E .: Beginning of Bronze Age in Egypt.. E .: Egyptians begin to mine copper and develop the fi rst crude paper, made of papyrus; Sahara Desert begins to form in North Africa.. E .: Produ
Trang 11222 Chronology by Region
ca 5000 B C E : Egyptians fi rst build canals and dikes to irrigate crops
ca 4500 B C E : Start of cattle herding in the Sahara
ca 4400 B C E : First evidence of use of horizontal loom, depicted on Egyptian pottery
ca 4000 B C E : Beginning date for the cultivation of yam along the Niger River
ca 3600 B C E : Beginning of Bronze Age in Egypt
ca 3500 B C E : Egyptians develop complete number system
ca 3100 B C E : Egyptian hieroglyphic writing emerges
ca 3000 B C E : Egyptians begin to mine copper and develop the fi rst crude paper, made of papyrus; Sahara Desert begins to form in North Africa
Berbers arrive in North Africa
ca 2920 B C E : The start of Egypt’s First Dynasty, uniting Upper and Lower Egypt
ca 2650 B C E : The fi rst pyramid, the Step Pyramid, built by Imhotep in Egypt
ca 2575 B C E : The Great Pyramid of Cheops is constructed
ca 2400–ca 1500 B C E : Kingdom of Karmah in Nubia
A F R I C A
ca 6500 B C E : A primitive plow called
the ard is used in the Near East.
ca 6000 B C E : Production of wine begins in Mesopotamia and along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea
ca 5000 B C E : People in the valleys surrounding the Tigris and Euphrates rivers domesticate cattle and begin to build irrigation systems for crops
ca 4500 B C E : Permanent settlement
is established at Ur in Mesopotamia;
clay tokens are fi rst used for accounting purposes in Mesopotamia
ca 4300 B C E : Turntable for pottery making is invented in Mesopotamia
ca 4200 B C E : Copper mining begins in the area of modern-day Oman
ca 4000 B C E : Earliest copper objects appear in the ancient Near East
ca 3500 B C E : The Sumerians begin crafting tools out of bronze, a mixture
of copper and tin, initiating the Bronze Age, which begins to reach its height
in about 2000 B.C.E.; Sumerians also start to use wheeled vehicles pulled by animals
ca 3400 B C E : Earliest form of cuneiform script is devised to record the language used by the ancient inhabitants of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia
ca 2800 B C E : The sickle is invented by farmers in Sumer
ca 2750 B C E : The Phoenician city of Tyre emerges as a great sea power
ca 2500 B C E : Beginning of the Iron Age
in the ancient Middle East
ca 2400 B C E : The Babylonians fi rst use the abacus for computation; Sumerians
fi rst use “positional notation,” where numbers take their value depending on their position in a numerical group
ca 2350 B C E : The Old Akkadian Empire begins rule of Mesopotamia
T H E M I D D L E E A S T
10,000 B.C.E – 5000 B.C.E
(continued)
5000 B.C.E – 4000 B.C.E.
4000 B.C.E – 3000 B.C.E.
3000 B.C.E – 2000 B.C.E.
(continues)