Handbook of space astronomy and astrophysics 2d ed zombeck

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Chapter 1

General data

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10

Fundamental physical constants (c.g.s.)

Speed of light in vacuum

Atomic mass unit (amu)

Proton-electron mass ratio

Fine structure constant

Classical electron radius

m, = 9.109 3897 x 10°78 g

mạ = 1.674928 6x 10" ”g

m, = 1.660 5402 x 10°74 m,/m, = 1 836.152 701 he/2ne? = 1/u = 137.035 989 5

h/myc = 4, = 2.426 310 58 x 10719 cm 2n*m,e*/ch? = R,, = 109 737.315 34cm}

Sun—Earth system constants

Equatorial radius for Earth

Dynamical form-factor for Earth

Gravity ‘at Earth’s surface (mean)

Ratio of mass of Moon to that of Earth

Lunar distance (mean)

Obliquity of the ecliptic (2000.0)

General precession in longitude per

Julian century (2000.0)

Constant of nutation (2000.0)

Earth’s magnetic dipole moment

Angular rotation rate of Earth

Average depth of ocean

AU = 1.495 978 70 x 10'3cm

To = 8".794 148 365.242 days 3.1557 x 10’ ephemeris seconds

Smoothed density of galactic material

throughout universe (Allen 1973)

Space density of galaxies

Luminous emission from galaxies

Mean sky brightness from galaxies

Cosmic background thermodynamic

760 torr = 1.013 x 10° dyn cm~? = 1 atmos = 1.013 bars = 1.013 x 10° Pascals

1curie: amount of material undergoing 3.7 x 10/° disintegrations s~!

(IS)

(IS) nem

b0

S8 6£Z1:A9

(1S) n2

= 1.1818 x 107 arcmin?

= 4.2545 x 10!° arcsec?

degree = 0.017 453 3 rad arcmin = 2.908 88 x 10> *rad arcsec = 4.848 137 x 107° rad deg? = 3.0462 x 107+ steradian arcmin’ = 8.4617 x 107° steradian arcsec” = 2.3504 x 107 1! steradian Feigenbaum’s number: 6 = 4.669 2016

421 4.52 6.02 7.53 0.301n

Number system conversions:

Decimal Octal Binary Hexadecimal

sin(A + B)=sin Acos B+cos Asin B

cos(A + B)=cos Acos B—sin A sin B

e* =cosx +isin x

Elementary particles (short list)

(` uy = eh/4nm,c = 9.274 015 4(31) x 10°74 JT"?

© py = eh/4nm,c = 5.050 786 6(17) x 10°77 JT

(Data from ‘Reviews of Particle Properties’, Rev Mod Phys 52, No 2, April 1980)

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18

Elementary Particles

(The second column is the isospin t, while the next column is the spin and parity, J”

Masses and lifetimes have generally been rounded; see the original reference for error bars and a complete listing of particle properties.)

(From Shapiro, S L & Teukolsky, S A., Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron

Stars, John Wiley and Sons, 1983, with permission.)

© Cambridge University Press ¢ Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System

Energy of fission of 1 atom of 7°°U = = 199 MeV = 3.2 x 107!" joule

Energy equivalent of 1 ton of TNT = 4.2 x 10° joule

Energy of fission of 1kilogram of 77°U = 20 kilotons of TNT

Energy equivalent of gram of matter =9 x 10!% joule

High heat value of 100 gallons of fuel oil= 15 x 10° Btu

High heat value of 20 000 cu ft natural gas= 20 x 10° Btu

Prefixes and symbols

(used with SI units to indicate decimal multiples and submultiples)

VALUES FOR GASEQUS ELEMENTS ARE FOR 90 9| (231) 92 93 (237) 94 (242) 95 (243) 96 (247) LIQUIDS AT THE BOILING POINT, 3850 1750 (aso 1230) 3818 i132 — 3255 — —

637 640 — — OUTLINE - SYNTHETICALLY PREPARED 17 h 15.4 Pq "¬ U "¬ No Py I7 — CI Ï Ì

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IA IVA VA VIA VHA HELIUM

— 4830 -195.8 -183 ~i88.2 -246 (2030) B 37279 C -210 -218.8 O -219.6 F ee A]

© Cambridge University Press ¢ Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System

Reviews of Particle Properties, Rev Mod Phys., 52, 1980

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Weast, R C., ed., CRC Press, Inc Landolt—Bornstein: Zahlenwerte und Funktionen aus Physik, Chemie,

Astronomie, Geophysik, und Technik, Springer-Verlag

International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics, Chemistry, and Technology, McGraw-Hill Book Company

© Cambridge University Press ¢ Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System

© Cambridge University Press ¢ Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System

24

© Cambridge University Press ¢ Provided by the NASA Astrophysics Data System

The Solar System

The Sun

Ephemeral (unipolar) active regions 20G

Inclination of equator to ecliptic

Sidereal rotation (func of lat.)

Synodic rotation (func of lat.)

Specific surface emission

Specific mean energy production

Escape velocity at surface

1 AU = 1.495 98 x 10'? cm 0.1368 watts cm ~?

G2 V

715 14°.44 — 3°.0 sin? ở per day 13°.45 — 3°.0 sin? @ per day

(14.9—15.7) x 105 K 6.087 x 1077 cm?

26

The Sun (cont.)

Annual mean sunspot number, AD 1610-1975 (From Eddy, J in The

Solar Output and its Variation, O White, ed., Colorado Association

60

40

The Sun (cont.)

Temperature and density as a function of distance from the solar

surface (Courtesy of G Withbroe, Harvard/Smithsonian Center for

DISTANCE (cm) FROM SOLAR SURFACE

uu l9 lO cpHERE! SPHERE | CORONA >

_O.OOOI O.OOI 0.01 0.1 10 100

DISTANCE (solar radii) FROM SOLAR SURFACE

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28

The Sun (cont.)

Solar spectral irradiance (Adapted from Carrigan, A L & Skrivanek, Aerospace Environment, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories,

Solar effective temperature 5800 K

Solar luminosity 3.826 X 10° erg s™!

The solar spectral irradiance at 1 AU between 10 and 300 A Three

states of solar activity are shown for the region 10—30 A The vertical

extent of the shaded areas is representative of the variability of the

spectral irradiance for changing solar conditions (Adapted from

Manson, J E in The Solar Output and Its Variation, O R White, ed., Colorado Associated University Press, Boulder, 1977.)

The Sun (cont.)

Solar EUV flux distribution incident on Earth’s atmosphere

(moderately active, non-flaring sun) (Adapted from Carrigan, A L & Skrivanek, Aerospace Environment, Air Force Cambridge Research

The practical mass fractions of hydrogen, helium, and the heavier elements are:

X =0.77, Y =0.21, Z=0.02 (Adapted from Cameron, A G W in “Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics”, Cambridge University Press, 1981)

/

; :

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32

The planets (orbital elements)

from Sun _ period period velocity Eccen- to the

Mercury 0.387099 87.969 115.88 47.89 0.2056 7.00

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Principal meteor streams

6 Aquarids July 30 July 20-Aug 14 339 — 10 41

Permanent daytime streams

B Taurids June 30 June 23—July 7 86 +19 31

(Adapted from Allen, C: W., Astrophysical Quantities, The Athlone Press, 1973.)

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38

Stars

Star charts

w Other tabulated stars of magnitude 2.5 and brighter

® Other tabulated stars of magnitude 2.6 and fainter

Denebola 28 ˆ`ˆ" 4, CANIS Aldebaran 10

SIDEREAL HOUR ANGLE

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Star charts (cont.)

@ Selected stars of magnitude

1.5 and brighter , Si} g.ensset

and fainter

*® Other tabulated stars of magnitude 2.5 and brighter

@ Other tabulated stars of magnitude 2.6 and fainter

EQUATORIAL STARS S.H.A (0° TO 187°)

c 0œ 3ơ 60° sơ 120° ¡Sơ 180° >

(0† Thy, : ` yo: a Sree, Me 410°

5 Eq, + AQUARIUS | s POPHIUCHUS 96 VIRGO “22 >

zơL sons SAGITTARIUS "ự ke pe —-77T iubeaelgenubi (39) 29 Gunah SƠ]

0 30° 60° 7 ? 120 150° 190°

SIDEREAL HOUR ANGLE

(Adapted from The Nautical Almanac)

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umet)

Snu6pI11 snainnbq

opelog

snurydjaq snus)

52

Nearest stars

Known stars within 5 parsecs of the Sun (in a sphere, projected on a plane) The numbers correspond to the order of radial distance from the Sun The angular position on the plot is the star’s right ascension Stars that appear close together on the plot are not necessarily close

in space, since the third dimension — for example, the star’s

declination — cannot be indicated (Adapted from Roach, F E &

Gordon, J L., The Light of the Night Sky, D Reidel Publishing Co., 1973.)

Stars 0ƒ large proper mofion (V< 8.05)

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56

Pulsars

Galactic distribution of pulsars In the adopted coordinates, 0°

latitude corresponds to the Galactic plane, while 0° longitude, 0°

latitude corresponds to the direction of the Galactic center (Courtesy

of Y Terzian, Cornell University.)

Pulsars (cont.)

Distribution of periods and period derivatives for 353 pulsars The

seven known binary pulsars, indicated by circles around the dots,

have unusually small period derivatives and hence relatively weak

magnetic fields (Dewey, R J et al., Nature, 322, 712, 1986, with

S 147 180.33, —1.68 05 36 45 +27 44.5 175’ 195’ x 200’ Crab 184.55, —5.78 05 31 31 +21 58.9 290” x 420” 290” x 420”

IC 443 189.01, +3.02 06 14 06 +22 37.2 47’ x 54’ 48’

Monoceros 205.62, —0.10 06 35 +06 30 210 180’ x 200’ Puppis 260.40, —3.42 08 20 30 —42 50 45’ x 65’ 50’ x 80’

MSH 10—53 284.17, —1.78 10 15 40 —58 40.5 33’ x 50’ I’ x 5’

RCW 86 315.44, —2.33 14 39 08 —62 15 55’ 8’ x 31’ RCW 89 320.36, —0.97 15 09 30 —58 46 8": 450” x 580” RCW 103 332.43, —0.39 16 13 54 —50 55.8 T7 57x95 Kes 45 342.05, +0.13 16 50 11 —43 303 30 x20 Kepler 004.52, +6.82 17 27 41 —21 26.6 3 21” x 64"

3C 400.2 053.62, —2.23 19 36 30 +17 08 20 4’ x 6'

DR 4 078.13, +1.81 20 20 38 +40 03.4 <3’ 2x3

Cygnus 074.27, —8.49 20 49 30 +30 45 160’ x 240’ 160 x 210 Cas A 111.73, —2.13 23 21 10 +58 32.4 130 130

CTBI 116.94, +0.18 23 56 45 +62 10 35:x 45: 32

: denotes approximate value

(Adapted from van den Bergh et al., Ap J Suppl., 26, 19, 1973.)

Henry Draper (HD) spectral classification

A Very strong H, decreasing later; Ca IJ increasing

G Ca II strong; Fe and other metals strong; H weaker

K Strong metallic lines; CH and CN bands developing

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Spectral type and luminosity class (MK, or Yerke’s classification)

V Main sequence (dwarfs) | œ CMa (Sirius) Al V

Spectral type and luminosity class of the MK classification;

dependence on color index B — V and visual absolute magnitude M, (Adapted from Unsoeld, A., The New Cosmos, Springer-Verlag, 1969.)

An incomplete list of astrophysically important infrared and visible

‘) Forbidden transitions are noted by brackets

() Superposition of CH band and metallic lines

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72

Stellar mass, luminosity, radius and density (luminosity and radius with mass; white dwarfs omitted)

(After Allen, C W., Astrophysical Quantities, Athlone Press, 1973.)

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'€]'0~

“2seud aouanbas-u†eui

ẩunp peu1ng ue8oIpÁu

uoI12£1J sseui

*ÄXV 9I9uA

(After Allen, C W., Astrophysical Quantities, Athlone Press, 1973.)

Integrated star light as a function of galactic latitude

(After Allen, C W., Astrophysical Quantities, Athlone Press, 1973.)

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Mean star density vs visual magnitude

80

Star counts

A formula for estimating (~ 15% accuracy) differential A and integral N star counts for a given galactic longitude /, latitude b, and apparent magnitudes V and B over the ranges b > 20”, 5 < m < 30 for zero obscuration, Am = 0, has been derived by Bahcall & Soniera (Ap J Suppl., 44, 73, 1980) (For non-zero obscuration, replace mby m — Am, where Am, = 0.15 csc b and Amg = 0.20 csc b.) The units of A are stars mag”! deg~? and of N are stars deg~?

1 1 i | L 1 L L a) -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 (2 14 16 18

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Local stellar luminosity function for the disk in the Blue band The

solid line is an analytic approximation (Adapted from Bahcall, J N

& Soneira, R M., Ap J Suppl., 44, 73, 1980.)

Typical particle density

n (HI) in diffuse clouds

n (HI) between clouds

m in molecular clouds

Typical temperature T

Diffuse HI clouds

HI between clouds

HII photon ionized regions

Coronal gas between clouds

Root-mean-square random cloud velocity

Isothermal sound speed C

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Luminosity oƒ the galaxy: Energy density in the galaxy:

Mass-luminosity ratio: M/Ly,, (solar units) ~ 10

Stellar radiation emission (solar neighborhood):

7.14 1.2 kpc (courtesy of M Reid, Harvard/Smithsonian)

Height of Sun above galactic disk: 24+6 pc

Galactic coordinates of the nucleus: | = —3'34, b= —2'75

Equatorial coordinates of the nucleus:

84

Hubble’s classification of galaxies

The number n behind the symbol E characterizes the ellipticity:

n= 10(a — b)/a, where a and b are the major and minor diameters of the ellipse The letters a,b,c following S and SB characterize the increasing degree of opening of the spiral arms (Adapted from Landolt—Bornstein, Astronomy and Astrophysics, (1982)

Elliptical Galaxies Normal Spirals Irregular Galaxies

Nearby extragalactic objects

Nearby extragalactic objects with our galaxy in the central position (Adapted from Roach, F E & Gordon, J L., The Light of the Night Sky, D Reidel Publishing Co., 1973.)