Do cd nhidu nhdm ttong cung mdt tdc ngudi, giua cdc nhdm cd sy quan he phdi ngdu ndn trong dgt didu tra dan sd mdi nhat, so lugng nhan khau ciia nhdm K'ho Chii vimg Lgc Duong, Lam Ddng d
Trang 1NHUTVG TAC DONG CO BAN LAM THAY DOI SINH KE
VA CAU TRUC XA HOI NGU^6l CHIL Cf LAM DONG
ThS NGUYEN THI HU'ONG'*>
Tdm tat: Sinh ke cua cdc tdc ngu&i di cu den khu vuc Lang Biang, chia se dia bdn cu tru
vdi ngu&i Chii sau ndm 1975 ndi chung, hogt dgng sinh ki cua ngu&i Chii noi rieng, din nay vdn lay nong nghiep Idm chinh Nhitng ndm gdn day, dgc biet Id tie sau khi Lang Biang tr& thdnh Khu d{e trie sinh quyen the gi&i, sinh ke cua ngu&i Chii cd nhieu bien ddi Su biin ddi ndy khdng chi dnh hu&ng den cgng dong ddn tgc Chii cdng nhu cgng ddng ddn tgc khdc cu trd trong cung khu vuc, md cdn cd tdc dgng nhdt dinh din muc tieu phdt triin bin vieng cua Khu
du trie sinh quyen Lang Biang
Tir khoa: cdu true xd hgi; Lang Biang; Lam Dong; ngu&i Chii
Ngudi Chii la mdt nhdm thudc tdc
ngudi K'ho cu trii rai rde trdn viing
niii eao, rimg ram thudc thugng
luu sdng Krdng Knd (Bae vd Tay-Bae cao
nguyen Lang Biang) Do lap quan sdng du
canh, du cu, hg da di chuydn dan xudng phia
Nam Hidn nay, ngudi Chii da cham diit ddi
sdng du canh, du cu, sdng tap trung d viing
Lac Duong, tir Bdc sang Ddng Bac Thanh phd
Da Lat den viing thugng ngudn sdng Da Nhim,
gidp tinh Ninh Thudn Theo Uy ban nhan dan
tinh Ldm Ddng, trong Hd so de cir khu dy trii
'*' Vi^n Nghien cuu phat trien Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh
sinh quydn Lang Biang nam 2014, loan bd khu vyc luu tni ciia ngudi Chii ndm Ipt frong mdt phdn Khu du trii sinh quydn Lang Biang,
ed ldng didn lich 275.439 ha, trong dd, dipn tieh ciia viing loi Id 34.943 ha, viing ddm Id 72.232 ha vd vimg chuydn tiep la 168.264 ha Theo kdt qud Tdng didu fra Ddn sd vd Nha
d nam 2019 ciia Uy ban nhan dan tinh Lam Ddng, ldng dan sd ngudi K'ho vao khodng
170 nghin ngudi (nam 2009 la 145.666 ngudi) Tdc ngudi K'ho chia thanh 6 nhdm khdc nhau, phdn biet qua ngdn ngii va dja bdn
cu tni, gdm K'ho Sre (nhdm ddng nhat), K'ho Chii (ddng thir hai), tiep ddn Id cdc nhdm Lat, Nop, Ddn, T'ring (ehi khodng 4.600 ngudi
Trang 2eu tni tren dia bdn tinh Khdnh Hda) Do cd
nhidu nhdm ttong cung mdt tdc ngudi, giua
cdc nhdm cd sy quan he phdi ngdu ndn trong
dgt didu tra dan sd mdi nhat, so lugng nhan
khau ciia nhdm K'ho Chii vimg Lgc Duong,
Lam Ddng da khdng cd thdng kd ridng Udc
lugng, tdc ngudi ndy hidn cd khoang trdn
dudi 36 nghin - 37 nghin ngudi
Sinh kd truydn thdng cua ngudi Chii dugc
td chiic theo hai hudng ehinh: san xuat ndng
nghidp (trdng Irgt, chan nudi) vd khai thdc
ngudn lgi ty nhien tir rirng Ngodi ra, hg ed
mdt sd nghd thii cdng, nhu dan lat, ddt, ren,
ty Id ddng gdp khdng dang kd
Hipn nay, ngudi Chii Lam Ddng da ehdm
diit hodn todn tgp qudn du canh, du cu dd di
vdo sdng quan cu, tap trung, giao thoa vd chia
se dja ban cu tni cimg cac tde ngudi khae,
nhat id vdi cdc nhdm trong ciing tpc ngudi
K'ho Trong ddi sdng hda nhgp, nhung quy
udc cua ddi sdng hidn dgi da ldm thay ddi
eo ban sinh kd ciia ngudi Chii Nhung thay
ddi do da tdc dgng khdng nhd ddn ddi sdng
sinh boat eiia ngudi Chii trong khi sy chuan
bi tir ndi luc ciia tdc ngudi nay chua the bat
kip de thich nghi vd phdt trien ben viing Day
la thdch thiic ldn vd mat xa hdi ddi vdi tde
ngudi Chii Nhirng tac ddng dd da anh hudng
tryc tidp ldm thay ddi co bdn ddi sdng sinh
boat kinh td, xa hdi cua ngudi Chii
1 Chinh sach sd huu va quyen chiem
huu d i t dai lam thay doi cau t r u e vd
p h u u n g thuc san xuat nong nghifp
Ngoai dat d, loan bg ddt canh tdc eua
ngudi Chii deu gdn vdi rimg Ngudi Chii
cung nhu hdu hdt cde tde ngudi thieu sd trong
vd ngoai tgc ngudi K'ho ddu chia rirng thdnh
4 khu vyc:
- Rieng gid (hay cdn ggi Id rimg thidng)
la rirng ty nhidn cd nhidu cay sinh trudng
ldu ndm, nhidu cay gd quy Chi ed gid ldng,
thay mo, ngudi ed uy tin, trach nhiem, cd khd
nang thdng linh vdi cac quydn lyc ty nhidn
(trdi, dit, nudc, liia) mdi dugc vdo rimg gid
Ngudi Chii tin ring, rirng gid la nai ngy fri
ciia tiiin Unh ndn khdng dugc xam phgm Mgi tac dpng vdo rimg gid deu bj cam
- Rimg ddu ngudn n i m d dau cac con sdng,
con sudi Bon ngudi Chii nao ciing cd mpt khu rirng d i u nguon ndm d phia trdn cao, nai
cd rimg cay to, xanh tdt Rimg dau ngudn la noi luu giu, bdo vp ngudn nudc sinh hogt cho cpng ddng nen cim mgi hdnh vi chat pha, xam hai Rimg ddu ngudn ciing duge coi la rirng thidng
- Rieng ma Id khu vye duge ngudi Chii
chgn lam noi chdn cit ngudi chdt nen khdng dugc khai thac, khdng duge xdm phgm Rimg
ma thudng ndm gan noi cu tru
- Rieng khai thdc la rirng chdi Rimg nay
chii yeu la cdc cay nhd dugc ludn phidn canh ldc Ngudi Chii cd quyen khai phd dd canh tdc hogc de ldy gd, eiii, Sau mdt thdi gian khai thdc, khu vyc rimg cii se dugc bd di, khdng tidp tyc vide trdng tria Ddy la cdch eho dat nghi ngoi dd ty hdi phye trd lgi Ddng bdo Chii quan niem, ddi vdi rung ngheo da khai thde ndng nghiep, ndu bd hoang khdng khai thdc, khdng can thiep trong khodng 20 nam, rirng chdi se tdi sinh ty nhidn cac ngudn gen bdn dja, tra Igi Idp thye bi vdi chat lugng ngang bdng vdi rimg khi con ngudi mdi bdi dau khai thac
Trong hdng ngan nam, dat dai thupc quydn sd hiru cdng ddng, cdc thdnh vien trong ldc ngudi dugc quydn chidm hiru, canh tdc, khai thdc luan phidn tren cdc viing d?m, vimg rirng chdi vd mdt phin rirng ldi Ranh gidi chiem hiiu cd tinh quy ude, khdng mang linh khd udc, khdng cd tinh djnh lugng Tuy khdng cd quy djnh sd hiiu, nhung quydn chidm huu, khai thdc cua timg hg gia dinh ddi vdi khu vyc ddt rimg va cdc tdi nguydn
ly nhidn trdn dat Id tuong ddi bdn virng, cd linh cgng sinh cao
Sau ngdy dit nudc gidi phdng nam 1975, phap luat vd ddt dai sira ddi qua tirng giai dogn, gin nhit Id Ludt Dal dai nam 2013 khdng quy djnh hinh thai' chidm hiru dgc thu da tdn lgi nay Dal dai dugc Nha nudc
Trang 369 quy djnh Id sd hiiu loan dan Didn tich
chidm huu trong hinh thiie quy udc bj bai
bd, ngudi Chii cung nhu mgi toe ngudi
khac trong khu vyc va cd nude chi dugc
quydn chidm huu trong didn tich rat nhd,
theo khung dinh lupng Ba khu vye dat dai
sinh sdng, sdn xudt canh tdc vd thye hdnh
tin ngudng bj tach rdi nhau Ludt Ddt dai
nam 2013 ehi thira nhgn quydn chidm hiru
trdn didn tich dat d (thd cu), thu hpp dan
vd ed djnh hda quydn chiem huu ddt khai
thac, sdn xuit Phdn rirng ldi, rirng gid, rirng
thidng truydn thdng gan vdi quan nidm vd
thye hanh tin ngudng hodn todn thupc vd
"quy hogeh", ngudi dan bdn dja bi mdt
quydn chidm huu truydn thdng Ldi sdng du
canh, du eu khdng thd tidp tyc Tap qudn
huu eanh, bd hoang cho dat nghi vd ty hdi
sinh rirng ty nhidn khdng thd Ihyc hien, vi
quy dit sdn xuit khdng dii bdo ddm nhu cau
trdng trgt, canh ldc Vide khai thde ngudn lgi
ty nhien tir rirng khdng thudc khu vyc ddt
san xudt bj cam hodn todn Keo theo dd, he
tin ngudng vai linh, da than eua ngudi Chii
Cling ddn phai md va bidn mdt, vi khdng cd
he sinh thdi van hda - tin nguong de duy tri
Thye trang phd vo cau true dat dai vd
phuang thiie sdn xudt ndng nghidp trdn dat
ndy cdng trd ndn gay gat ban khi Nhd nudc
quoc hiiu hda dat dai tridt dd, giao khu vyc
ning eho cac ldm trudng, ndng Irudng qudn
ly, dgc bidt la sau khi khu vyc Vudn Qudc gia
Bidoup dugc cdng nhdn Id Khu dy trii sinh
quyen thd gidi Vi vay, myc dich giii rirng,
duy tri mat do ehe phii, bdo tdn he ddng thuc
vat vudn qudc gia, bdo tdn ngudn gen ly
nhidn ban dja Id tich cyc, cdn thiet cho qua
frinh phat tridn chung theo hudng ben virng
Tuy nhidn, vide ndy lgi xung dgt sdu sac vdi
quydn lgi, tap qudn canh tde, phuang thiic ty
cung, ty cap eua cgng ddng ngudi Chii ndi
ridng, cdc lgc ngudi thidu sd d khu vyc Tay
Nguydn ndi chung; ddng thdi, gidn tiep tac
dpng vd ldm thay ddi can ban eac dac trung
van hda, tin ngudng ciia ddng bdo
Dd tiep tyc duy tri cude sdng, ngudi Chii budc phdi thay ddi truydn thdng sdn xuit lan phuang thuc eanh tde Sy phdt tridn ciia cdc logi hinh trdng trgt dinh eanh dinh eu, canh lac nuong rdy du eanh, du eu trong truydn thdng cua ngudi Chil ngay cdng bi Ihu hep va hipn
da bien mat hodn todn, thay vdo do Id canh tde
ed djnh Dd tang lgi nhuan tir sdn xuit, vipc xen canh, thdm canh, iing dyng khoa hpc - ky thudt vdo san xuit ndng nghidp da trd thanh ydu cau bdt budc, thdng qua sy hudng dan ciia eac eo quan, td ehiie khuydn ndng Mat khac, vipc sdn xuat ndng nghidp eiing khdng the tidn hdnh theo hinh thirc ty phdt, dya vao kinh nghiem ma huge phdi theo quy trinh td chiic mua vy, mdi dat bleu qud
2 Thuc trang di dan khien dat san xuat
bi xam thuc, thu hep, tinh trang nhan man
bi bao hoa tdc dpng sau sic bdi quy luat nang suat bidn t i giam d i n
Ndu chl sd danh gid nhan man d dd thj dugc
do bang dien tieh ddt d, thi d khu vyc ndng thdn la ddt d cdng vdi dat sdn xudt Trong khi
dd, ddi vdi ddng bao cae dan tpc thieu sd, chi
sd ddnh gid nhdn man dugc md rdng thdm he
sd ddt dai hinh ihanh ndn he sinh thdi Khoang
40 nam qua, sy di ddn d at, (cd td chire lan tu phat) da khien tdc dp tang dan sd ca hpc d khu vye Tdy Nguydn ndi chung, khu vyc cu tni ciia ngudi Chil ndi ridng bimg nd Dieu ndy da pha vd hodn todn cau tnic he sinh thai mdi trudng, mdi sinh, tao nen sy khung hoang nhan man nghidm trgng trong khu vyc vd trdn didn rdng
Didu dd thiy Id, frong khi ngudi Chil thu hep quydn hgn, quydn chiem hiru, khai thac
d cde viing rimg loi, rimg gia - noi tirng dugc gin vdi truydn thdng tin ngudng - thi cac doan di dan lai cd xu hudng ngdy cang lan
sau, ehidm hihi cac khu vye ndy de cu tni vd
sdn xuit Mdt mat, ngudi Chil bj tdch khdi ddi sdng ede boat ddng ihyc hdnh tin ngudng; mgt khdc, dd thich nghi hg ciing ty xem phan ddt dai dugc chidm hiiu nhu mpi logi hdng hda ed thd dem ra frao ddi, mua ban (khdng ed trong
Trang 4truydn thdng) Lau ddn, khi tu lieu sdn xuit Id
ddt dai da egn kiet, nhiing xung dot xa hgi se
cd kha ndng bimg phdt, nhit Id khi cd sy kich
dgng ve tdn giao, sic tgc Tuy cdc chinh sdch,
bidn phdp eua Nhd nudc van dang phdt huy
tdc dyng, chua dd xdy ra bimg phdt xung dot,
nhung nguy eo ndy la thye td tidm in, ed thd
xdy ra neu nd thanh bdn chit tren dipn rgng
Dan sd tidp tue tang ngay tir quy md gia
dinh, trong khi da eanh tde ed dinh hda vdi
dipn tich dit chidm huu khdng ddi, ndn kinh
te hp gia dinh ciia ngudi Chil bj tae dgng
manh me bdi quy ludt "ndng suit bien td
gidm dan" (sd lugng lao ddng tang, didn tieh
ddt san xudt giii nguydn), gdy khd khan cho
ddi sdng Cdc bien phdp iing dyng khoa hgc
- ky thuat hipn dgi vao sdn xuat ed Ihd giiip
tang nang suat trdn eiing mgt dipn tich canh
tde, nhung lai gidm ndu tinh theo ndng suit
lao dgng dau ngudi Tinh Irgng ndy dang
didn ra ngdy cdng gay gat, lidm an nhiing
xung dpt vd mat xa hdi
3 Kinh te hang hda logi tru tri thuc
bdn dia trong nhieu m|lt
Mgt bd phgn gia dinh tre thidu ddt tham
gia vdo quy trinh nhan khoan giir vd chdm
sdc rirng, trd thdnh edng nhdn ndng nghiep
trong mgt sd ldm trudng, trang trgi ndng
nghipp tgi dia phuang
Trudc ddy, khai thae tu nhidn chi dap irng
nhu cau ddi sdng cho gia dinh Vi dugc ty
do, ngudi Chil xem vipc bdo vp ngudn lgi ty
nhidn Id cho chinh minh ndn hp tuan thu chat
che cdc quy udc edng ddng, nhu khdng san
thii vao mua sinh nd, khdng "an ong" trong
mua chia dan, khdng chat cay dd hdi qud,
Tuy nhien, hipn nay, vide khai thdc ty nhidn
dem lgi nguon thu ddng kd gan nhu bj cam,
ddng thdi bi canh tranh bdi cdc nhdm, ldc
ngudi khdc ndn mpt bp phan ngudi Chil da
phd bd cdc ludt Ip truydn thdng Vipc khai
thac theo xu hudng vira thu vua phd, khidn
tdi nguydn egn kipt, mpt sd gidng lodi bj day
vao nguy co tuypt chiing Keo theo dd, kinh
nghipm vd tri thiic bdn dja, lan nhiing net
dpp van hda tam linh tpc ngudi ciing co nguy
CO mai mgi vd bidn m i t H? Uiong tri thiie bdn dia cdn sdt lai ngdy cdng tdch xa vdi ddi sdng lao ddng san xuit eua thdi dgi Khd ndng ling dyng kinh nghipm, fri thirc thap hodc khdng ed, khi nganh nghd, phuang thiic sdn xuit eu da mit di Tir be t i e frong td chiic lao dgng sdn xuit sinh kd, sy khiing hodng ciu tnic xd hgi vdi tpc ngudi ldn khu vye cd nguy co hinh thdnh Day dang Id bai loan xa hpi nan giai va dai dang
Tri thiic ban dja, kinh nghipm sdn xuit tren nhidu mat cua ngudi Chil phai dupe xem Id vdn quy Nd se phat huy tac dyng, ltd thdnh tidm nang dd khai thdc vd phat tridn, ndu cpng ddng, xa hgi vd chinh quyen bidt nam bat, thay ddi, td chiic lgi boat dgng sdn xudt cho phii hgp Trudc hdt, mgi sy thay ddi ddu phdi dugc tinh toan theo hudng cd Igi
va tao CO hdi phat tridn, dem lgi lgi ich kinh
td thye sy eho ddng bdo; tgo dieu kipn dd ngudi Chil Idm chii, td chiic, ty Ihay ddi ddi sdng ciia chinh minh Vdi chuydn bidn dd, kha nang hda nhap vdi ddi sdng hipn dgi vd nen kinh te thj Irudng, cugc sdng cua ngudi Chil se ngdy mpt tdt hon Do dd, can sdm nghidn ciiu tim ra gidi phdp khd thi, tich cyc,
dd giiip tgc ngudi Chil ciing nhu nhidu nhdm khac, ddn tgc khae d khu vue Tdy Nguydn khdng bi dnh hudng bdi chieu hudng tidu cyc, ngdn cdn sy phdt tridn vd hpi nhapQ
T A I L I $ U T H A M K H A O
1 Phan An, Mgt sd dgc trung ciia xd hgi nguai CU vd
Lgt Vdn de ddn tgc a Ldm Dong, Mge Ehrdng (bien
soan), 132-159, Sd Van hoa tmh Lam Dong
2 Phan Ngpe Chien (bien s o ^ ) , Nguai Kaho vd nguai
Cii a Ldm Dong: Phdn tich tdi lieu thu tich vd dien da Ddng, Nxb Tre, Thanh pho H6 Chi Vlmh, 2003
3 Phan Ngpe Chi^n, Ddn tpc Kaho cdc ddn lgc it
x a h p i H i Npi 1983