Mpi van bdn phdp luat khdc phdi phu hop vdi Hiln phdp"l Quy dinh nay sau dd dupc nhac lai trong Hiln phdp nam 1992 siia ddi, bd sung nam 2001^ Hiln phap nam 2013 tiep tuc phat huy tinh t
Trang 1HIEN PHAP NAM 2013 VA SIT PHAT TRIEN
TRONG TU TirOlNG NHA NUGIC PHAP QUYEN VE TINH TOI THI/0NG
CUA HIEN PHAP VA THUONG TON PHAP LUAT'
T6 Van Hoa*
* PGS TS Trydng Pai hoc Luat Ha Noi
Thong tin bai viet:
Tie khoa: Nhd nudc phap quySn, toi
thugng cua Hi@n phdp, thucmg tdn phap
lu^t, Hien phap nam 2013
Lfch sir bdi viet:
Ngiy nhan bai
Bien t|ip
Duyet bai
15/4/2020
05/5/2020
09/5/2020
Tdm t^t:
Thu(;mg ton phdp lu|it la mot thuQc tinh kh6ng thS thi^u va la ygu t6 c6t loi nhat cila bSt cii mo binh nha nu6c phap quyin (NNPQ) ndo cho du Id mo hinh trong l;y luan hay mo hinh trong th^c tien Mpt dSt nuoc khong thg co NNPQ dung nghia neu tren dat nudc
d6 khong CO sif thuong ton phap lu$t ma truoc tien la tinh t6i
thirgmg ciia Hiln phdp Hien phap nam 2013 ciia Vi§t Nam da co
nhiing quy djnh moi the hi?n dugc sif phdt triln khd ro n6t trong
tu tudng va trong nhan thiic vl tinh toi thugng ciia Hien phap va
thugng ton phdp lu^t a Vi?t Nam
Article Infomation:
Keywords: Rule of law state;
supremacy of the Constitution; law
supremacy; the Constitution of 2013
Article History:
Received 15 Apr 2020
Edited : 05 May 2020
Approved : 09 May 2020
Abstract:
The law supremacy is an indispensable attribute and the most essential element of any model of the rule of law state wherever it
is theoretical model or practical model A country camiot be a truly proper rule of law state if it does not have any attribute of law supremacy, but first of all is the supremacy of the Constitution the clear developments of ideology and the awareness of the supremacy of the Constitution and the law supremacy in Vietoam
1 Hiln ph&p nam 2013 vk sy pMt triln
trong tir tirong nhik ninVc phap quyin ve
tinh t6i thirgrng cua Hiln ph^p
"Tinh tdi thuang cua Hien phap" co the
hieu la su ghi nhan ve hi$u luc toi cao ciia
Hien phap trong h? thong phdp lu^t vl mat
ly luan va su tuan thu nghiem chinh Hiln phdp trong doi song chinh tri, doi s6ng nha nu6c va xa hpi "Tmh toi thucmg ciia Hiln phap" CO nghia la trong toan bp he th6ng chinh tri khong the co bat cu luc lupng nao dupc phep dung tren Hiln phap, cho du la
1 Nghien ciiu ndy dugc th\rc hi$n trong khuon kh6 De tai 505.01-2018.03 d
ngh^ Quoc gia (NAFOSTED) tai trg
I Quy phat trien khoa hgc va cong
, NGHllN CUU I
Trang 2theo quy dinh r5 rang hay an du Tinh toi
thupng cua Hien phap dong vai tro c\rc ky
quan trpng doi voi NNPQ ca ve ly luan va
trong dai sing thuc tiln Hien phap dieu
chinh cac moi quan he ca ban, quan trong
nhat trong mot quoc gia, d^c biet la cac moi
quan hp lien quan tdi each thuc to chiic thyc
h i ^ quyin luc nhk nuac, each thiic to chiic,
vln hanh cua cac ca quan nha nuac tu trung
uang din dia phuang, cac moi quan he ca
ban giiia Nha nuoc va cong dan Neu Hien
phap th\rc sy giir vi tri toi thuang trong doi
song nha nuac va ddi song xa hpi thi cac gia
tri ca ban va tiln bg trong Hien phap se dupc
tuan thu day du, bp may nha nuoc nhd do
mdi CO thi van hanh dupc va cac ly tudng
ciia NNPQ mdi cd thS duac hipn thyc hoa
NIU Hiln phap khong thyc sy ddng vai tro
tli thupng thi Hiln phdp chi la biSu tuang,
hinh thiic Khi do, se co nhung lyc lupng
dumg trgn HiSn phap, dat nudc se dupc dieu
hanh khong bdi phdp luat ma bdi y chi chu
quan ctia cdc cd nhan nam giii chiic vu
Hiln phdp nam 2013 da thi hien budc
phdt triln mdi vl tinh toi thupng ciia Hien
phap Vipt Nam, the hi?n qua cac quy djnh ve
hipu lyc cua Hiln phdp, bdo ve Hiln phap va
thu tyc s^a ddi, bo simg Hien phdp
- Hipu lifc cua Hien phdp
Hi$u luc cao nhlt ciia Hiln phap da
dupc khing dinh tu lau ve m^t nhdn thiic va
ly luan Trong ban "Yeu sdch cua nhan ddn
An Nam", Nguyin Ai Quoc da yeu cau thuc
dan Phdp ban hanh Hiln phdp va ap dyng
chi dp cai tri bdng phap quyen d Vi^t Nam
vdi cau ndi ndi tieng:
"Bay xin Hiln phdp ban hanh
Tram dieu phai cd than linh, phdp
quyen"
Tuy nhien, trong Hiln phap nam 1946,
Hien phdp nam 1959 khdng cd quy dinh ve hieu lyc ciia Hiln phap Hiln phap nam
1980 ldn ddu tien quy dinh ve hieu lyc ciia Hien phap vdi npi dimg:
"Hien phdp nudc Cdng hda xa hpi chu nghia Vipt Nam la luat ca bdn cua nha nudc,
cd hieu lyc phdp ly cao nhat Mpi van bdn phdp luat khdc phdi phu hop vdi Hiln phdp"l
Quy dinh nay sau dd dupc nhac lai trong Hiln phdp nam 1992 (siia ddi, bd sung nam 2001)^
Hiln phap nam 2013 tiep tuc phat huy tinh thdn tren day ciia Hiln phap nam 1980
va 1992 song d miic dp phat triln thera mpt budc Dilu 119 Hiln phdp nara 2013 quy dinh: "Hiln phdp Id luat ca bdn cua nudc Cpng hda xa hpi chii nghia Viet Nam, cd hieu lyc phap ly cao nhat Mpi van ban phdp lu^t khdc phdi phu hpp vdi Hien phap" Nlu trong Hiln phdp nam 1980 vd 1992
Hiln phdp duac coi la "luat ca bdn cua nhi nudc" thi d Hiln phdp nam 2013 da ghi nhan Hiln phap la "luat ca ban ciia nudc
Cpng hda xa hdi chu nghia Vipt Nam" (CHXHCN) Mpt chii khdc bipt song lai thi hien sy phat trien mdt budc ldn ve nh$n thiic Trong khoa hpc chinh tri va khoa hpc phdp ly, "nudc" Id thyc the bao gom ba yeu
td hpp thanh: lanh thd, dan cu vd bp may qudn ly vdi mdt hp thdng phdp ludt bao triim tren pham vi lanh thd vd dan cu; trong khi
dd, "nha nudc" dupc hieu la bp mdy, mpt bp phan hpp thdnh ciia "nudc" Nhdn danh
"nudc CHXHCN Vipt Nam" tiic la nhan danh nhiing gid tri gi dupc gpi la cao ca nhat, ldn lao nhdt ton tai tren lanh tho qudc gia Hiln phdp la luat ca bdn cua nudc CHXHCN Vipt Nam cd nghia rdng Hiln phdp la luat ca bdn khdng phdi chi ddi vdi
2 Dilu 146 Hien phip nam 1980
3 Xem Dilu 146 Hien phap nam 1992 (sira doi, bl sung nam 2001)
I N G H l l N CUU
Trang 3Nha nudc ma cdn ddi vdi toan xa hpi vd cac
chu the trong do Chinh vi v$y, hipu lyc phdp
ly cao nhat ciia Hiln phap doi vdi "nudc" thi
Cling cd nghia la gid tri tdi cao doi vdi khdng
chi bd may nhd nudc ma cdn ddi vdi bdt ky
ngudi dan, td chiic hay chii thi ndo trong xa
hdi Khi ndi Hiln phdp Id luat co ban cua
nudc cdn cd nghia Hiln phap chiia dyng gia
tri cao nhdt, nen tang nhdt cua ca qudc gia,
dan tpc Hiln phdp, do dd, cd hipu lyc tdi cao
ddi vdi bdt ky hanh vi hay cdng cu phap ly
nao cua cdc ca quan nha nudc cung nhu
hdnh vi cua cac chu the khdc trong xa hpi
- Vdn de bdo vp Hien phdp
Bao ve Hien phdp ddng vai trd quylt
dinh bdo dam tinh toi thupng ciia Hiln phap
NIU cac vi ph£im Hiln phdp khdng xac dinh
dupc va khdng cd bipn phdp xii ly, ngudi vi
pham Hiln phdp khdng phdi ganh chiu chi
tai thi Hiln phdp chi mang tinh hinh thiic
De bdo vp Hiln phdp, cdc NNPQ dlu xay
dung thiet che bdo vp m^nh me Nudc Diic
cd Tda an Hien phdp lien bang, nudc Phdp
cd Hpi ddng bao hien, nudc My cd Tda an
tdi cao Cd the ndi rang, thieu ca che bdo ve
Hien phdp thi se khdng the cd dupc NNPQ
dung nghia
Trong lich sii ldp hiln cua Viet Nam, sy
xuat hien cua Hien phdp khdng ddng thdi vdi
nhu cau bao ve Hiln phdp Hien phdp nam
1946 chua cd dieu khodn nao quy dinh ve
van de bdo vp Hien phdp Hiln phdp nam
1959 cung khdng de cap tdi vdn de bdo ve
Hien phdp, song da cd mdt dilu khoan quy
djnh ve tham quyen xii ly van ban phap lugt
trdi vdi Hien phap Hien phdp nam 1980 ve
ca ban giii nguyen quy dinh cua Hi6n phdp
nam 1959, theo do cung la Hdi dong nhd
nudc cd tham quyen "dinh chi thi hanh va
siia ddi hoac bai bd nhiing nghi quyet, nghi
dinh, quyet dinh ciia Hdi dong bd trudng trdi vdi Hiln phdp, luat va phap Ipuh""* 6 Hien phdp nam 1992 (siia doi, bl simg nam 2001) thdm quyen xu ly cdc van ban trdi vdi Hien phdp dupc bd sung dang ke Theo dd, ngogi tru cdc van bdn do Qudc hdi ban hanh, van bdn phdp ludt trai vdi Hi6n phdp ciia tat cd cac ca quan nhd nudc d trung uong va cap tmh, tli Chii tich nudc, UBTVQH, Chinh phu, Thu tudng Chmh phu, TANDTC, VKSNDTC tdi HDND, UBND cdp tinh dlu
cd the bj dinh chi thi hanh hoge bai bd (5 Hien phdp nam 2013, cdc quy djnh ve tham quyen va pham vi cdc co quan cd the
bi xii ly van bdn phdp luat vi hien dupc ke thua hodn todn tii Hiln phdp nam 1992 (siia ddi, bd sung nam 2001)^ Ben canh do, Hiln phdp nam 2013 cung bo sung mpt sd quy dinh the hi6n quan diem, tu tudng mdi dang chii y ve bao vp Hien phap trong NNPQ XHCN Vipt Nara Dd la lan dau tien trong lich sii lap hien Vipt Nam, Hiln phdp nam
2013 de egp van de bao vp Hiln phdp vd ca che bao vp Hien phdp Khodn 2 Dieu 119 Hien phdp nam 2013 quy dinh:
"Quoc hpi, cdc ca quan cua Quoc hpi, Chu tich nuac Chinh phd, Toa dn nhdn ddn toi cao, Vipn kiem sdt nhdn ddn, cdc ca quan khdc cua Nhd nuac vd todn the Nhdn dan co trdch nhiem bdo vp Hien phdp" "Ca che bdo ve Hien phdp do lugt dinh"
Mac dli quy dinh tren vdn cdn khd chung chung d gdc dd giao trdch nhipm cu thi trong vipc bao ve Hien phdp Tuy nhien, dilu khodn nay da th^ hipn dupc ba diem phdt trien quan trpng trong nhdn thuc chung vl van de bao vp Hien phdp
Thu nhdt, nd cho thay nhu cdu bao vp
Hien phdp da duac the hien rat rd Thugt ngu
4 Khoan 8 Dieu 100 Hien phdp nam 1980
5 X e m khodn 10 Dilu 70, khodn 4 vd 7 Dilu 74, khoan 4 Dilu 98 Hiln phap nam 2013
NGHllN CUU I
Trang 4"bao ve Hien phdp" lan ddu tien dupc dl cap
trong Hiln phdp cho thiy nhdn thiic rd rang
ve van de ndy
Thir hai, trach nhiem bao ve Hiln phdp
da dupc de cap Mac du trach nhiem nay van
chua duac quy dinh cho mdt co quan cu thi
song nd cho thay ro ban nhan thiic ddi vdi
van de nay
Thir ba, ca che bdo vp Hien phdp cung
da duac de cap Mac dii Dieu 119 khdng quy
dinh rd song khi ndi tdi ca che bdo ve Hiln
phdp cd the hieu la phai cd cdc thiet chi
chuyen trdch ve bdo ve Hien phdp ddng thdi
cd cdc thu tuc de cdc cdo bupc vi pham Hien
phdp dupc xem xet va ket ludn cdng khai
Ro rang, quy dinh tren day la sy phdt
trien mdi, dang ke trong nhan thiic va trong
tu tudng chung ve vai trd tdi thupng ciia
Hien phap va nhu cau ddi vdi viec xay dyng
ca che bao vp Hien phdp d nudc CHXHCN
Viet Nam
Mdt quy djnh khdc cua Hien phdp nam
2013 cd tdc dung gidn tiep tdi van de bdo v?
Hien phdp Dd Id quy dinh: "Tda dn cd
nhiem vu bao ve cdng ly, bdo vp quyen con
ngudi, quyen cdng dan"* Can cii dieu khodn
nay, Luat Td chiic tda dn nhdn dan nam 2014
quy dinh mot sd quyen hgn cua Tda dn trong
qua tinh xet xu, trong do cd quyen: "phdt
hien va kien nghi vdi cdc ca quan cd tham
quyen xem xet sua ddi, bd sung hoac hiiy bd
van bdn phdp ludt trdi vdi Hien phdp, lugt,
nghj quylt ciia Qudc hpi, phdp lenh, nghi
quyet cua Uy ban thudng vu Qudc hdi de
bdo dam quyen va lpi ich hpp phap ciia cd
nhdn, co quan, td chiic; co quan cd thdm
quyen cd trdch nhiem tra ldi Tda an ket qud
xu ly van ban phdp ludt bi kien nghi theo quy
dinh ciia phdp lugt lam co sd de Tda an gidi
quyet vy an"' Quy dinh ndy cho phep bat ky Tda an ndo khi phdt hien cdc van bdn trdi vdi Hien phdp, cho du dd Id lugt do Qudc hdi ban hanh, cd quyin chua dp dyng van ban
dd dl giai quylt vu dn ma minh dang thy ly
va kiln nghi cac ca quan cd tham quyen sua ddi, bd sung hoge hiiy bd van ban do Cdc co quan nhgn kiln nghi phdi tra ldi cho Tda an
va Tda dn cd quyen chi tiep tuc gidi quyet vy
an sau khi da nhgn dupc cau trd ldi Nhu vgy, mac dii khdng tryc tiep quy dinh Tda an cd quyen xem xet tinh vi hien cua cdc van ban phdp ludt, song cd thi ndi, quy dinh nay da cho phep Tda an "tam dinh chi" hipu lyc ciia van bdn phdp ludt, ke cd cdc dao lugt, cd dau hieu vi hien hoge khdng hpp phdp Cd the coi day nhu budc khdi dau, cho quyen bao hien ciia Tda dn Vi^t Nam
- Thd tuc sira doi, bo sung Hien phdp
"Quy trinh lam Hien phdp cd vai trd dac biet quan trpng trong boat dpng lap hien Mdt bdn Hien phdp dupc xdy dyng theo m^t quy trinh, cdng nghp dan chii, khoa hpc, hoan hdo cdc budc, cdc thu tyc quy dinh chgt che, logic thi chac chdn se cho ra ddi mpt sdn pham la Hien phap cd chat lupng tdt"* Tuy vdy, quy trinh ldm, sua ddi Hien phap khdng chi cd tdc dyng bao dam chat lupng ciia bdn Hien phdp ma nd cdn phdn dnh quan niem
ve hieu lyc ciia Hien phdp Hien phap la lu|t
ca bdn, cd hieu luc phdp ly tdi cao ciia mpt qudc gia thi nd ciing phai cd thu tyc lam, siia ddi, bd sung tuang ting Nguoc lai thdng qua cac budc, cac thu tyc trong quy trinh lap phdp ciing cd the ddnh gia dupc quan niem, quan diem ve sy coi trpng Hien phap trong ddi sdng mpi mat cua mdt qudc gia do Quy trinh, thu tyc Hien phdp dupc thiet ke cang chat che, vdi sy tham gia va quyen quyet dinh ciia ngudi ddn cdng rpng rai thi uy tin
6 Khoan 3 Dieu 102 Hien phdp nam 2013
7 Khoan 7 Dilu 2 Luat t6 chuc toa an nhan dan nam 2014
8 Hodng Thi Lien, Hiln phdp nam 2013 - Nhiing diem mod mang tinh dpt phd, Nxb Tu phdp, 2015, tr.285
e iNGHllNCUU /
Trang 5chinh tri dem lai cho Hiln phap cdng cao va
tuang ling vdi dd la sy coi trpng tinh tdi
thupng cua Hien phap cang rd ret
Trong Uch sii lgp hiln Via Nam, bdn
Hien phdp ddu tien Hiln phdp nam 1946
-da cd quy dinh vl thu tyc siia ddi Hiln phdp,
cho den bdy gid vdn dupc ddnh gia Id rit uu
vipt Trudc tien, thii tyc siia ddi Hiln phap
chi dupc khdi dpng khi cd hai phin ba tdng
sd thanh vien ciia Nghj vien yeu cdu; sau do
Nghi vien biu mpt Ban dy thdo nhiing dilu
thay doi trong Hiln phdp; cudi cung, nhung
dieu thay ddi sau khi dupc Nghi vipn ung
thudn thi phdi dupc todn dan phiic quylt^
Phiic quylt dupc hilu la sy quylt dinh cudi
cung cua ngudi ddn ddi vdi npi dung dy kiln
thay ddi cua Hiln phdp thdng qua thii tyc
trung cau y dan
Hiln phdp nam 1959 khdng kl thura quy
trinh siia ddi Hien phdp tren ddy cua Hiln
phdp nam 1946 Hien phdp ndy quy djnh rit
dan gidn vl vipc siia ddi Hiln phap vdi hai
npi dung: chi cd Qudc hdi mdi cd quyen sua
doi Hien phdp, vipc siia ddi phai duac it nhdt
la hai phdn ba tdng so DBQH bilu quylt tan
thanh'" Hiln phap nam 1980 va Hien phap
nam 1992 (siia ddi, bd sung nam 2001) ke
thua toan bp quy djnh tren day cua Hien
phdp nam 1959 vS van de siia ddi Hien
phap"
Hiln phdp nam 2013 thay doi gin nhu
toan bp quy djnh ve siia ddi HiSn phdp cua
ba ban Hien phdp trudc do
Thie nhdt, Hiln phdp nam 2013 ldn ddu
tiSn tdch bipt giira "ldm" Hien phdp va "sira
ddi" Hiln phdp, mac du chi quy djnh radt
quy trinh chung cho cd thii tyc "ldm" vd "sua
ddi" Hiln phap Vl mgt ly lugn, "ldm Hiln phdp" dupc bilu Id viec ban hanh mdt bdn Hiln phdp mdi tren ca sd chdm dut hipu lyc cua bdn Hiln phdp cii; "siia doi Hiln phdp"
la vipc thay ddi, bd sung mdt sd dieu khodn trong bdn Hiln phdp cii tren co sd tilp tyc duy tri hipu lyc cua ban Hien phdp dd'^
Thir hai, quy trinh ldm, sira ddi Hien
phdp dupc quy dinh kha rd rang trong Hiln phap Quy trinh dd duac bdt diu bdi mpt trong sd cdc chii tiiS cd quyen de nghi lam, sira ddi Hiln phap, bao gdm Chu tjch nudc, UBTVQH, Chinh phu hoge it nhit mpt phin
ba tong sd dgi bilu Qudc hdi (DBQH) D I nghj lam, siia ddi Hien phdp phai dupc it nhdt hai phdn ba tdng sd DBQH bieu quyet tdn thanh - mpt quy dinh dupc ke thira tu Hiln phdp nam 1946 Sau khi tdn thdnh, Qudc hdi thdnh lap rapt Uy ban dy thdo Hien phdp Trong qua trinh dy thdo, Uy ban du thdo Hien phap phdi td chiic lay y kiln Nhdn dan trudc khi trinh Quoc hdi xem xet, thdng qua vdi ty 1? it nhat hai phan ba tdng sd DBQH bieu quyet tdn thanh'^ Ve ca ban, quy trinh lam, sira doi Hien phdp theo Hien phdp nam 2013 ke thira cdc quy djnh tucmg ling cua Hien phdp nam 1946
Thic ba, su thara gia cua ngudi dan vdo
quy trinh Idm, siia ddi Hien phdp la khd dang
kl Quy trinh do yeu cau it nhit phdi cd su tham gia gdp y cua Nhan ddn vao dy thdo Hiln phdp trudc khi du thdo ndy dupc trinh
ra Quoc hpi''* Hien phdp nam 2013 cung quy dinh kha nang Nhan dan ddng vai trd la chu the quyet djnh tdi vi^c cd hay khdng ban hanh du thao Hien phdp thdng qua thu tyc tnmg ciu y ddn Tuy nhien, theo quy dinh cua Hiln phdp nam 2013, thu tuc tnmg cau
9 Dilu thii 70 Hiln phdp nam 1946
10 Dilu 112 Hiln phdp nlm 1959
11 Xem Dilu 147 Hien phdp nlm 1980; Dilu 147 Hiln phdp nam 1992 (sua d6i, bo sung nam 2001)
12 Khodn 1 Dieu 120 Hien phdp ndm 2013
13 Dieu 120 Hien phdp nSm 2013
14 Khodn 3 Dilu 120 Hiln phdp n5m 2013 ^ NGHllN C l ^ |
Trang 6y dan vl Hien phap khdng phdi la thu tuc bdt
budc va chi dupc tien hdnh theo quylt djnh
cua Qudc hpi'^
Nhu vgy, cdc quy dinh cua Hiln phdp
nam 2013 cho thdy, quan niem ve tinh tdi
thupng ciia Hien phdp da khd hodn chinh Vj
tri tdi tupng cua Hiln phdp da dupc khang
djnh khdng chi ddi vdi Nhd nudc md cdn ddi
vdi todn the dat nudc Mdt dieu dupc khang
djnh chic chan la mpi chu the trong he thong
chinh tri, tir chii the quyen luc nhat la cdc td
chirc cua Ddng, cdc Ddng vidn tdi tdt cd cdc
ca quan nhd nudc deu phdi thupng tdn Hi£n
phap Trong thu tuc ldm, sira ddi Hien phap
cd sy tham gia rpng rai ciia Nhan ddn Dieu
do tao ra sy gan ket tryc tiep giiia ddn chu
va Hien phdp, giua chii quyen nhdn ddn vd
tinh tdi thupng cua Hien phdp Sy xuat hien
cua cdc quy djnh ve bdo vp Hien phap, ca
che bdo vp Hien phap, mac dii cdn khiera tdn
nhung da cho thay sy nhdn thiic ban ddu vS
tara quan trpng cua co che bdo ve Hien phdp
Cd the thay rang cac quy dinh mdi cua Hien
phdp nam 2013 da khang djnh vd phdt trien
them rapt npi dung trong tu tudng ve NNPQ
XHCN ciia Viet Nara dd Id coi trpng gid tri
va tinh tdi thupng cua Hiln phdp doi vdi
Nha nudc vd xa hdi
2 Hiln phdp nam 2013 va sir phat trien
trong tu tudng nha nudc phdp quyen ve
thirprng ton phdp lu^t
"Thuang tdn phdp ludt" hay "phdp
quyin" chi mdi quan he giua nhd nudc va
phdp ludt, theo dd tuy phdp ludt do cdc ca
quan nhd nudc dat ra song nd phdi giu vai
trd thupng tdn ddi vdi nha nudc va cdc ca
quan nhd nudc Day Id npi dung mang tinh
cdt ldi cua khdi nipm phap quyen vd NNPQ
trong ly luan vd thuc tien Trong nha nudc
khdng cd sy thupng tdn phap lugt thi tat yeu
khdng cd NNPQ Cdc quy dinh cua Hiln
phap nam 2013 da the hien kha rd net sy phdt trien trong nhan thiic vd tu tudng chung
ve thupng tdn phdp ludt, the hien qua mdt sd khia cgnh sau
Thu nhdt, Hiln phap nam 2013 de cap
tdi mdi quan he giiia Nha nudc - Phap lugt
- Xa hpi vdi cdch tiep can cd sy ddi mdi co bdn Khodn 2 Dilu 8 Hiln phdp nam 2013 quy djnh: "Nha nudc dupc td chiic va hogt dpng theo Hiln phdp va phdp lugt, qudn ly
xa hpi bang Hien phdp va phdp lugt, thyc hien nguyen tac tap trung dan chu" Nhd nudc vdn qudn ly xa hpi bang Hien phdp va phap lugt song quy dinh nay khdng cdn nhdn manh tdi sy tuyet ddi tuan thu phdp ludt tii phia xa hpi Khdng phdi vi dieu nay Id khdng can thiet raa cd le bdi vi dd Id dieu duang nhien Diem mdi quan trpng d day chinh la
ve ddu ciia quy dinh nhan manh tdi vipc Nha nudc phdi duac td chiic vd hoat ddng theo Hien phdp va phap luat Theo dd, phdp lugt
do cdc CO quan nhd nudc ban hanh da trd thdnh cdng cy de kiem sodt lai chinh Nhd nudc Cdi khudn khd phap ly raa Nhd nudc dgt ra ciing chinh Id khudn khd phdp ly ma ban than Nha nudc phdi tudn thu Cdc Hien phdp trudc do khdng cd quy djnh tucmg ty
Cd the hieu, "Nha nudc dupc td chiic theo Hien phdp vd phdp luat" cd nghta Id sy hinh thdnh ciing nhu mpi tham quyen cua cdc co quan nhd nudc deu phdi duac quy dinh trong Hien phdp va phdp luat "Nha nudc hogt ddng theo Hiln phdp vd phdp ludt" cd nghia
Id Hien phap va phdp lugt phai tgo lap khung phdp ly hoan chinh cho boat ddng ciia cdc co quan nha nudc Mpi quyet dinh, hoat dpng, hanh ddng cua cdc co quan nhd nudc d cdc cap, cdc ngdnh deu phdi cdn cir vdo quy djnh cua Hien phap, phap ludt; neu khdng cd can cii phdp Iy cu the thi ca quan nhd nudc khdng dupc tiln hanh hogt dpng hoge boat ddng se bj coi la vi hien hoac trdi phdp ludt
15 Khoan 4 Dieu 120 Hian p
P I NGHllN CUU
Trang 7Ben canh quy djnh tai khoan 2 Dilu 8, cac
dieu khodn cdn lai cua Hiln phdp ndm 2013
da khdng cdn nhdc tdi phdp chi xa hdi chii
nghia Nhu vdy, mdi quan he giiia Nhd nudc
- Phdp lugt - Xa hdi khdng cdn dupc nhin
mdt cdch don thudn qua lang kinh phdp chi
XHCN Ndi cdch khdc, tu tudng phap chi
XHCN da dupc ndng len d tira miic cao han
- phdp quyen XHCN
Thie hai, Hiln phdp nam 2013 cd cdi
nhin todri dipn trong each tilp can "phap
quyin" yl mdi quan he giira phdp ludt vd cdc
thilt chi quyin luc He thdng chinh tri cua
Viet Nara cd dac thu Id nguyen tdc Ddng
lanh dao Nhd nudc va xa hpi Nguyen tdc
ndy da dupc xdc lap tren thuc tl tir nhiing
nara dau cua Nhd nudc Viet Nam ddn chii
cpng hda vd dupc chinh thiic hien dinh kl tir
Hien phdp nam 1980^^ Theo dd, trong he
thdng chinh trj tdn tai hai he thdng thiet chi
tryc tiep chi phdi quyen luc: he thdng td
chiic Dang Cdng san va he thdng cdc co
quan trong bp rady nhd nudc He thdng td
chiic Ddng giii vai trd true tiep lanh dgo he
thdng cac ca quan nha nudc Tren thyc te,
trong mdi ca quan nhd nudc, he thdng co
quan nha nudc deu cd td chiic Ddng tuong
ling dS lanh dgo, vi du d Qudc h^i cd Ddng
uuAn, d Chinh phii, cac Bd, ca quan ngang
bd vd Uy ban nhdn ddn tinh cd Ban cdn su
Dang Ngodi ra, cdn cd cdc td chiic Dang
ddc lap vdi cdc ca quan nha nudc song cd
the tryc tiep chi dgo hogt ddng cua cdc ca
quan nha nudc vi dy Bd Chinh trj Ban bi
thu, cac ban Dang d trung uong va dja
phuong Diing dau cac td chiic Dang nay Id
cdc dang vien giu chiic vy lanh dao cd khi
dpc lap, cd khi ket hpp ca chiic vu lanh dao
chinh quyen Vai trd lanh dgo ciia Dang vien
va vai trd lanh dao cua ngudi giii chiic vu
trong ca quan nha nudc khd cd dupc sy phdn djnh rd rang Ngay cd khi cac td chiic Ddng dpc lap vdi cac ca quan nhd nudc thi khi ndo dang vien lanh dao trong cdc ca quan nhd nudc hanh ddng dpc lap vdi tu cdch nhd nudc vd khi ndo hdnh ddng dudi sy lanh dao cua td chiic dang cip tren tuang iing ciing khdng duac phdn djnh rd rang Chinh vi vay,
neu a cdc qudc gia khdc, khi ndi tdi NNPQ
chi cdn nhdn manh tdi vai trd tdi thupng ciia Hiln phdp, thuang tdn phdp ludt, thi d Vipt Nam nhu vgy van chua trpn ven Bdi vi, neu chi chu trpng tdi yeu td nay thi chua bao gdm dupc cd he thdng td chiic Ddng va cdc ddng vien vdn Id cdc chu the tryc tiep chi phoi qud trinh td chiic thyc hien quyin lyc nhd nudc Neu nhu vay, rapt phdn quan trpng cua qua trinh thyc hipn quyen lyc nhd nudc
se khdng chiu sy dieu chinh cua Hien phdp
vd phap luat
Chinh vi vay, tir Hien phdp nara 1992 da quy dinh "mpi td chiic ciia Ddng boat ddng trong khudn khd Hien phdp vd phdp ludt"" Tuy nhien, quy djnh nay chi de cap tdi cdc
td chiic ciia Dang vd nhu vdy thi chua de cap dupc het tdi cdc dang vien, dac bipt la cdc ddng vien giii chiic vu tryc tiep lanh dao vipc thyc hien quyen lyc nha nudc bdi cac ca quan nha nudc
Hien phap nam 2013 da khac phyc dieu ndy Khodn 3 Dieu 4 Hien phdp nara 2013 quy djnh: "cac td chirc cua Dang vd dang vien Ddng Cpng sdn Viet Nam hoat dpng trong khudn khd HiSn phdp va phdp lugt"
So vdi quy djnh tuang iing cua Hien phap nam 1992, quy djnh ciia Hien phdp nara
2013 chi bd sung them 1 tir "ddng vien" song
y nghia ciia nd Id rdt ldn Vdi quy djnh ndy, bit ky chii the nao trong he thdng td chiic cua Dang, cho dii la td chirc Ddng hay cd
16 Xem Dilu 4 Hien phdp nam 1980, Dilu 4 Hiln phdp nam 1992 (siia dli, bl simg nam 2001) va Dilu 4 Hiln phdp nam 2013
17 Dieu 4 Hien phdp nam 1992 (sura doi, hd sung nam 2001)
NGHllN CVU I
Trang 8nhdn ddng vien, cho du d bdt ky cdp nao, dlu
phdi hoat dpng trong khudn khd Hien phdp
va phap lugt Nhm rdng hon, sy bd sung nay
da lam hodn chinh biic tranh ve moi quan hS
giua cdc chil the chi phdi qud trinh thyc hipn
quyen luc nhd nudc, bao gdra cd hp thdng td
chiic cua Dang va bd rady nhd nudc vdi Hien
phap vd phdp ludt, theo dd khdng rapt chii
thi nao chi phdi qua trinh thyc hien quyen
lyc nhd nudc ma khdng phdi tudn thu Hien
phdp va phap ludt Ndi cdch khdc, Hien phdp
va phdp ludt ddng vai trd tdi thupng ddi vdi
bit ky hoat dpng nao du tryc tilp hay gidn
tilp thuc hipn quyin lyc nhd nudc Dilu ndy
Id vd ciing cd y nghia bdi le cho du cd rapt
logi chu thi nao dd trong to chiic Ddng
khdng chiu hoac coi thudng tinh thugng tdn
phdp ludt thi tlic Id da diing trSn phdp lugt vd
do dd, ehdc chin se cd nhiing qud trinh thyc
hipn quyin lyc chinh tri nam ngodi sy dieu
chinh ciia phdp lugt, tiic Id nam ngoai sy dieu
chinh cua y chi chung - y chi ciia Nhan dan
NIU dilu dd xdy ra, phdp ludt se khdng thi
phdt huy dupc vai trd thupng tdn ddi vdi bd
rady nhd nudc ndi rieng va toan bp qud trinh
thyc hipn quyin luc nha nudc ndi chung
3 Kiln nghi
Nhung phan tich tren cho thiy, quy djnh
cua Hiln phdp nam 2013 da thi hien budc
phdt triln mdi vl tinh tdi thuang ciia Hien
phdp vd thupng tdn phap ludt trong NNPQ
XHCN Vi^t Nam hien nay Tuy nhien, dl
bdo ddm cho tinh tdi thupng ciia Hien phdp
va sy thypng tdn phap ludt hien dipn thudng
tryc trong ddi sdng ciia Nha nudc va xa hdi,
chung tdi cho rang, can thyc hien mdt sd gidi
phap sau:
3.1 Thiit lgp eg che bdo vpHienphdp
Nhu da phdn tich d tren, vipc Hiln phdp
trao nhipm vy bdo vp Hiln phdp cho nhilu
chu thi dan tdi khdng cd chii thi ndo thuc sy
chuyen trdch dl bdo vp Hien phdp Ben cgnh
dd, cho din nay, co che bao ve Hien phdp van
chua dupc cy thi hda Vipc thieu vdng ca che
i n I NGHllN CUU /
bao vp Hiln phdp din tdi hp lyy sau: Hien phap se trd n£n hinh thdc vd se khdng phdt huy dupc vai trd tdi quan trpng ciia nd trong ddi sdng Nha nudc vd xa hpi; cdc gid trj tdt dpp ciia Hiln phap khdng dupc bdo v$ se khdng thi phat huy tdc ddng tich cyc ciia nd trong ddi sdng xa hdi; tinh trgng xem nhe Hiln phdp tu phia ngudi dan vd cdc ca quan nhd nudc tit yiu ddn tdi tinh trgng coi thudng phdp lugt vd Igm quyen De loai bd nhung nguy ca ndy, trong thdi gian, chung ta can phdi xdy dung dupc mpt ca che bdo vp Hien
phdp Vipc djnh h\rh ca chi ndo la phu hpp
se cin nhirng nghi&i ciiu thSm cd tu gdc dp
ly lugn vd thyc tiln dl lam co sd Song, cd thi xem x6t mpt trong hai phuang dn, dd la trao thdm quyin bdo ve Hien phap cho TANDTC tren ca sd ndng cap tham quyen ma hi§n Tda
an dang cd theo quy djnh tai khoan 7 Dieu 2 Ludt Td chiic tda dn nhan dan nam 2014 hoge thdnh lgp Hpi ddng Hiln phdp nhu trong dy thdo Hiln phdp sua doi Hien phdp nam 1992 (bdn ldy y kiln nhdn ddn tir thang 1 nam 2013 din hit thdng 3 nam 2013)
3.2 Khdng dinh mgnh me han sif thugng ton phdp ludt trong Hien phdp
Mac du Hien phdp nam 2013 da cd nhixng quy djnh nham de cao vai trd cua phdp ludt ddi vdi Nhd nudc va xa h^i, song nhin mpt cdch bao qudt hon, quan diSm phdp luat ddng vai trd thupng tdn ddi vdi Nhd nudc vd xa hpi vdn chua dupc thi hipn thyc
sy ro rdng D I khdc phyc bit egp ndy vd hoan thidn tu tudng NNPQ XHCN Vipt Nam
vl sy thupng tdn phdp ludt, can siia ddi Hien phdp nam 2013 theo hudng, quy dinh rd phdp lugt giii vj tri thuang tdn trong ddi song Nha nudc vd xa hpi, mpi ca quan nha nudc pbdi tuyet ddi tudn thu phdp lugt va hogt ddng theo quy dinh cua phdp ludt Ben canh
dd, Hien phap can quy djnh yeu cdu ddi vdi phdp luat trong NNPQ XHCN Dd Id yeu cdu vl tinh rd rang, de hieu, de tiep can ddi vdi ngudi dan •