This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/.. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee
Trang 1Procedia Materials Science 5 ( 2014 ) 2468 – 2477
2211-8128 © 2014 Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ ).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
doi: 10.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.498
ScienceDirect
,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ$GYDQFHVLQ0DQXIDFWXULQJDQG0DWHULDOV(QJLQHHULQJ
$00(
(IIHFWRIVLQWHULQJSHUIRUPDQFHRIWKHXWLOL]DWLRQRIEODVWIXUQDFH
VROLGZDVWHVDV SHOOHWV
3ULQFH.XPDU6LQJKD D$/DYD.XPDUE%KDUDYD&KDLWKQ\DE63UDPDQLNF
D
'HSDUWPHQWRI06(,QGLDQ,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQORJ\.DQSXU,QGLD
E 'HSDUWPHQWRI060(0DXODQD$]DG1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\%KRSDO,QGLD
F 'HSDUWPHQWRI00(1DWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\'XUJDSXU,QGLD
$EVWUDFW
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
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU /WG
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI 2UJDQL]LQJ&RPPLWWHHRI$00(
.H\ZRUGV%ODVW IXUQDFHIOXHGXVW%ODVWIXUQDFHVOXGJH3HOOHWV6LQWHULQJ5HF\FOLQJ
(PDLODGGUHVVDXWKRU#LQVWLWXWH[[[
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ ).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014
Trang 2,QWURGXFWLRQ
%ODVWIXUQDFHVOXGJHDQGIOXHGXVWDUHDKD]DUGRXVPHWDOOXUJLFDOZDVWHJHQHUDWHGLQWKHLURQPDNLQJSURFHVV>@ 7KHVH,URQPDNLQJSODQWZDVWHVDUHPDLQO\FRPSRVHGRIR[LGHVRILURQFDOFLXPVLOLFRQPDJQHVLXPDOXPLQLXPDV ZHOODVFDUERQLQWKHIRUPRIFRNHEUHH]H>@,QWKLVZRUNWKHVHWZRGLIIHUHQWW\SHV¶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
0DWHULDOVDQG0HWKRGV
Ϯ͘ϭ͘ DĂƚĞƌŝĂůƵƐĞĚĨŽƌ^ŝŶƚĞƌŝŶŐ
7KH UDZ PDWHULDOV XVHG IRU VLQWHULQJ ZHUH LURQ RUH ILQHV OLPHVWRQH ILQHV FRNH EUHH]H DQG SHOOHWV RI ZDVWH IHUURJHQRXVPDWHULDOV,URQRUHILQHVFRNHEUHH]HDQGZDVWHPDWHULDOZHUHREWDLQHGIURP6$,/'637KHFKHPLFDO DQGVLHYHDQDO\VLVRIUDZPDWHULDORWKHUWKDQZDVWHVKDYHEHHQVKRZQLQWDEOHDQG
7DEOH&KHPLFDO$QDO\VLVRIUDZPDWHULDOIRUVLQWHULQJSURFHVV
Trang 3$GGLWLRQDOO\DWDEOHVKRZVWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIEODVWIXUQDFHIOXHGXVWVOXGJHDQGEHQWRQLWHELQGHU ZKLFKLVXVHGDVDELQGLQJDJHQWGXULQJSHOOHWLVDWLRQSURFHVVZDVREWDLQHGIURP6XJDU&RPSDQ\
7DEOH&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI%ODVWIXUQDFHVOXGJH
7DEOH&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI%ODVWIXUQDFHIOXHGXVW
7KHVDPSOHFRQWDLQVKLJKOHYHORIFDUERQDQGLURQVKRZLQJWKHDEQRUPDODFFXPXODWLRQRIWKHVHWZRHOHPHQWV; UD\GLIIUDFWLRQRIEODVWIXUQDFHIOXHGXVWDQGVOXGJHDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUHVLQGLFDWHVWKDWLURQRUHPDLQO\FRQVLVWVRI
)H2VLOLFD6L2OLPHVWRQH&D&2DQGFDUERQUHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHWD
K KP
PE KF D
D 6L2E &D&2K )H2
P )H2F &
7KHWD
D
KG P
P H
)H
)LJ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQSDWWHUQRIEODVWIXUQDFHIOXHGXVW)LJ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQSDWWHUQRIEODVWIXUQDFHVOXGJH
Trang 4([SHULPHQWDO
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
KHLJKW ZDV PDLQWDLQHG DW PP WKH LJQLWLRQ ZDV GRQH XQGHU VXFWLRQ SUHVVXUH RI 3D ZKLOH VLQWHULQJ ZDV SHUIRUPHGXQGHUWKUHHYDOXHRIVXFWLRQSUHVVXUH7KHVXFWLRQZDVUHJXODWHGE\PHDQVRIDYDOYHZKLFKZDVPDQXDOO\ FRQWUROOHG 7KH VLQWHULQJ WLPH ZDV GHWHUPLQHG E\ WKH WLPH HODSVHG IURP WKH VWDUW RI LJQLWLRQ XQWLO WKH H[KDXVW JDV WHPSHUDWXUHUHDFKHGLWVPD[LPXPYDOXH
6LQWHULQJ&KDUJH&DOFXODWLRQ
%DVLF DVVXPSWLRQV IRU FDOFXODWLRQ RI FKDUJH PL[ IRU VLQWHU ZDV SURGXFHG LQ SLORW VLQWHU SODQW ZLWK EDVLFLW\ &D26L2 ZDV DQG :KHUHDV DPRXQW RI FRNH EUHH]H DQG LURQ RUH ZDV XVHG LQ HDFK H[SHULPHQWV
JPDQGNJVLPXOWDQHRXVO\%\PDVVEDODQFHWKHUDZPDWHULDOPL[HVZDVFDOFXODWHGIRUWKUHHJUDGHVRIVLQWHU
DGGLWLRQRIIOXHGXVWDQGVOXGJHSHOOHWVDPRXQW
/ƌŽŶŽƌĞ
ĨŝŶĞƐ;ŬŐͿ
ŽŬĞďƌĞĞnjĞ
;ŐŵͿ
>ŝŵĞƐƚŽŶĞ
ĨŝŶĞƐ;ŐŵͿ
ĚƵƐƚнƐůƵĚŐĞ
ƉĞůůĞƚƐ;ŐŵͿ
Trang 5Ϯ͘ϰ͘ WƌŽĚƵĐƚŝǀŝƚLJŽĨƐŝŶƚĞƌŝŶŐŵĂĐŚŝŶĞ
$WWKHHQGRIVLQWHULQJH[SHULPHQWWKHSURGXFHGVLQWHUZDVVFUHHQHGRYHUDVLHYHRIPPWRGHWHUPLQHWKH SURGXFWLYLW\RIWKHPDFKLQHE\XVLQJWKHIRUPXOD
:KHUHDV
5HGXFLELOLW\RIVLQWHU
5HGXFLELOLW\RIWKHVLQWHUZDVPHDVXUHGE\ZHLJKWORVVPHWKRGE\FDUERQPRQRR[LGHDWWKHUDWHRIOPLQDQG
PLQ
Ψ α ȋȂ ȌȀͳͲͲ
7HVWLQJRIVLQWHU
7KHVLQWHUVWUHQJWKZDVPHDVXUHGE\6KDWWHUWHVW7XPEOHUWHVWDQG$EUDVLRQWHVW
5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
ϯ͘ϭ͘ ĨĨĞĐƚŽĨĚŝĨĨĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌŽŶƚŚĞƐŝŶƚĞƌŝŶŐƚŝŵĞ
7KHVLQWHULQJWLPHZDVGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHWLPHHODSVHGIURPWKHVWDUWRILJQLWLRQXQWLOWKHH[KDXVWJDVWHPSHUDWXUH UHDFKHVWKHPD[LPXPDVVKRZQLQWKHILJ
7LPHPLQ
&ŝŐ Ϯ dĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞŽĨǁŝŶĚďŽdžǀƐ͘ƚŝŵĞĨŽƌĂƚLJƉŝĐĂůƐŝŶƚĞƌŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚ
$W\SLFDOVXFWLRQSUHVVXUHYHUVXVWLPHSORWLVVKRZQLQILJV DQG DWGLIIHUHQWRSHQLQJRIYDOYHDV
Trang 6
7LPHPLQ
)LJ 6XFWLRQSUHVVXUHYVWLPHIRUVLQWHULQJH[SHULPHQWDWYDOYHRSHQ
7LPHPLQ
7LPHPLQ
)LJ 6XFWLRQSUHVVXUHYVWLPHIRUVLQWHULQJH[SHULPHQW
DWYDOYHRSHQ
)LJ 6XFWLRQSUHVVXUHYVWLPHIRUVLQWHULQJH[SHULPHQWDW
9DOXHRSHQ 7KHDERYH ILJXUHV VKRZ WKDW WKHVXFWLRQ ZDVUHJXODWHGE\ DYDOYH $OOWKHDERYH ILJXUHV VKRZ QHDUO\WKH VDPHEHKDYLRXUDVSUHVVXUHLQFUHDVHZLWKWLPHLQLQLWLDOVSDQDQGWKHQGHFUHDVHV:KHUHDVILJ LOOXVWUDWHGWKDWWKH KLJK VXFWLRQ SUHVVXUH ZDV DFKLHYHG DW PLQLPXP WLPH ZKHQ WKH YDOYH ZDV RSHQHG DW $IWHU UHDFKLQJ WKH PD[LPXP WHPSHUDWXUH WKH KRW VLQWHU ZDV DOORZHG WR FRRO 7KH WLPH WR UHDFK PD[LPXP WHPSHUDWXUH LV WDNHQ DV VLQWHULQJWLPH
%HKDYLRURIZDVWHRQFRNHUDWHNJWRIVLQWHU
)LJXUH VKRZVWKHHIIHFWRIZDVWHDGGLWLRQRQFRNHUDWHNJWRIVLQWHU,WLVVHHQWKDWFRNHUDWHGHFUHDVHVZLWK LQFUHDVH LQ ZDVWH 7KH ZDVWH FRQWDLQV VRPH IL[HG FDUERQ LQ IOXH GXVW DQG VOXGJH SHOOHWV ZKLFK UHGXFHVWKHFRNHUHTXLUHPHQWGXULQJDFWXDOVLQWHULQJ:LWKWKHLQFUHDVHLQZDVWHSHUFHQWDJHPRUHFDUERQLVDYDLODEOH GXULQJVLQWHULQJZKLFKLQWXUQGHFUHDVHVWKHFRNHUDWH7KHFRNHUDWHZDVDERYHNJWRIVLQWHUFDOFXODWHGRQWKH EDVLVRIDPRXQWRIFRNHEUHH]HDGGHGLQVLQWHULQJFKDUJHDQGSURGXFHGVLQWHURIVL]HDERYHPP
... peer-review under responsibility of Organizing Committee of AMME 2014 Trang 2,QWURGXFWLRQ
%ODVWIXUQDFHVOXGJHDQGIOXHGXVWDUHDKD]DUGRXVPHWDOOXUJLFDOZDVWHJHQHUDWHGLQWKHLURQPDNLQJSURFHVV>@... article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ ).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of Organizing...
7DEOH&KHPLFDO$QDO\VLVRIUDZPDWHULDOIRUVLQWHULQJSURFHVV
Trang 3$GGLWLRQDOO\DWDEOHVKRZVWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIEODVWIXUQDFHIOXHGXVWVOXGJHDQGEHQWRQLWHELQGHU