Djch vu ngan hang qua dien thoai di dong cho ngu'ofi ngheo va phu nu" tai huyen Tran Yen, tinh Yen Bai^ D 6 XGAN LUAN" NGUYEM HOAMG BiSc-DOAN THj MAI*" NGUYEM THI DONG"" Tom tat Ng
Trang 1Djch vu ngan hang
qua dien thoai di dong
cho ngu'ofi ngheo va phu nu"
tai huyen Tran Yen, tinh Yen Bai^
D 6 XGAN LUAN"
NGUYEM HOAMG
BiSc-DOAN THj MAI*" NGUYEM THI DONG"" Tom tat
Nghiin cffu sff dung sd lieu phong vdn true tii'p 32 7 hd vd mo hinh Udc lugng logit nhdm ddnh gid thuc trgng vd trien vgng trong cung ffng dich vu ngdn hdng qua dien thogi di ddng cho ngUdi ngheo vd phu nff tgi huyen Trdn Yin, tinh Yen Bdi Ki't qud nghien cffu cho thdy, trong tdng sd ho duoc khdo sdt, 68,5% hg duac tiep cdn vdn Uu ddi tff Ngdn hdng Chinh sdch xd hgi Sugia tdng sohg sff dung diin thogi di dgng tgo ca hdi ldn trong cung ffng cdc dich vu ngdn hdng Dich vu tin nhdn (SMS banking) qua dien thogi di dgng dang dugc trien khai vd giup gidm thdi gian vd chi phi giao dich eho cdc hg, dong thdi gidm chi phi hogt dgng eho ngdn hdng Trong tuang lai, de md rgng cdc dich vu khde, nhu: thanh todn vd chuyen khodn trUc tuyi'n, SIX an todn trong giao dich, ndng cao kii'n thffc cua ngUdi ddn trong sff dung von vd ffng dung cong nghe so'cdn dugc tdng cudng Ngodi ra, thtic ddy tie'p can thi trUdng vd phdt triin
hg tdng ndng thon la cdn thii't di phdt huy hieu qud cda cdc dich vu ngdn hdng
Tff khoa: dieh vu ngdn hdng, diin thogi di ddng, ngUdi ngheo Yen Bdi
Summary
The study uses data collected from direct intervie-ws -with 327 households and a logit estimation model to assess the status and prospects of providing mobile banking services for the poor and women in Tran Yen district Yen Bai province Results show that of the total surveyed households, 68.5% have access to preferential credit from Vietnam Bank for Social Policies SMS banking via mobile phones has been provided and helps to reduce time consumption and transaction costs for households as well as operational costs for the bank In the future, to expand other banking services such as online payment and transfer, the security oftransacttons, competencies of rural people in using credit and digital technologies need to be strengthened
In addition, market access enhancement and rural infrastructure development are necessary
to promote the effectiveness of access to banking services
Keywords: banking services, mobile phone, the poor in Yen Bai
GlCfl THIEU nghe nhac, truy cap cdc trang mang xa hgi va chdi
game Sff phdt trien cua ha tang thong tin va sff gia
6 nffdc ta, theo Mobile Marketing tang so ngffdi sff dung dien thoai di dpng md ra cdhdi Associadon (2018), ty le sd ngffdi d dp cung ffng cac dich vu ngdn hang sd tdi ngffdi dan d tudi trffdng thanh d ndng thdn sff dung vung sau, vung xa
dien thoai di dgng la 89%, trong dd cd Trong giai doan 2017-2019, dff an "Dich vu ngan 68% sff dung dien thoai thdng minh hang tren dien thoai di dgng - pho cap dich vu tai chinh
95% thdi gian sff dung dien thoai cho phu nff d Viet Nam" da dffdc trien khai vdi sff phd'i
' " , " ' , " " , Khoa Kinh te va Phat tnen nong thon Tnfdng Dai hgc Mong lam Thai Nguyen
Ngdy nhan bdi: 24/03/2020; Ngdy phan bi?n: 15/04/2020, Ngdy duyet ddng • 21/04/2020
' Nghien ciiu nay duac tdi tra bdi Trudng Dai hoc Ndng ldm Thdi Nguyen irong DS rdi md sa "SV20I9-26"
59
Trang 2Xa
Cu'Bng Thinh
Kien Thanh
Cac thfin Atidc khao sat
Dong Lan Dong Chudi Hien Du-Ong D6ng Cho Da'l Den
Yen Thinh An Thinh, Khe Rong Khe Dau Dong Cdt
Tdng
S6'h(>
170
157
327
T ; l : c n g ( % )
51,98 48,02 IOO
hdp giffa Ngdn hang Chinh sdch xd hdi, MasterCard
va Quy chdu A Cac dich vu ngan hang so' ban dau nbu"
SMS banking da giup tie't kiem thdi gian, giam chi phi
hoat dgng va ty le nd xd'u cho ngan hang Nhd vay,
ngudn vo'n tin dung ifu dai cua Ngan hang Chinh sach
xd hpi da cung cap mdt lifdng vd'n Idn cho phat trien
san xua't, gdp pban quan trgng trong giam ngheo
De md rgng SMS banking va cac dich vu ngan bang
khac trong tu'dng lai, cac nghien cffu thffc nghiem nham
ddnh gid trien vgng va thach thffc trong eung cdc dich
vu ngan hang so' la rat can thie't (Duncombe, 2016)
NghiSn cffu nay iffa chgn huyen Tra'n Yen tinh Yen
Bdi, ndi cd ty le hg ngheo eao lam dia ban nghien cffu
Vdi md hinh td chffc cho vay cua he tho'ng chi nhdnh
huyen, ke't qua trong nghien cffu nay cd gid tri tham
khao cho cac dia phifdng khde trong thuc day tai chinh
toan dien va giam ngheo d nong thon mfdc ta
PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CLTU
Sd'lieu nghien cffu
Sd'lieu sdca'p dffdc thu thap thdng qua khao sdt trUc
tie'p cdc hg tren dia ban huyen Tra'n Yen tinh Yen Bai
trong nam 2019, sff dung phie'u da thie't ke Muc dich
khao sat nham tim hieu thffc trang va trien vong cung
ffng cac djch vu cua Ngdn hang Chinh sdch xa hdi qua
dien thoai di dgng Cdc xd va thdn difdc chgn dai dien
cbo cdc vung sinh thai khde nhau trong Huyen Cac hg
du'dc chgn nglu nbien difa tren tham van cua cae chu
tich xa va trffdng thdn, nhffng ngifdi am hieu ve dac
diem kinh texa hgi tai dia ban nghien cffu Cd mdu se
dude phdn bd' nhieu hdn cho cac xa, thdn ma cd mffc do
Sd'Iffdng va phan bo cdc hg dude phdng vd'n dude trinh
bay tai Bang i
M6 hinh phan tich
Mo hinh logit dffdc sff dung de phan tich anb hu'dng
ciia sd hffu dien thoai di dgng va cdc ye'u to'khde de'n
kha ndng vay vo'n tff Ngan hang Chinh sdch xa hpi cua
cdc hp tren dia ban Ve ly thuye't, cdc hd se cd nhu cau
phi Neu ggi Y" la ldi ich ky vgng tff de'p can vo'n hg
se quyet dinh •vay khi Y ' > 0 va ngffdc lai Ldi ich ky
vgng nay la mpt bie'n an giai thich eho quye't dinh vay
vd'n cua hg Tren thffc te, chi cd bie'n phu thuoc Y^,
phan anh thffc trang vay vd'n cua hp dffdc quan sat va
do lffdng Trong mo hinh logit, Y^ la bie'n phu thudc
Nguon Khao '^SL > i.a ntiom tac gia
nban gia tri bang 1 neu ho vay va 0 neu
hd khong vay Thffc cha't, viee ffdc lifdng
md hinh logit chinh la ffdc Iffdng xdc sud't tie'p can tin dung cd dilu kien va dffdc vie't dffdi dang sau:
1=1
Trong dd, X^ la cdc bie'n giai thich, dai dien cho nguon life cua hd cd anb hffdng tdi kha nang tie'p can tin dung ngan hang; b^ b^ la cdc he s6' can ffdc Iffdng Trong cdc bien giai thich, s6 hu'u didn thoai di ddng la bie'n difde quan tam nhd't vi ddy dieu kien tien quye't de ngan hang trien khai cdc dich vu qua dien thoai di dpng tdi ngffdi dan
Ngoai ra, cae bi6'n kiem sodt khac, phan anh nguon life cua hg va chinh sdch cho vay cua ngdn hang cung dffdc tich hdp vao mo hinh Viec tich hdp cdc bie'n kiem sodt vao mo hinh logit cung giiip giam thieu du'dc van de ngi sinh cua mo hinh ffdc lifdng (Gosavi, 2018)
^ Tuy nhien, cd the cd nhieu tap hdp cdc bien giai thich khde nhau dffdc sff dung trong cac md hinh logit nen viec xac dinh md hinh logit td'i im cd y nghia quan trgng Phifdng phap trung binh hoa md hinh theo cdch tie'p can Bayes (Bayesian Model Average - BMA) dffdc sff dung de hd trd cho viec lifa chon bie'n Gia sff, CO m md hinh logit kha di,'viec so sanh lifa chgn 2 mo hinh m va 1 se dffdc tien hanh thdng qua xac sud't hdu dinh:'
^f(KJZl^Pr(Mj ^ Pr(M ) Pr(M,\Z) Pr(M) "T^fzj^^
BMA se chi ra t6 hdp cac bie'n U i thieh
B i c l d ' nVl Y^ ^'^" "^^ ^ - h c ch '
BIC thap nhat (Nguygn Van Tua'n, 2014)
KET QUA NGHIEN CLfu
Thffc trang vav vo'n v^ „
-d u n g -d i e n - t h ' a i -d i -d s J J ^ ' O O s * can va'n "6 trong tiSp
Ket qua khao sat o:-,i ihs-., - ,
s t f h g k h a o s a t d „ d c > " , \ 2 ' ™ « 8 5 0 %
Trang 3rao can khde nhau: ndng lffc sff dung
von han che, ngai thu tue vay rffdm ra
va thie'u thdng tin vl nguon vo'n (Bang
2) Nhff vay, de tang d6'p can va sff dung
vd'n hieu qua, cdng tac dao tao nang cao
trinh do suf dung vd'n va ke't no'i hg vdi thi
chinh sdeh h5 bd khac cua Nha nffdc la
ra't cin thie't
Bang 3 cung cap thdng tin muc dich
sft dung dien thoai di dpng ciia cdc hg
dude khao sat Ke't qua khao cho thd'y,
toan bo cdc hp sff dung didn thoai di dgng
sff dung mgt so' tinh nang cd ban ciia
dien thoai, nhff: lien lac, giai tri Khoang
44,87% sohg sff dung dien thoai de giao
dich vdi ngdn hang, trong dd chu yeu sff
dung dich vu tin nhan SMS banking de
nhdn thdng tin ve dieu kien vay, so' dff
tai khoan va thong tin ve cdc cugc hgp
binh xet vay cua cdc to tie't kiem va vay
vdn Day ciing la dgng lffc de thue dd'y,
phu^nff d ndng thon
Anh hffofng cua sd hifu dien thoai di dOng va cac
ye'u to'khac tdi kha nang tid'p can vd'n tiJf NgSn hang Chinh sach xa h6i
Bang 4 tnnh bay ke't qua ifdc Iffdng md hinh logit nham phan tich anh hffdng cua sd hu^i dien thoai di dgng va cdc yS'u td'nguSn lffc tdi kha nang de'p can vo'n vay cua hp Ket qua cho tha'y, cdc chi tieu thd'ng ke,
B A N G 2; THtrC TRAtiG TIEP C/iN VON VAY CGA HO Chi ti6u
Tong sd ho khao sat
HQ vay vdn
Ho khong vay vdn Nguyen nhan h6 ichong vay
Ndng lUc sddung von hgn che Ngai thii luc rudm rd Thieu Ihong tin ve nguon vd'n
Stfh6(h$)
327
224
103
103
79
S J6
Ty trgng (%) IOO 68,50 31,50
100
76.69 7.76 15.55 BAMG 3: Mgc DICH S(S DgNG DIEN THOAI Dl DOtiG
Muc dich Li6n lac, giai tri
Giao dich v6i ngan hang (nhan tin nhan SMS bankmg, lien lac vdi can bo tin dung
va to irtfdng to tie't kiem vay vdn )
Sd'h$
327
245
Ty trgng (%)
100
44,87
BANG 4: AMH HffdMG CGA s d HdO DIEt^ THOAI THOMG MINH
VA CAC YEU TO K H A C DEM KHA MANG TIEP CAN TIN DUMG CUA CAC HO
Big'n giai thich va thfing s6'm6 hinh
Bien gidi thich dugc quan Idm nhat
Chu ho sd hilu dien thoai di dSng
Cdc bien gidi thich kiem sodt
Ho c6 thanh vien hoac ho hang, ngifcfi thiin Iam viec uy ban nhan
danxa
Thanh vien cua hgi lien hiep phu nff
Ho dan toe Kinh
Tiidng so mo hinh udc lugng
ChisdBIC tif phan tich BMA
Sdbien giai thich du'dc chon
So quan sat
LR chi2(4)
Prob > chi2
Ty le di; doan chinh xac (%)
He so chan cua mo Wnh
H^sS'tffic lifcfng
0,5742"
- 0,5467""
0,1965 -0,5584"
-I,687e+05
4
327 11,10 0,0254 63,30 0,4719
SaisfiT
0,2870
0,2745
0,3147 0,2494
0,3011
Thtfng kgz
2,00
1,99
0,62 -2,24
1,57
Mdc
y nghTa
0,045
0,046
0,532 0,025
0,117
Ghi chii: **he sdudc lugng co y nghia thong ke vdi do tin cdy 95%; Chi so BIC dUOc xdc dinh lii phdn mem tho'ng ke R
Mguon: Ket qua khao sat cua n h o m tac gia
61
Trang 4Cac dich vu qua di^n thoai di dSng
Thong tin vi so dir lai khoan ngiin hang
Mua hang tnfc luyen
Thanh toan hoa ddn tnfc tuyen
Chuyen tien qua tai khoan ngan hang
Cung cap Ihong tin ve cac nguon tin dung
hChong cd nhu cau
So'hd
225
119
109
106
104
65
Ty tr«?ng (%)
68,80 36,39 33,33 32,41 31,80 19,87
BAMG 6: MOI QUAN TAM KHI SCf DUNG DICH VU NGAM HANG
QUA DIEN THOAI Dl DQMG
Md'i quan tSm
Rill do mat dien thoai
Rui do bl lg thong tin giao dich
Chita bie't each thu'c sil dung
Thoi quen giao dich tru'c tiep tai ngan hang
Mu'c giao dich thap, nen khong co nhu cau
Ngan hang khong dang tin cay
S3'h6
161
151
57
40
27
21
Ty trpng (%)
49,27 46,17 17,43 12,23 8,25 6,42
Nguon Ket qua khao sat t u a n h d m tac gia
nbiT: LR chi2(4), Prob > chi2, chi so BIC va ty le phan
loai chinb xdc cbo tha'y, mo hinh la phu hdp di phdn
tich cae yeu to anh hifdng de'n tie'p edn vo'n vay liu dai
Ke't qua ifdc li/png eho thd'y, co 4 bie'n phil hpp nhd't de
giai thich cdc yg'u to' anh ht/cfng de'n tie'p can von vay
ciia cac hp
Do'i vdi bie'n giai thich ditpc quan tam nha't, ke't qua
u'dc lu'png cho tha'y, trong dieu kien cdc y&'u to khac
khong ddi, s6 hiJu dien thoai di dong co tac dpng tich
cite de'n kha ndng tie'p can tin dung ifu dai He so'ifdc
lifpng cua bie'n nay co gid tri difdng va co y nghia thd'ng
ke vdi dp tin cay 95% Ke't qua nay difpc giai thich bdi
thu'c te hien nay Ngdn hang Chinb sdch xa hpi da dp
dung he thd'ng SMS banking di cung cd'p thong tin v^
dien thoai di dpng Ke't qua nay ra't phii hdp vdJ cdc
nghien ciJu d cde nifdc dang phdt trien khi ket ludn sil
dung dien thoai giup eac hp tie'p can thong tin thuan ldi
trien kinh te'ndng thdn {Abor va cpng sif, 2018) Dien
thoai cGng giiip tdng tie'p can thdng tin thi trifdng, gia
tang kie'n thiJc siJf dung vd'n de tdng dau tif, cai thien
nang sua't va thu nhdp cho cdc hd gia dmh {Issahaku va
cdng SLf, 2018, Duncombe, 2016)
Khde vdl ky vong, ke't qua nghien ciJu cho tha'y,
nhUng hd cd hp hang, ngifdi thdn cong tde tai cdc cP
quan dang, chinh quyen ca'p xa, thi kha nang tie'p can
tin dung se tha'p hPn so vdi nhiJng hp khde H6 so' udc
lu'dng cua bie'n nay cd gia tri dm va ed y nghia thd'ng
ke vdi dp tin eay 95% Ke't qua nay cd the dupc giai
vdn \iu dai cua Ngdn hang chinh sach
xd hdi Uu tien cho cac ho thu nhap thap,
du'dc xet duyet cho vay theo quy djnh Nbifng hd cd thdnh vien hoac hp hang, ngifdi thdn edng tac tai co quan Dang, chinh quyen dia phifdng se thuan ldi hdn trong tie'p can thong tin vd'n vay, nhiTng khdng dam bao nhu'ng ho nay du'dc xet duyet cho vay
He sdu'dc lu'dng eua bien dai di§n cho
hp la thanh vien cua hdi lien hiep phu nff
ed he sd ifdc lifdng difdng, nhifng khdng
cd y nghia thd'ng ke vdi dd tin cay 95% Trong dieu ki$n cac ye'u td' khde khong ddi, nhiftig hp la thanh vien cua hpi hen hiep phu nff cd kha nang tie'p can tin dung eao hdn cdc hd khac Ke't qua nay dffdc giai thich bdi thu'c te, hdi hen hiep phu nff
vdi ngudn tin dung cua ngan hang Hdi lidn hiep phu nff h6 trd ngan hang thanh lap td vay vd'n, lifa chpn khdch hang, gidi ngdn, gidm sdt va thu hdi vo'n Giai thieh nay phii hpp vdi cac ke't qua nghien ciJu cua Dd Xudn Ludn va Dd Thu Dung
vien trong cac td chu'c chinh tri xa hpi giiip tang cffdng cdc md'i quan he xa hdi Qua do, gitip cde hp tie'p can thdng tin thi
tru'dng ndng san va thi tru'dng tdi chinh d
ndng thdn thudn ldi hdn
_ Nhffng hp cd chu ho la dan tpc thieu
sd, thi kha nang tie'p can vdi ngudn tin
se cao hdn so vdi cde hd ddn tgc Kinh
He sd u'dc lu'dng cua bie'n dai dien cho dan tpc ciia chi ho co y nghia thd'ng ke vdl dd tin cay 95% Ke't qua nay dffdc
giai thich bdi thuc te' ngudn vdn ffu dai
tff Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hoi se dffdc
thap, ddc biet la cdc bp ddn tde thie'u so' Viec trp^cdp ffu ddi la cin thie't khi cac
hp dan tpc thieu s6 d nffdc ta thirdng gap kho khan khi tiep edn ngudn vd'n cia ngan hang thffOng mai (Do Xuan Luan
v a e p n g ^ , 2015) Chinh sdch tin dung ffu dai eung phan dnh nd lire ciia Chlnh pha trong gidm ngheo v a t h f l c d S t phat tnen binh ddng giffa cac ddn tde
Nhu cau md rdng cae dich vu ngan hang qua dien thoai didSng ' "^an
Bang 5 cho thd'y nh^n i,<i„ - , diroc khao sat CO n L d u '•* '^'''^ ¥ suf dung cac dich vu c i - n U T ? " " ° "
dien thoai di dong i nnlfT ™S l a a
Trang 5dich vu SMS banking Ngodi ra, cdc hd
c6 nhu cau md rdng cac dich vu ngan
hang sd' khde qua dien thoai, nhff: mua
hang va thanh toan trffc tuyd'n, chuyen
khodn, nhan cac thdng tin ve ngudn tin
dung Nhffng hp khdng co nhu c^u chie'm
19,87%, chu ye'u la nhffng hd chffa tie'p
can dffdc tin dung va cac dich vu khde
do nhffng han che trong nang life sff dung
vo'n Tdm lai, sff san long sff dung cac
dong se tao ra tri^n vpng phat tnen cho
loai hinh dich vu nay
Cac md'i quan tam cua ngifdi dan
trong su" dyng cac dich vu ng3n hang
qua di$n thoai di ddng
Khi md rdng cdc dich vu SMS banking
va cdc dich vu khde, cdc hd thffdng lo ngai
cdc va'n de, nhff: ma't dien thoai, thdng
tin khdng dffdc bao mat trong giao dich
giao dich, han chd' vl kha ndng ffng dung
cong nghe sd va khd thay ddi thdi quen
giao dich trffc tie'p tai ngdn hang (Bang
ngac nhien vi dich vu ngan hang qua
dien thoai di dpng Id mpt ffng dung mdi,
nen ngffdi dan ndng thdn con lo ngai khi
Sli dung va can thdi gian de thich ffng Do
do, khi md rdng cdc dich vu nay, ngan
hang can ddm bao cung cd'p dich vu cha't
lifdng va uy tin de tdng sff tin tffdng ciia
cua ngffdi dan ndng thdn
Ket qua nghien cifu da chi ra rang, sd hffu didn thoai
di ddng cd tac ddng tich cffc de'n kha ndng tie'p cdn tin dung ffu dai tff Ngan hang Chinh sach xa hdi Ke't qua
dpng, nha't la dien thoai thdng minh chinh la dieu kien tien quye't de trien khai cac dich vu ngan hang so' Ben canh do, ke't qua cung cho tha'y, phan ldn cdc
hd khao sdt cd nhu cau, mong mud'n s^ dung cae loai
di ddng Tuy nhien, vide phdt tri^n cdc dich vu ngan hang qua dien thoai di ddng con gap phai mdt sd' rao can, chii yd'u xua't phdt tff md'i quan tam vd mffc dp tin tffdng ciia ngffdi dan khi md rdng SMS banking va cac dich vu khde, nhff: thanh toan va chuyen khoan trffc tuye'n
De dffa dich vu ngdn hang qua dien thoai di ddng de'n vdl ngffdi ngheo, phu nff d ndng thon, nghien cffu
de xud't:
- Cae td chffc chinh tri xa hdi d dia phffdng, nhff: hdi ndng ddn, hdi hen hiep phu nff can dffdc nang cao nang lffc trong ke't nd'i tin dung den vdi ngffdi ngheo
va phu nff
- Nha nffdc can xdy dffng dffdc khung phap ly va hd thd'ng chinh sach manh me hdn de khuye'n khich ngffdi ngheo vd phu nff sff dung dich vu ngan hang sd' qua didn thoai di ddng
- Ben canh do, tdng cffdng ke't nd'i cdc hp vdi thi trffdng ndng san, dich vu khuyd'n ndng va phat tnen cd
sd vdt chd't ha tang ndng thdn la can thiet de phdt huy hidu qua tie'p can cdc dich vu ngdn hang qua dien thoai
di ddng.Q
TALLIEUJTHAMJCHAO _ _ _ _
-1 Nguyin Van Tua'n (2014) Phdn tich dff lieu vdi R, Nxb Tong hpp TP Ho Chi Minh ^
2 D6 Xuan Ludn vd Dd Thu Dung (2018) Tiep can tin dung chinh thffc ff-ong phat trien chudi
gid tri ndng san: Ddng lffc cho qua trinh tai cd ca'u ndng nghiep tai khu vffc Tdy Bac, Viet Nam, Tgp chi Nghiin cffu Kinh tevd Kinh doanh chdu A, 29(10), 05-27
3 Abor, J, Y., Amidu, M & Issahaku, H (2018) Mobile telephony, financial inclusion and
inclusive grovi/th Journal of African Business, 19(3), 430-453
4 Do Xuan Luan, Bauer, S & Nguyen Thi Lan Anh (2015) Poverty targeting and income impact
of subsidised credit on accessed households in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam, Journal
of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Sublropics (JARTS), 116(2), 173-186
5 Do Xuan Luan & Kingsbury, A, J (2019) Thinking beyond collateral in value chain lending:
Access to bank credit for smallholder Vietnamese bamboo and cinnamon farmers International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 22(4), 535-556
6 Duncombe, R (2016) Mobde phones for agricultural and rural development: A literature review
and suggestions for future research The European Journal ofDevelopment Research, 28(2), 213-235
7 Gosavi, A (2018) Can mobile money help firms mitigate the problem of access to finance in
Eastern sub-Saharan Africa?, Journal of African Business, 19(3), 343-360
8 Issahaku, H., Abu, B, M., & Nkegbe, P, K (2018) Does the use of mobile phones by smallholder
maize farmers affect productivity in Ghana?, Journal of African Business, 19(3), 302-322
9 Mobile Marketing Association (2018) Mobile Ecosystem & Sizing Report, Vietnam 2017718,
access to http://vietnam,mmaglobal,com/wp-content/uploads/2018/l l/mma_mobile_marketing_ ecosystem_report_2017_-_vietnam_0.pdf
63