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Tiêu đề Land Suitability and Feasibility Study for Oil Palm and Rubber Plantations in South-West Cameroon Volume 1 Main Report
Tác giả E A Wyrley-Birch, I P Anderson, W J R Cox, M Errington, S H Walker
Trường học Land Resources Development Centre, Oversee Development Administration
Chuyên ngành Land Resources Assessment and Development Planning
Thể loại Main Report
Năm xuất bản 1982
Thành phố Surbiton, Surrey, England
Định dạng
Số trang 123
Dung lượng 9,23 MB

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LIST OF FIGURES 3.1 Relationship between rainfall and runoff at selected stations in Cameroon 33 3.2 Depth/duration frequency curves for rainfall on the Boa Plain 37 LIST OF T E X T MAP

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34 Land suitability and

feasibility study for oil palm and rubber plantations in

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Land Resources DevelopmerftCnentre

Land suitability and feasibility

study for oil palm and rubber

plantations in south-west

Cameroon

Volume 1 Main report

E A Wyrley-Birch, I P Anderson, W J R Cox,

M Errington and S H Walker

Land Resource Study 34

Land Resources Development Centre, Overseas Development Administration, Tolworth Tower, Surbiton, Surrey, England KT6 7DY

1982

4 3 > 5

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Scanned from original by ISRIC - World Soil Information, as ICSU

World Data Centre for Soils The purpose is to make a safe

depository for endangered documents and to make the accrued

information available for consultation, following Fair Use

Guidelines Every effort is taken to respect Copyright of the

materials within the archives where the identification of the

Copyright holder is clear and, where feasible, to contact the

indicating the item reference number concerned

LAND RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

The Land Resources Development Centre, one of the scientific units of the Overseas Development Administration, assists developing countries in mapping, investigating and assessing land resources, and makes recommendations on the use of these resources for the development of agriculture, livestock husbandry and forestry; it also gives

advice on related subjects to overseas governments and organisations, makes scientific personnel available for appointment abroad and provides lectures and training courses

in the basic techniques of resource appraisal and development The Centre works in close cooperation with government departments, research institutes, universities and international organisations concerned with land resources assessment and development planning

CENTRE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES RESSOURCES DE LA TERRE

Le Centre de Développement des Ressources de la Terre (l'un des organismes

scientifiques de l'Administration Britannique de Développement Outremer) apporte son aide aux pays en voie de développement en matière de cartographie, recherche et

evaluation des ressources de la terre et fournit des recommandations quant ä

l'exploitation de ces ressources pour le développement de l'agriculture, l'élevage et la sylviculture Le Centre offre également des conseilles techniques aux gouvernements et organismes outremer, se charge de trouver du personnel scientifique pour les postes a pourvoir ä l'étranger et organise des conférences et des stages de formation sur les

techniques de base relatives a revaluation et ä la mise en valeur des ressources Le Centre

travail Ie en étroite cooperation avec services gouvernementaux, instituts de recherche, universités et organismes internationaux s'occupant devaluation des ressources de la terre et de plans de développement

ISSN 0305-6554

ISBN 0-86182-001-0

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Contents

VOLUME 1

page LIST OF MICROFICHE DOCUMENTS viii

LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TEXT MAPS viii LIST OF SEPARATE MAPS ix

ABSTRACT AND SUMMARY xi

RESUME ET SOMMAIRE xxiii

PART 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Preface 1 1.2 Objectives 1 1.3 Team composition 2

1.4 Methods 5 1.5 Selection of areas for survey and study 6

1.6 Acknowledgements 9

1.7 The structure of the report 9

P A R T 2 THE N A T I O N A L A N D REGIONAL SETTING 11

2.1 The country and its characteristics 11

2.2 Current economic situation 11

2.3 Agriculture in the economy 12

2.4 National rural development strategy: the Minep Five-Year Plan 14

2.5 Institutions and development in South-West Province 15

PART 3 THE BOA PLAIN DEVELOPMENT AREA 17

3.1 Physical features 17

3.1.1 Geomorphology 17

3.1.2 Soil and land suitability 18

3.1.2.1 The soils and their drainage 18 3.1.2.2 Soil characteristics 19

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3.1.3 Land suitability classification

3.1.4 Climate

3.1.4.1 Rainfall 3.1.4.2 Temperature 3.1.4.3 Relative humidity 3.1.4.4 Sunshine and incoming radiation 3.1.4.5 Wind

3.1.4.6 Dry season water deficits 3.1.5 Hydrology

1.5.1 Drainage pattern 1.5.2 Estimation of runoff from rainfall 1.5.3 Minimum dry season flow and domestic and industrial

water supplies 1.5.4 Flood estimation from maximum rainfall data 1.5.5 Drainage requirement and strategy

3.2.1 Agriculture and other rural activities

3.2.1.1 Crops and farming practices 3.2.1.2 Livestock

3.2.1.3 Income 3.2.1.4 Hunting 3.2.1.5 Forestry 3.2.1.6 Fishing 3.2.2 Land tenure

3.2.3 Population and employment

3.3 Infrastructure and services

3.3.1 Roads and transport

4.1 Oil palm products

4.2

5.1.2 Methods of site selection

5.2 Allocation of land for development in the Boa Plain

5.2.1 Elimination of unsuitable land

5.2.2 Designation of land for estate development and settlement

reserves 5.2.2.1 The settlement reserves 5.2.2.2 Land for camps and gardens 5.2.2.3 Forestry and roads

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5.3 Proposals: forest utilisation 63

5.3.1 The inventory of timber resources 63

5.3.1.1 Method 63 5.3.1.2 Results 63 5.3.2 Exploitation options 66

5.3.3 Marketing 68 5.3.4 Revenue estimates 68

5.3.5 Conclusions 69

5.4 Proposals: estate oil palm 69

5.4.1 Introduction 69

5.4.2 Organisation, management and staff 71

5.4.3 Roads and drains 71

5.4.4 Buildings and services 72

5.4.5 Vehicles and heavy equipment 73

5.4.6 Seed and nurseries 74

5.4.7 Land clearing 74

5.4.8 Field maintenance 75

5.4.9 Production, harvesting and processing 75

5.4.10 Sales 78 5.4.11 Operating account 78

5.4.12 Financial cash flow 79

5.4.13 Total costs and rates of return 79

5.4.14 Economic cash flow and rates of return 80

5.5 Proposals: estate rubber 81

5.5.1 Introduction 81

5.5.2 Organisation, management and staff 81

5.5.3 Roads and drains 82

5.5.4 Buildings and services 82

5.5.5 Vehicles and heavy equipment 82

5.5.6 Planting materials and nurseries 83

5.5.7 Land clearing and planting 83

5.5.8 Field maintenance 83

5.5.9 Production and processing 84

5.5.10 Sales 85 5.5.11 Operating account 85

5.5.12 Financial cash flow 85

5.5.13 Total costs and rates of return 86

5.5.14 Economic cash flow and rates of return 86

5.6 Proposals: smallholder oil palm development scheme 87

5.6.1 Introduction 87

5.6.2 Conditions for smallholder participation 87

5.6.3 Development 89

5.6.4 Production 89

5.6.5 Inputs and benefits 90

5.6.6 Loan requirements and financing 90

5.6.7 Economic and financial cash flows and rates of return 91

5.7 Consolidated estate project costs and returns: oil palm and rubber 91

5.7.1 Consolidated project cost estimates 91

5.7.2 Finance 92 5.7.3 Prices 92 5.7.4 Inflation 92 5.7.5 Rates of return 92

5.8 Consolidated project costs and returns, including smallholders g2

5.9 Conclusion 93

PART 6 REFERENCES 95

VII

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VOLUME 2

APPENDIXES

1 Soils: methods, profiles, classification, mapping units

2 Climatic records and proposed estate drainage

3 Estimate of commodity prices and costs of inputs

4 Estate oil palm: costs, labour requirements and yields

5 Estate rubber: costs and labour requirements

6 Smallholder oil palm: yields, costs and returns

7 Financial tables

8 Economic tables

LIST OF MICROFICHE DOCUMENTS

Microfiche of the following documents are inserted inside the rear cover of Volume 2

All three were issued as Appendixes in Wyrley-Birch et al (1981)

1 A n inventory of the forest resources of the Boa Plains Report prepared by

N.P.Woods (1980)

2 Road construction proposals and costs Report by D M Brooks and J W F

Dowling Transport and Road Research Laboratory, (1980)

3 Infrastructure quantities and costs: roads and bridges, drainage works, river

improvements and water supplies Appendix 6, Section I I , in Wyrley-Birch et al

(1981)

LIST OF FIGURES

3.1 Relationship between rainfall and runoff at selected stations in Cameroon 33

3.2 Depth/duration frequency curves for rainfall on the Boa Plain 37

LIST OF T E X T MAPS 1.1 Location of Camdev III soil and land suitability survey area 3

1.2 Block A (including Camdev II development areas) 7

3.1 Land drainage subdivisions of the Boa Plain development area 21

3.2 Mean annual rainfall 29 3.3 Forest types of the Boa Plain development area 41

5* 1 Proposed layout of estates and settlement reserves 59

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LIST OF SEPARATE MAPS (inside rear cover of Volume 1 )

1 Soil associations and land suitability

2 Proposed drainage

3 Forest resources

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Abstract and k e y w o r d s

ABSTRACT

A t the request of the Government of the United Republic of Cameroon the Land Resources Development Centre of the UK Overseas Development Administration was appointed to do a preparatory study for the Cameroon Development Corporation Camdev III development programme The project included soil and land suitability studies for large-scale estate development of two blocks of land and a feasibility study

of land which was found t o be suitable One block, covering 600 k m2, was rejected because the land was either already farmed or topographically unsuitable In the other

Cameroon Mountain provided sufficient unoccupied land for a feasibility study This area is subject t o a heavy annual rainfall of up t o 6 500 mm, mainly falling in 6 months from May t o October The plan proposed includes the establishment, over a period of

8 years, of 1 000 ha of rubber as an extension to an existing rubber estate, 9 000 ha of oil palm in three 3 000 ha estates, and 1 000 ha of smallholder oil palm, at a total cost*

of CFAF 31 497 million (USS 146.5 million) for the estate development and CFAF

692 million (USS 3.2 million) for the smallholder development In view of the high rainfall, flatness of the land and numerous rivers, the provision of adequate drainage will be crucial to the success of the estate development; appropriate drainage plans are described in the report In addition t o details of the proposals, the report contains a discussion of market prospects for rubber and oil palm and financial and economic analyses of the proposed developments The estimated financial and economic percen-tage rates of return, in constant 1980 terms, are respectively: 7.88 and 14.17 for estate rubber; 9.49 and 13.19 for estate oil palm; 18.15 and 20.16 for smallholder oil palm; and 8.63 and 13.68 for the total project

KEYWORDS

Environment, land capability, soil survey, agricultural development, planning, tion agriculture, smallholding, surface drainage, oil palm, coconuts, rubber, economics, finance, cost, cost benefit analysis, profitability, marketing, Cameroon

planta-* In current terms i.e with provision for future inflation In the report, costs are also indicated in constant 1980 terms

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Summary

INTRODUCTION

A t the request of the Government of the United Republic of Cameroon, the Land Resources Development Centre of the UK Overseas Development Administration was appointed to do a preparatory study for the Cameroon Development Corporation's Camdev III development programme It was to include first a soil and land suitability appraisal (Phase I) and second — if suitable land for coconut, oil palm and rubber could

be found — a project feasibility study (Phase II) for the establishment of these crops on estates and smallholdings The first report to the Cameroon Development Corporation

(Wyrley-Birch et al., 1981) described the results of the investigations and made detailed proposals for developments over a period of 8 years The present Land Resource Study,

published with the permission of the General Manager of the Cameroon Development Corporation (CAMDEV), is intended for a wider readership in Cameroon and elsewhere Parts of the original text have been condensed while others have been amended to clarify the procedures used in determining land suitability and in planning profitable developments In addition all maps have been improved

NATIONAL SETTING

with 602 515 in S W Province There are extensive areas of tropical forest, deposits of oil (now being exploited), natural gas, bauxite and iron ore as well as smaller amounts

of other minerals and a considerable potential for hydro-electricity production — already used for processing alumina from Guinea

Population density varies from 3.4 persons per km2 in East Province t o 74.5 in West Province, with 24.9 in S W Province Forty-three per cent of the population is under

15 years old

With Littoral Province, South-West Province receives the largest number of immigrants, equalling 30% of the natural increase in the population The immigrants originate mainly from North-West Province and the border zones Only in South-West Province are the increases in urban and rural populations the same, emphasising the greater need there for the provision of social facilities in the rural areas

Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for 75% of the population and accounting for 30% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and over 60% of the value of exports Smallholder agriculture accounts for over 90% of the agricultural output with plantation agriculture accounting for only 10% Smallholder crops including cocoa, coffee, cotton, tobacco and groundnuts are important exports Together, cocoa and coffee account for about 45% of total agricultural exports while rubber, palm oil and palm kernels provide only 4.5%

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I

Cameroon is almost self-sufficient in foodstuffs; production has expanded at 5% per annum in the last 5 years Oil palm, rubber, bananas and tea are the main plantation crops

The Cameroon Government's fourth five-year plan 1976-1981 provides for an ture of CFAF 725 million and growth in GDP of 5-6% In this plan a high priority is given t o rural development t o raise the living standards of the rural population and make Cameroon self-sufficient in foodstuffs Poorly developed rural infrastructure and

expendi-a lexpendi-ack of incentives for young people to remexpendi-ain in the rurexpendi-al expendi-areexpendi-as expendi-are mentioned expendi-as problems, among many others

One of the objectives t o be achieved was the creation and extension of large modern plantations and agro-industrial complexes, with the aim of adding value to local products

THE CAMDEV I, II AND III PROJECTS

The overall objectives of the Camdev I project (1967-1975) were to increase CAMDEV's production and efficiency and strengthen its financial structure

The Camdev 11 and 111 projects constitute a second development phase, the object of which was to double CAMDEV's existing planted area of 30 000 ha over a period of 10 years

The Camdev III development proposed in the present report would occupy 11 000 ha

in the Boa Plain

For Camdev 11 the period of completion remains 5 years, but it is proposed that Camdev III should be completed over 8 years in order t o ease the burden on CAMDEV's management, technical and manpower resources

CAMDEV I I I : SELECTION OF DEVELOPMENT AREA

Two large blocks of land were appraised for suitability for the development of tion crops: Block A, north-west of Cameroon Mountain, including some areas of its foothills; Block B, extending eastward from the Douala-Mbanga road at Kompina toward the Wouri and Dibombe rivers (see Text Maps 1.1, 1.2 and 3.1) Block B was rejected because most of the area was topographically unsuitable Several areas in Block A were also rejected because they were already settled or topographically unsuit-able In Block A, only the Boa Plain north-west of Cameroon Mountain was found to

planta-be suitable for large-scale estate development

CAMDEV I I I : THE BOA PLAIN ENVIRONMENT

in the Bamusso Sub-division of Ndian Division of South West Province It is a flat crescent-shaped coastal plain north-west of Cameroon Mountain To the west are mangrove swamps, t o the east mainly the hills of the Mokoko River Forest Reserve In the north the Meme River is the boundary and the crescent narrows to a point in the south near the village of Njangassa There is a general downward slope of about 0.5% toward the mangrove swamps in the west It is estimated that 90% of the plain is forested

The plain is sparsely populated (2 861 in 1976) Communications and services are poor

to non-existent From the Mbonge Rubber Estate — Mokoko Estate road at Barombe Mokoko there is at present a poorly maintained dry-season track into the area, extend-ing as far as Boa Native (Boa Balondo) village There are densely populated (16 517 in 1976) coastal fishing villages mainly on sand bars separated from the plain by the

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mangrove swamps, so that the only contact is by boat On the plain the population is mainly Cameroonian, while in the fishing villages it is mainly Nigerian

The young alluvial soils show little profile development although they are sometimes stratified With the exception of about 800 ha of sand t o loamy sand soils in one area, textures vary from sandy loam t o uniform clay, with the finer textures tending to occur toward the mangrove and in the flood-prone area between the Meme and Mokoko Rivers Although there is evidence of flooding and seasonal waterlogging from several other rivers that traverse the plain, these soils rarely show evidence of strongly reducing conditions within 1.5 m of the surface The soils are medium t o strongly acid with a poor t o moderate nutrient status

Rainfall, concentrated in a wet season from May to October, varies from about

3 000 mm in the north to about 6 500 mm at the southern end of the plain The driest months are December to February, with rainfalls of less than 100 mm Winds are probably light t o variable for most of the year, becoming moderate and very occasion-ally strong in January t o April

Drainage will be of crucial importance t o the success of the development proposals for the Boa Plain Flooding is caused by a combination of heavy local rainfall and overflow from the rivers that flow across the plain A separate drainage strategy is needed for the northern sector between the t w o largest rivers, the Meme and Mokoko, where floods, particularly f r o m the former, are much larger and last longer than elsewhere In this sector a number of major drains leading west, by the most direct route t o the sea, will

be required — with some remodelling of the Mokoko River The present levee along the Meme is wrongly constructed and is frequently breached and overtopped by floods Rather than construct a new levee t o overcome these problems, it would be better t o lead the overspill off through the estate drainage systems t o the major drains Else-where on the plain where river catchments and flood volumes are much smaller, the major rivers should continue t o remove the runoff from the hill catchments, while excess rainfall on the plain will be removed by separate systems of estate drains

Subsistence agriculture to produce cassava, plantains, cocoyams, yams, maize, nuts, etc, mainly for home consumption, is the main activity on the plain Small quantities of cocoa (for sale) and coffee (mainly for home consumption) are produced There are smallholder cooperative associations at lloani and Mbongo villages which pro-duce palm o i l , from two small Stork mills of 5t FFB per day capacity The oil is sold

ground-on the local market through the Catholic Missiground-on at Mbground-onge Members earn about

110 000 CFAF a year from palm oil About 30 ha of plantation are maintained at each village Because of logistic difficulties, timber is not an important source of income but

is used in building, construction and furniture-making

The fishing villages sell and barter fish for small quantities of garri (made from cassava) and other food crops from the Boa Plain producers Almost 80% of the fish caught are exported to Nigeria

The future CAMDEV estates will have t o rely on imported workers for their operation,

as the local population is small and have a preference for working on their own farms Fishing is also more lucrative than estate work To attract and retain workers, housing, education and health facilities, and transport and food supply arrangements must be of

a high standard

CAMDEV III: DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS

The proposals are primarily concerned with estate and smallholder developments in the Boa Plain, but there will also be an opportunity t o take advantage of the considerable potential for large-scale timber exploitation in the project area A larger proportion of the forest species are suitable for the local rather than the export market Estimates of the value of the timber vary from CFAF 616 million t o 15 674 million, depending on the choice among several exploitation options, varying from light t o intensive Exploita-tion of the forest by CAMDEV is recommended, but a detailed marketing study would

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first be required since the level of exploitation would depend on several marketing factors Timber exploitation would delay the initiation of the Camdev III plantation development but could provide an immediate and large cash income

It is proposed that the Camdev III tree-crop development should include the ment of 1 000 ha net of rubber at Mokoko as an extension of Mbonge Rubber Estate,

establish-9 000 ha net of oil palm in three 3 000 ha estates and 1 000 ha of oil palm

small-holdings, over a period of 8 years at a total cost in current terms of CFAF 31 497 mi/lion for estate development and CFAF 629 mil/ion for smallholder development

Coconuts were excluded from the proposals because of lower-than-expected yields from Ivory Coast hybrids, the danger from diseases of the lethal yellowing type, the labour-intensiveness of the dehusking process, and the still early state of development

of mechanised processing Nevertheless, it is recommended that CAMDEV's coconut seed garden and trial plots should be retained and recorded in order t o preserve the coconut option for future development and replanting programmes

The proposed allocation of land for estate development on the Boa Plains in CAMDEV III is shown below

ha

Net planted area

ha Oil palm

of land for a chop (food) garden With this increased space, compared with previous schemes, the camps can be laid out as villages so that the food gardens will be closer t o the workers' houses and therefore likely to be more productive than in the past Oil palm

It is proposed that approximately 9 000 ha net of oil palm should be planted in three

3 000 ha estates The planting programme will be:

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Planting has been delayed until the third year of the project t o allow time for the struction of essential housing, roads and drains

con-Roads and drains should be constructed t o run side by side so that:

1 Excavated drain material can be used t o make embankments for the roads t o facilitate their drainage

2 Space will be saved

3 The roads will be unshaded t o allow rapid drying after rain

4 The drains will be lightly shaded t o encourage establishment of a grass sward,

planta-As the success of the Camdev III development will depend on effective drainage, it is strongly recommended that a highly skilled and experienced agricultural land drainage engineer be recruited for a term of 3-5 years, under a technical assistance agreement, t o design and supervise the excavation of the drainage system He should have a properly qualified CAMDEV Cameroonian counterpart as an understudy, to take over from him

at the end of his term

CAMDEV's standard housing for staff and workers is recommended However, it is suggested that it may be possible t o increase the size of the accommodation provided for workers if timber obtained more cheaply from the Boa Plain is used for its construction

Electrification of workers' villages is strongly recommended Water supplies from a single surface source for the whole development including the oil palm mill and from strategically sited groups of tube wells have been costed An emergency system of suit-ably capped shallow wells is provided near each estate workers' village

CAMDEV has its own source of seed for improved planting material As there is a dry season of 3 months over most of the Boa Plain, the normal CAMDEV two-stage nursery for the leeward side of Cameroon Mountain is recommended, ie seed set in a germinator

at the end of November, pre-nursery planting in April, main nursery planting in August and field planting in mid-March Blast disease is so well controlled that only 250 pre-heated seeds need to be supplied to the germinator per hectare of field planting Land clearing is expected to be done mechanically, the technique being similar t o that

at present used by CAMDEV for rubber Trees are pushed over, raked into windrows and burnt On the Boa Plain an effective burn will be essential t o facilitate drain excavation This may be difficult with the heavy rainfalls and short dry season The timing of the clearing operations will be important Felling one dry season and wind-rowing and burning the next may help, as may the use of flame-throwing equipment and fans to ignite the windrowed debris properly Some pre-clearing drainage may also

be necessary

CAMDEV's normal field maintenance and harvesting procedures are expected to be suitable for the Boa Plain environment The higher rainfalls, improved planting materials

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and maintenance standards are expected t o enable yields of 13-13.5 t/ha t o be achieved

at maturity, declining from years 18-30 t o 10 t/ha Peak production is expected to be reached between years 19 and 21 at about 120 0 0 0 1 FFB, or about 25 300 t oil and

5 1 0 0 t kernels

CAMDEV's highest monthly productions, amounting to 16% of the annual production, are used as the basis for calculating the processing requirement In addition, for small-holder production a requirement of over 50 t/hour will be necessary during the 7 years

of maximum production A mill of two lines of three 10 t presses has therefore been recommended Construction is to be completed in 3 stages, in project years 6,

12/13 and 13/14 It is felt that the spare capacity is a useful safeguard against down

break-It is assumed that distribution t o local markets will take place from the Boa Plain and that exports will be via Bota and Cape Limboh

Rubber

The approximately 1 000 ha proposed for rubber is adjacent t o the present 800 ha Camdev II development at Mokoko and both are extensions of an existing

1 200 ha estate: it is intended to divide the joint plantations into two 1 500 ha

estates The planting programme is for 200 ha a year The development phase will come under the project and field managers The road and drain system will be similar 'to that for oil palms except that the maximum carrying distance will be extended to

250 m

Mechanical land clearing will start in 1983/4: it will be similar t o that for oil palm

except that, as a precaution against root disease infection, rippers will be used to remove as many as possible of the roots remaining in the soil after windrowing Clean conditions t o facilitate drain excavation will still be necessary

Housing, water and electricity supplies will be of the same standard as those for oil palm estates

The standard CAMDEV system for nurseries, planting and maintenance will be used

As with oil palm, planting is delayed t o project year 3 Recommended clones are

PB 235,260,310 and 311 on GT1 root stocks Special provision will need t o be made for keeping nurseries well drained since wet-season flooding is always a possibility Yields of dry rubber, in kg/ha, are expected to be:

Project year 9 10 11 12 13 14 15-19 20-23 24-30 Yield 500 900 1 200 1 400 1 600 1 800 2 000 1 900 1 700 Total production from the 1 000 ha planted is expected to rise to 1 920—2 000 t from years 18 to 24 and fall to 1 700 t by year 30 Processing will be at a new factory on a neighbouring estate which will be constructed with sufficient capacity for this purpose The present system of marketing the rubber through a central rubber factory is expected

to continue

Smallholders

With some managerial improvements, the present Camdev II Smallholders' ment Scheme is expected t o be continued for the development of the 1 000 ha of oil palm smallholdings proposed for Camdev I I I The programme of development is 125 ha

Develop-a yeDevelop-ar

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MARKET PROSPECTS

Oil palm

The market prospects for palm oil are closely related to the world market for all oils and fats The demand for food fats and oils is expected to increase at an average annual rate of 2.7%, ranging from 1.6% in developed t o 4% in developing countries Since

1970, production has increased annually by an average of 4.2%, with palm oil tion growing at an average of 13% up to 1977 and expected t o grow by 7% per annum from 1977 t o 1985

produc-A t present palm oil represents about 10% of the world's production of fats and oils, but it is expected t o increase to 15% by about 1985 Western Europe is the largest importer of palm oil but its share of world imports fell from 65% in 1965 to 38% in

1975 Other important consumers are North America, Iraq, Japan and India Per caput consumption of fats and oils is related to income and varies from less than 5 kg/annum (10 kg in Cameroon) in developing countries t o a near saturation level of 25-30 kg in developed countries The developing countries are therefore a large potential market for palm oil exports Prices are expected t o rise in the early 1980s but to stabilise toward the end of the decade

Palm oil production in Cameroon is expected t o rise by about 6% per annum from

1980 to 1985 t o 138 000 t and consumption by 4.5% per annum over the same period

t o 106 000 t , leaving 32 000 t available for export By 1985 CAMDEV should be producing about 26 000 t Future consumption in Cameroon is expected to grow at about 4.5% per annum and given the present per caput consumption of about 10 kg per annum, this growth must continue well into the future before the saturation level

of about 30 kg is reached This suggests that Cameroon could almost increase palm oil production for the domestic market only — if the distribution network is satisfactory

— without considering exports

Rubber

World demand for all rubbers is expected to grow at an average annual rate of 5.1% from 1980 t o 1990, ranging from 4 1 % in developed countries to 8.0% in developing countries The supply of natural rubber is expected t o increase at 3.5% per annum so that its share of the world market will decline from 30% t o 26% The market outlook for natural rubber therefore appears to be good with an upward pressure on the price which is expected to reach US cents 320/kg by 1990

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS

The Camdev 111 estate project comprises the planting of 9 000 hectares of oil palm and

1 000 hectares of rubber over the period 1986 t o 1993, with installation of appropriate equipment including an oil mill

The total estate project investment costs from 1986 to 1998, when all areas of oil palm and rubber are in bearing, are estimated as follows:

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Oil palm

Development costs — direct

— general charges Buildings and ancillary services

Equipment and furniture

Vehicles and heavy equipment

Equipment and furniture

Vehicles and heavy equipment

Total cost in current terms

Less revenue from timber sales

Total net investment cost in current terms**

Financing these investment costs presents problems in that self-generated funds in Camdev 111 totalling CFÄF 5 583 million do not become available until the last few years of the investment programme Over the period 1986 t o 1990, any self-generated funds from CAMDEV's ongoing operations will be required for financing its own capital renewal programmes and for the completion of Camdev I I It is proposed there-fore that the Camdev III investments be financed as follows:

1 038.46

2 352.00 600.00 110.93

13 310.24

612.46 411.29 319.89 121.97 234.98 100.00 169.04

Contingencies at 10% have been added to all costs except specific items which are more appropriately related

to commodity prices

Provision for inflation in costs has been made on the assumption that annual inflation will be 10% in 1981,

8% in 1982 and 6% from 1983 onwards All rates are compounded

It is estimated that the foreign exchange component in the total net investment cost is about 38%, equivalent

to USS 55.450 million at an exchange rate of CFAF 215 = US $1

XX

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Prices for palm o i l , palm kernels and rubber for export have been based on the trends shown in the forecasts by the World Bank dated January 1980 for the period 1980 t o

1990, and extrapolated t o 2010 in line w i t h the mean trend of the 1980-1990 period Local prices of palm oil in current terms reflect the estimated trend of future inflation Inflation has been estimated at 10% in 1981, 8% in 1982 and 6% from 1983 onwards Internal rates of return based on the project assumptions are:

Constant „

- nort + Current terms

1980 terms Oil palms 7.88 13.57

240 000 from the 8th year onwards

It has been assumed that the present arrangement and terms applicable t o Camdev II smallholders will apply also t o Camdev 111 smallholders

SOCIAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS

For estate workers and smallholders, shadow wage rates of CFAF 275 and 377 per manday respectively were used

Base prices in CFAF per tonne were:

Economic rates of return at constant 1980 terms were:

Base IRR

IRR + 10%

costs

IRR

- 1 0 % benefits

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For a smallholder the income per hectare for the year specified could be:

Crop

year

Project year CFAF US 8

The project will provide employment for about 3 000 estate staff and workers and increased income for a maximum of 1 000 smallholders and their families The

multiplier effect of the transfer of a proportion of workers' incomes t o homelands will operate

The main social benefit t o the community will be an all-weather road system to nect it t o local markets and services at Mbonge and further afield Medical and educa-tional facilities and general living standards will be improved

con-xxii

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Resume et mots clefs

RESUME

A la demande du Gouvernement de la République Federale du Cameroun, le Centre de Développement des Ressources de la Terre (l'un des organismes scientifiques de l'Administration Britannique de Développement Outre-mer) s'est vu confier la realisa-tion d'une étude preliminaire relative au programme de développement de la Corpora-tion pour le Développement du Cameroun, Camdev I I I Le projet comportait des études sur l'aptitude de sols et terrains è l'aménagement de deux grands bloes de terre

en vue de constituer des plantations, ainsi qu'une étude de faisabilité portant sur les terres jugées appropriées L'un des bloes, d'une superficie de 600 k m2, n'a pas été retenu, la terre étant déja cultivée ou ne convenant pas sur le plan topographique Quant è l'autre bloc, seule la plaine littorale du Boa faiblement peuplée et couvrant

terres inoccupées pour justifier une étude de faisabilité Dans cette region, les tions annuelles sont élevées et peuvent atteindre 6 500 m m , la plupart ayant lieu en I'espacede6 mois, a savoir de mai a octobre Le plan propose comprend l'implantation,

precipita-au cours d'une période de 8 ans, de 1 000 ha d'hévéa qui doivent être annexes a un domaine déja existant, 9 000 ha de palmiers a huile répartis sur trois domaines de

3 000 ha chacun, et 1 000 ha de palmiers è huile en forme de petites exploitations, dont le coüt* total se monterait è FCFA 31 497 millions (US$ 146,5 millions) pour le développement des plantations, et FCFA 692 millions (USS 3,2 millions) pour les petites exploitations En raison de l'importance des precipitations, de la planéité des terres et de l'existence de nombreuses rivières, il sera essentiel de prévoir un Systeme

de drainage adéquat pour assurer le succes du projet de développement; des systèmes

de drainage appropriés sont décrits dans le rapport En plus d'une description détaillée des propositions, le rapport traite des debouches éventuels pour les produits des hévéas

et des palmiers a huile et présente des analyses financières et économiques des

aménagements proposes Les taux de rendement financiers et économiques estimés, en termes constants fonction de l'année 1980, et exprimés en pourcentage, sont, respecti-vement: 7,88 et 14,17 pour les plantations de caoutchouc; 9,49 et 13,19 pour les plantations productrices d'huile de palmier; 18,15 et 20,16 pour les petites exploita-tions de palmiers a huile, et 8,73 et 13,68 pour le projet dans son ensemble

MOTS CLEFS

Environnement, vocation des terres, relevé pédologique, aménagement agricole, cation, plantations, petites exploitations, assainissement, palmier è huile, hévéa, cocotier, économie, financement, coüts, analyse coüt-profit, rentabilité, commer-cialisation, Cameroun

planifi-* En termes actuels, e'est a dire avec prevision pour l'inflation future Dans le rapport, on indique aussi les coüts en termes constants 1980

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pré-et d'hévéa, une étude de faisabilité (Phase II) relative a I'établissement de ces cultures dans des plantations et des petites exploitations Le premier rapport soumis au Corpor-

ation pour le Développement du Cameroun (Wyrley-Birch et al., 1981) a décrit les

résultats des recherches et a présenté des propositions détaillées relatives è un

programme de développement portant sur huit ans Le présent Land Resource Study,

publié avec la permission du Directeur General de la Corporation pour le ment du Cameroun (CAMDEV), est destine a être lu par un public plus nombreux, au Cameroun et ailleurs Certaines parties du texte original ont été raccourcies Autres parties ont été modifiées dans le but de clarifier les methodes employees pour deter-miner la vocation des terres et pour planifier des développements rentables De plus, toutes les cartes ont été améliorées

Développe-CONTEXTE NATIONAL

population de 7,66 millions de personnes, dont 602 515 dans la Province du sud ouest

II existe de grandes étendues de forêts tropicales, des gisements d'huile (en cours d'exploitation), du gaz naturel, de la bauxite et du minerai de fer, ainsi que d'autres mineraux en quantites moins importantes; il existe egalement un potentiel considerable dans le domaine de la production d'énergie hydro-électrique — déja exploité pour le traitement d'alumine en provenance de la Guinee

La densité de la population varie entre 3,4 habitants par km2 dans la Province de l'est,

et 74,5 dans la Province de l'ouest; eile est de 24,9 habitants dans la Province du sud ouest Quarante-trois pour cent de la population est agée de moins de 15 ans

C'est la Province du sud ouest, de pair avec la Province littorale, qui recoit le plus grand nombre d'immigrants, lesquels représentent 30% de la croissance naturelle de la population Les immigrants, pour la plupart, sont originaires de la Province du nord ouest et des zones frontalières Ce n'est que dans la Province du sud ouest que les populations urbaines et rurales augmentent a la même cadence; c'est done la que la prevision d'infrastructures sociales dans les regions rurales se révèle la plus urgente L'agriculture constitue la base principale de l'économie; eile fait vivre 75% de la population et représente 30% du Produit National Brut (PNB) et plus de 60% de la valeur des exportations Les petites exploitations agricoles représentent plus de 90% du xxv

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rendement agricole tandis que l'agrioulture des plantations n'en représente que 10% Les cultures des petits exploitants, parmi lesquelles Ie cacao, Ie café, Ie coton, Ie tabac

et les arachides, sont exportées en grandes quantités Ensemble, Ie cacao et Ie café représentent environ 45% des exportations globales de produits agricoles, tandis que Ie caoutchouc, l'huile de palmier et les coeurs de palmier n'en représentent que 4,5%

En ce qui concerne les produits alimentaires, Ie Cameroun est presque autonome; la production a augmenté de 5% par an au cours des cinq dernières années Les cultures principales des plantations sont les palmiers è l'huile, l'hévéa, les bananiers et les théiers

Le quatrième plan quinquennal 1976-1981 du gouvernement camerounais prévoit une dépense de FCFA 725 millions et une augmentation du PNB de 5-6% Ce plan accorde une grande priorité è l'aménagement rural, ceci afin d'augmenter le niveau de vie de la population rurale et d'assurer l'autonomie du Cameroun du point de vue des produits alimentaires Parmi les nombreux problèmes qui se posent, la médiocrité du développe-ment des infrastructures rurales y est mentionnée, ainsi que l'absence de facteurs susceptibles d'encourager les jeunes è rester dans les regions rurales

L'un des objectifs è atteindre était la creation et l'extension de grandes plantations modernes et de complexes agro-industriels, dans le but de rehausser la valeur des produits locaux

LES PROJETS CAMDEV I, II et ill

Le projet Camdev I (1967-1975) visait principalement è augmenter la production et l'efficacité du CAMDEV et renforcer sa structure financière

Les projets Camdev 11 et 111 constituent une seconde phase de développement dont l'objectif était de doubler en l'espace de 10 ans la superficie de 30 000 ha dé ja mis en culture par CAMDEV

Le projet de développement Camdev 111 propose dans Ie présent rapport viserait

11 000 ha dans la plaine du Boa

Tandis qu'il est toujours prévu de réaliser le plan Camdev II en l'espace de 5 ans, il est propose d'étaler le plan Camdev III sur 8 ans afin d'alléger les contraintes imposées aux gestionnaires, aux techniciens et è la main-d'oeuvre dont dispose CAMDEV

CAMDEV III: CHOIX DE LA ZONE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT

Deux grands bloes de ternes ont été évalués en vue de determiner s'ils convenaient è des cultures de plantations: le Bloc A, au nord ouest du Mont Cameroun, y compris certaines zones de ses contreforts; Le Bloc B, qui s'étend a l'est de la route Douala-Mbanga a Kompina vers les rivières Wouri et Dibombe (cf Texte, Cartes 1.1, 1.2 and 3.1) Le Bloc B n'a pas été retenu car la plupart de la region ne convenait pas du point

de vue topographique Plusieurs zones du Bloc A n'ont pas été retenues non plus, soit parce qu'elles étaient déja peuplées, soit parce que leur topographie ne convenait pas Dans le Bloc A, seule la plaine du Boa au nord ouest du Mont Cameroun s'est révélée propice au développement de grandes plantations

CAMDEV III: L'ENVIRONNEMENT DE LA PLAINE DU BOA

Les terres destinées è être mi ses en valeur dans le cadre du plan Camdev 111 sont situées dans la Plaine du Boa qui occupe 177 km2 de la Sous-Division Bamusso de la Division Ndian de la Province sud ouest C'est une plaine littorale en forme de croissant située

au nord ouest du Mont Cameroun Elle est bordée è l'ouest par des mangroves, et, è l'est, principalement par les collines du Domaine Forestier de la rivière Mokoko Au nord, la plaine est délimitée par la rivière Meme et, au sud, le croissant se rétrécit pour former une pointe prés du village Njangassa La plaine, dans son ensemble, est

xxvi

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caractèrisêe par une déclivitê d'environ 0,5% en direction des mangroves, a l'ouest On estime que 90% de la plaine est couverte de forêts

La plaine est faiblement peuplêe (2 861 habitants en 1976) Les moyens de cation et les services sont médiocres, sinon inexistants II existe actuellement un chemin mal entretenu et seulement practicable pendant la saison sèche, qui part de Barombe Mokoko situé sur la route reliant la Plantation de Caoutchouc Mbonge è celle de

communi-Mokoko, et qui mène jusqu'au village Boa Native (Boa Balondo) Sur la cote se trouvent des villages de pêcheurs tres peuplés (16 517 habitants en 1976); ces villages sont con-

st mits pour la plupart sur des bancs de sable coupes de la plaine par les mangroves, si bien que Ie bateau constitue Ie seul moyen d'acces La population de la plaine est, pour la plupart, camerounaise, tandis que les villages de pêcheurs sont peuplés surtout par des Nigériens

Les terres alluviales d'äge récent ont un profil peu développé bien qu'elles soient fiées par endroits A l'exception d'une zone d'environ 800 ha de sols dont la composi-tion passe du sable au sable gras, la texture des sols est variable, allant du sable gras

strati-jusqu'ä I'argile pure, les sols plus fins étant généralement situés vers les mangroves et dans la zone fréquemment inondée entre les rivières Meme et Mokoko Les recherches tendent è démontrer que ces terres sont inondées et engorgées pendant la saison des pluies par certaines autres rivières qui traversent la plaine; cependant, ces sols révèlent rarement des traces de reduction marquee ä moins de 1,5 m sous la surface L'acidité des sols est de moyenne ä forte, les propriétés nutritives allant de médiocres ä moyennes Les precipitations, qui se produisent principalement de mai ä octobre pendant la saison des pluies, varient entre 3 000 mm au nord et environ 6 500 mm è l'extrémité sud de la plaine La période la plus sèche est comprise entre les mois de décembre et février, les precipitations étant inférieures ä 100 mm Pendant la plupart de l'année, les vents

varient en general entre légers et variables, pouvant devenir modérés et è de tres rares occasions forts entre les mois de janvier et d'avril

La mise en place d'un système de drainage sera essentielle è la réussite de projet de mise

en valeur de la Plaine du Boa Les inondations sont Ie fait de fortes precipitations locales alliées au débordement des rivières qui traversent la plaine II faudra adopter une politique

de drainage particuliere pour Ie secteur nord situé entre les deux rivières les plus grandes, les rivières Meme et Mokoko, étant donné que les inondations, surtout celles provoquées par Ie débordement de la rivière Meme, sont bien plus importantes et durent plus long-temps qu'ailleurs Dans ce secteur, il faudra installer un certain nombre de canalisations importantes de drainage menant è la mer a l'ouest, par la route la plus directe et, par la même occasion, remodeler dans une certaine mesure Ie cours de la rivière Mokoko La construction de la digue Ie long de la rivière Meme est mal concue; en effet, les crues occasionnent fréquemment des brèches et des débordements Plutot que de construire une nouvelle digue pour résoudre ces problèmes, il serait preferable d'évacuer les eaux excédentaires è travers les systèmes de drainage des plantations vers les canalisations principales de drainage Dans les autres parties de la plaine ou les bassins versants des rivières et Ie volume des crues sont bien moins importants, les rivières principales

devraient continuer è évacuer les eaux de ruissellement en provenance des bassins sants des collines, tandis que les eaux de pluie excédentaires de la plaine seront évacuées

ver-è l'aide de systver-èmes indépendants de canalisations de drainage des plantations

L'agriculture de subsistance, è savoir la production de manioc, de bananes, d'ignames,

de mais, d'archides, e t c , destinée principalement ä la consommation intérieure,

constitue l'activité principale de la plaine De petites quantités de cacao (pour la vente)

et de café (essentiellement pour la consommation domestique) sont également

pro-duces II existe, dans les villages lloani et Mbongo, des cooperatives de petits ants qui produisent de l'huile de palmier è partir de deux petits moulins Stork d'une capacité de 5 tonnes de fruits (FFB) par jour L'huile est vendue au marché local par l'intermédiaire de la Mission catholique de Mbonge Les coopérateurs gagnent environ

exploit-110 000 FCFA par an grace è la vente de cette huile Chaque village entretient une

plantation d'environ 30 ha En raison de difficultés de logistique, Ie bois ne fournit

pas une source importante de revenus mais sert ä la construction de batiments et è la fabrication de meubles

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Les villages de pecheurs vendent du poisson ou le troquent contre de petites quantités

de garri (produit è partir du manioc) et autres aliments produits par les exploitants de la Plaine du Boa Presque 80% du produit de la pêche sont exportés vers le Nigeria

Les futures plantations CAMDEV devront faire appel aux services d'une main-d'oeuvre importée car la population locale est faible et les habitants preferent travailler sur leur propre ferme De plus, la pêche est mieux rémunérée que le travail sur les plantations Pour attirer et retenir les travailleurs, le logement, l'éducation, les installations sanitaires, les services de transport et les systèmes d'approvisionnement alimentaire devront être d'un niveau élevé

CAMDEV I I I : DEVELOPPEMENT PROPOSE

Les propositions visent principalement le developpement de plantations et de petites exploitations dans la Plaine du Boa, mais elles permettront égalernent de profiter des possibilités de l'exploitation du bois è grande échelle dans la zone du projet Les espèces d'arbres conviennent pour la plupart au marché local plutot qu'è celui de l'exportation Les estimations de la valeundes ressources en bois varient entre FCFA 616 millions et

15 674 millions, selon le choix de la methode d'exploitation, qui peut aller du système extensif au système intensif

II est recommandé que CAMDEV exploite la forêt, mais il serait nécessaire d'effectuer

au préalable une étude détaillée du marché car le niveau d'exploitation serait fonction de plusieurs facteurs ayant trait ä la commercialisation L'exploitation des forêts retarderait

le demarrage du developpement des plantations dans le cadre de Camdev I I I , mais

pourrait assurer d'importants revenus financiers dans l'immédiat

// est propose que le developpement de plantations dans le cadre de Camdev III comporte

la plantation de 1 000 ha nets d'hêvêa è Mokoko, qui viendraient se rajouter è la

Plantation d'hêvêa Mbonge, de 9 000 ha nets de palmiers è huile dans trois plantations de

3 000 ha chacune et de 1 000 ha de palmiers è huile sous forme de petites exploitations, êchelonnêe sur une période de 8 ans, dont le coüt total en termes actuels se monterait

a FCFA 31 497 millions pour le developpement des plantations et FCFA 692 millions pour les petites exploitations

Les propositions ne prevoyaient pas de cultures de noix de coco en raison des rendements inférieurs aux previsions des hybrides sur la Cote d'lvoire, des risques de maladies fatales

du type jaunissement, les frais de main d'oeuvre relatifs au décorticage, et du manque d'installations de traitement mécanisé dont le developpement ne faisait que débuter Cependant, il est recommandé que CAMDEV continue a entretenir des pépinièresde cocotiers et des parcelles d'essai et que les résultats obtenus soient enregistrés pour qu'il soit possible de retenir l'option sur cette culture qui pourrait éventuellement s'inscrire dans le cadre de programmes futurs de developpement et replantation

Le tableau suivant représente l'attribution proposee de terres en vue du developpement de plantations sur la plaine du Boa dans le cadre de CAMDEV I I I

ha

Superficie nette des cultures

ha Palmiersä huile

Trang 25

De plus, 2 500 ha ont été attribués aux villages existants Les terres seront réparties

en fonction du rapport entre les populations des villages et la population totale de la Plaine du Boa d'aprés Ie recensement de 1976, a l'exception du fait que des parcelles ont été réservées è ceux qui se sont établis sur des terres qui sont la propriété de

CAMDEV, dans une zone située entre les terres réservées au village Boa Native (Boa Balondo) et au village Mbongo

Autour des sites des camps d'ouvriers, 1 250 m2 de terrain ont été attribués a chaque

ménage pour servir de jardin potager Grace a cette augmentation de superficie, par rapport aux projets antérieurs, il sera possible d'aménager les camps sous forme de villa-ges si bien que les jardins potagers seront plus proches des maisons des ouvriers et done susceptibles de produire davantage que par Ie passé

Les routes et les canalisations de drainage devraient être construites cöte-a-cöte pour les raisons suivantes:

1 Les matériaux provenant des excavations effectuées pour la pose des drains pourront servir a constituer des remblais pour les routes en vue de faciliter leur drainage

2 II sera ainsi possible d'économiser de l'espace

3 Les routes ne seront pas ombragées en vue de permettre leur asséchement rapide aprés les pluies

4 Les drains seront légèrement ombragés de maniere è favoriser l'établissement d'un gazon, ce qui facilitera leur entretien

II sera possible d'extraire les matériaux durs nécessaires au revêtement des routes dans

la region vallonnée située a Test de la Plaine du Boa

II est propose qu'un directeur de projet possédant une grande experience sur le plan international dans le domaine du développement de cultures de plantations soit nommé pour diriger les operations et en assurer Ie bon déroulement II devrait être seconde par

un directeur sur le terrain possédant une solide experience de la plantation de palmiers

a huile et d'hévéa pour assurer que l'établissement des cultures et leur entretien dans les premiers temps répondent è un haut degré d'excellence Des directeurs de planta-tions seraient nommés au cours de la phase de développement, ce qui leur permettra d'acquérir de l'expérience Ms prendraient en main les plantations lorsque toutes leurs cultures seraient en place Comme le succes du projet de développement Camdev III

x x i x

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va dépendre de la mise en place d'un système efficace d'assainissement, il est fortement recommandé de recruter un ingénieur hautement qualifié et expérimenté dans Ie

domaine du drainage de terrains agricoles; la durée de sa mission serait de trois a cinq ans dans Ie cadre d'un accord d'assistance technique et il aurait pour röle de planifier et surveiller les travaux d'excavation nécessaires a la mise en place du Systeme de drainage

Un homologue camerounais CAMDEV ayant les qualifications requises devrait faire son apprentissage avec lui afin d'etre en mesure d'assumer les functions de l'ingénieur

lorsque la mission de ce dernier sera terminée

II est recommandé que des logements Standard CAMDEV soient mis a la disposition du personnel et des ouvriers Cependant, il sera éventuellement possible d'acroftre l'import-ance des logements des travailleurs s'ils peuvent être construits a l'aide de bois de la Plaine du Boa, obtenu è meilleur marché

II est fortement recommandé que les villages d'ouvriers soient dotés d'électricité Les coüts de I'établissement d'un réseau d'eau alimenté è partir d'une source unique en sur-face desservant tout Ie projet, y compris Ie broyeur pour huile de palmier,

et a partir de groupes de puits ä tubage situés è des points stratégiques ont été évalués

Un système de réserve constitué par des puits de faible profondeur convenablement fermés est prévu ä proximité de chaque village d'ouvriers de plantations

CAMDEV possède sa propre source de semences destinées a la constitution d'un stock amélioré de cultures de plantations Comme la saison sèche dure trois mois dans la plu-part de la Plaine du Boa, il est recommandé d'utiliser la pépinière CAMDEV normale concue pour une culture en deux étapes et située du cöté sous Ie vent du Mont

Cameroun La technique utilisée ici consiste a placer les semences dans un germinateur ä

la fin novembre, è repiquer en stade pré-pépinière au mois d'avril, a repiquer dans la pépinière principale au mois d'aoüt et, enfin, è repiquer sur Ie terrain ä la mi-mars La maladie atrophiante blast* est si bien contrölée qu'il suffit de placer dans Ie germinat-eur 250 graines préchauffées pour assurer un hectare de plantation sur Ie terrain

II est prévu de défricher les terres a l'aide d'appareils mécaniques en faisant appel a une technique semblable è celle actuellement utilisée par CAMDEV dans Ie cas des plantations d'hévéa Les arbres sont abattus, rassembles en rangées par ratissage et brülés Sur la Plaine du Boa, il faudra mener les operations de brülage d'une maniere efficace pour faciliter l'excavation des drains Les operations pourront se révéler difficiles étant donné que les precipitations sont fortes et que la saison sèche est de courte durée Les operations de défrichage devront être méticuleusement programmees Une solution consisterait ä abattre les arbres au cours de la saison sèche et a les rassembler en rangées

et è les brüler au cours de la saison sèche suivante; on pourrait également employer des lance-f lammes et des ventilateurs pour assurer la bonne mise a feu des rangées II pour-rait également être nécessaire d'effectuer des operations de drainage préablement au défrichage

Les methodes habituellement employees par CAMDEV pour l'entretien des champs et les récoltes devraient convenir è l'environnement de la Plaine du Boa Le niveau plus élevé des precipitations, l'amélioration des plants et des niveaux d'entretien devraient permettre d'obtenir des rendements de 13 a 13,5 tonnes par ha a la maturité des cul-tures, lesquels diminueraient entre les années 18-30 jusqu'a 10 tonnes par ha On prévoit que la production maximale sera atteinte entre les années 19 et 21 et qu'elle represent-

e e environ 120 000 t de fruits 'FFB;soit environ 25 300 t d'huile et 5 100 t de

de réserve en cas de panne

* Due aux champignons Rhizoctonia et Pythium

XXX

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II est presume que la distribution aux marches locaux s'effectuera depuis la Plaine du Boa et que les produits exportés passeront par Bota et le Cap Limboh

Hevea

La superficie d'environ 1 000 ha proposée pour les plantations d'hévéa représente une zone voisine du projet de developpement Camdev II de 800 ha situé a Mokoko, et ces deux zones constituent des extensions d'une plantation existante de 1 200 ha; il est prévu de fair de ces terres deux plantations de 1 500 ha chacune Le programme

d'implantation prévoit la mise en culture de 200 ha par an La phase de developpement

se déroulera sous la responsabilité du directeur de projet et du directeur sur le terrain

Le système routier et le réseau de drainage seront concus de mantère analogue ä ceux prévus pour les palmiers a huile, sauf que la distance maximal de transport sera portee

a 250 metres

Le défrichage mécanisé commencera en 1983/4; les operations seront analogues è celles prévues pour les palmiers è huile sauf que l'on fera appel è des défonceuses qui servi-ront ä enlever le maximum de racines laissées dans le sol après la constitution des

rangées d'arbres abattus, ceci en vue de prévenir une infection par des racines malades

Un bon déblayage sera nécessaire pour faciliter l'excavation des drains

Les logements ainsi que l'alimentation en eau et énergie électrique se conformeront aux mêmes exigences que dans le cas des plantations de palmiers a huile

On fera appel au système CAMDEV habituellement utilise pour les pépinières, les

operations de plantation et d'entretien Comme dans le cas des palmiers è huile, la phase de plantation sera différée jusqu'a l'année 3 du projet Les clones recommandés sont les PB 235, 260, 310 et 311 sur souches G T 1 II faudra prendre des dispositions speciales pour maintenir un drainage efficace des pépinières car il exist e toujours un risque d'inondation pendant la saison des pluies

Les rendements anticipés en caoutchouc sec, exprimés en kg/ha, sont les suivants:

Année du projet 9 10 11 12 13 14 15-19 20-23 24-30 Rendement 500 900 1 200 1 400 1 600 1 800 2 000 1 900 1 700

II est presume que la production totale obtenue pour les 1 000 ha plantés augmentera jusqu'è 1920-2000 t entre les années 18 et 24 et qu'elle sera tombée a 1700 t d'ici a l'année 30 Le traitement des produits sera assure par une nouvelle usine a une

plantation voisine, laquelle sera construite en prévoyant une capacité süffisante è eet effet Le système actuel qui consiste a commercialiser le caoutchouc par l'intermédiaire d'une usine de caoutchouc centrale restera probablement en vigueur

Petites exploitations

II est prévu d'appliquer le Projet de Developpement de Petites Exploitations Camdev II actuellement en cours au developpement des 1 000 ha de palmiers a huile en petites exploitations propose pour Camdev I I I , en apportant certaines ameliorations sur le plan

de gestion Ce programme prévoit un developpement a la cadence de 125 ha par an

suiv-xxxi

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annuellement de 4,2% en moyenne, la production d'huile de palmier ayant augmenté

de 13% en moyenne jusqu'en 1977 et devant augmenter, suivant les previsions, de 7%

en moyenne par an de 1977 ä 1985

A l'heure actuelle, l'huile de palmier représente environ 10% de la production mondiale

de matières grasses et d'huiles, mais l'on prévoit que sa production aura augmenté jusqu'a 15% aux environs de l'année 1985 L'Europe de l'ouest est Ie plus grand

importateur d'huile de palmier mais sa part des importations mondiales est tombée de 65% en 1965 a 38% en 1975 D'autres consommateurs importants sont l'Amérique du Nord, l'lrak, Ie Japon et l'lnde La consommation de matières grasses et d'huiles par tête est liée au niveau des revenus et varie entre moins de 5 kg/an (10 kg au Cameroun) dans les pays en voiededéveloppement a un niveau de quasi saturation égal ä 25-30 kg, dans les pays industrialises Les pays en voie de développement représentent done un important marché potentiel pour les exportations d'huile de palmier On escompte une augmentation des prix au début des années 1980 mais une stabilisation vers la fin de la décennie

On prévoit que la production camerounaise d'huile de palmier augmentera d'environ 6% par an entre 1980 et 1985 pour atteindre 138 000 tonnes, et que la consommation augmentera de 4,5% par an pendant la même période pour atteindre 106 000 tonnes,

ce qui laissera 32 000 t pour I'exportation D'ici 1985, CAMDEV devrait

pro-duire environ 26 0 0 0 1 La consommation future au Cameroun devrait augmenter d'environ 4,5% par an et étant donné que la consommation actuelle par tête est de

10 kg environ par an, il faudra que cette croissance se maintienne pendant bien des années avant que Ie niveau de saturation d'environ 30 kg ne soit atteint Cela semble indiquer que le Cameroun pourrait pratiquement augmenter sa production d'huile de palmier pour les besoins du marché intérieur uniquement - ä condition que Ie réseau

de distribution soit satisfaisant - sans compter les exportations

Caoutchouc

On escompte que la demande mondiale de caoutchoucs de toutes categories era a un taux moyen annuel de 5,1% entre 1980 et 1990, ce taux allant de 4 , 1 % dans les pays industrialises ä 8,0% dans les pays en voie de développement II est prévu que l'offre de caoutchouc naturel augmentera au taux de 3,5% par an si bien que sa part du marché mondial tombera de 30 è 26% Les perspectives commerciales pour le

augment-caoutchouc naturel semblent done bonnes et l'on escompte une poussée des prix qui devraient atteindre 320 cents US/kg d'ici 1990

xxxn

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termes constants 1980 15 279,87

Réserves de prévoyance* 1 499,35

16 779,22 Adjustement pour tenir compte de l'inflation / 15 555,69

Total en termes actuels 32 334,90

Moins revenus provenant de la vente de bois 838,00

Coüt total d'investissement net en termes actuels * * 31 496,91

Le financement de ces coüts d'investissement donne lieu a des probièmes car les fonds provenant de l'auto-financement dans le cadre de Camdev III s'élevant è FCFA 5 583 millions ne seront pas disponibles avant les dernières années du programme d'investisse-ment Pendant la période 1986-1999, tous les fonds provenant de l'auto-financement des operations courantes de CAMDEV seront nécessaires au financement de ses propres programmes de renouvellement de capital et è l'achèvement du projet Camdev 11 II est done propose que les investissements pour Camdev III soient finances comme suit:

La prevision pour inflation relativement aux coüts a été effectuée en prenant comme hypothese une inflation

annuellede 10% en 1981, 8% en 1982 et 6% a partirde 1983 Tous les taux sont composes

On a estime' que la composante devises e'trangères du coüt total net d'investissement représente environ 38%

ce qui équivaut a US9 55 450 millions au taux de change de FCAF 215 = USS 1

xxxiii

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Les prêts externes portant un intérêt de 8% par an seraient requis pour une période de

13 anées avec une période de grace de 5 ans pour le paiement d'intérêts et de 6 ans pour le remboursement du capital Les interets accrus pendant la période'de grace ser-aient finances et capitalises, ce qui porterait le montant total des emprunts è FCFA

20 210 millions Pour assurer le service des emprunts è partir de 1991, il est estimé que les operations courantes de CAMDEV devraient fournir un total de FCFA 35 300 millions au projet Camdev III è partir de fonds d'auto-financement

Les prix de l'huile de palmier, des palmistes et du caoutchouc destines è l'exportation sont bases sur les tendances indiquées par les previsions de la Banque Mondiale datant

de janvier 1980 pour la période 1980-1990, et extrapolées jusqu'en 2010 en prenant la moyenne de la tendance pour la période 1980-1990 Les prix locaux de l'huile de palmier en termes courants reflètent la tendance de l'inflation future prévue L'infla-tion a été estimée è 10% pour 1981, 8% pour 1982 et 6% ä partir de 1983

Les taux de rendement internes bases sur les hypotheses du projet sont les suivants:

Termes constants 1980 Termes courants Palmiers a huile 7,88 13,57 Hévéa 9,49 17,05 Les taux de rendement ont été intégralement testes sur le plan de la sensibilité aux variations de prix, coüts et rendements

Le coüt total de I'établissement de 1 000 ha de palmiers ä huile en petites tions est estimé è FCFA 691,55 millions, y compris les credits pour les cultures, les subventions en espèces et la gestion des programmes de vulgarisation Le total des prêts accordés aux petits exploitants pour couvrir les entrees fournies a crédit se monte a FCFA 253,13 millions Les taux de rendements internes dans le cas des petits exploit-ants sont de 18,36% en termes constants 1980 et de 23,71% en termes actuels Le revenu net annuel estimé par hectare varie entre FCFA 40 ÓOÖau cours de la quatrième année a compter de la mise en culture et FCFA 205 000 au cours de la sixième année,

exploita-et devrait atteindre FCFA 240 000 ä partir de la huitième année

II a été suppose que les dispositions et conditions actuellement applicables aux petits exploitants dans le cadre de Camdev II s'appliqueront également è ceux du projet Camdev I I I

ANALYSE COUT SOCIAL - BENEFICES

Dans le cas des travailleurs de plantations et des petits exploitants, des salaires de reference de FCFA 275 et 377 par homme-jour respectivement on été supposes

Les prix de base en FCFA par tonne étaient les suivants:

Exportation d'huile de palmier en provenance

des plantations 106 971

Consommation locale d'huile de palmier en

prove-nance des plantations 160 000

Palmistes en provenance des plantations 70 059

Caoutchouc en provenance des plantations 337 127

Fruits 'FFB', petits exploitants 22 336

xxxiv

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Les taux de rendement économique en termes constants 1980 étaient les suivants:

TRI TRI Base + 1 0 % - 1 0 % de TRI de frais benefices

Hévéa des plantations 13,19 12,07 10,85 Palmiers a huile des plantations 14,17 11,03 10,98 Palmiers è huile, petits exploitants 20,16 16,37 16,40 Total pro jet 13,68

Dans le cas des petits exploitants, les revenus par hectare pour l'année spécifiée raient être comme suit:

pour-Récolte Projet FCFA US$

A titre de comparaison, le niveau de salaire des travailleurs des plantations est de FCFA

240 000 (US$ 1 116) par an dans le cas d'un ouvrier qualifie, et de FCFA 180 000 (US$ 837) dans celui d'un ouvrier non qualifié II faut se rappeler que seulement 50 jours-homme/ha suffisent è assurer le niveau de revenus indiqué pour les petits exploit-ants

Le projet assurera des emplois ä environ 3 000 personnes - ouvriers et membres du personnel - sur les plantations ainsi que des revenus pour un maximum de 1 000 petits exploitants et leur familie L'effet de multiplication resultant du transfer! d'une cer-taine proportion des revenus des travailleurs aux regions d'origine sera operant

Le principal avantage social que le projet apportera a la communauté sera la mise en place d'un système routier a l'épreuve des intemperies qui la reliera aux marches locaux

et aux services ä Mbonge et au-dela Les services de soins médicaux et d'éducation ainsi que le niveau de vie general seront également améliorés

xxxv

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Part 1

Introduction

Trang 33

Part 1

Introduction

1.1 PREFACE

This report is a condensation of information yielded by a land suitability and feasibility

study (Wyrley-Birch et al., 1980) relating to the establishment of oil palm and rubber

plantations, and an accompanying smallholders' oil palm scheme, for the Cameroon Development Corporation (CAMDEV) Information that is of interest to the corpor-ation only has been excluded so that this report can be made available to a wider reader-ship in Cameroon and elsewhere Parts of the text in the original report have been amended to clarify the procedures used in determining land suitability and in planning profitable developments In addition all maps have been improved

The land suitability and feasibility investigation was conducted by the Land Resources Development Centre (LRDC) of the Overseas Development Administration in response

to a request by the Government of the United Republic of the Cameroon for a investment study to cover CAMDEV's third development programme, Camdev III., This

pre-is an extension of the current, second programme, Camdev I I , scheduled to end in 1982 and itself an extension of Camdev I completed in 1976

The recommendation for the Camdev 111 pre-investment study was made by a combined World Bank — Commonwealth Development Corporation (COMDEV) and Caisse

Centrale de Cooperation Economique (CCCE) mission set up to appraise the Camdev II

programme (Foster et al., 1977) The World Bank (1977) reported separately on this

mission's work, restricting the recommendation for Camdev III to an area of 10 000—

12 000 ha, then thought suitable for coconut plantations Terms of reference for the study were drawn up by LRDC (Jenkin, 1978)

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives set out in the terms of reference were:

Phase I

1 To undertake a soil survey appropriate to a mapping scale of 1:25 000:

i Within those parts of Block A north-west of Cameroon Mountain (see Text Map 1.1) which had suitable topography for the development of coconut and oil palm plantations

ii Within those parts of Block B extending eastward from the Douala-Mbanga road

at Kompina (see Text Map 1.1) which had suitable topography for the ment of rubber plantations

develop-2 To assess and map at 1:25 000 scale the suitability of the land in the areas covered

by the above soil survey for the development of coconut, oil palm and rubber on estates and smallholdings

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Phase II

For this phase the detailed terms of reference were to be finally agreed during Phase

1, but the main objectives were:

1 To prepare detailed plans for the development of coconut, oil palm and rubber plantations on those parts of Blocks A and B which were found to be suitable during Phase 1

2 To examine the profitability of such developments

3 To prepare a financial analysis which could be used as a basis on which to seek development funds

A t the end of Phase I when a Project Review Meeting was held, it became clear that within Block A the Boa Plain north-west of Cameroon Mountain was the only area where large-scale estate development would be possible and that consultants would be required for the following activities:

1 To make an inventory of the timber stand in the area

2 To examine the most suitable road routes t o reach the area and recommend designs for a road system within the area

3 To design drainage systems for the various land suitability units into which the area had been divided

4 To make a detailed topographic survey As there were no large-scale maps of the area for the detailed planning of drains, roads, camps, etc., this survey was proposed at a scale of 1:5 000 with form lines at 1 m vertical intervals The flatness of the land and the density of the forest canopy over most of the area made it impossible to detect and map the natural drainage system by aerial photographic interpretation

In discussions with the CAMDEV General Manager and his staff it was decided that the Camdev III development should include 1 000 ha net of rubber as an extension of an

existing rubber estate, 9 000 ha net of oil palm in three estates of approximately 3 000

ha each, and 1 000 ha of oil palm smallholdings Coconuts were excluded mainly for

the following reasons:

1 The hybrids in the Ivory Coast have not achieved the hoped-for yields of 7 t/ha

of dry copra and are thus less competitive with oil palms than expected

2 There is a risk of infection from diseases of the lethal yellowing type which occur in West Africa These include Kribi disease in south Cameroon, Kaincope

in Togo, Cap St Paul Wilt in Ghana and possibly Awka disease in Nigeria

3 Dehusking coconuts by hand is labour-intensive and there is likely to be a

shortage of labour in the development area

4 Mechanised processing of coconuts is still in the pilot plant stage and many problems remain to be solved It was recommended, however, that the existing seed garden and trial plots should be maintained and additional trial plots laid out to gain information and experience on which future development decisions could be based

Trang 35

3°N

Regional boundary International boundary + + +

10°E 11°

TEXT MAP 1-1 Location of Camdev III soil and land suitability survey area

Trang 36

Commonwealth Development Corporation

Financial analyst J W R Cox

Cameroon Development Corporation

2 M V Etonge 1.3.2 Consultants

Fairey (Clyde) Surveys Ltd

Surveyor

P Robbins

D D Shearing

Transport and Road Research Laboratory

Road appraisal and design

Period spent in Cameroon

Initially aerial photographs of the blocks were examined at LRDC to delineate the densely

populated and topographically unsuitable areas Other features such as access roads, major rivers, possible access routes by land and sea, etc., were noted

5

Trang 37

A helicopter sortie over the project area provided a rapid closer aerial inspection of the

terrain Thereafter field inspections were made to confirm the conclusions drawn from

aerial photographic interpretation

Soil suitability was determined by field inspection and by sampling for laboratory

analysis Special attention was paid to soil drainage and the effects of seasonal flooding

A suitability classification showing current suitability and potential suitability for estate

development was employed, the latter being related to drainage improvements

Climatic and hydrological studies were based on all existing records for the project and

adjacent areas, and air photo information on drainage basins Particular attention was paid to rainfall variation within the project area, the size of the water deficit (if any) for tree crops during the short dry season, the size and frequency of floods, and require-ments for artificial drainage

The studies of forestry, land use and communications employed similar procedures of

air photo interpretation followed by field work to confirm and expand the information

so obtained The methods used are described in Part 3 and in the attached Microfiche Documents

Planning for development was preceded by a study of market prospects for rubber and

oil palm recorded in Part 4 The selection of specific unpopulated areas for development within the Boa Plain was achieved by eliminating the areas where the methods already described had shown topography, drainage and soil to be unsuitable The planning of the oil palm and rubber estates, and the smallholder oil palm scheme, was supported

by detailed economic and financial analyses which are tabulated in Appendixes 4—8

1.5 SELECTION OF AREAS FOR SOIL SURVEY AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES

As explained under 1.2 Objectives, it was planned that areas within the project boundary suitable for further, detailed study would be selected at an early stage in Phase I The major requirements were that the land to be developed should be flat or gently undu-lating, unoccupied, large enough for the proposed large-scale estate development and

below the 300 m contour, the approximate altitude limit for the cultivation of the

plantation crops that were to be grown The location of the study areas, Blocks A and

B, is shown in Text Map 1.1

1.5.1 Block A

There were five major areas of interest in Block A (see Text Map 1.2) of which only

Area 1,.the Boa Plain, proved to be of interest for immediate development

1 The Boa Plain where CAMDEV owned abandoned banana estates A superficial investigation of the area had been made by Rijke (1977) and found to be suit-able for coconuts It was felt, however, that a more detailed investigation should

be made to confirm that large-scale plantation development would be possible

2 The area east of Mbonge Rubber Estate, where the soils had been enriched by volcanic ash deposits, appeared to be promising but was found to be largely settled by local farmers

3 There was a possibility that in the foothills surrounding Idenau Oil Palm Estate, modest increases in plantable areas might be possible to improve the profitability

of the oil palm mill there However, no suitably flat areas could be found

4 The 2 000 ha Munyange Estate was of interest as it was owned by CAMDEV and

its proximity t o one of their existing rubber estates and an existing road link to

it made it an attractive development possibility Detailed investigation indicated

however, that it had mostly been occupied by local farmers and only a small part (350 ha) of the unoccupied land was suitable for development Even then about half of it was above the critical 300 m contour The soils are described

in Appendix 1, Section A 1.3.2

6

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iMerty

lloani'

•cä^idev | ? - \ J r > Mbonge Mokoko Estate- •

Barombe Mokoko« ^ E k u ^ b e

L i o n g o - '

Bai BamusscN

Areas suitable for development

> Idenau

l: : : : : : : : : : : : : : 3 Areas possibly suitable

l : :Ü : :¥A : j for development

Block A

ATLANTIC OCEAN

Camdev II soil survey boundary

TEXT MAP 1 -2 Block A (including Camdev II) d e v e l o p m e n t areas

Trang 39

5 Adjoining the latter area and extending southwestward along the east bank of the Onge River was a 1 700 ha strip of land which from air photo interpretation seemed to be topographically suitable: of this about 1 200 ha appeared t o be unoccupied Development could only be considered, however, after ground inspection and a soil survey to confirm suitability and could only be implemented after construction of access roads If developed, the area would be too small for separate large scale exploitation and would have to be incorporated in the management systems of other CAMDEV estates In the event, no time was found

t o survey the soils of this area and it was decided not t o consider it for

immediate development

1.5.2 Block B

Block B, extending east of the Douala-Mbanga road, is near the Camdev 11 Penda Mboko rubber devlopment to the west and surrounds the old Sproa oil palm estate at Kompina, which CAMDEV acquired to replant with rubber and wished t o extend into a larger

more profitable unit Detailed aerial photographic and land investigations indicated

that the whole of Block B was either already occupied or topographically unsuitable for large scale estate development (see Appendix 1)

1.5.3 The area selected for development — the Boa Plain

A t the end of Phase I of the study only the Boa Plain met the criteria for large scale estate development It was large enough, sparsely populated, mainly flat and the soils although not highly fertile were suitable for the cultivation of a variety of crops includ-ing oil palm, coconut and rubber

Although it was subject to some wet season flooding, the general westward slope of the land toward the sea made the construction of land drainage systems to overcome these problems feasible

The area is to the west of Cameroon Mountain where the rainfalls are higher and the dry season is shorter than in its eastern rain shadow

1.6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This publication is produced with the permission of the General Manager of the

Cameroon Development Corporation (CAMDEV) Soil samples were analysed by the Reading based Tropical Soils Analysis Unit of LRDC All diagrams and maps were

produced by LR DCs cartographic unit In the Cameroon, information was obtained from many government and private sources and the team is especially grateful to the General Manager of CAMDEV and his staff at all levels for their generous cooperation and assistance

1.7 THE STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

Part 1 introduces the study, explains objectives and methods, and describes the selection,

during Phase 1 of the study, of the one area suitable for immediate development — the Boa Plain

Part 2 gives background information on the population and economy of Cameroon and

the aims for rural development embodied in the Government's current 5—year plan

Part 3 is a detailed account of the physical, economic and demographic features of the

Boa Plain development area

Part 4 is a discussion of the market prospects for the two crops, oil palm and rubber,

which were chosen for use in the proposed developments

Part 5 gives details of development proposals for oil palm and rubber estates and for

oil palm smallholdings, including costs and financial and economic implications of

development

9

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The Appendixes (1 —8), in support of the main text, give details of soil survey techniques

employed, soil analysis results, soil profiles, climate, recommended estate drainage methods, estate costs and yields, and financial and economic analyses of the proposed developments

The Microfiche (1—3) reproduce, for the benefit of technical experts who may be

interested, certain consultants' reports already summarised in the main report or appendixes: the forest inventory of the Boa Plain, and the proposals for road construct-ion (which are accompanied by details of quantities and costs for roads, bridges, drainage works and water supplies)

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