René of Anjou, 295
Renzong (Jen-tsung), 297
Reuchlin, Johannes, 217
Rhee Syngman, 363
Rheims, Council of, 257
Rhuddlan, Statute of, 424
Riccobaldo (chronicler), 143
rice, cultivation of, xxx
Richard I (king of England), 94, 186,
246, 259, 305, 306, 321, 342–343,
351
Richard II (king of England), 165, 305,
307, 321
Richard of Normandy, 69
Ridda wars, 68, 102
Rimini, Bull of, 330
Ringaudas, 254
Río Salado, Battle of, 88
Riurikid dynasty, 349–350, 420, 434
Robert, abbot of Molesme, 91
Robert, king of Naples, 177
Robert I (king of Scotland), 185, 308
Robert II (duke of Normandy), 310
Robert II of Scotland, 359
Robert II the Pious (king of France), 71
Robert III of Scotland, 359
Robert de Sorbon, 46
Robert Guiscard, 310
Robert of Anjou, 46
Robert of Geneva, 30
Robert the Bruce, 306–307, 359
Roger I (Norman king of Sicily), 310
Roger II (Norman king of Sicily), 207,
210, 295, 312, 313
Roger of Salerno (regent of principality of
Antioch), 248
Roland, Song of, 343–344
Rollo (Viking leader), 195
Roman, Prince, 284
Romanesque and Gothic styles,
xxxi–xxxii, 145–146
Romanos II (Byzantine emperor), 64
Romanos III (Byzantine emperor), 65
Romanos IV Diogenes (Byzantine
emperor), 65, 363
Rome
medieval, 344–345
papacy in Renaissance in, 345–347
Romulus Augustulus (Western Roman
emperor), 195, 323
Ronsard, Pierre de, 85
Rossellino, Bernardo, 52
Rosso, Giovanni, 217
Rostislav of Great Moravia, 96
Rudolf I of Habsburg (Holy Roman
Emperor), 48, 153, 176
Rudolf II (Holy Roman Emperor), 153
Rudolf III (king of Burgundy), 174
Rudolf IV the Founder (duke of Austria), 154
Rudolf of Swabia, 164 Rudravarman (Chenla ruler), 81 Ruizong (Jui-tsung), 431, 432 Rukn ad-Din Kurshah, 183 Rukn ad-Din Firuz Shah, 100 Rule of St Benedict, 15, 42, 91 rune poems, 418
Rupert, count of Palatine, 178
Rus, xxxiv, 157, 248, 282–284, 347–350,
379, 419–420 Russkaia Pravda, 349 Russo-Polovsti alliance, 282 Rustichello of Pisa, 331, 332
S
Sacred Congregation of the Universal Inquisition, 197
Sadaaki (Hojo regent), 173 Sada-akira (Japanese official), 179 Sadatoki (Hojo regent), 173 al-Sahili, 139
Saicho (monk), 161 Saisset, Bernard, 326 Sakura, 138
Saladin (Salah ad Din, Yusuf), 94,
180–181, 183, 246, 249, 263, 343,
351–352
Salamon (king of Hungary), 243
salt, kingdom of See gold, kingdoms of
salt and
Salutati, Coluccio, 52, 90, 213, 352
Samala (Mon prince), 280 Samanid dynasty, 139, 263
Samarkand, 77, 135, 289, 315, 352–353,
389, 392, 398 Samuil, 54
Samurai, xxxiv, xxxix, 119, 161, 173,
172, 230, 232, 354–355, 388
Sancho I (king of Aragon), 87, 89 Sancho II (king of Castile), 109 Sancho III (king of Castile), 87, 88 Sancho IV (king of Castile), 88 Sancho Ramirez (king of Aragon), 109 Sanders, Liman von, 269
Sangyuan, Treaty of, 252 Sanskrit, xxxvii, 42, 82, 159, 169, 206, 362
Sanzio, Raphael, 216 Saracens, 20
Saraswati, 50 Sariputta, 293 Sasanka, 159 Sassanid Empire, 62, 69, 102 Savonarola, Girolamo, 195 Saxons, 13, 273
Saxony, duke of, 130, 157
sayyid, 8
Sayyid dynasty, 101 scaldic verse, 418 Scannabecchi, Lamberto, 426
Schism of 1054, 355–356
Scholarios, George, 126 Scholastica (saint), 344
Scholasticism, 22, 75, 257, 264, 327, 356–358, 428
science studies, xxxi–xxxiii, xxxvii, 208–210, 266–267
Scipio Africanus, 324
Scotland, 185, 186, 306, 358–362
Scott, Walter, 85 scriptorium, 198 Scrope, Henry, 165 Scrovegni, Enrico, 142 Sebuk-Tigin, 139, 263 Second Crusade, 21, 23, 94, 130 Sefuwa dynasty, 230
Sei Shonagon, 132, 161
Sejong (king of Korea), 362–363
Sekigahara, Battle of, 121
Seljuk dynasty, 94, 139, 198, 203, 263,
317, 356, 363
Seneca (Roman Stoic philosopher), 265 Sens, Council of, 42
seppuku, 119
septicemic plague, 43 Septimius Severus (emperor of Rome),
195, 294 Serbia, 240, 249–250, 269, 271 Serbian Orthodox Church, 250 serfs, xxix–xxx, xxxiv
Seveners sect, 211
“Seven Orders of Wisdom,” 200 Seventy, Council of, 215
Sewale, John, 321 Sforno, Obadiah, 217 Shafi’i, 208
Shahbuddin See Muhammad of Ghur
Shahnamah, 364
Shakespeare, William, 3, 85, 166 shamanism, 247, 438
Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, 100 Shangdu (Shang-tu), 438 Shang dynasty, 397 Shan-tao, 179 Sharaf ad-din Ali Yazdi, 269–270 shari’a, 210–211
Sheikh Bedreddin, 271
sherifs, 7
Shi’ism, 4, 8, 34, 116, 183, 201, 204,
263, 364–365
Shin Arhan, 55
Shinran, 179, 304, 365–366
Shintoism, 132, 160–161, 296, 354, 369
Shiva, 42, 50, 85, 335, 366–367, 414