DOmg tgn trgn giiy td su d\mg dat, sd hiiu nha d vd tdi sdn khae gdn liln vdi dit trong bai nay se diing Id diing ten tren sd dd va dupc cha mp chia tai san cdng bdng giup nang cao vai t
Trang 1X a hoi hoc thyc nghifm xahgihgc.sdi(i49).202o u
BINH DANG GIOI VE QUYEN TAI SAN TRONG CAC GIA DINH DAN T Q C THIEU SO: THUC TRANG vA M O T SO YEU TO TAC D Q N G
NGUYEN H C U M I N H '
Tom t&t: Dua tren sd lieu khdo sdt 2018-2019 cita di tdi cdp qudc gia "Mgt sd vdn
di ca bdn vi binh ddng gi&i a vung ddn tgc thieu s6 nuac ta "', v&i miu 2.894 dgi di$n hg gia dinh tgi 8 linh, bdi viet phdn tich thuc trgng ngudi dung ten s& hitu nhd, ddt vd vi^c phdn chia tdi sdn cho con cdi a cdc gia dinh ddn tdc thiiu sd hi$n nay vd cdc yiu td tdc ddng Kit qud cho thay da co s^r thay ddi theo xu hu&ng binh ddng gi&i han trong vi^c dimg ten sa hitu nhd, ddt a vd cdch phdn chia tdi sdn cho con cdi trong cdc gia dinh ddn tgc thiiu sd Tuy nhiin, xu huang bien ddi vdn de dimg ten sa hitu nhd, ddt khd chgm, ty 1$
cd hai vg chdng cimg dung ten sa huu nhd, ddt con tuang ddi thdp Ddi vai vi$c phdn chia tdi sdn cho con thi miic do binh ddng tdng len nhanh han, cho du con co nhitng truyen thong uu tien con trai hay con gdi trong phdn chia tdi sdn, chiem ty le cao nhdt vdn la cdch phdn chia cdng bdng cho cdc con Phong tuc truyen thdng, thuc hdnh noi ddi a cdc ddn tgc vdn cdn cd vai tro quan trgng ddi vai khuon mdu sa hitu nhd, ddt vdphdn chia tdi sdn Tuy nhien, duoi dnh huang mgnh me cua yeu td hgc vdn, cdc phuang thuc truyin thdng vd xu huang hien dgi hda, mice do bdo luu vdn hda trong vdn de ndy se ddn gidm bat
Tir khda: dan tpc thilu sd, phu nir, binh ddng gidi, quygn tdi sdn
Nhdn bdi: 03/02/2020 Gui phdn bi$n: 18/02/2020 Duyet ddng: 24/3/2020
1 Md dau
Bdo vp quyen tdi sdn ciia phu nir bao gIm ddt dai, nhd d va nhiing tdi sdn c6 gia tri khdc, se tgo ra cdc lpi ieh ldn hon, bao gdm cdi thien sire khde, kinh te vd gido dye cho ca ph\! nu va con cdi cua hp (Menon vd cpng su, 2014) DOmg tgn trgn giiy td su d\mg dat,
sd hiiu nha d vd tdi sdn khae gdn liln vdi dit (trong bai nay se diing Id diing ten tren sd dd) va dupc cha mp chia tai san cdng bdng giup nang cao vai trd cua ngudi phy nii trong vipc md rdng kinh doanh ciia hp ciing nhu tang khd ndng huy dpng nguon lyc dat dai va
' Vi^n Nghien deu Gia dinh vd Gi&i
' Bdi vi^t id sdn ph^m ciia dk tdi c^p qu6c gia Mgt sd vdn di ca ban ve bmh ddng gi&i a viing ddn tgc thieu
sd nuac ta thupc Chuong trinh KH&CN cdp qu6c gia giai dogn 2016- 2020 ve Nhung vdn de cdp bdch vi
Trang 2con nguoi cho phit triln kinh ti-xi hoi (Ngan hang Tbi gioi, 2006; Bg Van h6a, Tha thao
va Du lich va ca quan khac, 2008; USAID, ICRW va ISDS, 2015) Do d6, t?o diSu kien cho phu nft ViSt Nam noi chung va phy nO dto tgc thilu s6 (DTTS) n6i ri6ng duoc huing mot each trpn v?n cdc quyen tai san trong gia dinh co y nghia v6 cimg quan trpng trong s\r phat triln cua ban than nguoi phy ntt noi rieng va toan xa hpi noi chung
Co hai chi bao quan trong khi xem xet ve quyln tii san la quyln dilng ten trSn so do
va quyln dupc b6 me chia tai san cong bang Theo LuSt Dit dai nam 2003 cua Nha nuoc
Viet Nam (va tilp do la Luat Dit dai 2013), khong co su phan bipt dli xir voi ngucri six
dung dat la nam hay nu, giSy chiing nh$n quyln sii dung dSt, nha 6 phai ghi ten cua ca ch6ng va vp Day la mpt chinh sdch co y nghia cue ky qttan trpng nham cdi thipn tinh trang bat binh ddng gioi trong tilp can cac nguIn luc xd hOi, dam bdo quyen binh ddng ciia phu nu trong sd hiiu nha, ddt
Qui dinh mod nay cua Ludt Ddt dai 2003 dang timg buoc dupc th\rc hipn doi vin
ding bao DTTS Vac thai dilm 2006, dli vdi gia dinh DTTS phy hp, ty 1$ nguiri chlng diing ten 6 sl do la 90,0% va ca hai va chong diing ten chi la 1,4% con a dan tpc Khmer-thuSc nh6m song h$, ty 1$ tuong ring la 85,9% va 1,4% (Bp Vdn hoa The thao vd Du lich
va cdc tdc gid khdc, 2008)^ Din nam 2013, nghien ciiu cua Hodng Cdm vd cpng s\i (2013) thuc hi$n t£ii 10 tinh, thdnh phi cua Vipt Nam cho thdy ty lp cd hai vp chlng nguai DTTS dung ten a so do da tang len, voi gia dinh dan tpc phy hp la 6,8%, mlu hp la 9,5%
va Khmer la 16,3%^
Vipc phan chia cac tai sdn gia tri cho con cdi cung Id m0t chi bdo quan trpng vl binh ding giai Theo Dilu tra Gia dinh ViSt Nam 2006, ty 1^ chia deu tai sdn cho cdc con ciia gia dinh DTTS ph\i he la khodng 41% trong.khi cua gia dinh Khmer la khodng 72% Neu
bo sung hinh thiic phdn chia "Tuy hodn cdnh" vao nhom chia deu cho con thi t^ 1§ tirong ling ciia ddn tpc phu he va Khmer la 55,4% va 81% Vdo gan 10 ndm sau, nghian cuu ciia
Hodng cim vd cpng sif (2013) cho thay nhom phy hp (khong tach ngucri Kinh) c6 ty lp
chia theo 2 hinh thiic tren giam di (khodng 42,8%), nh6m mau he la 12,3% vd Khmer Id 98,4%
Tir khi Luat Ddt dai 2013 c6 hieu luc din nay chua c6 them cupc khdo sdt 16n ndo
doi voi cdc gia dinh dan tpc thieu so ve van de so hitu nha, dat a va phan chia tai san Vai
qud trinh phdt tri^n kinh tl-xa hpi manh me trong thdp ni6n qua, trong do c6 cd viing dan tpc thieu so, viec ddnh gid tinh hinh thyc hien ve quyen binh ding gioi trong scr hChi nhd,
dit 6 ciing nhu trong vin d^ phan chia tdi sdn cho con trai va con gdi la rat quan trpng Dya tren nguon sl lipu co quy mo Ion vl cdc gia dinh ddn tpc thilu so thin gian gin ddy, cdc
phdn tich a dual tap trung lam r5 hon sy thay dli vl vin dl nay vd cac yeu t l c6 lien quan
' K^t qua vi d5n tgc thiSu s6 do Nguyin Hiiu Minhtv tinh to4n tii so lif u Dieu tra Gia dlnli Vi^ Nam 2006
s6 li^u da dupc gia trong T6ng s6 c6 1.101 gia dinh phy h§ vi 145 gia dinh Khmer
^ K^t qua do Nguyin Hitu Minh tu tinh to4n, d\ra vie kit qui cung c ^ d bing 22 ciia nh6m t4c gii Hoing cim vi cpng s\i (2013) Ting s6 mSu DTTS li 430 hj trong ii dSn tOc phu h# li 124 mlu h{ li 183 vi
Trang 3Cau hdi nghifin ciiu ddt ra la thuc trgng ngudi dimg ten sd hiiu nhd, dit d va viSc
phan chia tdi sdn cho con cdi d cdc gia dmh dan tdc thiSu sd hipn nay nhu thS ndo vd nhiing y^u t6 ndo cd anh hudng den thuc trgng nSu tren?
2 Nguon s6 li^u, each tiep c^n \k phinmg ph^p phan tich
Ngudn so lifu
Bai via d\ra tren s6 li$u khao sat ndm 2018-2019 cua Vien Nghien ciiu Gia dinh vd Gidi khi th\re hipn de tdi cip quoc gia "Mot so vin d6 ca ban v6 bmh ddng gidi d vung dan tOc thilu s6 nude ta" thu$c Chucmg tiinh KH&CN cip qu6c gia giai dogn 2016-2020
vl "Nhimg vin dl cip bach vl ddn tpc thilu s6 va chinh sdch dan tpc d Vipt Nam din nam 2030" Phdng vin bdng hdi thuc hipn vdi mau khao sat g6m 2.894 dai dien hp gia dinh DTTS d dia ban nong thdn, tai 8 tinh bao gdm Lang Son, Ha Giang, DiSn BiSn, Thanh Hda, Thira Thien-Hul, Ddk Ldk, Soc Trdng, dai dipn cho 14 nhdm DTTS thude cdc viing mien mii phia Bdc, Trung Bd, Tay Nguyen vd Tdy Nam Bp Sd lupng nam gidi dupc phong vin Id 1.414 ngudi (chilm 48,9%) vd ph\i nil la 1.480 (51,1%) Tiiy thupc van de phdn tich, miu sii dung se co dimg lupng khdc nhau va dupc gidi thich ro d tung vdndl
Cdch tiep cgn
Cau hoi nghien ciiu ddt ra Id thuc trang ngudi diing t6n sd h&u nhd, dit d vd vipc phdn chia tai sdn cho con cdi d cac gia dmh dan tpc thieu so hien nay nhu the nao vd nhiing yeu t6 nao cd dnh hudng din th\rc trang neu tren?
Cdch tiep can vdn hda dupc van dpng de trd ldi cau hdi nghien ciiu tren Cach tiep cdn nay ddi hoi phai quan tdm din cdc ylu t l van h6a khi phdn tich m^t vdn d6 cy th£, trong trudng hpp ndy Id quyen sd hiiu nhd, ddt va gin vdi nd la vipc phan chia tdi san trong gia dinh d vung DTTS Theo UNESCO (2001), "Vdn hda cdn dupc coi Id mpt tap hpp cac d^ic trung v6 tinh than, vdt chit, tri tup va tinh cdm ciia mpt xa h^i hode mpt nhdm ngudi, vd ring ben canh nghe thuat va vdn chucmg, nd cdn bao hdm cd ldi sing, each sing trong cpng ding, hp thdng gid tri, truyen thong vd tin ngudng" Noi each khac,
dl hiiu bilt dupc thirc trang sd h&u nhd, dit va viec phdn chia tdi sdn trong cdc gia dinh dan tpc thilu sd thi can phai phdn tich nhiing tgp quan truyen thong gdn vdi vdn dS d6 Khudn mlu gidi trong vipc diing ten sd hiiu nha, dit d vd phdn chia tai sdn ehinh Id th\rc hanh vdn hda noi doi va phong t\ic sing theo ddng chong hay ddng vp Dilu dd giiip bao dam cho s\r sd hihi nhd, dit d cua mpt gidi la hpp vdi dao ly ma khong gdp phdi s\r phan khdng nao tir gidi b^n kia (Bp Vdn hoa The thao vd Du lich va cac tdc gid khdc, 2008; Tran Thj Van Anh vd Nguyin Huu Minh, 2008; Hodng Cam va cdc tdc gid khdc, 2013; USAID vd cdc tdc gid khae, 2015; v.v.) Ddi vdi dan tpc phu hp, nam gidi la ngudi ndi ddi, se la ngudi ke tuc ddng hp va thd ciing to tien Vi vdy hp se Id ngudi dupc nhgn dit d vd tdi sdn dS sau nay thyc thi chiic trdch thieng lieng cua hp Vi du, doi vdi dan tpc
Ca Tu d Thiia Thien-Hue, "Trudc day vd cd hipn nay dat dai eua bd mp deu dupc de lai
Trang 4gdi da CO nhd chdng lo, dilu nay la hpp ly, khdng co gi sai cd" ( D 5 Thi Binh vd Hodng Thi Sen, 2005:32) Tuang tu, dli vdi ngudi Mong, Dao vd Giay d Sa Pa, Ldo Cai
(Nguyin Thi Thanh Tdm, 2006), chi con trai mdi co quyln thira kl tai sdn vd se gi& ^
san cho gia dinh
Doi vdi ddn toe mau he, ngudi phu nu: cd nhilu quyln lire hon ddi vdi tai sdn eua gia dinh Vdi cdc dan tpc nay, con gdi dupe cho la ngudi cd trach nhipm ddi vdi thuc hdnh ddng hp Trach nhiem doi vdi cha me vd to tien ciia nhung ngudi con gai do la nuoi cha me khi ve gia, chiu ehi phi th\rc hien cdc nghi le khi cha me qua ddi vd cdc nghi le tiep noi sau do Vd do vay, con gdi ciing la ngudi dupc thira hudng tai sdn tir cha mp Cac ddn tpc Cham, Ragiai, C'il, Lgeh hay Ma, M'nong truyen thdng khi vl gia thudng d chung vdi con gdi, va thudng la con gdi lit, la ngudi lap gia dinh sau cimg trong cdc chi
em, ngudi dd se dupc chia nhilu tai sdn nhdt (Hoang Cam va cdc tdc gia khdc, 2013; Hong Anh Vu, 2010)
Ddi vdi dan tdc Khmer (thuc hdnh song hp), do quan diem khdng uu tien con gai hay con trai nen tdi sdn dupc chia diu phin nhu nhau khong phdn biet gidi va tnrdng thii Viec thira kl gdn liln vdi trach nhi$m cua ddng hp cung khdng bi yeu td gidi chi phoi (Hoang Cam vd cac tac gid khdc, 2013)
Nhihig ylu tl truyen thdng ndy c6 the ddng vai tro quan trpng ddi vdi cdc th\rc hdnh gidi trong sd hiiu nhd, ddt d vd phdn chia tdi sdn cho con cai hien nay
Mpt each tiep can khdc cho phep ly gidi nhimg th\rc hdnh ve quyen sd hGu nhd,
ddt vd viec phdn chia tdi sdn la tdc dpng ciia cac yeu td hipn dgi hda Ly thuyet Hi^n dgi hoa (Goode, 1963; 1987) ehi ro rang, qua trinh cdng nghiSp hda vd hi^n dai hda tac
dpng din tat ea cae xa hpi vd ldm bien chuyen cdc gia dinh hudng tdi khudn mau gia dinh hien dgi vol cap vp chong la trung tam (conjugal family) Binh ding gidi !a mpt xu hudng cua xa hpi hien dgi Hpc van Id mdt y6u t6 thiie day qua trinh bien chuySn nay Nhihig ngudi c6 hpc vdn cao hem thudng ed diSu kipn tiep can vdi xu hudng binh ding gidi, ding thdi tilp nhan thudn loi hon eac chinh sdch, lugt phap vl quyln sd hihi dat dai Hpc van cao han cung giiip ngudi phu nu: t\r tin hem trong giao tiep Van dyng ly thuyet ndy co thi dua ra gia thuyet ring, nhung ngudi cd hpc van cao han se thuc hanh mpt khuon mau binh ddng hon trong viec sd hiiu nhd, ddt vd phan chia tai sdn cho con cai Nhiing ngudi tre tudi, ket hdn trong thdi gian gin ddy dupc xem Id nhimg ngudi di tien phong trong viec tiep nhan xu hudng binh ddng gidi dang dupc pho biln d dit nude
vd quoc te Vi vgy hp dupc ky vpng se thuc hdnh mpt hinh thiic sd h&u nhd, dit d vd phdn chia tai sdn cdng bdng hon
Thuc te ciing cho thdy, nhom hpc vdn cao han cd ty lp hai vp chong cimg diing ten trong s6 do cao hem so vdi cac nhom hoc ^'dn thdp hon vd co xu hudng chia diu tdi sdn cho cac con hon Dong thdi, nhdm ngudi Ui uoi cd xu hudng chia deu tai sdn cho cdc con hon so vdi cac nh6m ldn tudi (Bp Vdn boa, 1 he thao vd Du lich vd cdc tdc gid khdc
Trang 5Ngoai nhang ylu t6 ca bdn neu tren, cac nghi6n ciiu trudc cung da neu len vai trd cua vi^c tdng them kiln thiic vd su tu tin cho phu n&, tim quan trpng ciia truyln thdng va cac trp giiip phdp ly dli vdi phu n& trong viec khdng dinh quyln tai san cua hp (Hoang cim vd cac tdc gid khdc, 2013; USAID va cdc tac gia khac, 2018) Dd la nhung vin dl cdn dupc quan tam trong phdn tich vin dl binh ddng gidi vl quyln tai sdn ciia ngudi dan trong cdc gia dinh DTTS
Phirang phdp phdn tich
T& gpi y ciia cdc cdch tilp can neu tren, bai vilt sii dung cac biln sd phu thupc vd dpc lap sau ddy de phan tich vin de dimg ten quyln sd huu nha, dit d va phan chia tdi san
va cdc ylu t l tdc dpng din cdc thuc hdiUi dd ciia cdc gia dmh DTTS
Bien so phu thugc
1) Ngudi diing ten giiy td sd h&u nha, dit d hipn gia dinh dang sing Ngudi trd ldi
se chpn mot trong 4 phuang dn la chlng, va, ca hai va ngudi khac Bk tap trung vdo mdi
quan h0 gi&a vp vd chdng, khi phan tich hai biln se su dung biln sd vdi 3 phuang an la chong, vp, cd hai
2) Thuc hdnh phan chia tdi san cho cdc con:
Cd cac phuong dn sau: Chia deu cho cac con; uu tien con trai; uu tien con gdi; chia theo hodn canh cua cac con Do nghien ciiu ndy tap trung vao mii quan he gifta hai gidi nen trong qua trinh phdn tich, phucmg dn chia deu cho cdc con vd chia theo hodn cdnh cua cac con se dupc nhdm gop, coi day la phuang an phan chia binh ddng gidi
Bien so dgc lap
1) Cac bien s6 liSn quan den y^u t6 van hda: Dan tpc ciia ngudi trd ldi la phu h$; mau
he; vd song hp''
2) Cac bien sd khdc: Hpc van ciia ngudi tra ldi (vdi 4 nhdm: mil chu; tieu hpc; trung hpc ca sd; tnmg hpc phd thdng trd len); thdi ky kit hon (3 nhom: 1969-1993; 1994-2003; 2004-2019)^
Cdc phdn tich hai bien se dupc thuc hien nhdm nhdn dien sir tuang ddng vd khdc biet gi&a cac nhdm xa hpi ve quyen sd hiiu nhd, dat d vd phdn chia tdi sdn Dong thdi, mo hinh da biln dupc sir dung nhdm xdc dinh r5 vai tro ciia tiing yeu td tao nen khuon mau
"* Nhom dSn tQC Phv he gom: Tay, Niing, Dao, Thai, Mucmg, Mong, Kha Mii, Pu Peo, L6 L6, B6 Y, Co Tu,
Van Kilu Nhom dan tpc Mau h^ gom: Ta 6i, Xa D3ng, Ba Na, E DE, Cham Nhom dan tgic Song h? gom:
Khmer,
* Bien so thoi k^' ket hon co tuong quan chSt vdi bien so tuoi Trong nghiSn cmi nay, bien s6 then ky ket hon du?c chpn vi co Uen quan tr\rc tiSp hon den van de so huu nha dat va tai san Ngoai ra, cac mo hinh phan tich cung cho thay ve co bin ket qud phdt hi?n tu bien so nay va bien so tuoi la nhu nhau Cac th&i ky ket hon dupc chpn c5n cii vao thii gian lien quan d^n vi^c ban hanh Lu3t Dat dai 1993 - bit diu dang ky so hiiu nha, dfit nhung chua de cSp dfin gioi; Lu?it Dat dai 2003 dS dfi cap d^n v i ^ ca hai vp ch6ng cin dupc
Trang 6thi^c trang gidi vl sd htm nha, dit d vd phan chia tai sdn, ddy la mot dilm con thieu hut a
cae nghien ciiu trudc
3 Quyen sd hiru nhd, dat or
Kit qua phdn tich mdu gIm 2.885 hp cd dang ky sd huu nhd/dit cho thay, tinh
chung cd 53,7% ngudi diing ten sd h&u nhd, dit d Id ngudi chlng, ty le ngudi vp dung ten
cd 5,9% vd 8,4% Id ca hai cimg diing ten Cho dii nguIn gle nha dit la mua sau khi ket
hon, dupc thua kl, hay dit do nhd nude cip, t^r khai pha, ty le ngudi dimg ten sd h&u nha,
ddt cao nhit vdn la ngudi chlng, chilm tu 52,6% d loai nhd dupc thua kl din 73% d loai
nha mua sau khi kit hdn (Hmh 1)
Hinh 1 Ngirdi dung ten sif hihi nhk, ddt a theo nguon gdc nhk dat
Mua sau ket hon ThCra ke N=1780 Ngu'fri khdic N=310 NN c^p, t y lo Chung N=2885
N=509 N=285
Ghi chu: NN: Nhd nude; Bdng chi bao gom nhitng hd dd co sd sd hihi nhd, ddt
Ngudn: Di tdi CTDT 21.17/16-20
Do viec dimg ten gidy td sd h&u nhd, dat d cd the bi anh hudng bdi phong tuc song
ve dang vp hay dang chdng sau khi ket hdn, tir do ngudi chdng hay ngudi vp cd thi la
thua hudng quyen thua ke tu cha me, nen de hieu chinh xac hon mdi tuong quan gi&a hai
vp chong ve quyen sd him, phan tich tiep theo chi dp dung ddi vdi cac trudng hop nhd,
dat d CO nguon goc do cap vp chong mua sau khi ket hdn hoac do nha nude cSp/tu khai
pha Dong thdi sd h&u do ngudi khdc diing ten cung dupe loai ra khoi phan tich Vdi cac
nhd CO ngudn goc nay, vai trd chii ddng cua cap vp chong se ldn ban so vdi khi d nhd ciia
bo me Vdi tong so ciia nh&ng ngudi co nha, dat mua sau khi ket hdn hoac ddt nhd nude
cip, tir khai pha (739 ngudi, khdng tinh nh&ng trudng hpp sd huu do ngudi khac dung
ten), ty le nha, ddt d do ngudi chong dung ten la 78,3%, ngudi vp dimg ten Id 9,9% va ca
hai cimg dimg ten la 11,8% (Bang 1)
Van dyng each tiep can vdn hda va hipn dai hda, ty 1? ngudi dimg ten sd huu nha
Trang 7gitta cdc nhom dto toe cho thiy, b bit )i.<i nhom dan tgc nia thi ty le nguiri chfing diing ten vfo \i cao nhit Ngay ca voi nh6m dSn tpc mau h$, ty 1^ nguoi chdng diing ten sd httu
ciJng cao gfip khoing 5 lan so vdi ty le nguoi vg diing ten va vcri dan tpc Khmer, ty le nguoi ch6ng diing ten giiy ta so huu cung gip doi Ty 1? c4 hai vg ch6ng cimg dilng ten chi^m t^ le khd thip a c4 3 nhom dan tOc, dac bi?t o nhfim gia dinh Khmer, d ddy vi?c diing ten so huu ro rang khong thuin tuy chi cSn cii vao thuc hanh van hda ma c6n lita quan dto thS ch^, nhttng trinh t^, thu tyc hanh chinh va nhan thiic ciia nguiri dan Cung lira y ring, nhilu giiy to sd huu da cd trudc khi ban hanh Luat Bit dai 2003 Viec chuyen doi giay td so httu hay tham chi lam mdi la khong h8 don gian dSi vdi ddng bao DTTS Nhttng trao doi vdi ngudi dto cho thiy, nhiSu ngudi khdng thuc syr coi trpng vin dl diing ten d so do, tham chf mpt sd ngudi dan Khmer cho ring cho dii ngudi ch6ng diing ten thi Cling khdng co nghia la hp mudn mua ban gi nha, dit cung dugc Ngoai ra, ngay vdi ca gia duih dan tpc mau h$ va song h?, nhieu ngudi coi viec dd dan dng diing ten d s6 dd 14 hpp ly vi nam gidi thudng phai chiu trach nhiem vdi cac cdng viec ngoai xi h^i
Yeu td hpc vin rd rang cd lien quan ddn vi$c dilng ten d giiy td sd httu Hpc vin ngudi vp cang cao thi ty lp ca hai vg chdng ciing dimg ten cang cao Ty le cd hai vg chdng cimg dirng ten tren gidy td sd hOu d nhiing ngudi vg cd hpc vin tnmg hpc phi thdng trd len gin gip ddi so vdi ty lp ciia nhdm nhung nguiri mii chu Hpc vin thip cua nhihig ngudi phy ntt khien cho hp ngai ngimg khi phai lam viec vdi co quan cdng quyln
Id thupc trong s6 nhttng nguyen nhdn eg bdn cua tinh hinh ndy
Bing 1 Ty 1$ ngirM dihig ten sdr hfhi nhi/d^t pbfin theo cic nh6m xa hOi
trong s6 nhihig ngirM cd nhi dit mua sau khi kit hon ho^c dit nhi nud'c cip, ti^ khai phi
Ban vj: %
Nhdm gia dinh
Dan t$c cia ngu^ tri Vn***
Phyh?
MSuh?
Song h? (Khmer)
Chong 82,3 74,1 63,2
Vy 6,0 13,2 31,6
Cihai 11,7 12,8 5,3
N
435
266
38 Hpc vfin cua nguM vg^*
Ma cha
Tiiu hQC
Trung hpc co sd
Trung hpc ph6 th6ng trfr len
85,6 80,4 76,6 66,1 75,7 82,5 78,1
4,8 9,2 12,2 15,3 9,8 8,0 11,4
9,6 10,4 11,2 18,5 14,5 9,4 10,5
187
240
188
124
296
212
228
Thfti kj' ket hon
1969-1993
1994-2003
2004-2019
Chnng 78£ 9,9 11,8 739
Mitc y nghTa Ihdng ke'p<0,05 "p<0,OI "*p<0,001
Nguon: Bi lai CTDT 21.17/16-20
Tuy sd li?u khong cho biet cu the thdi gian ddng ky sd hihi nhd, dat, nhung qua phan tich ty 1$ diing ten sd huu theo thiri ky kit hdn cho thay, ty lp ngudi chong van
Trang 8diing ten, d tat ed 3 thdi ky k i t hdn vd dao ddng khdng theo xu hudng rd rdng T^ '^ ^f
hai vp chlng cung diing t6n cd tdng chiit it d giai doan 2004-2019 (sau khi cd Lu$t Dat dai 2003) so vdi giai doan 1994-2003, nhung ddng luu ^ Id van t h i p hon d l i vdi cdc cdp kit hon giai doan 1993 Mot phin nguydn nhdn la cdc cap k i t hdn giai doan
1969-1993 chua dupc cdp gidy td sd h&u trong thdi Vy do, vi vay giiy td ciia hp dupc ldm d
giai doan sau ndy
De xac dinh rd hon dnh hudng c&a moi y l u td ddi vdi m&c dp diing ten trSn giay t o
sd hihi nhd, dit khi gi& cdc y l u t l khac khdng d l i , m6 hinh phan tich da biln dd duac thyc hien vdi 3 bien so dpc lap v&a neu Trong md hinh da biln nay, b i l n phu thupc Id bien nhi phdn vdi gid tri 1 la ea hai vp chdng cimg dung ten (theo xu t h i binh ddng gioi hi?n nay) va gid tri 0 Id ngudi v p hay ngudi chdng diing ten Ddi vdi b i l n doc l?p Nhdm dan tpc, md hinh sii dung bien s6 vdi 2 nhdm phu hp vd m i u he Ddn t0c Khmer sau khi
da loai bdt mpt sd trudng hpp khdng phu hpp do eo so lupng nho nen khdng dupe dua vdo phan tich Ngoai ra cd mdt sd trudng hpp thieu thdng tin nen dung lupng mau phdn tich da bien ehi con 700 h0
K i t qua phan tich (Bdng 2) cho thiy gia dinh ve vai trd quan trpng cua yeu td phong tyc van hda khong duoc xdc nhan Cho dii Id gia dinh thu^c nhdm phu hp hay m i u he thi khd ndng ca hai v p chdng cimg diing ten sd hihi nha, ddt khdng cd khdc bipt ddng ke Trong khi d6, hpc vdn co y nghia het siic quan trpng trong vi^c lam tdng khd ndng cd hai
vp chlng d i u diing ten sd hihi nha, dit d Nhdm nhihig ngudi cd hpc v i n trung hpc p h i thdng trd len ed kha ndng ca hai v p chong ciing diing ten tren gidy td nha, d i t d Id gap doi ho§c hon gdp ddi so vdi cdc gia dinh thupc nhom hpc van thap hon
Bing 2 Kit qud md hinh h^i quy logistic cAc ylu t6 dnh h u ^ g din vi$c
cd hai vpr ch6ng ddng tSn sis hun nhd, dit
Bien so d^c I§p
DSn tpc cua ngu^ tri Ijri
Ph\ih§
MSU h§ {nh6m d6i chimg)
Hpc vin ciia ngu^ vq
Mil cha
Tiiu hpc
Trung hpc ca sd
Trung hpc ph6 th6ng tro len (nh6m
ThM ky ket h&n
1969-1993
1994-2003
2004-2019 (nh6m d6i chimg)
Chung
doi chimg)
Ty sd chSnh
1,0 1,0
0,4*
0,4*
0,5*
1,0
1,9' 1.1 1,0
S6 ngiriri trong miu
434
266
181
218
177
124
27S
203
222
700
Chi Ihich: Tinh Irong nhirng nguai c6 nha ddt mua sau kit hon ho$c do nha nuac cap, tif khai phd Miicy nghTa Ihdng ke:'p<0.05 "p<O.OI "'p<0,OOI
Trang 9Ydu td thdi ky ket hdn cd vai trd quan trpng ddi vdi khd nang cd hai vg chdng cimg dirng ten tren giiy td sd httu nha, dat d, tay nhien theo mot xu hudng ngugc lai viJi gid dinh NhOng gia dtah kit hdn trong thiri ky 1969-1993 cd nhilu kha nang cd hai vg chdng cing diing ten ttdn giiy td sd hihi nhd, dit d hem (gin gip ddi) so vcji nhttng cap vg chdng ket hdn trong giai doan sau khi cd Ludt Dit dai 2003 Nhu dd trmh bay phin hitdc, do khdng cd thdng tin chinh xdc vl thiri ky ldm giiy td sd huu nen khd ly gidi tinh hudng nay
4 Phdn chia tdi san cho con cai
Gdn vdi viec diing ten tren sd do Id viec phan chia tdi sdn cho ede con Miic dp chia
se cdng bdng ve tdi sdn cho con trai vd eon gai se la mdt ylu td quan trpng thiie ddy binh ding gidi trong ddi sdng gia dinh DTTS
Trong nghien cuu ndy, cd 4 phucmg an thue te hoac du kiln phan chia tai sdn cho cac eon Id: chia deu cho cdc eon; uu tien eon trai; uu tien eon gdi; chia theo hoan ednh eua cdc eon Chi nhiing gia dinh cd 2 con trd len vd ed du thdng tin tucmg iing mdi dupc phan tich Vi vay dung lugng mlu phdn tich chi cdn 1804 trudng hgp Vipc chia theo hoan ednh cua cac con md khdng phan biet gidi tinh se dugc xem Id edeh phdn chia cdng bdng,
vi vdy trong phdn tich tiep theo, viee chia deu eho ede con va chia theo hodn cdnh cua cdc con se duge nhdm gdp Ket qud cho thiy ehilm ty lp cao nhit la chia diu hode tiiy theo hoan cdnh cho cdc con, vdi 60,3%, tilp dd la chia cho con trai vdi ty le Id 28,8% va cho con gdi vdi ty Id la 10,9%
Bang 3 Cdch phan chia t^i san cho cdc con phSn theo tudi, hpc vdn v^ dSn t$c
Dan vj:
Nh6m gia dinh
Nam ket hfin**
Hpc van ngiriri
vp,.««
Dan tpc ciia
ngii61 trd ldi
Chung
1969-1993
1994-2003
2004-2019
Mil chii
Tieu hpc
Trung hpc ca sd
Tmng hpc pho thong
trd len
Phvhl
Mauhp
Song he (Khmer)
Chia deu hode tiiy hodn canh 56,2 56,2 66,0 50,3 60,8 65,2 68,6 53,8 64,0 100,0 60,3
Cho con trai
30,6 31,5 25,6 45,9 25,0 23,2 15,5 46,1 3,5 0,0 28,8
Cho con gdi
13,2 12,4 8,3 3,8 14,2 11,6 15,9 0,1 32,5 0,0 10,9
N
539
518
745
499
556
466
283
1083
603
118
1804
Ghi chii: Ddt vdt biin sd ndm ket hdn cd 2 trucmg hap khdng cd thdng lin, tdng la 1.802 Miic f nghfa thdng ke: •p<0.05 •'p<0,01 "*p<0,OOI
Ngudn: Di Idi CTDT 21.17/16-20
Ty le chung nay cd thi bi anh hudng bdi phong tyc truyln thdng cua cac dan tpc Theo tap qudn, ede gia dinh thupc nhdm ddn tdc mlu he se cd xu hudng chia tdi san cho eon gdi nhieu hon va ngugc lai dan tdc phy he se chia tai sdn cho eon trai nhieu hon,
Trang 10phan tich theo cae nhdm xa hpi ciing xdc nhan dilu do (Bang 3) Ddi vdi dan tdc Kbmer, 100% gia dinh chia deu tdi sdn cho eon hoac tiiy theo hoan canh eiia con, cao han hdn cac
dan t^c thilu sd phu he vd mau he khdc Giiia cac gia dmh miu hp va phu he thi ty Ip gia
dinh d nhom dan tdc mdu he chia tdi san cho cac con mpt cdch cdng bdng cao han 10 dilm phin tram so vdi gia dmh phu he (64% so vdi 53,8%) Ngoai nhom gia dinh phan chia tdi san cho con cai mot each cdng bdng, chilm gin nhu tuypt dai da so d cac gia dmh phu he la uu tien chia tai san cho con trai va gia dinh mau he Id uu tien chia tai san cho con gdi Ket qua budc diu ndy cho thdy diu in ro ret cua ylu td van hda trong van de phan chia tdi san cho con cai d cdc DTTS
Cd sir khac biet giiia cac thdi ky kit hdn vl vipc chia tai sdn cho cac con, tuy nhien miic dp khong ldn Nhung ngudi kit hdn trong giai doan tii 2003 trd vl trudc co ty 1^ chia diu cho con cai thdp han nhihig ngudi kit hdn tii nam 2004 din nay Ngudi cd hpc van cang cao thi ty le phan chia tai sdn cho cac con mpt each cong bdng ciing cao hon so vdi ngudi cd hpc van thap
Phan tich tren cho thdy yeu td vdn hoa dan tOc co vai trd quan trpng va ca cau cdc gia dinh theo dan tpc trong mdu co the lam dnh hudng din viee nhin nhan ve tac dpng eua cac ylu td khdc D^ ddnh gia chinh xdc tac ddng rieng cua timg yeu to neu tren, m6 hinh phan tich da biln logistic da dupc su dung vdi 3 bien sd dOc lap, thdi ky ket hdn, hpc van,
va dan tpc Trong md hinh da bien, do cdc gia dinh dan tpc Khmer cd 100% chia tdi san deu cho con cai hoac tiiy theo hodn canh eua eon nSn se khdng dua vao phdn tich Vi vay dung lupng mdu trong phan tich da bien ndy chi gdm 1.685 trudng hpp K6t qua phan tich
da bien duoc trinh bdy d Hinh 2
Hinh 2, Kit qua phan tich hoi quy logistic (t^* sd chSnh) cdc ylu to
dnh hvfrng den viSc chia diu tii san cho cic con (N=1685)
0.2
0.0
1969-93"* 1994-03' 2004-19
{N=4e3) I (N=492) | {N=710)
Nam k6t hon
Mil c h O " I T i i u hpc- THCS , T H P T * I Phy h § " , M S U h6 I
(N=485) I (N=495) | (N=429) | {N=276) {N=1082)' (N=603) |
Hpc v&n ngtrM v ? i DAn t^c
Mirey ngliTa Ihdng ke: *p<0.05 **p<O.Ol ***p<0.001
Ghi chu: THCS: Trung hpc ca sd; THPT+: Trung h<?c phd thdng trd ten