffdng trinh cham sdc sffc khde, tao ed hdi cho ngffdi lao ddng tham gia he thd'ng chinh sach bao hiem xa hdi, bao hiem tha't nghiep de chii dpng dd'i phd khi thu nhdp bi suy giam hoac bi m^t di do cdc rui ro nhff dm dau, tai nan lao dong, ludi gia
- Can cai thien tinh trang d nhidm bdi cdc hoat ddng do con ngffdi gay ra, dong ihdi thffe hien nghiem tuc vide quan ly vd sinh an toan thffe pham
- Can xay diTng mdt moi trffdng xa hdi lanh manh, mdt xa hdi cd an ninh chinh tri, hat tff an toan xa hdi, ed mdt nen tff do, dan chu thffe sff, mpt
xd hpi edng bang, van minh
- Cdn cdi md hdn trong chinh sdch qudn ly cac va'n de ton gido, chinh tri, de cao cdc gid tri vdn hda tinh than, gid tri eua hanh phuc gia dinh, phdt irien kinh te' gan lien vdi cac hoat dpng vdn hda gido due, xa hdi nham phai trien cdn bang, lang cffdng tie'p can eua ngffdi dan de'n he thd'ng dich vu xd hdi
cd ban nhu giao due, y le', nha d, nffdc sach vd ve
sinh mdi trffdng, thdng tin
- Cud'i cung, can hoan ihidn hd thd'ng 1^^ ludn ve
an sinh xa hpi sao eho phu hdp vdi bd'i canh hipn tai
eiia da't nffdc •
TAI L i e u THAM KHAO:
1 C Robert Cloninger (2004) Feeling Good: The Science of Well-Being Oxford
2 Phan Thi Mai Huong (20141 Cam nhan hanh phiic ciia ngudi nong dan Tapc/ii'Tam/v/ipc sdSu" 28-41
3 James Hddlc> (2013) Happiness: A New Perspective CrealeSpace Independent Pubhshing Platform
4 HoingThi Trang (2015), Cam nhdn hanh phuc cua sinh vien Luan van thac sT, TrUdng Dai hoc Khoa ho X' h "
\ a Nhan van Dai hoc Qud'c gia Ha Ndi
Trang 6Ngay nh$n bai: 20/5/2020
Ngay phan bi$n danh gia va suTa chiJa: 29/5/2020
Ngay cha'p nh9n dang bai: 10/6/2020
Thong tin tdc gid:
ThS HOANG THI THANH TAM
Cuf nhan DINH THI HANH
TrUoTng Dai hQC Kinh t§'Qnoc dan
ANALYZING THE FACTORS AFFECTING
THE HAPPINESS LEVEL OF VIETNAMESE PEOPLE
• Master HOANG THI THANH TAM
• DINH THI HANH
National Economics University
ABSTRACT:
This paper examines the factors atfecting the happiness level of Vietnamese people such as age, gender, health, education level, marital status, income, region and other social factors including beliefs, friendships, etc Some policy recommendations were introduced to improve the happiness of Vietnamese people
Keywords: Happiness, society, people, Vietnam