handbook of optics second edition vol 1 - - bass m

HANDBOOK OFOPTICS Volume I Fundamentals , Techniques , and Design Second Edition Sponsored by the OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA The Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers

OPTICS

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HANDBOOK OF

OPTICS

Volume I Fundamentals , Techniques ,

and Design

Second Edition

Sponsored by the

OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

The Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL )

Uni y ersity of Central Florida Orlando , Florida

Eric W Van Stryland Associate Editor

The Center for Research and Education

in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL )

Uni y ersity of Central Florida Orlando , Florida

David R Williams Associate Editor

Center for Visual Science Uni y ersity of Rochester Rochester , New York

William L Wolfe Associate Editor

Optical Sciences Center Uni y ersity of Arizona Tucson , Arizona

McGRAW-HILL , INC

Copyright ÷ 1995 by McGraw-Hill , Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976 , no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means , or stored in a data base or retrieval system , without the prior written permission of the publisher

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC / DOC 9 0 9 8 7 6 5 4

ISBN 0-07-047740-7

The sponsoring editor for this book was Stephen S Chapman , the editing supervisor was Peggy Lamb , and the production supervisor was Pamela A

Pelton It was set in Times Roman by The Universities Press (Belfast) Ltd

Printed and bound by R R Donnelly & Sons Company

This book was printed on acid-free paper

Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw-Hill , Inc from sources believed to be reliable How- ever , neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors , omissions , or damages arising out of use of this information This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but arenot attempting to render engineering or other professional services If such services are required , the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought

CONTENTS

Contributors xvii

Preface xix

Glossary and Fundamental Constants xxi

1 10 Description of Systems of Revolution / 1 3 5

1 11 Tracing Rays in Centered Systems of Spherical Surfaces / 1 3 9

1 12 Paraxial Optics of Systems of Revolution / 1 4 1

1 13 Images About Known Rays / 1 4 6

1 14 Gaussian Lens Properties / 1 4 8

1 15 Collineation / 1 6 0

1 16 System Combination—Gaussian Properties / 1 6 8

1 17 Paraxial Matrix Methods / 1 7 0

1 18 Apertures , Pupils , Stops , Fields , and Related Matters / 1 8 0

1 18 Geometric Aberrations of Point Images-ss-Description / 1 8 2

1 20 References / 1 1 0 0

2 1 Glossary / 2 3

2 2 Introduction / 2 3

2 3 Waves and Wavefronts / 2 3

2 4 Interference / 2 5

2 5 Interference by Wavefront Division / 2 1 4

2 6 Interference by Amplitude Division / 2 1 9

2 7 Multiple Beam Interference / 2 2 9

2 8 Coherence and Interference / 2 3 6

2 9 References / 2 4 3

4 1 Glossary / 4 1

4 2 Introduction / 4 1

4 3 Some Elementary Classical Concepts / 4 2

4 4 Definitions of Coherence Functions / 4 4

5 3 Basic Relations for Polarizers / 5 1 2

5 4 Polarization by Nonnormal-Incidence Reflection (Pile of Plates) / 5 1 3

5 5 Polarization by Nonnormal-Incidence Transmission (Pile of Plates) / 5 1 6

5 6 Quarter-Wave Plates and Other Phase Retardation Plates / 5 2 2

5 7 Matrix Methods for Computing Polarization / 5 2 5

6 4 Scattering by Particles : Basic Concepts and Terminology / 6 5

6 5 Scattering by an Isotropic , Homogeneous Sphere : the Archetype / 6 1 2

6 6 Scattering by Regular Particles / 6 1 5

6 7 Computational Methods for Nonspherical Particles / 6 1 7

7 6 Wavelength Scaling / 7 7

7 7 Profile Measurements / 7 8

7 8 Finish Specification / 7 1 1

7 9 References / 7 1 2

Chapter 8 Optical Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Lineshapes

8 1 Glossary / 8 3

8 2 Introductory Comments / 8 4

8 3 Theoretical Preliminaries / 8 5

8 4 Rates of Spectroscopic Transitions / 8 6

8 5 Lineshapes of Spectral Transitions / 8 8

8 6 Spectroscopy of 1-Electron Atoms / 8 1 0

8 7 Multielectron Atoms / 8 1 2

8 8 Optical Spectra and the Outer Electronic Structure / 8 1 4

8 9 Spectra of Tri-Positive Rare Earth Atoms / 8 1 5

8 10 Vibrational and Rotational Ef fects of Molecules / 8 2 1

8 11 Lineshapes in Solid State Spectroscopy / 8 2 5

9 6 Free Electron Properties / 9 1 9

9 7 Band Structures and Interband Transitions / 9 2 4

9 8 References / 9 3 3

12 10 LED Quality and Reliability / 1 2 2 7

12 11 LED Based Products / 1 2 3 1

12 12 References / 1 2 3 8

Chapter 13 Semiconductor Lasers Pamela L Derry , Luis Figueroa , and

13 1 Glossary / 1 3 1

13 2 Introduction / 1 3 3

13 3 Applications for Semiconductor Lasers / 1 3 3

13 4 Basic Operation / 1 3 4

13 5 Fabrication and Configurations / 1 3 7

13 6 Quantum Well Lasers / 1 3 1 0

13 7 High-Power Semiconductor Lasers / 1 3 1 9

14 3 Passively Mode-Locked Lasers / 1 4 2

14 4 Synchronous , Hybrid , and Double Mode Locking / 1 4 7

14 5 Active and Passive Negative Feedback / 1 4 1 1

14 6 Nonlinear Optical Sources / 1 4 1 2

14 7 Additive and Self-Mode-Locking / 1 4 1 4

14 8 Other Ultrashort Pulse Sources / 1 4 1 8

14 9 Amplification / 1 4 2 1

14 10 Diagnostic Techniques / 1 4 2 2

14 11 References / 1 4 2 5

Part 5 Optical Detectors 15 1

15 1 Scope / 1 5 3

15 2 Thermal Detectors / 1 5 4

15 3 Quantum Detectors / 1 5 5

15 4 Definitions / 1 5 8

15 5 Detector Performance and Sensitivity / 1 5 1 1

15 6 Other Performance Parameters / 1 5 1 5

20 17 Sharpness and Graininess Considered Together / 2 0 2 4

20 18 Signal to Noise Ratio and Detective Quantum Ef ficiency / 2 0 2 4

23 5 Performance : Figures of Merit / 2 3 2 5

23 6 Current Status and Future Trends / 2 3 3 0

24 4 Ocular Transmittance and Retinal Illuminance / 2 4 9

24 5 Factors Af fecting Retinal Image Quality / 2 4 1 3

24 6 Final Retinal Image Quality / 2 4 1 9

24 7 Depth-of-Focus and Accommodation / 2 4 2 6

24 8 Movements of the Eyes / 2 4 3 4

24 9 Two Eyes and Steropsis / 2 4 3 7

27 3 Operational Characteristics of Color Monitors / 2 7 3

27 4 Colorimetric Calibration of Video Monitors / 2 7 2 1

27 5 An Introduction to Liquid Crystal Displays / 2 7 3 6

27 6 Acknowledgments / 2 7 4 3

27 7 References / 2 7 4 3

28 1 Glossary / 2 8 1

28 2 Introduction / 2 8 1

Chapter 29 Psychophysical Methods Denis G Pelli and Bart Farell 29 1

Chapter 30 Analog Optical Signal and Image Processing

30 1 Glossary / 3 0 3

30 2 Introduction / 3 0 3

30 3 Fundamental Analog Operations / 3 0 4

30 4 Analog Optical Fourier Transforms / 3 0 5

30 5 Spatial Filtering / 3 0 8

30 6 Coherent Optical Processing of Synthetic Aperture Radar Data / 3 0 8

30 7 Coherent Optical Processing of Temporal Signals / 3 0 1 0

30 8 Optical Processing of Two-Dimensional Images / 3 0 1 4

30 9 Incoherent Processing of Discrete Signals / 3 0 1 9

30 10 Concluding Remarks / 3 0 2 2

30 11 References / 3 0 2 3

31 1 Introduction / 3 1 1

31 2 Preliminaries and Basic Definitions / 3 1 2

31 3 The Optical Path / 3 1 7

31 9 Concluding Remarks / 3 1 2 9

31 10 Further Information / 3 1 3 2

31 11 References / 3 1 3 2

37 2 Introduction and Summary / 3 7 2

37 3 Mounting Individual Lenses / 3 7 2

37 4 Multicomponent Lens Assemblies / 3 7 1 4

37 5 Mounting Small Mirrors and Prisms / 3 7 2 0

39 3 Homogeneous Thermal Ef fects / 3 9 2

39 4 Tolerable Homogeneous Temperature Change (No Compensation) / 3 9 5

39 5 Ef fect of Thermal Gradients / 3 9 6

39 6 Intrinsic Athermalization / 3 9 7

39 7 Mechanical Thermalization / 3 9 7

39 8 Optical Athermalization / 3 9 1 3

39 9 References / 3 9 1 6

Part 10 Optical Fabrication 40 1

40 1 Introduction / 4 0 3

40 2 Basic Steps in Optical Fabrication / 4 0 3

40 3 Plano Optical Surfaces / 4 0 6

41 1 Glossary / 4 1 1

41 2 Introduction / 4 1 1

41 3 The Diamond-Turning Process / 4 1 2

41 4 The Advantages of Diamond Turning / 4 1 2

41 5 Diamond-Turnable Materials / 4 1 3

41 6 Comparison of Diamond Turning and Traditional Optical Fabrication / 4 1 5

41 7 Machine Tools for Diamond Turning / 4 1 5

41 8 Basic Steps in Diamond Turning / 4 1 7

41 9 Surface Finish in Diamond-Turned Optics / 4 1 8

41 10 Measuring Diamond-Turned Surfaces / 4 1 1 0

41 11 Conclusions / 4 1 1 2

41 12 References / 4 1 1 2

42 1 Glossary / 4 2 3

42 2 Introduction / 4 2 4

42 3 Theory and Design of Optical Thin-Film Coatings / 4 2 9

42 4 Thin-Film Manufacturing Considerations / 4 2 1 4

42 5 Measurements on Optical Coatings / 4 2 1 6

42 6 Antireflection Coatings / 4 2 1 9

42 7 Two-Material Periodic Multilayers—Theory / 4 2 3 4

42 8 Multilayer Reflectors—Experimental Results / 4 2 4 1

42 9 Cut-of f , Heat-Control , and Solar-Cell Cover Filters / 4 2 5 4

42 10 Beam Splitters and Neutral Filters / 4 2 6 1

42 11 Interference Polarizers and Polarizing Beam Splitters / 4 2 6 8

42 12 Bandpass Filters / 4 2 7 3

42 13 Multilayer for Two or Three Spectral Regions / 4 2 9 4

42 14 Phase Coatings / 4 2 9 6

42 15 Interference Filters with Low Reflection / 4 2 9 8

42 16 Reflection Filters and Coatings / 4 2 1 0 1

42 17 Special-Purpose Coatings / 4 2 1 0 7

42 18 Acknowledgments / 4 2 1 0 9

42 19 References / 4 2 1 0 9

43 11 Absorption by Pure Sea Water / 4 3 2 2

43 12 Absorption by Dissolved Organic Matter / 4 3 2 3

43 13 Absorption by Phytoplankton / 4 3 2 4

43 14 Absorption by Organic Detritus / 4 3 2 6

43 15 Bio-Optical Models of Absorption / 4 3 2 7

43 21 Dif fuse Attenuation and Jerlov Water Types / 4 3 4 4

43 22 Irradiance Reflectance and Remote Sensing / 4 3 4 8

43 23 Inelastic Scattering and Polarization / 4 3 5 1

44 3 Physical and Chemical Composition of the Standard Atmosphere / 4 4 4

44 4 Fundamental Theory of Interaction of Light with the Atmosphere / 4 4 1 0

44 5 Prediction of Atmospheric Optical Transmission : Computer Programs and Databases / 4 4 2 1

44 6 Atmospheric Optical Turbulence / 4 4 2 5

44 7 Examples of Atmospheric Optical Remote Sensing / 4 4 3 6

CONTRIBUTORS

Joseph H Altman Institute of Optics , Uni y ersity of Rochester , Rochester , New York ( CHAP 20 )

Martin S Banks School of Optometry , Uni y ersity of California , Berkeley , Berkeley , California

( CHAP 25 )

Jean M Bennett Research Department , Michelson Laboratory , Na y al Air Warfare Center , China

Lake , California ( CHAP 5 )

Craig F Bohren Meteorology Department , Pennsyl y ania State Uni y ersity , Uni y ersity Park ,

Pennsyl y ania ( CHAP 6 )

J E Bowers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Uni y ersity of California , Santa

Barbara , Santa Barbara , California ( CHAP 17 )

David H Brainard Department of Psychology , Uni y ersity of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California ( CHAP 26 )

Robert P Breault Breault Research Organization , Inc , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP 38 )

Stephen A Burns The Schepens Eye Research Institute , Boston , Massachusetts ( CHAP 28 )

William H Carter Na y al Research Laboratory , Washington , D C ( CHAP 4 )

W N Charman Institute of Science and Technology , Department of Ophthalmic Optics , Uni y ersity

of Manchester , Manchester , United Kingdom ( CHAP 24 )

E L Church Brookha y en National Laboratory , Upton , New York ( CHAP 7 )

James H Churnside National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , En y ironmental

ogy Laboratory , Boulder , Colorado ( CHAP 44 )

William Cowan Department of Comptuer Science , Uni y ersity of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario , Canada ( CHAP 27 )

M George Craford Hewlett - Packard Company , San Jose , California ( CHAP 12 )

Pamela L Derry Boeing Defense and Space Group , Aerospace and Electronics Di y ision , Seattle ,

Washington ( CHAP 13 )

Jean-Claude Diels Department of Physics and Astronomy , Uni y ersity of New Mexico , Albuquerque ,

New Mexico ( CHAP 14 )

J A Dobrowolski Institute for Microstructural Sciences , National Research Council of Canada , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada ( CHAP 42 )

Chris J Evans National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland ( CHAP 41 )

Bart Farell Institue for Sensory Research , Syracuse Uni y ersity , Syracuse , New York ( CHAP 29 )

Luis Figueroa Boeing Defense and Space Group , Aerospace and Electronics Di y ision , Seattle ,

Washington ( CHAP 13 )

Wilson S Geisler Department of Psychology , Uni y ersity of Texas , Austin , Texas ( CHAP 25 )

Douglas S Goodman Polaroid , Cambridge , Massachusetts ( CHAP 1 )

Joseph W Goodman Department of Electrical Engineering , Stanford Uni y ersity , Stanford ,

nia ( CHAP 30 )

John E Greivenkamp , Jr Optical Sciences Center , Uni y ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona

( CHAP 2 )

Roland H Haitz Hewlett - Packard Company , San Jose , California ( CHAP 12 )

Michael E Harrigan Eastman Kodak Company , Electronic Imaging Research Laboratory , Rochester , New York ( CHAP 33 )

Masud Mansuripur Optical Sciences Center , Uni y ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP 31 )

A S Marathay Optical Sciences Center , Uni y ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP 3 )

Alan Miller Department of Physics and Astronomy , Uni y ersity of St Andrews , St Andrews , Fife ,

United Kingdom , and Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL ) , Uni y ersity

of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida ( CHAP 9 )

Curtis D Mobley Senior Research Engineer , Applied Electromagnetics and Optics Laboratory , SRI International , Menlo Park , California ( CHAP 43 )

Paul R Norton Santa Barbara Research Center , Goleta , California ( CHAP 15 )

Gregory H Olsen Sensors Unlimited , Inc , Princeton , New Jersey ( CHAP 16 )

Donald C O’Shea Georgia Institute of Technology , Center for Optical Science and Engineering and School of Physics , Atlanta , Georgia ( CHAP 33 )

L D Owen Litton Electron De y ices , Tempe , Arizona ( CHAP 21 )

Robert E Parks Optical Sciences Center , Uni y ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAP 40 )

Denis G Pelli Institute for Sensory Research , Syracuse Uni y ersity , Syracuse , New York ( CHAP 29 )

Richard L Rhorer Group Leader , Fabrication De y elopment , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los

Alamos , New Mexico ( CHAP 41 )

M Roberts Pilkington Optronics , St Asaph , Clwyd , Wales , United Kingdom ( CHAP 39 )

P J Rogers Pilkington Optronics , St Asaph , Clwyd , Wales , United Kingdom ( CHAP 39 )

Laurence S Rothman Air Force Geophysics Directorate / Phillips Laboratory , Optical En y ironment

Di y ision , Hanscom Air Force Base , Massachusetts ( CHAP 44 )

Robert R Shannon Optical Sciences Center , Uni y ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona ( CHAPS 35 AND

36 )

William T Silfvast Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL ) , Uni y ersity

of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida ( CHAP 11 )

Douglas C Sinclair Sinclair Optics , Fairport , New York ( CHAP 34 )

Warren J Smith Kaiser Electro - Optics Inc , Carlsbad , California ( CHAP 32 )

P Z Takacs Brookha y en National Laboratory , Upton , New York ( CHAP 7 )

Timothy J Tredwell Eastman Kodak Company , Sensor Systems Di y ision , Imager Systems

De y elopment Laboratory , Rochester , New York ( CHAP 22 )

Robert H Webb The Schepens Eye Research Institute , Boston , Massachusetts ( CHAP 28 )

Robert H Weissman Hewlett - Packard Company , San Jose , California ( CHAP 12 )

Y G Wey Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , Uni y ersity of California , Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California ( CHAP 17 )

John R Willison Stanford Research Systems , Inc , Sunny y ale , California ( CHAP 18 )

William L Wolfe Professor , Optical Sciences Center , Uni y ersity of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona

( CHAP 19 )

Paul R Yoder , Jr Consultant in Optical Engineering , Norwalk , Connecticut ( CHAP 37 )

Xin Miao Zhao Department of Physics and Astronomy , Uni y ersity of New Mexico , Albuquerque ,

New Mexico ( )

PREFACE

desktop reference for the field of Optics yet stay within the confines of two books of finite

we applied when excluding a subject were : (1) was it a specific application of optics rather than a core science or technology and (2) was it a subject in which the role of optics was

Michael Bass , Editor - in - Chief

Eric W Van Stryland , Associate Editor

Da y id R Williams , Associate Editor William L Wolfe , Associate Editor

the basic list was compiled by the author of this section , all the editors have contributed

Units

Prefixes

Fundamental Constants

Symbols

have a glossary of the terms and symbols specific to them for the convenience of the

RATIONALE FOR SOME DISPUTED SYMBOLS

This section explains why the editors have chosen the preferred symbols for the

Fundamental Constants

It is encouraging that there is almost universal agreement for the symbols for the

Mathematics

Spectral Variables

Radiometry

H , N , and J , respectively , are still in many texts , notably Smith and Lloyd ,4 but we have

intensity when they are Wcm2 2 , and radiometric intensity when they are Wsr2 1

symmetrical with NA ; we chose f and efl to indicate the ef fective focal length Object and

the slope of a ray to the optical axis are u ; u can also be sin u Wave aberrations are

Electromagnetic Fields

with power are alternately given by the uppercase symbols or the corresponding Greek

quantities are also closely associated with Kirchhof f’s law that is usually stated symbolically

as a 5 e The law of conservation of energy for light on a surface is also usually written as

Deri y ed SI Quantities

magnetic flux Wb weber

FN focal ratio (f / number) [—]

θ , f angular coordinates [rad , 8

, r2 1 ]

Tucson , Arizona

Micheal Bass is Professor of Physics and Electrical and Computer Engineering at the

University of Central Florida and is on the faculty of the Center for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers (CREOL) He received his B S in Physics from Carnegie-Mellon and his M S and Ph D in Physics from the University of Michigan

Eric Van Stryland is a professor of Physics and Electrical Engineering at the University of Central Florida for Research and Education in Optics and Lasers He received his Ph D from the University of Arizona

David R Williams is a Professor of Psychology and Visual Science and the Director

of the Center of Visual Science at the University of Rochester He received his B S in Psychology from Denison University , and his M A and Ph D in Psychology from the University of California , San Diego

William L Wolfe is a Professor at the Optical Sciences Center at the University of

Arizona He received his B S in Physics from Bucknell University , and his M S in Physics and M S E in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan

Part 2 Physical Optics 2 1

Chapter 8 Optical Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Lineshapes

Part 4 Optical Sources 10 1

Chapter 12 Light-Emitting Diodes Roland H Haitz , M George Craford , and

Chapter 13 Semiconductor Lasers Pamela L Derry , Luis Figueroa , and

Chapter 25 Visual Performance Wilson S Geisler and Martin S Banks 25 1

Chapter 30 Analog Optical Signal and Image Processing

Chapter 33 Aberration Curves in Lens Design Donald C O ’ Shea and

Chapter 34 Optical Design Software Douglas C Sinclair 34 1

Chapter 44 Atmospheric Optics Dennis K Killinger , James H Churnside , and

Chapter 2 Afocal Systems William B Wetherell 2 1

Chapter 6 Integrated Optics Thomas L Koch , Frederick J Leonberger and Paul

Chapter 12 Acousto-Optic Devices and Applications I C Chang 12 1

Chapter 27 Ellipsometry Rasheed M A Azzam 27 1

Chapter 31 Use of Computer-Generated Holograms in Optical

Part 4 Optical and Physical Properties of Materials 33 1

Chapter 33 Properties of Crystals and Glasses William J Tropf ,

Chapter 36 Optical Properties of Semiconductors Paul M Amirtharaj and

italics definition or first usage

A , A 9 area , total field areas , object and image points

a O , a B , a I coef ficients in characteristic function expansion

B , B 9 arbitrary object and image points

d , d 9 arbitrary point to conjugate object , image points d 5 AO ,

d 9 5 A 9 O 9

d , d 9 axial distances , distances along rays

F , F 9 front and rear focal points

f , f 9 front and rear focal lengths f 5 PF , f 9 5 P 9 F 9

g , g 9 focal lengths in tilted planes

h , h 9 ray heights at objects and images , field heights , 4 x2

I , I 9 incidence angles

i , i 9 paraxial incidence angles

m x , m y , m z magnifications in the x , y , and z directions

N , N 9 nodal points

NA , NA 9 numerical aperture

n normal unit vector of a ray path

O , O 9 axial object and image points

p x , p y , p z optical direction cosines

Q 9 ( a 9 , b 9 ; x 9 , y 9 )

q , q 9 auxiliary functions for collineation

t , t 9 distances associated with tangential foci

U , U 9 meridional ray angles relative to axis

u , u 9 paraxial ray angles relative to axis

u1 , u2 , u3 , u4 homogeneous coordinates for collineation

V , V 9 vertex points