Dat v a n d e : ngfldi hi buoc tdi, ma thdm chi hp khong Trong quan he to' tung hinh sfl thi dfldc hfldng quyen cd ngfldi bao chiia didm g, ngfldi bi bupc tdi la nhdm ngfldi yeu the khoa
Trang 1MOT SO Y KIEN VE QUY DINH CUA BO LUAT
TO TUNG HINH SU* N A M 2015 DOI V 6 l NGI/dl BI GIU* TRONG TRUdNG HCJP KHAN CAP THEO QUAN DIEM
BAO VE QUYEN CON NGlTOl
HUYNH THI NGOC HAN''*
Tom tat Phap luat to tung hinh sg Viet Nam nhan dinh ngudi hi buoc toi M nhdm ngiidi yeu the cin difOc bao dam v^ bao ve quyen con ngifdi quyen cong dan tuy nbien phap lotung binh sg chifa ghi nhAn ngiidi bi giQ trong trifdng hgp khan cap la ngudi bi buoc toi thi dong nghia vdi viec chi/a co
cd sd phap ly de bao ve quyen cua ngifdi bi giU trong trifdng hop khin cap Do do khi phap lu(il da ghi nh$n quyen difgc nhd ngitdi bao chQa doi vdi ngiidi hi giU trong trudng hop khan c£p (Dieu iS/ thi dong thdi phap lu$t phai ghi nhan thai diem co mSt sdm nbA't cua ngxfdi bao chda Id khi ngifdi bi giQ c6 m&t tai CO quan dieu tra bi tam giQ bdi Lenb giQ ngitdi va ghi nh$n ngudi bi giQ trong triidng hgp kh£n c&'p la ngQoi hi buoc tgi nhif vay mdi co tinh nha't quan va pba hop de bg co the thgc hi$n ddy
du cac quyin cua minh nbU luat dmh Bai viet se tap trung lam ro ve vin de nay
Tif khoa: Ngiidi hi giQ trong trifdng hgp khin cA'p: ngiidi bao chQa; quyen bAo chifa qu\t'n con ngifdi; quyen cong dan; to'tung hinh sg
Abstract: Vietnam criminal procedure identiSes persons held in custody as a vulnerable group requiring pwttrtion of human rights and citizen rights However, as criminal procedure law has not recognized persons held in custody in «t.se ofemeigency as critninally charged persons, there i.-^ no legal ground to protect then-rights If the Criminal Procedure Code recognizes the right to defense for person held in custody in case of emergency (Article 58) it should also recc^nize that the earUest appearance of the defense counsel is when he/she appears at the investigation body, when he/she is held in custody by a warrant, and to recognize persons held in custody in case of emergency as criminally charged persons Only then would the Code maintain its cohesion and protect rights ofpei-sons held in custody in case of emergency
Keywords: Person held in custody in case of emergency: criminally charged person; defense counsel; right to defense; citizen right: criminal procedure
Ngay nhan bai: 16/12/2019; Xgiiy sda bai: 24/2/2020; Xgay duyet dang bai: 27/3/2020
Dat v a n d e : ngfldi hi buoc tdi, ma thdm chi hp khong Trong quan he to' tung hinh sfl thi dfldc hfldng quyen cd ngfldi bao chiia (didm g, ngfldi bi bupc tdi la nhdm ngfldi yeu the khoan 1, Dieu 58), bdi le luat quy dinh can dfldc bao dam va bao ve quyen con thdi diem ngfldi bao chfla tham gia to' ngfldi, quyen cdng dan Hien nay, Bd luat tung sdm nhd't la tfl khi ngfldi hi bdt cd
To tung hinh sfl (TTHS) chfla chinh thflc mat tai tru sd cua Cd quan dieu tra, cd ghi nhan ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp quan dfldc giad nhiem vu tien hanh mot so' khdn cap la ngfldi hi budc tdi, tuy nhien hoat dpng dieu tra (Dieu 74) Vi vdy, viec khi hp bi gifl trong trfldng hdp khdn ca'p
thi hp da bi b a n c h e m p t so' q u y e n nhfl la 'XCS Khoa luat - Hoc wen Khoa hoc xa hoi
Trang 2p h a p l u a t ghi n h a n ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g
trfldng hdp k h d n cd'p cung la ngfldi hi buoc
toi la vd c u n g q u a n trpng n h d m d a m bao
quyen nhd ngfldi bao chfla cua hp
1 Q u y d i n h c u a Bg l u a t T o t u n g
h i n h sfl n a m 2 0 1 5
Tai diem d, k h o a n 1, Dieu 4 Giai thich
tfl ngfl thi Ngifdi bi budc toi (NBBT)
chi gdm ngfldi hi bat, ngfldi bi t a m gifl bi
can, bi cao, theo dd tai Dieu -iS da quy
dinh c h u n g ve quyen va nghia vu cua ca
ngfldi hi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp k h d n ca'p va
ngfldi bi bat (hi b a t trong trfldng hdp
p h a m tdi qua t a n g va bi bat theo q u y e t
dinh truy na), nhfl vay p h a p luat thfla
n h a n quNcn va nghia vu p h a p ly ciia hp la
nhfl n h a u Ben canh dd khoan 1, Dieu 59
dinh nghia "Ngfldi bi t a m gifl la ngfldi bi
gifl trong trfldng hdp k h d n cap" va "dd'i vdi
hp da cd quyet dinh t a m gifl", tfl quy dinh
na\- c h u n g ta cd the hidu r d n g ngfldi bi gifl
trong trfldng hpp k h d n ca'p se bi t a m gifl
trong trfldng hdp cd quye't dinh t a m gifl
Theo quy dinh tai Dieu 58 t h i ngfldi bi gifl
trong trfldng hdp k h d n cap chfla cd quyet
dinh t a m gifl va hp cung chfla dfldc xem la
NBBT cho den kbi hp cd quyet dinh t a m
gifl dfldc phe chudn cua Vien kidm s a t
(VKS) cung cap, nhflng thflc te' hp da bi
gifl va cd m a t tai cd q u a n dieu t r a (CQDT)
ddng thdi hp cd dia vi p h a p ly nhfl ngfldi hi
bat, ma ngfldi hi bat theo Iuat ghi n h a n t h i
lai la NBBT Nhfl vay theo ndi d u n g quy
dinh tai Dieu 58 va Dieu 59 c h u n g ta cd
t h e t a m chia Ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g trfldng
hdp k h a n cap t h a n h h a i n h d m nhfl sau:
n h d m mdt Id: Ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng
hpp k h d n cap theo Lenb gifl ngfldi c u a
CQDT nhom hai la: Ngifdi bi gifl trong
trfldng hdp k h a n ca'p theo Lenh bdt ngfldi
bi gifl trong trfldng hdp k h a n ca'p, Quye't
dinh t a m gifl cua CQDT cd sfl phe c h u a n
cua VKS Ca hai nhom cung Id rig^ldi bi
gifl trong trfldng hdp k h a n cap nhflng doi vdi n h d m mot t h i Bp l u a t T T H S n a m 201o chfla ghi n h a n hp la N B B T Ben canh dd,
Bd Iuat T T H S quy d i n h viec giut ngfldi
t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a n cap ia mdt t r c n g nhflng bien p h a p n g a n c h a n dfldc xem xet
d 5 ye'u to: can cfl dp d u n g , t h d m q u y e n ap dung, t r i n h tfl t h u t u c va thdi h a n tie'n hanh"" Theo dd, ngfldi hi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a n cap chfla cd quye't d i n h t a m gifl
se bi gifl bdi l e n h gifl ngfldi cua CQDT
L e n h gifl ngfldi t r o n g trfldng hdp khd'n ca'p cua CQDT k h d n g can p h e c h u a n ciia b a t cfl cd q u a n nao va tai thdi d i e m n a y hp da ddi m a t vdi cd q u a n va ngfldi cd t h a m quyen tien h a n h to t u n g (THTT), hp da
c h i n h thflc hi h a n che' mpt so' q u y e n con ngfldi (QCN), q u y e n cdng d a n (QCD) vd
p h a i thflc h i e n cdc n g h i a vu nhfl ngfldi bi
b a t (\k NBBT) CQDT tien h a n h lay ldi
k h a i ngay, day la mpt h o a t ddng n g h i e p vu dieu t r a m a n g t i n h dpc l a p m a l u a t k h d n g
cd quy d i n h cd q u a n g i a m sat Vi vdy,
t r o n g sud't k h o a n g thdi gian 12 gid ndy ludn tiem a n n g u y cd x a m h a i de'n quyen tfl do ciia ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp
k h a n cd'p, viec p h a p l u a t k h d n g ghi n h d n ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a n ca'p la NBBT tfldng chiing nhfl la mpt ldi t h e cho
hp, nhflng c a n cfl theo Dieu 58 thi t r o n g trfldng hdp n a y lai la mdt bat ldi k h i h o
t h a m gia T T H S , vi ngfldi bi giQ t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a n cap k h d n g chi hi b a n che mpt so' QCN ma hp cdn m a t di quyen dfldc nhd ngfldi bao chfla (NBC) khi c h i n h b a n
'" T r l n Vfin Bien Dmh The Hung (20l7» Binh lu' khoa hgcBgluM To'tung hinh sU nam 201.5, Nxb Th"'
Trang 3than hp dang ddi mat vdi cd quan cd thdm
quyen THTT (thdi diem na\- la CQDT),
ngfldi cd tham quyen to' tung (Dieu tra
vien) Mat khac, khi luat chfla ghi nhan
ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp khan ca'p la
NBBT thi dong nghia vdi viec luat se khdng
bao dam quyen bao chfla (QBC) cho hp
2 Ve bao ve quyen con ngflcrt cua
ng\iiii hi gifl trong trfldng http khan cap
Quyen con ngfldi la nhflng quyen mdc
nhien va cd ban ciia con ngfldi ke tfl khi
dfldc sinh ra cho de'n trpn ddi ma khdng ai
cd quyen tfldc bd*^', khai niem ndy tiep can
theo khuynh hfldng QCN tfl nhien khdng
mang tinh phdp ly Theo van phdng Cao
Uy Lien Hiep Qudc ve QCN: QCN la
nhflng dam bao phap ly toan cau
(universal legal guarantees) cd tac dung
bao ve cac ca nhan va cac nhdm chdng lai
nhflng hdnh ddng (action) hodc sfl bo mac
(omissions) ma lam ton hai de'n nhan
phdm, cac quyen (entitlements) va tfl do
cd ban ciia con ngfldi (fundamental
freedoms) '^*, khai niem nay chu yeu de
cap den cac ye'u to phap ly nhdm dam bao
thflc hien QCN Theo Tfl dien Luat hpc
QCN la quyen cua thanh vien trong xa hpi
loai ngfldi - quyen ciia ta't ca mpi ngfldi
Dd la nhan phdm, nhu cdu, ldi ich vd nang
Iflc ciia con ngfldi dfldc the che' hda (ghi
nhan) trong phap luat qud'c te' va phap
luat qud'c gia*^' npi dung khai niem dfldc
tiep cdn tfl gdc do quyen tfl nhien de'n dfldc
ghi nhan phap dinh Theo Phd Giao Sfl
Tien si Nguydn Cflu Viet da phat bieu:
"quyen tfl nhien la nhflng quyen ciia con
ngfldi sd'ng trong trang thai tfl nhien, nd Id
cd -^d ciia QCN; QCN la tdng hdp nhflng
quyen tfl nhien vd'n cd cua con ngfldi ndi
chung cdn phai dfldc nhd nfldc va xa hdi
thfla nhan va bao ve'^' Trong linh vflc
phap luat TTHS, bao dam quyen to' tung cua NBBT cung chinh la bao ve QCN cua
NBBT dia \i phap ly cua NBBT cd thd bi
anh hfldng bdi nhflng thu tuc to' tung hodc tham chi tfldc bd quyen tfl do cua hp Hien nay cac qudc gia dang ra't quan tam van de bao dam QCN trong TTHS, va'n de can bdng gifla nhiem vu xfl ly tdi pham va viec bao dam khdng vi pham cac quyen to' tung cua NBBT Nhieu quoc gia d Chau Au vd ke ca d Viet Nam thflc tien giai qu>et cac vu an hinh sfl (VAHS) cho tha'y vdn cdn xay ra tinh trang vi pham cac quyen to' tung cua NBBT, lam oan sai, gay thiet hai de'n quyen
va ldi ich hdp phap cua cdng dan
Muc dich cua TTHS la xac dinh sfl thSt khach quan cua vu dn, bao ve QCN trong cac hoat dpng TTHS, mac du nguyen tdc suy doan vd tdi da cd qua trinh hinh thdnh
va phat trien tfl lau trong lich sfl nhan loai va dfldc the hien d nhflng hinh thflc, mflc dp khac nhau, tfl nhiing tfl tfldng tien
bd, dan dan phat trien thdnh mdt nguyen tdc vdi npi dung phong phu, mang tinh nhan dao sau sdc Suy doan vd toi da dfldc luat hinh sfl cua nhieu nha nfldc coi Id nguyen tdc cua TTHS, dfldc danh gia la thanh tflu vi dai ciia van minh phap ly trong viec bao ve QCN trong TTHS Tfly nhien, ldn ddu tien trong lich sfl lap hie'n,
'-' Vien Chien lildc va Khoa hoc Cong An (2005) TH dien Bach Khoa Cong An Nhan Dan, Nxb Cong An
Nh,in dan, Ha Noi tr.995
'" Vu Cong Giao (2009) "Ban ve mot so khia canh IJ
lu&n vk thuc tien ciia quyen con ngUOi" Tap chl Nhd nitdcva Phap luat (so 5) tr,66)
'*• Vien Khoa Hoc Phap Ly (2006) Tii dien Lu$t hoc
N \ b Tut diln Bach khoa va Nxb Tu Phap Bo Tu Phap tr G48-649
'^' Hoi thao de t^i nghien ciiu khoa hpc cfip Bg (2018),
Ve dam bao quyen con ngudi trong To tung hinh BI/ Vier S.im thAnh pho H6 Chi Mmh
NHAN LUC KHOA HOC XA HOI Q
Trang 4Hien p h a p ndm 2013 da ghi n h a n tai Dieu
31 ' N B H r dfldc coi la khdng cd toi cho den
khi dfldc chflng minh theo t r i n h tfl luat
dinh va cd b a n a n ket toi cua Tda an da cd
hieu Iflc p h a p luat" va Bp luat TTHS n a m
2015 ghi n h a n tai Dieu 13 ve nguyen tac
nay "NBBT dfldc coi la khdng cd tdi cho
den khi dfldc chflng minh theo t r i n h tfl
t h u tuc do Bd luat ndy quy dinh va cd ban
an ket tdi CUA Tda an da cd hieu Iflc p h a p
luat Khi khdng du va khdng the lam s a n g
td cdn cfl de bupc tdi, ket tdi theo t r i n h tfl
t h u tuc do Bd luat nay quy dinh thi cd
q u a n ngfldi cd thdm quyen THTT phai ket
ludn NBBT khdng cd tdi" t h e hien dfldc sfl
thd'ng nha't gifla hai yeu to': y nghia xa hdi
hpc cua p h a p luat vd cac dinh hfldng tac
dong cd ban cua p h a p luat den cac q u a n
he xa hdi, trong dd yeu td y nghia xa hpi
cua p h a p l u a t ddng vai trd thd'ng tri q u y e t
dinh D:iy Id mdt diem son trong lap hien,
lap p h a p , lam tien de k h a n g dinh va bao
ve QCN t r o n g xay dflng p h a p l u a t T T H S
vd thflc hien T T H S Xac dinh dia vi p h a p
ly cua mdt chu thd suy cho cung chinh la
n h d m bao ve QCN QCD cua hp Trong
linh vflc p h a p l u a t T T H S , bao d a m quyen
to' t u n g cua NBBT ndi chung, bao ve QCN
QCD cua ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp
k h d n ca'p chinh la thflc hien nguyen tdc
suy doan vd tdi Viec gifl ngfldi t r o n g
trfldng hdp k h d n cd'p dfldc dp d u n g mot
trong ba trfldng hdp sau:"a) Cd d u cdn cfl
de xac dinh ngfldi dd dang c h u a n bi thflc
hien toi p h a m rd't nghiem t r o n g hoac toi
p h a m dac biet nghiem trpng: b) Ngiloi
cflng thflc hien tdi p h a m hoac hi h a i hoac
ngfldi cd m a t tai ndi xay r a tdi p h a m c h i n h
m a t nhin t h a y va xac n h a n d u n g la ngfldi
da thflc hien tdi p h a m md xet t h a y c a n
n g a n chan ngay \ i e c ngfldi dd tron: c) Cd
da'u vet ciia toi p h a m d ngrfldi hodc i;.i' ^
d hoac ndi lam viec hoac t r e n phfldng tien cua ngfldi bi n g h i thflc hien tdi p h a m va xet t h a y can n g d n chdn ngay viec ngfldi do trd'n hodc tieu huy chflng cfl" Dong thdi Dieu 15, T h d n g tfl 04"^' hfldng ddn n g h i e p
vu cu t h e ddi vdi Dieu t r a vien can cfl gifl ngfldi n e u d Diem a la chflng cfl, t a i h e u chflng minh: neu d diem b la bien b a n ghi ldi k h a i ; n e u d d i e m c c u n g Id chflng cfl, tai lieu xac dinh cd lien q u a n d e n tdi p h a m
Q u a dd cho thay dfl t r o n g trfldng hdp
k h a n cd'p thi vdn p h a i tdn t r p n g QCN, bdi
hp chfla p h a i la ngfldi cd tdi t h e o "Ban a n ke't tdi cua Tda dn da cd h i e u Iflc p h a p luat", n e n h p vdn cd ddy d u cac QCN, quyen tfl n h i e n vd'n cd, "quyen b a m sinh, gdn vdi b a n cha't con ngfldi, la di san
c h u n g cua loai ngfldi Q C N m a n g t i n h pho
q u a t vi con ngfldi d d a u t r e n t r a i da't ndy
c u n g deu la t h a n h vien c u a cpng dong
n h a n loai'^' va do bi tac dgng bdi L e n h gifl ngfldi ciia C Q D T n e n hp chi bi b a n chd' mpt sd'quyen t h e o quy d i n h ciia p h a p ludt,
vd p h a t sinh n g h i a vu b d t bupc h p "phai chap hanh theo Lenh gid ngifdi va yiu cau cua ca quan, ngifdi cd tham quyen gid ngiidi' Mpt t r o n g nhflng n g u y e n tdc
c h u n g ciia Viet N a m ve bao ve Q C N do la nguyen tdc b i n h ddng trfldc p h a p l u a t va dfldc p h a p l u a t bao ve, Dieu 52 Hie'n p h a p
1992 quy dinh "Mpi cong d a n b i n h d d n g trfldc p h a p luat", K h o a n 1, Dieu 16 Hid'n
p h a p 2013 sfla doi tfl "cong d a n " t h a n h
"•' Thong t u 04/2018nTLT-VKSNDTC-BCA-BQP ngay 19/10/2018 (iu> dinh ve phoi hop gifla ^o quan dieu tra va Vien kiem sat trong ^lec thuc hien mot so quy dinh cua Bo luat To tyng hinh su
'•' Vien Khoa Hoc Phap L^':iiJO<,I Tit die'n Lo-n hoc Nxb Tir diln Bach khoa vk Nxb Tu Phap, BO T U
Phap tr fit'i
Q NHAN UfC KHOA HOC XA Hdi
Trang 5"moi ngfldi" quy dinh md r d n g va t i e n bd
hdn "Mpi ngfldi deu binh d d n g trfldc p h a t
luat" TTHS dfldc tie'n h a n h thed n g u y e n
tdc nay "Binh ddng p h a i dfldc d a m bao
gifla ben budc tdi va ben gd tpi gifla
nhflng ngfldi t h a m gia t o ' t u n g khac" T h e o
TS Trdn Vdn Bien va TS D i n h T h e Hflng
Binh ding trong TTHS cdn cd the difgc
hieu theo hai nghia: Theo chieu ngang la
doi sd nhif nhau vdi nhdng ngifdi cd dia vi
diiu kien hoan canh nhu nhau Theo chieu
doc ddi xd khac nhau vdi nhdng ngifdi cd
dieu kiin hoan canh khac niiau'"', tac gia
thd'ng nha't vdi q u a n diem nay, bdi le theo
chieu n g a n g t h i ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g trfldng
hdp khdn cd'p theo Lenh gifl ngfldi cd dia
VI dieu kien hoan canh nhfl ngfldi hi gifl
trong trfldng hdp k h a n ca'p theo Quye't
dinh gifl ngfldi, deu t h a m gia to' t u n g va
phai ddi dien vdi cd q u a n va ngfldi cd t h d m
quyen td' t u n g , cd n g h i a vu p h a p ly nhfl
nhau; theo chieu dpc t h i hp k h a c n h a u cd
ban d ddu hieu p h a p ly quy dinh tai
Khoan 4, Dieu 11 dfldc hieu la "can cfl cho
thav cd hodc k h d n g cd thflc hien tpi p h a m "
(nhfl b a n so s a n h n e u tren), tuy n h i e n
ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp k h a n cap
theo Lenh gifl ngfldi khdng cd NBC (vi hp
chfla phai la NBBT) mac d u p h a p l u a t cd
quy dinh hp co quyen "nhd NBC" nhfl
ngfldi hi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp k h d n cap
theo Quyet dinh gifl ngfldi (diem g k h o a n
1 Dieu 58) nhflng cd "nhd" cflng khdng
biet nhd ai, bdi h d n g loat cac quy dinh lien
quan nhfl "NBC t h a m gia to' t u n g tfl khi
khdi to bi can", "tfl khi cd q u \ e t d i n h t a m
gifl" "NBC la ngfldi dai dien cua NBBT"
3 V e b a o d a m q u y e n b a o chfla ciia
ngflfli bi giOf t r o n g trflflng hpfp k h a n c a p
Tai didm d k h o a n 1 Dieu 4 B L T T H S
2015 chi het ke ten gpi ma chfla n e u dinh
n g h i a nhfl t h e ndo la NBBT va "xep" ho vao n h d m "NgUdi t h a m gia td'tung" vi vay thflc tidn a p d u n g p h a p luat de quy ket hp
la ngfldi da cd tdi, tfl dd lam mat di -JU
b i n h ddng trfldc p h a p Iuat Hien na>
t r o n g cac cdng t r i n h nghien cflu cung rat
it dfla r a dinh nghia day dii npi h a m cua
k h a i n i e m NBBT tac gia xin dfla ra dinh
n g h i a ve NBBT nhfl sau: "NBBT la c.j nhan ho$c phap nhan tbifOng mai bi cdc ca quan nha nifdc cd tham quyen nghi ngd da thgc hien hanh vi cd dau hiiu la tdi pham
va do dd hg bi ap dgng cac bien phap cifdng che TTHS boStc cue biin phap TTHS khac de diiu tra, truy td'va xet xd theo quy dinh cda BLTTHS Viet Xnm"
Theo dd p h a p luat ghi n h a n ca n h a n ,
p h a p n h a n dfldc xem la NBBT khi va chi khi thda cac da'u hieu do Iuat dinh dc tfl
dd xac dinh cac quyen, ldi ich hdp p h a p va
n g h i a vu p h a p ly cua hp khi t h a m gia to
t u n g CJuy dinh nay cdn p h a n biet va hieu
t h a u dao, day du b gdc dp QCN, QCD ciia
NBBT P h a p l u a t cd quy dinh dia vi p h a p
ly cua tflng n h d m ngfldi hi buoc tpi tai cac Dieu 58, 59, 60, 6 1 , theo dd cac quyen vd
n g h i a vu cua NHBT tfldng q u a n vdi quyen
vd nghia vu (quyen b a n va t r a c h nhiem) ciia cac cd q u a n va ngfldi THTT, tuy nhien
de dam bao cac quyen ciia NBBT, ma
q u a n trpng la ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g trfldng hdp k h d n ca'p p h a p l u a t can quy dinh cu
t h e cac che tai trach nhiem cua cd q u a n ,
ca n h a n nao cd nghia vu dap flng cac quyen cua hp; quy dinh phfldng thflc d a p flng quyen cd che bao ve de d a m bao rdng NBBT dfldc hfldng cac quye'n va phai cha'p
'" Tran VSn Bien Dinh The HUng (2017) Bmh ludn khoa hpc Bo luat To'tung hinh ^^u nUm 2(11-') S\ii The
Gidi tr 12
Trang 6h a n h n g h i e m tuc nghia vu do p h a p luat
dinh \'i vay ngoai cd che bam d a m QCN
QCD cfla XBBT thi r a t can mdt cd che bao
ve cac quyen T T H S cua ngfldi bi gifl trong
trfldng hdp k h d n cap d day c h m h la quyen
cd \ B C thi mdi thflc hien dfldc quyen nhd
ngfldi bao chfla
Tren cd sd cac vdn ban p h a p luat quoc
te ghi n h a n QCN Hiep p h a p va cac dao
luat cua p h a p l u a t qudc gia deu ghi n h a n
(JCN cua NBBT trong dd nd'i bat la quyen
cd M U ' cua MiHT, day la mdt t r o n g
nhflng quyen to' t u n g cd ban cua NBBT vd
n h a nfldc cd nghia vu phai bao dam thflc
thi Dd ap d u n g vao thflc tien hieu qua,
yeu cdu n h a nfldc phai cd mdt tluet che td
t u n g , t h u tuc to' tung phu hdp Neu xem
TTHS Id mpt boat ddng m a n g quyen Iflc
n h a nfldc, dfldc bdt ddu tfl hoat dpng dieu
t r a trfldc khi khdi to vu a n h i n h sfl, cac
ben t h a m gia ddi trpng khdng can sflc va
NBBT md q u a n t r p n g ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g
trfldng hdp k h d n ca'p ludn d vi t r i yeu t h e
mac d u theo nguyen tac "Than thd phap
hiat trong hoat ddng dieu tra" (Dieu 19)
quy dinh CQDT p h a i "lam ro chflng cfl xac
dinh cd tpi va chflng cfl xac dinh vd toi
t i n h tiet t a n g n a n g t i n h tiet giam n h e
trach nhiem h i n h sfl" ben canh dd, k h i cd
sfl viec bupc tdi thi ddng thdi p h a i xua't
hien sfl viec "gd toi" h a i chflc n a n g n a y
p h a i song trflng de d a m bao cho n g u y e n
tdc "xac dinh sfl t h a t cua vu an" (Dieu 15)
thi van de cd chu thd du n a n g Iflc ve kien
thflc p h a p Iuat t h a m gia t r a n h t u n g ,
chuyen ve bao ve ngfldi bi gifl t r o n g trfldng
hdp k h d n ca'p la cdn thiet sfl d a m bao nay,
t r o n g nghia cua cac Cdng fldc quen: te ve
QCN, theo nhfl tac gia S t e p h a n cd n g h i a
la quyen dflclc cung cap NHC c h u y e n
nghiep va cac dich vu ve bao chfla'^'
So vdi p h d p l u a t T r H S cu.i mot sd nfl<x
ghi n h a n sfl cd m a t cua Luat sfl N'^*- • ^^
tbdi diem ngfldi bi gifl ngfldi bi tinh nghi
cd m a t tai t r u sd c u a CQDT dd lay ldi khai, ne'u hp giU q u y e n im l a n g va y^'u c a u
cd m a t l u a t sfl va nhflng ldi khai n a y cd
t h e la chflng cu trfldc Tda De bao d a m QBC, p h a p l u a t T T H S My quy d i n h p h a i
d a m bao cho NBC k h o a n g thdi gian p h u hdp de c h u d n bi bao chfla p h a p ludt
T T H S Anh quy dinh vao b a t ky thdi diem nao, ngfldi bi bdt va hi gifl tai ddn c a n h s a t deu cd quyen dfldc gap l u a t sfl Ngfldi hi canh s a t lay Idi k h a i (ke ca t r o n g trfldng hdp khdng bi bdt, gifl) c u n g co q u y e n dfldc sfl trd giflp, tfl va'n p h a p ly Khi ngfldi bi
t i n h nghi yeu cdu t h a m va'n l u a t sfl cua
m i n h t h i c a n h s a t p h a i s a p xep cupc gap
c a n g sdm c a n g tdt
Thdi diem 1670, G u i l l a u m e De Lamoignon, Tong thd'ng ddu t i e n ciia P h a p
cho rdng: Khdng cd tgi ac nao cd the xay ra trong boat dgng xet xd td sfl so sanh gida nguyen nhan dan de'n cai chet cda mgt ngifdi vo tgi difgc cho la tot han viic tha bong mgt ngan ke pham tgi Quyen hao chda khong chi la mgt dat quyen diigc ghi nhan trong cac Nghi quyi't va vAn ban phap luat ma la bieu hien le tg nhien thudc ban chat cua phap luat, dieu da ton tai td rat lau triidc sg ra ddi cda phap luat
ve QCN, y kie'n cua O n g dfldc cho la cd
t a m a n h hfldng de'n sfl ghi n h a n ve QBC
t r o n g Bp l u a t Napoleon (1808) ve T T H S
da ghi n h a n sfl t h a m gia b a t bupc c u a NBC t r o n g cac p h i e n tda xet xfl dai h i n h
va NBC dfldc quyen xud't hien t r o n g giai doan dieu t r a tien xet xfl So vdi nude A n h
'"' Stephan Trechsel (2005), Human lii^hts Criminal proceedings, Oxford, Hoa Ky tr2<14
Trang 7cac qud'c gia cd truyen thong to tung
thdm vd'n nhin nhan sfl cd mat cua NBC
trong vu an hinh sfl cd phdn mupn mang
hdn Tuy nhien, ca hai he thd'ng (to' tung
tranh tung va to' tung tham van) deu cd
cdng chung mpt quan diem, dd la bao
dam quyen cd NBC la mpt QCN cd ban
cua NBBT va Nha nfldc cd nghia vu hd
trd cho hp thflc hien quyen chinh dang
ciia minh'""
Tie'p thu kinh nghiem tfl nhieu nfldc
quy dinh, Bp luat TTHS ndm 2015 da ghi
nhdn NBBT cd quyen "tfl bdo chfla va nhd
NBC", tuy nhien, do chfla quy dinh ngfldi
bi gifl trong trfldng hdp khan cd'p la NBBT
nen chfla dam bao QBC cua ho Van ban
phap ly gdn day nhat, ngay 10/10/2019, Bp
tritdng Bd Cdng an ban hdnh la Thong tfl
so'46"" ciing hfldng ddn vd xac dinh ngitdi
bi gid trong trifdng hgp khan cap dfldc ^pi
chung la ngitdi bi bit, cung cd nghia la
ngfldi hi gifl trong trfldng hdp khan cap luc
nSy da cd quyet dinh tam gifl dfldc phe
chuan ciia VKS Cd sfl mau thudn trong
quy dinh cua phap luat khi quy dinh
ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp khan cap cd
quyen nhd NBC, nhflng NBC chi cd the
bao chfla cho NBBT md thdi Ne'u phap
luat da ghi nhan quyen dfldc nhd NBC dd'i
vdi ngfldi hi gifl trong trfldng hdp khan ca'p
(Dieu 58) thi ddng thdi phap luat phai ghi
nhdn thdi diem cc mat sdm nha't cua NBC
la khi ngfldi bi gifl cd mat tai CQDT bi
tam gifl bdi Lenh gifl ngfldi vd ghi nhan
ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp khdn cap la
NBBT nhfl vay mdi cd tinh nhd't quan va
phfl hdp dam bao cho ngfldi bi gifl trong
trudng hdp khdn ca'p bdi Lenh gifl ngfldi
cua CQDT cd the thflc hien day du cac
quyen ciia minh nhfl luat dinh
Nha nfldc chiem hflu nd le khdng thfla
nhan nd le la chu the cua quan he phap luat nen van de "Idi" khdng dfldc xem xet trong quan he phap luat co lien quan den ldi ich cia nha nfldc Ke' thfla tfl tfldng tren, nhd nfldc Phong kien ap dung nguyen tdc suy doan vd tpi cd ldi va cac bien phap tra td'n, dflng nhuc hinh Id cdng
cu hdp phap de dieu tra vu an Khi phap luat TTHS da thfla nhdn hang loat cac nguyen tdc "tdn trpng va bao ve ()CN"
"Bao dam quyen binh ddng trfldc phap luat", "suy doan vd tdi", "tranh tung trong xet xfl dfldc bao dam", tbi khdng the vi
"phdng chd'ng tpi pham" hodc mdt ly do gi
ma han che' QCN, QBC cua mpt ngfldi khi chfla cd "Ban an ket tdi cua Tda an da cd hieu Iflc phap ludt", khi ma NBBT dfldc coi la khdng cd tdi tflc cd quyen dfldc coi Id
vd tdi cho tdi khi hanh vi pham tpi cua ngfldi dd dfldc chflng minh theo phdp luat Mat khac tai thdi diem dd'i mdt vdi dieu tra vien tai CQDT khi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp khan cd'p, tinh thdn cua hp ra't hoang mang, lo sd de dfla ra nhflng ldi khai bat Idi cho chinh ban than, vi vdy cac cd quan THTT phai bang cac phfldng phap "hdp
""' Luong Thi \ly Quynh (2011), Guarantee of the accused person's right to defence counsel a comparative study of Vietnamese German and American criminal procedure laws, (Bao dam quy^n c6 ngUOi bko chfla ciia ngUcti hi buoc toi - So sanh giQa lufit to tung hinh sU Viet Niim, Dilc va My) De t&i
luan an tien si Dai hix Luat Thanh pho Ho Chf Minh
va Dai hoc Lund Thuy ST
" " Thong t u so' 46/2019/TT-BCA ngky 10/10/2019
•Quy dinh ve trach nhiem cua lUc lugng C6ng an nhan dan trong viec thuc hien cac quy dinh cua Bo lu^t
TTHS nfim 2015 hen quan den bao clani quyen hko
chfla cua ngfldi bi gifl trong trUcIng hdp khan cA'p ngfldi bi b^t trong trfldng hdp pham tgi qua tang hoftc theo quyet dinh truy na, ngUdi bi tam giiJ bi can; bao
vd quyen va Igi ich hdp phap ciia bi h?i, dUdng ^u ngUOi b} to giac ngUdi lii kien nghi khdi tcT
NHAN Lire KHOA HOC XA Hdi Q
Trang 8p h a p " tim ra chflng cfl de chflng minh tdi
p h a m ngfldc lai neu khdng dii chflng cfl de
chflng minh t h i bupc p h a i tra tfl do t u y e n
vd tpi Theo q u a n diem cua tac gia p h a p
l u a t c a n g minh bach, rd rang thi viec hi
lam d u n g cdng khd xay ra, ngay ca nhflng
ngfldi dfldc p h a p l u a t cho la NBBT va xa
hpi it nhieu cd cai n h i n thieu thien cam
cdn cd quyen cd NBC thi dd'i vdi ngfldi hi
gifl trong trfldng hdp k h d n cd'p cd m a t tai
CQDT theo Lenh gia ngfldi phai cd: q u \ e n
cd NBC la phu hdp
NgU(ii bao chfla, chinh la ngfldi bao ve
quyen va ldi ich hdp p h a p cua NBBT va
cung phai la ngfldi giai thich de NBBT
cha'p h a n h cac nghia vu vi day cung la cd
sd de NliBT thflc hien dfldc cac quyen cua
minh ma khdng hi can trd Mot t r o n g
nhflng cd che de bao ve bflu hieu QCN ciia
NBBT dd la quy dinh ve bao d a m QBC cua
ho va neu hp khdng the tfl minh thflc hien
QBC, bp cd the nhd ngfldi khac bao chfla,
do dd viec quy dinh phfldng thflc cd lien
q u a n de dap flng QBC nhfl; trdch n h i e m
cua chii t h e ddp flng, quyen cua NBC thdi
diem NBC t h a m gia td' tung, md rpng dien
NBC la rat q u a n trpng n h d m t r a n h
trfldng hdp cd quy dinh cung nhfl khdng,
cd quy dinh quyen nhflng khong t h e thflc
hien dfldc quyen \ i hi can trd
Ke't l u a n
De ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp k h a n
cd'p du cd hay khdng cd Quye't dinh t a m
gifl nhflng vdn d a n g bi gifl, cd quyen va
nghia vu p h a p ly nhfl n h a u dfldc bao d a m
quyen binh ddng trfldc p h a p luat, d a m bao
QCN trong trfldng hdp ndy la p h a i bad
dam ngfldi hi gifl trong trfldng hdp k h d n
cap "cd ngifdi bao chda", theo tac gia kien
nghi Bp luat T T H S n a m 2015 can quy
dinh ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp k h d n
cap la NBBT de ho vfla co quyen nhd ngifdi bao chda vfla cd quye'n cd ngitdi bao chda md khdng bi can trd nao
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1 T r a n V a n Bien Dinh T h e Hflng
(2017), Binh luan khoa hgc Bd luat To tung hinh sg nam 2015 Nxb T h e Gidi
2 Bp l u a t H i n h sfl n a m 2015, siia doi
bd s u n g n a m 2017
3 Bp l u a t To t u n g h i n h sfl n a m 2003;
n a m 2015; sfla dd'i bo s u n g n a m 2017
4 Vu Cdng Giao (2009), "Ban ve mot so'
k h i a c a n h ly l u a n va thflc t i l n ciia quyen
con ngfldi" Tap chi Nha niidc va Phap ludt, (so'5)
5 Hie'n p h a p nfldc Cpng h d a xd hpi chu
n g h i a Viet N a m n a m 2013
6 L u a t To chflc Vien k i e m s a t n h a n
d a n n a m 2014
7 Lfldng T h i My Q u y n h (2011),
Guarantee of the accused person's right to defence counsel - a comparative study of Vietnamese, German and American criminal procedure laws, (Bao dam quyen
cd ngifdi bao chda cua ngifdi bi buoc tgi
-So sanh gida luat to' tgng hinh sg Viet Nam, Ddc va My) D e tai l u a n a n tie'n sT,
Dai hpc l u a t t h a n h phd' Hd Chi M i n h va Dai hpc Lund, T h u y Si
8 T h o n g tfl 0 4 / 2 0 1 8 / T T L T V K S N D T C
-BCA-BQP, ngay 19/10/2018, Quy dinh ve phdi hgp gida ca quan dieu tra va Viin kiem sat trong viec thgc hiin mgt so' quy dinh cua Bg luat Td'tung hinh sg
9 Thdng tfl so 46/2019/TT-BCA n g a y
10/10/2019 "uy dinh ve trach nhiem cda lgc lifgng Cdng an nhan dan trong viic thgc hien cac quy dinh cda Bg luat TTHS nAm 201 o lien quan din bao dam quyen
Trang 9bao cbOa cua ngudi bi giU trong trudng
hap kb^n cap ngiidi bi bSt trong trifdng
bap pbam tgi qua tang hoac theo quyet
dinh truy na ngUdi bi tam giQ, bi can; bao
v$ quyen va Ipi ich hap phap cua bi hai
dirang SI/, ngudi bi to' giac ngudi bi Inen
nghi khdi to
10 GS.TS Vo K h a n h Vinh (Chu bien)
(2010), Quyen con ngudi Tie'p can da
nganh va lien nganh Luat hpc, Nxb Khoa
hoc Xa hpi, H a Noi
11 GS.TS Vo K h a n h Vinh (Chu bien)
(2011), A'.-i bpi hpc phap luat, Nxb Cong
an n h a n dan, Ha Npi
12 GS.TS Vo K h a n h Vinh (Chu bien)
(2011), Ca che bao dam va bUo ve Quyen
con ngudi, Nxb Khoa hoc Xa hoi H a Noi
13 Vien Khoa Hpc P h a p Ly (2()0(i) TU die'n Luat bpc Nxb Tii dien Bach khoa va
Nxb T u P h a p Bp T u P h a p
14 Vien Kie'm sat \ h i l n dan Toi cao
(2015), Van ban trinh Quoc hpi cho y kie'n tai Kybpp thUQ Quoc hpi khoa XIII Ha Xoi
15 Jeren.v G a n s , Terese Henning, Jill
H u n t e r va Kate w a m e r (2011), Criminal process and human rights, (cac trudng Dai
hoc Melbourne), \ x b New South Wales,
A u s t r a l i a
16 Stephan Trechsel (2005), Human
Rights in Criminal pnxvcdings Oxford
17 William B u r n h a m (2012) Bao
chUa trong cac vu an hinh su a Lien bang
\'ga Hoa Ky d a n g tren:
http://bit.ly/ntMTwq
18 P h u l u c : B a n g s o s a n h Q u y d i n h c u a B o l u a t T T H S n a m 2015
d o i vofi ngifdi bi giiif t r o n g triTofng hpfp k h a n c a p
BLTTHS
2015
ghi nhan
Cdsd ph.ig ly
Caquan giam
sat, phi
chuin
Tinh trang
phap ly
Quyen
Ngfldi hi gifl trong trfldng hdp
khan cap chfla phai la ngfldi bi
budc tdi Lenh gifl ngfldi ciia CQDT
khdng Khdng cd can cd cho thay
ngfldi bi gifl thflc hien tdi pham
Khoan 1, Dieu 58 Ngfldi bi gifl
trong trfldng hdp khdn ca'p ngfldi
bi bat trong trfldng hdp pham tdi
qua tang va ngfldi hi bdt theo
quyet dinh truy na cd quyen:
a) Dfldc nghe nhan lenh gifl ngfldi
trong trfldng hpp khdn ca'p, lenh
bat ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp
khdn cap, quyet dinh phe chuan
lenh bat ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng
hdp k h a n ca'p, quyet dinh truy na;
XgUdi bi gifl trong trUdng hdp khdn cap la ngfldi bi bupc tdi Lenh bat ngfldi, Quye't dinh tam giii
Vien kiem sat phe chudn
Cd cdn cfl cho tha'y ngfldi bi gifl thflc hien tdi pham
Khoan 2 Dieu 59 Ngfldi bi tam gifl
cd quyen:
a) Dfldc biet Iy do minh hi tam gifl;
nhan quye't dinh tam gifl, quyet dinh gia ban tam gifl, quyet dinh phe chuan quyet dinh gia han tam gifl va cac quyet dinh td'tung khac theo quy dinh cua Bo luat nay;
b) Dfldc thong bao, giai thich ve quyen va nghia vu quy dinh tai Dieu na\': |
Trang 10BLTTHS
2015
glii n h a n
Ngfldi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp
khan cap chfla phai la ngfldi bi
luuH u'n
b) Dfldc biet ly do minh bi giiJ bi bdt;
c) Dfldc I hdng bao, giai thich ve
quyen va nghia \'u qu\ dinh tai
Dieu nay:
d) Trinh bay ldi khai i rinh bay y
kien, khdng budc ph,ii dfla ra ldi
khai chdng lai chinh minh hoac
buoc phai nhan minh cd tdi:
(h Dua ra (IUIIIL' CU lai iu'u do
vat _vcu cau:
e) Trinh hay y kie'n ve chflng cfl,
tai lieu, do vat lien quan va yeu
cau ngfldi cd thdm quyen to' tung
kiem tra, danh gia;
g) Tu bao chfla, nhd ngfldi bao chfla;
h) Khieu nai quyet dinh hanh vi
td'tung cua cd quan, ngfldi co t h a m
quyen tien hdnh to tung trong viec
gifl ngfldi bat nguui
Ngudi bi gifl trong trfldng hdp J^ii-'"
cd'p la ngfldi bi huge toi
c) Trinh bay ldi khai trinh hay y kien khdng budc phai dfla ra ldi khai chdng lai chinh minh hoac bupc phai n h a n minh cd tdi:
d) Tfl bao chfla nhd ngfldi bao chfla; d) Dfla ra chflng cfl, tdi lieu, do vat yeu Ciiu;
e) Trinh bay y kien ve chflng cfl, tai lieu, do v;\t lien quan va yeu cau ngfldi cd t h a m quyen tien h a n h to tung kiem tra, danh gia;
g) Khieu nai quyd't dinh, h d n h vi to' tung cua cd quan, ngfldi cd thdm quyen tien h a n h to' t u n g ve viec tam gifl
Nghia vu
Khoan 2 Dieu 58 Ngfldi bi gifl
trong trfldng hpp k h a n cap cd
nghia vu chap hanh lenh gifl ngfldi
va yeu cau cua cd quan, ngfldi cd
thdm quyen gifl ngfldi
Khoan 3, Dieu 59 Ngfldi bi tam gifl
cd nghia vu cha'p h a n h cac quy dinh cua Bd luat nay va L u a t thi h a n h tam gifl, tam giam
Can cd de gid
Tham quyen
ifid ngUdi Khodn 2 Dieu 110 Khoan 2, Dieu 110
Thdi han tien
hanh gia,
r.'ini irni
Old 12 gid (Khoan -4 Dieu 110) Tam gifl 12 gid (Khoan 4 Die'u 117)
I Q m e n bao
[ chda
X^itdi bao
chda (Khoan
l.Dii'u 12
Dieu 71)
Diem g khoan 1 Dieu -5^ Tfl bao
chua nhd ngfldi bao chfla:
Diem d, khoan 2, Dieu 59 Tfl t
chfla, nhd ngfldi bao chfla
khdng cd ngfldi bao chfla Cd ngfldi bao chfla
Q NHAN Lire KHOA HOC XA HOI