Bdi vay, vice tinh toan, quan ly ngudn phat dial khi nha kinh td cac hoat dpng san xuat ndng nghiep cd vai tro quan trpng trong \1ee xac dinh co cau phat thai va de xuat cac bien phap gi
Trang 1NGHIEN CCfU-TRAOBOI
MOT SO VAN DE PHAP LUAT
VE QUAN LY PHAT THAI KHi NHA KINH
PGS.TS Li;u NGOC TOTAM"
T O M T A T
Phdp ludt moi trudng ve iing pho bien ddi khi hdu ndi chung vd giam phdt thdi klii nhd kinh fioi rieng a Viet Nam con thieu mot chuong trinh thuc hien cu the, chi tiet Phdn ldn cdc muc tieu,
ke hoach ddt ra trong Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve dng phd vdi bien doi khi hau, Bedn gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh mdi chi ditng lai a viec khdi quat hda, chi ra tdm nhim giai quyet nhdng vdn detren trong tuang lai chd chua di vdo chi tiet hda phuang thuc dedqt cdc muc tieu dd Cd the thdy, hiengidchungtadangcd mot "do tuangxanh" chu khdng phdi "cdeh mang xanh" bdi chung ta thieu cdc bien phdp ddi phdcohe thdng cdc tieu chudn sd dung nhien lieu, nguyen tdc dao diic trong vdn debao vemoi trudng Muon he thong phdp ludt khd thi, hieu qud, chdt cha, trudc het cdn phdi xdc dinh ro tu tuang vd ke hoach chi tiet, cu the trong vdn di itng phd bien doi khi hdu, gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh Ddy Id mot cuoc chien Idu ddi, cdn cd thdi gian vd phuong phdp dung ddn mdi cd the dem lai ket qud cao
Til khoa: phdp ludt moi trudng img phd bien ddi khi hdu; gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh
HOi nghi ve Bien doi khi hau ciia
Lien Hiep qudc dien ra trong nam
2015,COP21 hoac CMPll dugc to chtrcoParis,
PiiaptirngaySOthang 11 den 12 thang 12 nam
2015.''' Hgi nghi bao g6m cac ptiien hgp cua
H8i nghi lan thil 21 cac Ben tham gia Cong ude
khung ciia Lien Hiep qudc ve bien ddi klii hau
(COP 21), Hdi nghi lan thtt 11 cac Ben tham gia
Nghi djnh thu Kyoto (CMP 11), Khda hop thil
43 Ban bo trg ve tu van khoa hgc va cong nglie
(SBSTA 43), Khda hgp thil 43 Ban bo trg ve thuc
ten (SBI43), Khda hgp lan thd hai Nhdm cdng
'' l*h6 tmdng Khoa Luat - Hoc vien Can bo Thanh pha
Ho Chi Mmh
Wikipedia: "Hoi nghi Lien Hi|p quflc ve Biin doi IChi
^ \ tir website; https;//vi.wilcipedia.org/wiki/Hpi_nghi_
Lien_Hiep_Qu6c v^ Biln dfii Khi hau 2015, truy cap ngay
tacdacbietvethucdayDidndan Durban-phan
12 (ADP2.12)
Xhan thilc ngay nay chu yeu clii ra ring hanh tinh cua chung ta dang cd xu hudng ndng len
-d mile -do cao han tu nluen th-dng thu-dng - chii yen la do con ngudi hoat ddng san xuat quy md ldn Ben canh su tae ddng ciia tu nhien thi con ngudi la yen td tae ddng chu yeu Lugng phat thai cacbon vii cac khi thai gay hieu Ung nha kinh khac tir ™c ddt nhien lieu hda thach nhu than da, dau md, til chay timg, chiin nudi gia sue quy md Idn, ndng nghiep vii cdng nghiep deu tang rat nhanh Do dg khi van de ilng phd vdi bien ddi kill hau da khdng cdn Iii van de ciia rieng ai, rieng qudc gia nao dii riec quan ly phat dial khi nhil kinh cCuig dugc nhin nhan dudi gdc do nghiem tuc vii toan dien ban
Trang 2I Ihirc trang cac quy dinh phap luat ve
giam phat thai khi nha kinh trong mot sd
hnh \yic cu the
Bien ddi khi hau Idiong phai la trach nhiem
cua neng mot ca nhan hay mpt td ehiie nao
ma nd la trach nhiem ciia toan the cong ddng
dan cu, khong chi trong pham vl mot qudc gia
ma la trach nliiem cua cong dan toan cau Luat
Bao v6 Moi trudng (BVMT) nam 2014 quy dinh
kliai quat ve nghia vu ciia cae td chiie, ea nhan,
CO quan nha nude trong img phd vdi bien ddi
kill hau Tuy nhien, cac quy dinh phap luat ve
giam ph;it thai khi nha kinh hien nay trong he
thdng phap luat moi trudng Viet Nam con rat
it va tan man Do chua cd dinh nghia cu the ve
thuat ngu: "khi nhd kinh"va "gidm phdt thdi khi
nhd kinh" nen cac quy dinh mdi chi dimg lai d
mdc dp khai quat quy dinh chung ve quyen va
nghia vu ciia cac chu the th^ hien trong cac linh
vuc B\'MT ndi chung va eae linh vuc cu the niiu
ndng nghiep, cong nghiep, nang luong, giao
thong van tai,
I.l Trong linh vuc nong nghiep
Hoat ddng san xuctt ndng nghiep la mpt trong
nhdng nganh chiu anh hudng nang ne nhat tir
bien ddi klii hau nhung ddng thdi cung la nganh
gay phat thai khi nha kinh lam gia tang su ndng
len toan eau Tai Hpi tliao Si/dimghieu qud phe
phu phdm nong nghiep decdi thien do phi cua
ddt, tdng ndng sudt cdy tiong vd gidm phdt thdi
khi nhd kinh do Vien Moi trudng Ndng nghiep
(Vien Khoa hpc Ndng nghiep \'iet Xam) phdi
hpp vdi Dai sd quan Vuong qudc Anh ddng td
chdc ngay 29 thang 02 nam 2015 tai Ha Noi'^'
da dat ra nhieu van de quan trpng lien quan tdi
van de san sinh khi nha kinh trong boat dpng
san xuat ndng nghiep Tlieo dd, lupng phat
thai tit hoat dpng ndng nghiep mdi nam tuong
duong 65 trieu tan C02, chiem tren 43% tdng
krpng khi nha kinh cua ca nude; trong do ngudn
phat thai chu yeu la tir canh tae lua nude, ddt
phe phu pham ndng nghiep va chat diai chan nuoi DU bao den nam 2030, lupng khi thai nay
se tiep tuc tang len gan 30% Cd thd Uiay, canh tae Ida, len men da ed cua gia sue nhai lai, su dung dat ndng nghiep, quan ly chan nudi, dot phe phu pham ndng nghiep la nhimg ngudn phat tliai khi nha kinh ldn it ai biet r&ng khi
thai td vat nudi chda rat nhidu methanS'^\ Cung
nliu C02, khi nay kliong mau va khdng mul
Methane la mot trong nhung loai klii nha b'nh
ma klii da bi phat thai vao bau klii quyen, nd eung hap thu bde xa nhiet td be mflt trai dat va kha nang gid nhiet cua nd cao gap 21 lan C02 -loai khi nha kinh cd nhieu nhat Theo Co quan
Bao ve Mdi uardng My (EPA), methane dupe coi
la mpt trong nhung ngudn klii nha kinh chinh tren toan cau Bdi vay, vice tinh toan, quan ly ngudn phat dial khi nha kinh td cac hoat dpng san xuat ndng nghiep cd vai tro quan trpng trong \1ee xac dinh co cau phat thai va de xuat cac bien phap giam phat thai klii nha kinh Nhan thdc dupe tam quan trpng cua \aec quan ly ngudn phat thai khi nha kinh trong san xuat ndng nghiep, ngay 16 thang 12 nam 2011,
Bp Ndng nghiep va Phat trien Ndng thdn da ban hanh Quyet djnh sd 3119/QD-BNN-KHCN phe
duyet De dn gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh trong nong nghiep, nong thon den ndm 2020 llieo dd,
cac boat ddng giam phat thai klii nha kinh trong nong nghiep, ben canh \iec dap ung dupe cac yeu cau chung trong quan ly phat thai khi nha kinh ndi chung, cdn phai dap Ung dupe cac muc deu cu the nhu: bao djim an ninh luong thuc; cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda ndng nghiep, ndng didn; klidng lam xao trdn cac hoeit dpng san xuat ndng nghiep, Giam phat thai khi nha kinh nong ndng ngliigp phai hudng tdi muc tieu thuc day phat tnen san xuat ndng nghiep xanh theo hudng an toan, it phat thai, phat trlfo ben vimg, dam bao an ninh luong thuc qudc gia, gdp phan giam ngheo va dng phd ed bleu qua
'-' Bao Ddi Viet: •"43% khi thai nha kinh tir hoat dong nong
nghiep"; tii website:
http://khoahoc.tv/43-khi-nha-kinh-tu-hoat-dotig-nong-iighiep-38129, truy cap ngay 20/5/2019
'•"Thomas L Friedman: Nong phdng, chat ~ Tgi x, cdn each mang xanh vd tam ihS ndo chiing la iha-^ d6i duae e gtai
Trang 3vdi bien doi khi hau Den nam 2020, Viet Nam
cam ket giam phat thai 20% lugng khi nha kinh
nong ndng nghiep, ndng thdn (18,87 trieu tan
C02); dong thdi dam bao muc tieu tang trudng
nganh va giam ty le ddi ngheo De an ciing chi rd
nhiem vu cua timg llnh vuc san xuat cu the nhu
trong trot, chan nudi, lam nghiep, thuy san, thuy
loid^ hudng tdi muc tieu cat giam lugng phat
thai khi nha kinh De thuc hien muc deu nay, cd
the ap dung ket hgp nhieu bien phap khac nhau
nhu sit dung nhttng tien bg cua khoa hgc cdng
nghe trong nghien cdu, lai tao ra cac phuang
thilc san xuat mdi, gidng, loai mdi cd nang suiit
cao hon, than thien vdi mdi trudng hon; hoan
thien v^ eg che, chinh saeh va td chdc quan ly,
dao tao ngudn nhiin luc, tuyen truyen nang cao
nhan thilc cua cdng dong, tranh thit su hd trg vii
dau tu ciia cdng dong qudc te
1.2 Trong linh vuc cdng nghiep
Tit cudi die ky 18, cudc each mang cdng
nghiep da diSn ra tai Anh Luc nay sde ngudi,
siic ngita, sde nude da dugc thay the hoac hd
tro bang may mdc Ve co ban, day lit cudc each
mang trong sit dung nang lugng, lam cho than
da, dau md va khi tu nhien - nhiing nhien lieu
ma trong vai nam trd lai day dugc ggi la "nhien
lieu cua dia nguc" trd nen dac biet quan trgng
Nhiing loai nhien lieu nay cd trong Idng diit, se
bican kiet, lai cdn phat thai khi C02 vii cac chat
gay 0 nhiim khac khi hi ddt chay de phuc vu
cho van tai, sudi am va dung trong cdng nghiep
Chiing ddi lap hoan toiin vdi "nhien lieu cita
thiin dudng" - Iii sUc gid, sde nude, niing lugng,
thiiy trieu, nang lugng sinh khdi va nang lugng
mat trdi Bdi vay, giam phat thai khi nha kinh
trong hnh vuc cdng nghiep thuc chiit Iii xay
dung mot nen cdng nghiep xanh than thien vdi
moi tradng bao gom 4 nhdm van de chinh la:
cac san pham xanh, nang lugng mdi vii tai tao
(phat dial C02 diap), dich vu xanh, mdi trudng
benvOtng
Theo quy dinh tai Phu luc III Danh muc hiing
to, dich vu kinh doanhcddieukienbanhiinh
12 thang 6 nam 2006 quy dinh chi tiet Luat Thuang mai nam 2005 ve hang hda, dich vu ciim kinh doanh, ban chi^' kinh doanh va kinh doanh cd dieu kien thi xang dau vii cac laai khi ddt thudc Danh muc hang hda, dich \ai kinh doanh cd didu kien Ben canh dd, phap luat mdi trudng cdn quy dinh cu the ve trach nliiem cua cac td chue, ca nhan trong boat dgng san xuiit,
kmh doanh, dich vu ndi chung quy dinh tai
Dieu 35 va trach nhiem trong timg boat ddng san xuiit, kinh doanli, dich vu cu thi^ quy dinh
td Dieu 36 den Dieu 49 Luat EX'^IT nam 2014 Tuy nhien, phap luat ve giam phat thai khi nha kinh trong llnh \'Uc cdng nghiep van cdn mot sd ban che sau day:
Thd nhdt, nhin chung, cac quy dinh giam
phat thai khi nlia kinh trong linh vuc cdng nghiep cdn thiii'u cu the
Jhii hai phap luat mdi trudng mdi chi ddng
lai d wee quy dmh chung vS trach nhiem phdng ngda d nhidm mdi trudng, tuiln thu quy chuan
ky diuat mdi trudng ma chua cd cac quy dinli nhiim han che, ngbidm cam sd dung cac nguyen, vat Heu san xuat cac loai hang hda gay anh hudng den mdi trudng khdng khi, liim gia tang ham lugng khi diai gay hieu dng nha kinh
Thd ba, cac loai nguyen lieu hi cam sd dung
trong san xuat, kinh doanh {nhu cam sd dung xang pha chi, cam sd dung amiang trong san xuat vat heu xay dung ) cdn quy dinh rai rac trong nhieu vdn ban phap luat khac nhau, gay khd klian cho cac chu the nrong liec man did phap luat
1.3 Trong linh vuc ndng luang
Trudc day, td nhung ngay dau den cua cudc Cach mang cdng nghiep cho den cudi the k>'
20, phan Idn chung ta deu sdng trong ao tudng lac quan rang cac loai nhien heu hda thach ma chung ta dang sd dung phuc MJ may mdc CO khi, giao thdng, sudi am, san xuat cdng nghiep, san xuat dien nang deu khdng bao gid can kiet, re tien va ididng tae ddng den khi hau Tuy nhien,
ky nguyen nang lugng - khi ban"' da cho chung
Trang 4ta thay dieu nguoc lai Nhien lieu hda thach
tat yeu se can kiet, ngay cang dSt hon, va anh
hudng ngliiem trpng den he thdng khi hau
Trong rat nhieu cac loai nang luong da va
dang duge sd dung ben nay, tat yeu phai ndi
tdi loai nang lugng pho bien nhat, can thiet
nhat - dien nang Day duge xem nliu la loai
nang luong mang y nghia sdng cdn, quyet dinh
tdi \iec duy tri, phat trien cua ca mot nen kinh
te va hoat ddng sinh hoat binh thudng eua eon
ngudi Bdi vay tiet kiem dien nang diroc xem
nliu mot chinh saeh quan trgng trong tien trinh
phat trien kinh te xa hdi
Dd cung la tinh than eua Luat Dien lire nam
2004 thdng qua cae quy dinh ve "dp dung tien
bd vd khoa hpc cong nghe trong hoat dong dien
luc vd su dung dien nhdm tiet kiem, ndng cao
hieu qud sit dung cdc nguon ndng lupng bdo ve
moi truimgsinh thai" (Khoan 3 Dieu 4) Dong
thdi, Luat Dien luc nam 2004 cung day manh
viec "khai thdc vd sd dung cdc nguon ndng
lupng mdi, ndng lupng tdi tao de tiet kiem dien"
(Khoan 4 Dieu 4) Ben canh dd, viec sd dung
nSng lugng tiet kiem, hieu qua eung dugc quy
dinh cu the trong Luat sd dung nang lugng
tiet kiem va hieu qua nam 2010, Nghj dinh
102/2003/ND-CP ngay 03 thang 9 nam 2003 ve
sd dung nang lugng tiet kiem va bleu qua
Mat kliae, phap luat eung rat chd trgng tdi
viec "xdy dung vd dua nhd mdy dien hat nhdn
ddu tien vdo van hdnh an todn khai thdc hieu
qud Dong thoi xdy dung ha tdng co so vdng
chdc cho chuong trinh ddi han ve phdt trien dien
hat nhdn, timg buPc ndng ti le dien hat nhdn dat
mile cdn bdng trong tong sdn lupng dien ndng
quoc gia (khodng 11% vdo ndm 2025 vd
25-30% vdo ndm 2040 - 2050)" (theo Quyet dinh
sd OI/2006/QD-TTg cua lliu tudng Chinh phu
ngay 03 thang 01 nam 2006 ve viec ban hdnh
Chien lupc img dung ndng lupng nguyen td vi
muc dich hoa binh) nham hudng tdi mue tieu
ap dung hieu qua cac bien phap quan ly va ky
can each mang xanh vd Idm the ndo chimg la thay doi dicac
thuat nham giam ton that, giam mdc tieu thu nang luong cua phuong tien, thiel bi ma van dam bao nhu cau, mue deu dat ra ddi vdi qu^
trinh Siin xuat vk ddi sdng
Tuy nhien, phap luat ve giam phat thai khi nha kinh trong linh vuc nang lugng vSn cdn mgt sd ban che sau day:
Thd nhdt trir cac quy dinh tiet kiem dien
trong tru sd eua cac co quan nha nudc, chieu sang cdng cong la mang tinh bat bude, cae quy dinh kliac ve tiet kiem dien nang mdi chi dimg lai d mdc kliuyen khich
Thd hai, phap luat mdi trudng cdn thieu vang
cac quy ehuan ve tieu thu nang lugng ddi vol eae loai thiet bi (cdng suat tdi da hoac hieu suat
sd dung nang lugng)
Thd ha, cac quy dinh ve sd dung tiet kiem
nang lugng hien nay mdi chi duge nhin nhan
va danh gia dudi gdc do kinh td ma chua coi trgng dung mdc nhdng tae dgng cua nd tdi mdi trudng ndi chung va van de giam phat dial khi nha kinh ndi rieng
Thutu, eae quy dlnhve khai thae, sddung cac
loai nang lugng khac nhu than da, dau md ciing chi mdi dung lai d mdc la khai thae, sd dung hgp
ly va tiet kiem ma chua cd cac quy dinh mang tinh ki diuat nhu hieu suat khai diac, dinh mdc
ki diuat eua cae thiet bj tieu thu nhdm trien khai chinh saeh tiet kiem nang lugng trong boat dong khai thae, sd dung than da, dau md
1.4 Trong llnh vuc giao thong van tdi
Trong thdi ky cdng nghiep phat tnen manh
me nhu hien nay, giao thdng van tai da va dang ddng gdp rat quan trgng cho nen kinh le qudc dan va phuc vu bleu qua cho cudc sdng cua con ngudi Tuy nhien, day cung la mdt trong nhung ngudn chu yeu gay phat thai khi nha kinli Luat
Giao thdng dudng bg nam 2001 quy dmh: "Nhd nuPc CO chinh sdch uu tien phdt trien van tdi hdnh khach congcpng han che su dung phuang tien giao thong cd nhdn 6 cdc thdnh pho ldn"
(Khoan 2 Dieu 5) Cu th^ hda quy dinh nay, Dieu 41 Luat BV.MT nSm 2014 da quy dinh cu
Trang 5linh vuc giao thdng van tai nhu dam bao cac
tieu chuan ve khi thai va phai dugc co quan
dang kiem kiem tra, xac nhan mdi dugc dua vao
sii dung; ttong qua trinh van chuyen phai dam
bao cac thiet hi che chan khdng de rai vai gay
0 nhilm mdi trudng Luat Hang khdng dan
dung Vift Nam nam 2006 quy dinh: "Tdu bay
khi khai thdc phdi tudn thu cdc yeu cdu vebdo
ve moi trudng ddi vdi tdu bay vd dong ca bay;
viec khai thdc tdu bay, cdng hdng khong sdn
bay phdi ddp dng quy ehuan ki thuat ve tieng
m, khi thdi vd cdc quy chudn khdc ve bdo vemoi
tmdng (Dieu 26, Dieu 54)
1.5 Phap ludt ve quan ly hoat dong kinh
doanh tin chi cacbon
Su ra ddi cua Nghi dinh thu Kyoto nam 1997
vdi cam ket cat giam 5% lugng khi nha kinh (so
vdi mdc cua nam 1990) trong vdng 5 nam, td
2008 den nam 2012 cda 37 nudc cdng nghiep
phat Men va Cdng ddng chau Au (EC) da tao
dieu kien cho su hinh thanh va phat trien cua
mpt loai dli trudng dac biet - thi trudng budn
ban quyen phat thai
Khi C02 la khi do cac nganh cdng nghiep thai
ra va chiem chu yeu trong bdn loai klii gay liidu
img nha kinh, bdi vay td iau ngudi ta van quen
goi day la thi trudng cacbon Tren thi trudng
cacbon, viec mua ban cacbon hay chinh xac
hon la viec mua ban quyen phat thai khi C02
se dugc diuc bidn didng qua tin dung cacbon
M6i cdng ty gay d nhidm se cd mdt ban mdc
thai C02 nhat dinh md neu mudn vugt qua
han miic dd can phai bd den ra mua them ban
miic, gpi la tin dung cacbon Tin dung cacbon
cd dugc td viec thdng qua dau tu mdt sd du an
gdp phan lam giam phat thai cacbon hoac mua
lai til cac cdng ty khac Do dd, C02 trd thanh
mot loai hang hda dugc dem ra mua ban tren
dli tradng va gia ca cua nd se do thi trudng dieu
net
Hoat dong cua dii trudng cacbon dugc hd trg
Wl ba CO che chinli theo Nghi dinh thu Kyoto
bao gom: co che budn ban quyen phat thai,
diuc hien (Jl) Trong Ke hoach hdnh ddng Bali dugc thdng qua tai Cudc thao luan lan thd 13 giua cac bdn ddi vdi Cdng ude kliung cua Lidn Hgp qudc ve bien ddi khi ban (C0P13) thang
12 nam 2007, mdt CO che mdi da dugc bd sung nham nhan manh vai trd cua rung ddi vdi bien doi klii hau Dd la co che' giam phat thai do mat rimg va suy thoai rdng (REDD) Thdng qua ca che nay, cdc nudc phat trien vdi han ngach phat thai klii rat tha'p se phai tim each dau tu nhung
du an gdp phan liim giam phat thai khi C02 va
se uu den thuc hien tai cac nudc dang phat trien bdi chi phi thuc hien thap
Tai \'iet Xam, van de nay da bude dau dugc tiep can trong he thdng phap luat mdi trudng Luat BVMT nam 2014 da quy dmh mdt trong nhdng ndi dung c^uan trgng trong quan ly phat
thai kill nha kinh la "hinh thdnh vd phdt trien thi tiudng tin chi cacbon trong nudc vd tham gia thi ti-udng tin chi cacbon the gidi" (Diem d Klioan
1 Dieu 41) Ben canh dd, tai Diem c Khoan 1
Dieu 41 Luat Bao ve Mdi trudng 2014 cung nhan manh viec "qudn ly ben vdng tdi nguyen rimg bdo ton ud ndng cao trd lugng cacbon rimg bdo v$ vd phdt trien ede he sinh thdi" De
cu the hda van de quyen cacbon lien quan tdi tai nguyen rdng, Nghi dmh 99/2010/XD CP
ngay 24 thang 9 ndm 2010 re chi trd dich vu mdi trudng rimg da dugc ban hiinli nhiim quy
dinli cu die ve quyen cua chd sd hdu, cda ngudi dugc giao hoac cho thue rimg trong van de thu hudng quyen cacbon Mat kliac, Quyet dinh
sd 1775/QD-TTg ngay 21 diang 11 nam 2012 cdng da clii rd nhung muc deu, ndi dung cu the trong van de quan ly cac boat ddng kinh doanh tin chi cacbon ra thi trudng the gidi Theo dd, boat dgng nay dugc thuc hien den nam 2020,
ap dung ddi vdi cac co quan, td chdc, ca nhan
va doanh nghiep tham gia boat ddng tuvan xay dung, thuc hien cac du an va kinh doanh tin chi cacbon diu dugc td cac boat ddng giam nhe phat thai va tdng klia nang hap thu khi nha kinh
d \'iC't Nam
Trang 62 Mpt sd de xuat
2.1 Bo sung, dieu chinh vd hoan thien he
thdng vdn bdn quy pham phdp htat
Xuat phat td nhdng han che ve quy dinli
phap luat da uinh bay d tren, trong thdi gian
tdi Nha nudc can ra soat, dieu chinh va bo sung
he thdng van ban quy pham phap luat; co che,
cliinh saeh phuc vu edng tae quan ly nha nude
ve quan ly phat thai klii nlia kinh va quan ly
cac hoat ddng kinli doanh tin chi cacbon ra thj
trudng the gidi phd hgp vdi dnh hinh phat trien
qua timg didi ky Cu the nhu sau:
Thu nhdt, xdc dinh ro cdc muc tieu, each thdc
thuc hien dng pho bien doi khi hdu noi chung
vd gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh nPi rieng chi tiet,
cu the; the hien chi tiet trong he thdng phdp ludt
moi truPng
Can phai nhan thdc rang, phap luat mdi
trudng ve dng phd bien ddi klii hau ndi chung
va giam phat thai khi nha kinh ndi rieng edn
thieu mot chuong ti inh thuc hien cu the, ehi tiet
Phan Idn cac muc tieu, ke hoach dat ra trong
Chuong trinh muc tieu qudc gia ve dng pho vPi
bien doi khi hdu, De dn gidm phdt thdi khi nhd
kinh mdi chi ddng lai d viec khai quat hda, chi
ra tam nhin giai quyet nhung van de tren trong
tuong lai chd chua dl vao chi tiet hda phuong
thdc de dat eae mue tieu dd Cd the thay, hien
gid chdng ta dang ed mdt "do tuong xanh" chis
khdng phai "each mang xanh" bdi chung ta
thieu ede bi6n phap ddi phd cd he thdng, cac
tieu ehuan sd dung nhien lieu, nguyen tae dao
ddc trong van de bao ve mdi trudng Bdi vay,
mue tieu dat ra rat hao hi'rngva "xfl/7/7;'nhung lai
thieu cac phuong tien huu hieu de di den "mau
xanh" dd Bdi vay, de he thdng phap luat kha thi,
hieu qua, chat che, tmdc het can phai xac djnh
rd tu tudng va ke hoach chi tiet, cu the trong van
de dng phd bien doi klii hau, giam phat thai klii
nlia kinh bdi day la mdt eugc cliidn Iau dai, can
cd thdi gian va phuong phap ddng dan mdi cd
the dem lai ket qua cao
Ihd hai, bd sung mpt so quy dinh phdp luat cu
the trong gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh
- Bd sung khai niem "bien ddi khi hdu': "gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh: "qudn ly phdt thdi khi nhd kinh" vao he didng phap luat mdi trudng
Viet Nam nham tao each hieu ddng bg va thdng nhat trong he didng phap luat Hien nay, Luat Bao ve Mdi trudng nam 2014 mdi chi quy dinh
kliai niem "khi nhd kinh"va "dng pho bien doi khi hdu: Cac khai niem nay da tuong ddi dong
nhat vdi each hieu va quan diem cua qudc te ve viin de nay Do dd, de ndi luat hda sau rpng hon, tao dieu kien tiiUc thi cac cam ket qudc te cd hieu qua can chi tiet hda cae khai niem tren de tao each hieu didng nhat edng nhu lam rd dupe tinh chat, phuong thdc cua hoat dgng quan ly phat thai Uii nha kinh
- Ban hanh cac quy chuan ky thuat mdi trudng \'e nang suat, lileu suat sd dung nang lupng cua cac diiet bi, cdng cu, phuong tien san xuai phu hgp vdi nganh nghe, linh virc san xuat nham kiem soat dupe lupng khi nlia kinh thai
ra mdi trudng Khi dd viec giu C02 6 mdc on dinli khi thai ra mdi trudng se dupe col la nghia
vu biit huge ddi vdi cac td chdc va ca nhan thirc hien hoat dgng san xuat kinh doanh lam phat sinh khi thai
- Can quy dinh sd dung tiet kiSm nang lugng ndi chung, bao gom ca sd dung nang lugng tai cac dia diem cdng cdng, trudng hpe, benh vien,
CO quan \'a su dung nang lupng ca nhan tai cac
hd gia dinh la nghia vu bat bude ddi vdi cac td chdc, ca nhan, hg gia dinh Ddng thdi quy dinli ro ve chinh saeh ho trg, uu dai cua Nha nudc ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep tiiitc hien tdt che do tiet kiem nang lugng, co che hd trp dau
tu day chuyen san xuat xanh, saeh, hd trg qua trinh san xuat va tieu thu san pham than thien vdi mdi trudng
- Can bd sung quy dinh ve kiem soat viec xa thai ddi vdi phuong tien giao thdng la xe may bdi hien nay day la loai phuong tien giao thdng pho bien nhat d Viet Nam - ddng nghia vdi viec la ngudn phat thai khi nha kinh ldn CJ Singapore,
eo che giam sal \iee dial khi eua xe may se dupe
Trang 7kiem tra dot xuat cua canh sat giao thdng Chu
phuong tl$n djnh ki 1 nam/lan se mang phuong
nen cua minh den co quan cd tham quyen de
ihuc hien cudc kiem tra Neu dat tieu ehuan thi
se duoc dan tern chiing nhan Mat khae trong
qua trinh luu thdng, chu phuang tien ciing cd
the bi yeu cau dung xe kiem tra dot xuat ve luu
luong xa thai cua phuong tien N^u khdng dat
mite quy chu^n theo quy djnh cd the b j dp dung
cac hinh thdc xd phat tuong dng Day cdng la
phuong thdc ma Viet Nam cd the tham khao va
2.2 Tdng cUdng ddu tU tdi chinh phuc vu
dto hoqtdonggidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh
Tren the gidi hien nay, cac cdng cu tai chinh
duoc sir dung trong van de dng phd bien ddi
khi hau noi chung va giam phat thai khi nha
kinh bao gom: co che dua tren thj trudng de
giam belt chi phi cho bien doi khi hau va tao
cac CO hpi khuyen khich cac nguon vien trg, cac
khoan vay uu dai, cac khuydn khich tai chinh
(uu dai thue, tin dung xuat khau, giai thudng,
hiep dinh thuong mai va cdng nghe ) Trong
thcil gian qua, cac quy hd trg cho bien ddi khi
hau nhu Quy Giam thieu do GEF tai trg, Quy
Thich dng (AF), Quy Dau tu khi hau (GIF) Quy
Cong nghe saeh (CTF), Quy Khi hau chien luge
(SCF) dang phat huy tae dung lich cue giup cac
nu6c dng phd vdi bien ddi khi hau 6 Viet Nam,
nguon tai chinh eho dng phd vdi bien ddi khi
hau, trong do ed giam phat thai khi nha kinh
dupe khai thae chu yeu td cac nguon ngan saeh,
cac khoan vay hd trp cua Chinh phu, cac du an
va cac chuong trinh vien trp DDA, nghien cdu,
hS trg ky thuat va cac quy toan cau
De CO die huy dgng hieu qua nhat cac ngudn
lai chinh cho bien ddi khi hau can tao ra cae
nguon tai chinh mdi cho thich dng va giam nhe
nhu cac loai thue danh vao chi phi cacbon, time
danh vao hoat dgng phat thai td phuang tien
giao thong v$n tai, ban dau gia cac don vi phat
th^i dugc cong bd Ben canh dd, can tang quy
mo va hieu qua cua thj trudng cacbon, tao ra
khi nha kinh tu nd lue giam mat rdng va suy thoai rdng Ngoai ra ed die tan dung cac ngudn tai chinh tu nhan eho viec thich dng nham khuyen khich khu \'uc tu nhan, tan dung ngudn vdn tu nhan cho mot sd du an eu the Tuy nhien, can dam bao tinli minli bach, hieu qua va binh dang trong viec sd dung vdn
2.3 Tich cue trien khai nghien cihi vd dng dung khoa hoc cdng nghe trong gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh
Ong dung klioa hgc cdng nghe da trd thanh mot ndi dung khong the thieu dupe de cap tdi trong eae chuong trinh, chien luge, ke hoach hanh ddng dng phd vdi bien ddi khi hau, giam phat thai khi nha kinh d \'iet Nam trong thdi gian gan day bdi nhung hieu qua nhanh chdng
va triet de ma nd dem lai Dau tu eho khoa hgc edng nghe trong giam phat thai khi nha kinh la mdt viec lam trgng tam trong Ky nguyen ndng
- phang - chat, khi nhiJng van de dan sd, tai nguyen thien nhien va bidn ddi khi hau da ngay cang trd nen cap bach hon bao gid het Mdi day nhat theo thdng dn dang tai tren td Tap chi Nature cua Anh, cae nha khoa hgc cua My, Thuy Dien va Trung Qudc da nghien edu thanh edng gidng Ida giau tinh bdt nhung thai ra it khi methane ban.*'' Day dugc col la mot bude dot pha ldn Irong linh vuc san xuat ndng nghiep nham giam phat thai khi nha kinh khi mdi nam cac canh ddng Ida thudng thai trung binh tU 25 trieu den 100 trieu tan khi nay
2.4 Phdt triin nguon nhdn luc; ndng cao trinh do hieu biet, ndng luc qudn ly cda cdn
bp nhd nudc
Trudc het, can chd trgng edng tae khao sat, danh gia thuc trang nguon nhan lire trong linh vuc quan ly nha nudc ve quan ly phat thai khi nha kinh va cac boat dgng kinh doanh tin chi cacbon Mat khac, can nang cao kien thdc cho cac nha hoach dinh chinh saeh, cae can bd ve
'^' Thong lln xa Viel Nam: "Cac nha khoa hoc nghien ciru thanh cong giflng lua it phat thai khi metan"; tir website
Trang 8http://khoa-viec quan ly phat thai klii nhii kinh va cac boat
ddng kinh doanh dn cbl cacbon Ngoai ra, can
td chitc cac klida dao tm, tap huan, bdi dirdng
kien thiic cho cac co quan, td chdc, doanh
nghiep trong viec thuc hien cdc boat ddng giam
phat thai va tang kha nang hap thu khi nha kinh
cua cac boat ddng kinh doanh tin chi cacbon
2.5 Ndng cao cong tdc tuyen truyen, gido
due y thicc cong dong ve gidm phdt thdi khi
nha kinh
Bien phap giao due trong BX/MT dugc thuc
hien thdng qua hai phuang thdc: gido due hue
tiep vii gido ducgidn tiep 6 hinh thdc gido due
hue tiep, can dua l a n de dng phd bien ddi klii
hau ndi chung, trong dd cd giam phat thai khi
nlia kinh vao trong cac chuong trinh hgc td cap
thap tdi cap cao; thuc hien da dang hda, tidp can
theo nhieu each dldc cac chuong trinh, boat
ddng ve giam phat thai klii nhd kinh \ di hinh
thdc gido due gidn tiep, can to chdc cac boat
ddng mang tinh xa hgi, tap die ve giam phat
thai klii nha kinh, tien hanh cac cudc dieu tra
xa hdi, didn dim nhiim khao sat y kieii cua cdng
ddng, tdng hgp va tham khao nhttng sang tao
trong cdng tdc quan ly phat thai klii nha kinh
TAI LIEU THAM K H A O
1 'Ibomas L Fnedman: Ndng phdng chdt
-Tqi saa the gidi cdn cdeh mang xanh vd ldm the
ndo ehiing ta thay ddi dugc tuang lai, Nxb Tre,
Ha Ndi 2009
2 Luat Bao ve Mdi trudng 2014
3 Luat Bien ndng 2004
4 Nghi dinh sd 59/2006/ND-CP ngay 12
thang 6 nam 2006 quy dinh chi tiet Luat
Thuang mai n a m 2005 ve himg hda, dich vu
cam kinh doanh, ban chi: kinh doanh va kinh
doanh cd dieu kien thi xang dau va cac loai klii
ddt thudc Danh muc hdng hda, dich vu kmh
doanh cd dieu kien
5 Nghi dinh 102/2003/ND-CP ngay 03 thang
9 nam 2003 ve sd dung nang lugng tiet kiem va hieu qua
6 Nghl dinh 99/2010/ND-CP ngiiy 24 thang
9 nam 2010 \ e chi trii djch \ai mdi trudng rdng
7 Quyet dinh sd 01/2006/QD-TTg cua Thu tudng Chinli phu ngay 03 diang 01 n a m 2006
ve viec ban hanh Chien luge Ung dung ndng lugng nguyen t d \ i muc dich hda binh
8 Quyet dinh sd 1775/QD-TTg cua Thu titdng Chinh phu ngay ngiiy 21 thang 11 n a m
2012 ve phe duyet De an quan ly phat thai khi gay hieu img nha kinh; quan ly cac boat ddng kmh doanh tin chi cacbon ra thi trudng the gidi
9 Bd Ndng nghiep va Phat tndn Ndng thdn:
Quyit dinh so 3119/QB-BNN-KHCN phe duyet
De dn gidm phdt thdi khi nhd kinh trong ndng nghiep nong thdn ddn ndm 2020 ngdy 16 thdng
12 ndm 2011
10 Cdng ude khung cda Lien Hiep qudc ve bien ddi khi hau
11 Nghi dinh thu Kyoto nam 1997 ve giam phat thai khi nha kinh
12 Ke hoach hanh ddng Bali (C0P13) thang 12/2007
13 Wikipedia: "Hgi nghi Lien Hiep qudc
ve Bien ddi Khi hSu"; td website: https:// vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Idi_nghi_Lien_Hiep_ Qudc_ve_Bien_ddi_Khi_hau_2015, truy cdp ngay20/5/2019
14 Bdo Ddt Viet "43% khi diai nha kinh td
boat ddng ndng nghiep"; td website: http:// khoahoc.tv/43-khi-nha-kinh-tu-hoat-dong-nong-nghiep-38129, truy cap ngay 20/5/2019 1.5 Ibdng tan xa Viet Nam: 'Cac nha khoa hgc nghien cuu thanh cdng gidng Ida it phat thai klii metan"; td website: http://khoahoc.tv/ cac-nha-khoa-hoc-nghien-cuu-tbanh-cong-giong-lua-it-phat-thai-khi-metan-64962, truy c9p ngay 20/5/2019