Thu hai, vipc gia tdng sii dyng loT internet of things vd loS internet of services se Idm tang nguy ca xam phgm ddi tu, tin cong thong tm, an ninh mang \a nhirng van dl lien quan den tr
Trang 1TRACH NHIEM BOI THl/dNG THIET HAI TRONG KY NGUYEN TRI TUE NHAN TAO Dirong Qu^nh Hoa
TS Vien Nha niftic va phap luat, Vien Han lam KHXH Viet Nam
Thong tin bii viet:
Tit khda: Tri tu? nhan t^o, trAch
nhi^m phip I^, boi thudng thi^t hai
Lfch su bdi viel
Nhgnb^
Duy^t bii
19/3/2020
22/3/2020
24/3/2020
Article Infomation:
Keywords: Artificial intelligence,
legalliability, compensations
Article History:
Received
Edited
Approved
19 Mar 2020
22 Mar 2020
24 Mar 2020
Tri tu? nhan t^o dang ngAy c ^ g tich h(;fp lien m?ch vio cugc song
vi cong nghi&p, tii kham pha khoa hpc, chim s6c siic khoe vi chin doan y te den chinh phii di?n tit, cac thanh ph6 thong minh, linh vyc
bin U, giao thong v^in tai, djnh gii Sy phit trien nhu vu bao ciia
h6i vi linh vyc phap ly, nhit li nhirng thich diirc trong trich nhi?m
boi thutog lhi?t h^i, xie djnh ai chju trich nhi?m phdp ly, va d miic
dp nio?
Abstract:
Artificial intelligence is being integrated into our everyday lives
It also has a significant impact on many aspects of society and diagnostics to e-govemment, smart cities, the retail sector, transport, valuation The rapid development of machines raises a number of prepared to deal with Specially, the liability for compensation to damages, who responsible for legal liability, and to what extent?
L Tii tu^ nhan tao - thdch thirc dat ra dii
vdi phdp luat
X6t tinh chat da dipn cua no, tri tue nhan
tgo (Artificial Intelligence- AI) da cham din
day du cac lmh vyc phdp Iy, tir Iinh vyc nhan
quyin, lao dpng, hop ddng, bii thudng thiet
hgi, den lmh vyc to tyng Mac dii trong thyc
te, AI mdi chi bat dau trd nen phd bien trong
nganh cdng nghi$p phap Iy'
Truac het, AI ciing c6 the lam phdt sinh
chii the cua tpi phgm mdi trong tuang Iai
Trong mdt tuang Iai khdng xa, cd thi co nhirng dpt bien to ldn do sy phdt trien ciia AI vdi nhiing co may ngay cang co khd nang tu duy, tri tue, cdm xue vd hdnh dpng dpc lap, toan dipn hem con ngudi, tham chi doi binh dang vdi con ngudi Ciing phdi ke den mpt yeu td niia la tpi pham cong nghp cao, vi day
la mpt nguy ca tiem an khap noi Neu tpi pham cong nghe cao tin cong vao hp thong
AI, vao he thong dii Ii?u trong cdc co quan nha nude thi hdu qua se khon ludng Bdi vgy, trong qud trinh tien hdnh khai thdc thdnh
Miller S (2017), Artificial intelligence and its impact on legal technology: to boldly go where no legal department has gone before Thompson Reuters; https://legal thomsom-euters.com/en/insights/articles/ai-and-its-impacl-on-Iegal-technology
NGHltN euu I I E
S6 9(409) - T5/202oV_ L A P PHAP * ^
Trang 2tyu cua cdch mang cdng nghipp 4.0 va AI,
chiing ta phdi no lyc iing phd vdi nhiing
thdch thlic, moi de dpa ddt ra, trong dd cd
phucmg dipn chinh sdch hmh sy^
Thu hai, vipc gia tdng sii dyng loT
(internet of things) vd loS (internet of
services) se Idm tang nguy ca xam phgm ddi
tu, tin cong thong tm, an ninh mang \a
nhirng van dl lien quan den trdch nhipm ciia
con ngudi trong sir dyng cdc san phdm ket
ndi khong day hay cac phucmg tien khdng
ngudi Idi, cdc nhdn cdng robot, se keo theo
Id nhung van de phdi gidi quyet ve mgt phdp
Iy, tinh hpp phdp ciia cac giao djch qua mgng
bing todn bp hogc mpt phin ldn mdy mdc
thay thi cho con ngudi Ngodi ra, ddi hdi
thiet ylu ciia vipc duy tri tinh toan v?n ciia
qua trinh sdn xudt, trdnh cdc nii ro ve cdng
n ^ p thong tin, nhiing yeu to se gay hdu qud
xdu cho sdn xuat, doi hoi bdo vp bi quyet
cdng nghi?p, ^
Thir ba, lien quan den bang sdng che vd
chat lupng bang sdng che'' Interact van vdt
(loT) phy thupc vdo giao tiep giua hai hodc
nhieu ddi tupng thdng minh va ngudi tieu
diing vd thdch tinic la lipu ngudi phdt minh
ra mpt so logi iing dyng loT ndo do cd the
vupt qua bdi kiem tra de dii dieu kipn cap
bing sdng chl hay khdn^? Nga\ ca khi hO
cd dupc bdng sdng chl ve cdc phuong pnap
va giao thiic mdi, cdc bdng sdng che do v
cd thi rit khd ching Igi nhtmg vi phgm cua nhieu ngudi*
Thi> tu, khi vipc thu tiigp va phdn tich dir
li?u dang lan rpng din tti cdc cdng ty V^an
mem sang cdc cong ty sdn xuat, hp da bat diu khai tiidc cdc khd nang phdt sinh tii vi^c tiiu tiigp va khai tiidc du lipu tiim nang, de
CO till tgo ra gid tri gia tdngS nhimg vy "ti-an dii lipu" nay da dgt ra nhihig Io nggi khdc nhau vl mgt phdp ly Ngudi ta cho rang, dii lipu da trd tiianh nguyen lipu ddu vao can thilt ciia cdng ngh| AI, giiip AI hpc dupc cdch tu duy cua con ngudi, cho ra ket qud cao hon tu duy con ngudi, tao ra nguon gid
hi kinh tl va xa hdi mdi to Idn^ Big Data da dupc xdc djnh la "dilu Idn lao tiep theo trong
sy dii mdi"^, hay Id "md hinh thir tu cua khoa hpc"' Tuy nhien, nhihig ngudi co cmyen su dyng dii lipu ndy dat ra cdu h6i rang, dii lipu cd the dupc giao dich hay khong va neu cd thi quy djnh ndo se dp dyng cho dilu nay De ngdn chan sy suy gidm nen kinh te va ddi mdi dii Ueu, cdn cd quy dinh thdng minh de thiet Idp sy can bang giua vi$c su dung dii lipu co lpi vd bdo v8 quyin
Xem https://viettimes.vn/tri-me-nhan-tao-va-nhung-van-de-dat-r
355220 html, truy cip ngay 13/2/2020
-voi-phap-luat-va-quyen-con-nguoi-ngay 15/3/2020
Robinson WK (2015b) Patent law challenges for the internet of things Wake For J Bus Intellert Pmn T =.,.,
15(4).p.658 i-ii-ropi.aw Robinson WK (2015a), Economic theory, divided infiingement and enforcmg interactive natent-j Pi^ T O ,
Rev 67, p 1961 ^ "t^,riaLaw
Bessis N Etobre C (2014) Big data and interoet of things: a roadmap for smart environments Snrino
International Publishmg Switzerland, Basel, Opresnik D, Taisch M (2015), The value of Bi'p n ^ •
sen-itization Int J Prod Econ 165, p.l74 htips://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2014.12.036 truv can 4°
13,2/2020; Opresnik D va cac tac gii (2013) Information-the hidden value of servitization In' prahh v
Taisch M Kiritsis D (eds) Advances in production management systems, sustainable production anH Z^- '
supply chains Spnnger, Berlin Heidelbe^, pp 49-56 •'na service
Polonetsky J Tene O (2012), Privacy in the age of big data: a time for big decisions, Stanf Law RPU n ,•
64,p.63 '^'=vunhne Gobble MM (2013), Big data: the next big thing in innovation, Res-Technol Manag 56(1), p,64
Stiawn GO (2012) Scientific research: how many paradigms? EDUCAUSE Rev 47(3), p.26
16 NOHllN CUU /
t A P P H A P ^ 86 9(409)-15/2020
Trang 3rieng nr khong phan bi^t doi xii va cdc gia
tii hpp phdp khdc dupc bdo ve Viec tiiu thdp
cdc tgp dii lipu ldn vd sd dyng cdc phan tich
dir lipu hipn dgi cho thiy mdi de dpa rd rdng
ddi vdi vipc bdo vp cdc quyen ca bdn cua
cong dan, bao gom quyin rieng tu'*' Trong
nhieu trudng hpp, cd nhung ngudi san sdng
bit chip khdng gian rieng tu cua ngudi khdc
de chiem dogt nhimg du lipu cd nhan nay
Thic ndm, cong nghp thdng tin va truyen
thong dang thay doi vai tro ciia ngudi tieu
diing "tii CO lgp sang kit ndi, tii khong biet
den biit, tii thy dpng sang tich eye"" Qud
trinh ndy doi khi ciing dupc gpi Id "sd hoa"
cua ngudi tieu diing'^, mpi ngudi ngay cang
cd the de ddng sii dyng cdc dich vy ky thuat
so Cdc thi hp trfe ldn len vdi ky thudt sd h6a
vd luon di dau trong vipc dp dyng cong nghp
mdi Dieu nay co nghia Id cdc gid djnh
truyin thing trong lugt bdo vp quyin Ipi
ngudi tieu diing rang ngudi tieu dung khdng
hieu biit va do dd yeu cau sy bdo vp phdp Iy
d§c bipt khong c6n diing niia Tuy nhien, sy
tiiay doi nhanh din miic cac thi h$ "tien
Internet" hau nhu khdng theo kip de thich
ing, cdc phuang thuc san xuat mdi ciing se
mang den nhiing moi nguy hiem mdi cho
ngudi tieu dung Vi vgy, lugt bdo ve quyen
lpi ngudi tieu diing phdi thich nghi vdi
nhirng thach thiic mdi
Thu sdu, chinh sdch thue ciing se ddng
mpt vai tro rat quan trpng trong thdi dai cua
cdc doi tupng thong minh Trong thdi dgi
hipn nay, chi phi danh cho lao dpng ciia con
ngudi dang ngdy cdng tang Ien Do dd, lao
dpng cua mdy moc noi chung va tri tue nhan
tgo n6i rieng se c6 xu hudng thay the lao
dpng ciia con ngudi Khi ty dpng hda thay
the con ngudi, so lupng lao dpng du thira se tang len ngoai tdc dpng yl kinh tl, sy bat binh dang xa hdi Id van de ddng dupc quan tdm Vi phin ldn cdc khodn thu thul hipn nay cd ngudn gdc tu lao dpng con ngudi, cac cdng ty se trdnh vipc npp thul bang cdch tdng ty dpng hda Do ngudi ta cho rdng, robot tri tup nhan tgo kh6ng phdi Id doi tupng phai npp thue cao, mpt so hmh thiic thue ddnh eho ty ddng hoa se dupc dua ra de thay the cho thue ciia ngudi lao dpng Ngodi nhung thdch thiic kl tren, vin dl quan trpng raa chiing toi de cap Id thdch thlic phap Iy lien quan den phdp lugt boi thudng thipt hgi doi vdi cdc doi tupng thong minh Luat boi thudng thipt hgi chuyen gdnh ngng mat mat tir ben bi thiet hai sang ben co ldi hogc ben phii hpp hon de chju gdnh ngng mat mdt Thong thudng, mpt ben tim cdch khdc phyc thipt hgi bang cdch yeu cau boi thudng thipt hgi dudi hinh thiic boi thudng bang tien
Tinh chdt da dien ciia tri tup nhdn tgo tgo
ra thdch thirc trong ITnh vyc dieu chinh phdp lugt ve trdch nhiem boi thudng thipt hai do cdc vat the thong minh gdy ra Khd ndng tich liiy kinh nghiem va ty hpc hoi, cQng nhu khd nang hdnh dpng dpc lap vd dua ra quyet djnh rieng, tgo ra nhimg dieu ki?n cho Ai lam phat sinh thiet hai Han niia, su pho bien cua
AI trong xa hpi co nghia la ngdy cang nhieu ngudi sir dung AI, khd nang vi pham phdp ludt cang cao Su phdt trien cua AI vd vipc sir dung thuc te AI ngay cang nhieu doi hoi phai thay doi quy dinh phap luat, chang han nhu cin phdi co cau lai he thong phdp ludt NIU tri tue nhan tao (robot tri tue nhan tgo) dupc tao ra giong nhu con ngudi la co suy nghi vd cam xiic, thi phap luat phai dupc
Brkan M (2015), Data protection and european pnvate international law SSRN Scholarly Paper ID the 'added-value' of a right to data protection in the EU legal order, Int Comp Law Q 63(03), pp.569-597 Prahalad CK, Ramaswamy V (2004), 'Co-creating unique value with customers' Strategy Leadersh 32(3),
pp 4-9; https://doi.org/10.1108/10878570410699249 truy cap ngay 15/2/2020
Maenpaa R, Korhonen SJJ (2015), Digitalization in retail: the impact on competition, In: Colin va cac tac gia (ed.) Vol 7 Ttansition: IT Leadership in Transition, Aalto University Helsinki, pp.89-102
NOHltN CUU
17
Trang 4thay doi de ma hda vai tro cua robot trong
xa hpi'\ Dieu d6 cd nghia Id cac nhd ldm lugt
phai xem xet khuon khd phdp !y hipn co yd
sua ddi, bd sung cho thich ung vdi nhu cdu
thay doi ciia xa hpi
Mac du hogt dpng ciia AI chua dupc
phap lugt quy djnh cy the nhimg chiing ta
van phdi giai quyet van de udch nhiem doi
vdi cdc thipt hgi do hdnh dpng ciia AI gdy ra
Theo quy djnh hipn hdnh cdc tiiipt hai gay
ra bdi hdnh dpn^ bit hpp phdp ciia ngudi
khdc phai dupc boi thudng Van de chinh Id
cho din thdi dilm hipn tai, cac quy djnh hien
ndy khdng cdng nhdn AI Id mpt chii the ciia
phdp lugt Dilu nay c6 nghia Id AI khdng the
chju trdch nhipm cd nhdn ve nhimg tiiipt hgi
md no gay ra Vi vgy, mpt logt cau hoi dupc
d$t ra; ai se phdi chju trach nhiem cho nhiing
thipt hgi do hdnh dpng ciia tri tu? nhan tgo
gay ra? AI c6 khd nang gay nguy hiem va cd
the gay ra thi?t hgi khong? AI co the chju
trdch nhipm cho hdnh dpng ciia mmh hay
khdng? Cdc quy dinh cua phdp ludt dupc sir
dpng trong vipc xdc djnh cac trudng hpp boi
thudng thipt hgi do AI gay ra Id gi?
2 Luat boi thirdng thift hai - quy tdc dp
dyng doi vdi trdch nhipm phdp ly va an
todn san pham/djch vu
Theo hpc gid Abbott, vipc boi thudng
thipt hai cua robot dya tren quan diem cho
rang may moc se an todn hoac it nhdt Id co
khd nang an toan han so vdi con ngwoi Mgc dii cd nhieu bdng chiing cdc vy tir vong lien quan den phin mim xe ty ldi Tesla, nhung nhin chung, ngudi ta \an cho rang xe
n^ ldi gdy ra tai ngn it hon so vdi con ^S^^
ldi xe, cd khodng 94% cdc vy tai ngn hen quan din loi ciia con ngudi'* Han niia, loi^y
tl Id mpt trong nhimg nguyen nhdn hdng dau gdy tii vong'^ Do dd, cdc hp tiling tri tu?
nhdn tgo, nhu Watson ctia IBM", phan tich
hi sa bpnh an vd dilu tri cho b?iih nhan khong cin phdi hoan thipn dl tang cudng sy
an todn thi ciing da tot hon so vdi con ngudi
Mac dii hipn nay, cdc nhd san xuit vd tiiilt ke robot luon tgp vung vdo viec hodn tiiipn h? tiiong cua hp dl co dO tin cgy 100%
ldm cho vin dk tiich nhipm khdng phdi Id van
dl ddng phdi Io ling'^ Tuy nhien, van cd kha ndng sdy ra cdc van de phdt sinh lien quan den
dp an todn trong cdc he thong ty dpng Cong ngh? robot co thi thit bgi do Idi vd y hogc do thilt kl, dan din thiet hai tdi san, thucmg tich hogc tmh mgng" Trong trudng hpp nay, lu^t trdch nhipm san pham tniyen thong se dupc
dp dyng, co nghia Id nha san xuat se phdi chju trach nhiem do mpt bp phan cua robot bj true trac Ciing co nhiing trudng hpp tinh den Idi cua nha san xuat hoac loi cua cd nhan khi tiep quan chiec xe^°
NIU giam thieu tai nan thyc tl Id m^t ti-ong nhiing vin de trpng tam cin quan tam,
18
Richard C Sherman (1998), 'The Surge of Artificial Intelligence: Time To Re-examine Ourselves,
Implications: Why Create Artificial Intelligence?', http://www.umts.muohio.edu/psybersite/
cyberepace/aisurge/ implications.shtml, truy cap ngiy 20/2/2020
Abbott R (2018) The reasonable computer disrupting the paradigm of tort liability, Geo Wash L Rev 86, p I
S i n ^ S (2015) Critical reasons for crashes investigated in the national motor vehicle crash causation survev
US Department of Transportation, https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/PubLc/ViewPublication/81211S im.,
c4pngay 15/2/2020 "D.truy Kohn LT, Corrigan J, Donaldson MS (2000) To err is human: building a safer health system, National
Academy Press, Washington, DC www.nap.edu/catalog/9728.html, truy cap ngiy 13/2/2020
Watson la mgt chuong trinli phan mem tri m? nhan tao do IBM phat trien vcri myc dich dua ra loi din cho
ty IBM la Thomas J Watson, Watson dang du(;rc phit trien nhu mpt phan ciia dy an nghien cim mane te
DcepQA
Kirkpatrick K.(2013), Legal issues with robots, Commun ACM 56(11), pp 17-19,
https:/doiorgTO.1145 25:4713 2524-20, truy cap ngiy 15/2/2020
HilgendorfE (2014), Robotik im Kontext von Recht und Moral Nomos Verlagsges, p.27
HaHllN CUU
Trang 5thi myc dich chinh cua lugt boi tiiudng thiet
hgi Id cin dilu chmh cdc tieu chuin vl trdch
nhipm boi thudng trong trudng hpp thipt hai
gay ra bdi cac vgt the thong minh theo
hudng luat khuyin khich dau tu vao tri tue
nhan tgo dl tang sy an todn cho con ngudi
Hiu hit cdc thuang tich ma con ngudi gdy
ra diu Id do bat can Vi vgy, hp se phdi chju
trdch nhipm boi thudng do co nhihig "hdnh
vi khong hpp Iy" Khi mdy tinh gdy ra
thuang tich tucmg ty thi se dp dyng tieu
chudn ve trdch nhipm nghiem ngdt, cd nghia
Id khdng xem x6t din yeu to loi trong vipc
gdy ra thipt hgi Ben bj thipt hai khong phai
chi ra loi hogc sy bat can cua nha sdn xuit
md chi cin chi ra sdn phim c6 khuyet tat vd
gay nguy hiem khong hpp Iy khi dupc sir
dyng theo cdch thuc thong thudng vd co the
dy Hpu dupc Tuy nhien, vipc yeu cau nhd
sdn xuat phdi boi thudng vi trach nhipm
nghiem ngdt nhu the ndy, dong nghia vdi
vipc khong khuyen khich ty dpng hoa Bdi
vi, nhd sdn xuit hogc chii sd hihi phdi chju
trdch nhipm vl cdc doi tupmg dupc dilu
khien bang tri tup nhan tao Idn han so vdi sy
dieu khiln cua con ngudi
Vi trdch nhipm phdp ly ddi vdi san pham
la trdch nhipm nghiSm ngat, khong phu
thupc vdo 16i, trong khi hoat dpng cua con
ngudi dupc do ludng theo tieu chuan ciia
"mpt ngudi hpp ly", co y kien cho rang, de
khuyen khich ty dpng hoa va cai thipn an
todn hem nua, can phdi ap dyng bien phdp
boi thudng thipt hgi doi vdi tri tue nhan tao
nhu mpt con ngudi han la mpt san pham Do
do, khi ty dpng hoa va so hoa nham cai thien
sy an toan, cac doi tupng thdng minh can
dupc ddnh gid theo tieu chudn sa suit, bit
can thay v\ tieu chudn frdch nhipm nghiem
ngat va xdc djnh trdch nhipm dii vdi thiet hai Ilic nay se dupc so sdnh vdi "mpt ngudi hop ly"^'
Ben canh do, ciing co nhieu y kiln co suy cho viec dp dyng trdch nhiem nghiem ngat doi vdi cdc vdt the thdng minh, yeu ciu
md rpng phgm vi cdc ehii tiie phdi chju trdch nhipm - tii nha sdn xudt, nha phan phdi, ngudi ban, tham chi cd nhd cung cap vien thong Vi dy, d Lien minh chdu Au, Chi thj Trdch nhiem san phim (85/374/EEC) khong
dp dyng ddi vdi hang hda vd hinh, dich vy khdng day du, tu van bat can, chan dodn sai
vd thdng tin sai sdt Tuy nhien, dieu quan trpng la neu thiet hgi xdy ra do mpt sdn phim dupc sii dyng trong dich vy bj loi thi no se van dupc dp dyng theo Chi thi Trdch nhiem sdn phdm^-, quy dinh kiem tra trdch nhipm nghiem ngdt Do do, nhieu hdnh vi ciia robot
se nam trong phgm vi ciia Chi thj nay, bao gdm cd phan mem dupc liru trii tren phucmg tien hiiu hinh Dieu nay co nghTa Id trong trudng hpp xe 6 to cua ngudi tieu diing gay
ra tai nan do phan mem bj tryc trgc, hogc benh nhan sii dung sai lieu lupng phong xa
ma nguyen nhdn la do true trac trong phan mem ddnh cho ngudi tieu diing thi hp cd the dua ra khilu nai theo Chi thj Trach nhiem sdn phdm doi vdi nhd san xuat phan mem^-' Tuy nhien, khi phin mem duoc cung cap qua Internet (dupc gpi Id phan mem khong nhiing), cac khiem khuyet tiem an khong nim trong pham vi ciia Chi thi ndy vd cdn co mpt chi thi cu the ve trach nhi?m ciia cac nhd cung cap npi dung so
Schellekens M (2015), Self-driving cars and die chilling effect of liability law, Comput Law Secur Rev: Int J Technol Law Pract 31, pp 506-517; https://doi.Org/10.10I6/j.clsr.2015.05 012
Abbott R (2018), The reasonable computer: disrupting the paradigm of tort liability, Geo Wash L Rev 86,
p 1
Grubb A, Howells GG (2007), The law of product liability, Butterworths, Oxford
Wuyts D (2014), The product liability directive-more than two decades of defective products in Europe,
J Eur Tort Law 5(1), p 5; https://doi.oig/I0.1515/jetl-2014-0001, truy cap ngay 15/2/2020
NGHltN CUU I i n
Trang 6Thyc te cho tha\ ddi tupng thong minh
cdng ty chil thi chiing cdng it dupc coi la
cdng cy dan gian trong tay cac chii the
k h a c " va vipc quy djnh nghiem nggt qua
raiic, mong dpi sy hodn hdo thay vi cd the
chap nhgn nhimg hdnh vi robot co the khong
khuyen khich cdc nhd sdn xuat ddu tu tien
vdo vipc ddi mdi, chdng hgn nhu xe ty Idi,
mdy bay khong ngudi ldi va may ty dpng^
Do do vipc ban hdnh cdc quy djnh thdng
minh Id rdt cin thiet
Trong khi cdc doi tupng thong minh
dang bit chudc cong vipc ciia con ngudi,
rapt cau hoi ciing dupc dgt ra Id Ii?u robot
c6 dupc quyin kipn, bj kipn vd ciing dupc
tham gia vdi tu each la nhdn chiing cho myc
dich chirng cu hay khong? Hipn tgi khong
t h i kipn mpt robot vi chimg dupc coi Id tai sdn Cdc d i i tupng thdng minh khong c6 W cdch chii till phdp ly va chua dupc stia dot
d l CO t h i kipn hodc bj kipn N I U robot gay hgi, ben bj thuang phdi kipn chu nhan cua
nd Tuy nhien, so sdnh robot v6\ cac cong
ty, cdc c6ng ty ciing khong dupc coi la cdc tiiyc t h i phdp Iy rieng bi^t vcri chu sd hiiu
la con ngudi trong mpt thdi gian ddi trong ljch sd^'* Tuy nhi^n, theo tiidi gian, cdc nha lgp phdp da tii bd mo hinh coi cdc cong ty chi la tdi san va trao cho chiing mpt tu cdch nhan tgo dpc lgp (phdp nhdn) cho phep chiing kipn vd bj kipn Do do, doi vdi cdc robot, no se cdn phdi dupc thiet Igp tu cdch chii the nhu vdy^' •
European Commission (2014), European Commission calls for tough standards to regulate civil drones Press Release IP-14-384, 8/4/2014, p.59; http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-I4-384_en.htm, truy cap ngiy 15/2/2020
Richards NM, Smart W (2013), How should the law think about robots?, http://papers.ssm.com/ sol3/papers.cfin?abstract id=2263363, truy cgp ngiy 16/2/2020; Chopra S, White LF (2011), A legal theory for autonomous artificiafagents University of Michigan Press, Michigan
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