Justin Corfi eld Casely Hayford, Joseph Ephraim 1866–1930 West African lawyer and politician J.. Casely Hayford made enormously important con-tributions to the theory of Pan-Africanism
Trang 1was to annoy Alvaro Obregón One of Obregón’s men
tried to kill Carranza on April 8, 1920, forcing the
pres-ident to fl ee Mexico City for Veracruz He was deposed
on May 7, and on his way to Veracruz, on May 21,
in Tlaxcalantongo, in the Sierra Norte of Puebla State,
he was assassinated by Rodolfo Herrera He was
suc-ceeded as president by Adolfo de la Huerta, who was
president until November, when he was replaced by
Alvaro Obregón
See also Mexican constitution (1917)
Further reading: Richmond, Douglas W Venustiano
Carran-za’s Nationalist Struggle 1893–1920 Lincoln: University of
Nebraska Press, 1983; Tuchman, Barbara The Zimmerman
Telegram London: Macmillan, 1981.
Justin Corfi eld
Casely Hayford, Joseph Ephraim
(1866–1930) West African lawyer and politician
J E Casely Hayford made enormously important
con-tributions to the theory of Pan-Africanism and
orga-nized the National Congress of British West
Africa Casely Hayford became an inspiration for
Ghana’s independence movement leader and fi rst
pres-ident, Kwame Nkrumah, though Nkrumah’s
genera-tion no longer accepted the British presence in the way
that Casely Hayford and his colleagues had
Born in 1866, the man whom many would later
describe as the “uncrowned king of West Africa”
enjoyed educational opportunities in Africa and in
England He completed his secondary education at a Wesleyan (Methodist) boys’ high school in Cape Coast, the major port in the colony known to the British as the Gold Coast He spent several years as a teacher and principal in Wesleyan schools in both Accra (Nige-ria) and Cape Coast Following an apprenticeship to
a European lawyer, he traveled to London in 1893 to become a lawyer himself He completed legal training
in 1896 and soon returned to Cape Coast, where he established an active, admired private practice
Casely Hayford largely identifi ed himself with other professional, European-educated black Africans, but
he did not forget the traditions and worldview charac-teristic of the Fanti During his youth Casely Hayford’s father had participated in protests against the British erosion of native autonomy and customs, particularly with regard to land distribution and usage This early exposure to political activism and to debates about the virtues (and fl aws) of traditional, as opposed to British, law prepared Casely Hayford to become involved in the activities of the Aboriginal Rights Protection Soci-ety (ARPS) that formed at the end of the 19th century Shortly after the introduction of the 1897 Lands Bill into the British parliament, traditional elites and intel-lectuals of the Gold Coast joined together in the ARPS
to resist this proposed introduction of British prop-erty laws Casely Hayford and John Mensah Sarbah supported the ARPS’s effort by authoring pamphlets that explicated the traditional systems and presented cogent arguments against the Lands Bill
Over the next few decades, he augmented his already strong reputation by publishing several books that revealed his intelligence and his passionate
com-mitment to achieving prosperity in Africa Gold Coast Native Institutions, published in 1903, dealt with
the issues at stake in the Lands Bill controversy He asserted that these societies already possessed demo-cratic institutions and a high degree of civilization He thought of native institutions as an asset, not a liabil-ity, in the quest for progress and modernization
In his 1911 autobiographical novel, Ethiopia Unbound: Studies in Race Emancipation, Casely
Hayford provided a fi ctionalization of Pan-Africanist themes and ideals By evoking the achievements and infl uence of the “Ethiopian” (in Pan-Africanist ideol-ogy, this signifi ed all Africans and not just the inhabit-ants of a particular country in Africa), Casely Hayford boasted that the African could feel proud of his heri-tage despite the various racial theories that cast him
as inferior The goal of activism should be to encour-age the expansion of education, the preservation of
Carranza’s government took control of the railways and boosted
support for Mexican-owned business interests.