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2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ ).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi: 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.345
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Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
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