Anthropogenic Debris in the Puget Sound- Review Methods and Ana

SUURJ: Seattle University Undergraduate Research Journal 2020 Anthropogenic Debris in the Puget Sound: Review, Methods, and Analysis.. Koryna Boudinot Seattle University Diana DiMarco

SUURJ: Seattle University Undergraduate Research Journal

2020

Anthropogenic Debris in the Puget Sound: Review, Methods, and Analysis

Koryna Boudinot

Seattle University

Diana DiMarco

Seattle University

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Recommended Citation

Boudinot, Koryna and DiMarco, Diana (2020) "Anthropogenic Debris in the Puget Sound: Review, Methods, and Analysis.," SUURJ: Seattle University Undergraduate Research Journal: Vol 4 , Article 8

Available at: https://scholarworks.seattleu.edu/suurj/vol4/iss1/8

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Anthropogenic Debris in the Puget

Sound: Review, Methods, and Analysis

Koryna Boudinot, Biology

Diana DiMarco, Marine and Conservation Biology

Faculty Mentors: Peter J Alaimo, PhD and W Lindsay Whitlow, PhD

Faculty Content Editor: Mark Jordan, PhD

Student Editor: Ciara Murphy

Abstract

Microplastics are widespread aquatic pollutants that contaminate waterways and originate from human sources, such as packaging or cosmetics They are smaller than 5.0 mm

and include both manufactured plastics (primary), or environmentally degraded plastics

(secondary) Concerns about the potential impacts of microplastics through chemical pollutant adsorption, marine organism ingestion, and biomagnification indicate the importance of

further investigation into the quantity and types of microplastics in the Puget Sound Our initial visual analysis using light microscopy identified plastics in samples of both sediment and surface water An improved plastic extraction method and chemical analysis procedure was developed In this improved process, samples were filtered through a series of sieves and vacuum filters followed by an adapted enzymatic digestion using proteinase-K in SDS, then density separated using zinc chloride prior to ATR FT-IR analysis Spectra from various locations were then analyzed to identify microplastic type This purification method paired with ATR FT-IR analysis is an efficient method that avoids plastic degradation and bias of manual sorting, two known problems of previously published methods, and thus aids in the identification of microplastic contaminants This allows for increased confidence when making comparisons between identified microplastics

environment and are found in aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric environments (Masura 

et al. 2015; Prata 2018).  MPs consist of manufactured plastics (primary), or environmentally  degraded plastics (secondary), and are defined as plastics that are smaller than 5 mm (Masura 

et al. 2015).  Examples of primary MPs include the microbeads found in cosmetic products,  such as facial soaps, while secondary plastics are often the result of degraded materials 

including single-use plastics, such as plastic bags, bottles, straws, and packaging materials  (Masura et al. 2015).  Microfibers shed from synthetic clothing are an especially common form 

of anthropogenic debris. These particles typically enter the marine environment from non-point sources, including runoff into rivers, water treatment plants, and industrial factories,  and are spread throughout the world’s marine environments by ocean currents (Masura et 

al. 2015).  In the marine environment they can accumulate in seafloor sediment, while larger  plastic debris ends up in floating garbage patches and washing up on shorelines around the  world (Cole et al. 2011)

  MP research has examined the widespread effects of MP ingestion and toxicity on  various forms of life. Early research showed that Albatross chicks on Sand Island, Midway  Atoll, were being fed plastic pieces by their parents, leading to starvation (Auman and 

Ludwig 1997). Ingestion of macroplastics, larger than 5mm, are harmful for birds since they  often clog the gastrointestinal tract, leading to starvation. MPs are known to be ingested by  numerous organisms and recent studies have shown the transfer of hydrophobic toxins from  MP-adsorbed particles in the environment to organisms across trophic levels (Masura et al.  2015). Polyethylene microplastics have been shown to adsorb pesticides that have shown 

to lead to increase toxicity when ingested by marine plankton (Bellas and Gil 2020). Once  ingested, these toxins can wreak physiological havoc on bodily tissues, such as the liver, and  they have been shown to be especially harmful to the endocrine system (Rochman et al. 2013).  Biomagnification of toxins can also have similar health consequences in humans and other  animals at higher trophic levels (Cox et al. 2019). The effects of MP ingestion are continuing 

to be researched and are helping scientists understand the physiological consequences of  microplastics

  Due to the increasing global abundance of MPs, it is imperative to define baseline  pollution levels and to determine chemical compositions of MPs. Our research at Seattle 

University has focused on developing a method of MP purification from saltwater, freshwater,  and sediment that can be used to determine chemical compositions. We conducted a 

broad review of the MP extraction-identification methods in the literature to understand  current practices in the field. As leaders in the field, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric  Administration (NOAA) has published recommendations for quantifying synthetic particles 

al. 2015). Many research institutions in the Pacific Northwest have adopted the methods 

published by NOAA; however, there is substantial room for improvement. For example, the  NOAA method requires numerous steps, including sieving, peroxide oxidation, gravimetric  analysis using density separation, and microscope examination. The NOAA procedure only  requires gravimetric analysis, using density separation, and visual analysis, using a dissecting  microscope, for MP validation, thus simplifying the procedure. Unfortunately, visual 

identification of MPs using a dissecting microscope is tedious and suffers from observer bias  (Hidalgo-Ruz et al. 2012). The NOAA method also lacks a systematic chemical verification  method, which is required to determine the composition of MPs. Other studies have shown  that using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which obtains an infrared spectrum 

of absorption of a solid, liquid, or gas, enables reliable identification of MPs with high 

resolution over a wide spectral range and is preferable to visual sorting as a method of analysis  (Löder et al. 2017). Variation in methods used in different research institutions shows that there 

is a need for standardization of field methods and purification procedures. The protocol we  developed for enzymatic purification and chemical analysis of MPs is outlined below and can 

be used to determine baseline levels of anthropogenic pollution

  MPs were isolated and purified from sediment and water as follows: about five liters of  surface water including suspended particles or sediment were collected from various locations  (Figure 1) and were filtered through a series of metal sieves to remove particles larger than 

5 mm (Figure 2). The filtrate was dried under a vacuum and the mass of the dried solids 

were recorded. Samples were transferred to glass containers and a homogenization buffer  was added (400mM Tris-HCl, 0.5% SDS, pH 8). This mixture was incubated at 60º C for 60  minutes to induce protein denaturation, which is more effective at purifying MPs than the  NOAA peroxide oxidation method (Karlsson et al. 2017). Proteinase-K was added, followed 

by CaCl2, then incubated for >2 hours at 50°C, shaken at room temperature for 20 minutes,  and incubated at 60°C for another 20 minutes (Löder et al. 2017). After enzymatic digestion,  samples were suspended in a solution of ZnCl₂ at a density of 1.7 g/cm3 to separate the plastics 

by density. The top fraction, containing the MPs, was collected throughout a period of several  hours. The isolated material was then rinsed with purified milli-Q water and left to air dry 

in a clean environment over the course of several days. Using this method, we were able 

to remove all identifiable organic matter while preserving the chemical composition of the  MPs. Subsequent analysis was performed by ATR-FTIR which generated clear spectra of the  polymers. Chemical composition was then determined from the fingerprint region of the FTIR  spectra, along with diagnostic C-H stretching bands in the spectral region. 

This extraction-identification method avoids plastic degradation and the bias of manual sorting, aiding in the identification of microplastic polymers and allowing for increased

certainty in analysis This method and subsequent research results can be used or adopted by community science groups to continue MP research in the Puget Sound We plan to continue this project through a long-term collaboration with scientists at the Seattle Aquarium to

measure MP concentrations and to track changes over time in the Puget Sound Continued monitoring of MPs in the Puget Sound is essential in creating environmental policy changes that are required to regulate and limit anthropogenic waste

  When thinking about MPs as a global environmental and social justice issue, it is 

especially important to bridge the gap between research establishments and community  science organizations.  It is imperative to acknowledge our position of power as students of 

an academic institution with access to funding and laboratory resources. As students, we  can facilitate collaboration with community science organizations to create positive change  around environmental issues. There are multiple organizations recognized as community  science partners by the Seattle Aquarium, including the Puget Soundkeeper Alliance, 

Discuren Foundation, City of Seattle, City of Burien, King County, University of Washington,  Washington Deptartment of Fish and Wildlife, Environmental Science Center, Highline 

Schools, Seattle Schools, Seattle Rotary, WSU/Island County Cooperative Extension Beach  Watchers, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Fisheries, and  Oceans Canada Shorekeepers. Collaboration between academic and community organizations  removes barriers to science and increases accessibility to contribute to high level research. We  have found that community science organizations are invaluable due to their ability to collect  water samples at a much larger capacity than students at an undergraduate university. These  samples can be sent to laboratories where the MPs can be isolated and analyzed with methods  such as those we have developed. It is vital for us to work together with community science  groups through creative methods of collaboration in order to monitor MPs on a broader level,  which is necessary for an understanding of their roles as pollutants. Therefore, we hope our  work can be utilized to generate reliable data to be used by the community with the goal to  ultimately advocate awareness with policy makers and regulatory groups

Figure 1 Sediment and water sample locations denoted by white 

arrows. Initial sediment and water samples were collected from Alki  Beach, Gas Works Park, Elliot Bay, and Elliot Bay Combined Sewer  Overflow Outlet.

Figure 2 Purification and analysis methods developed for water and 

sediment samples.

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Kaley Duggar, who helped us develop the protocol. We would also  like to acknowledge Dr. Peter Alaimo and Dr. Lindsay Whitlow for their generous support that  has been invaluable. Finally, we would like to thank Julie Masura at UW Tacoma and Shawn  Larson at the Seattle Aquarium for sharing their knowledge and providing guidance