characteristics 4:168
classifications 4:168
diversification 4:170
polyploid complexes 4:169–170
recent polyploidy events 4:170–171,
4:171F, 4:172F
Polypodium polypodioides 3:517
Polypompholyx 6:44T
Polyrachis simplex 5:463T
Polyrhachis sokolova 5:13
Polyscias 3:522T
Polysiphonia 3:359
Polysphondylium 6:290F
Polystomatidea 7:439–440T, 7:448–449F,
7:449–451
Polytoca 1:70
polyunsaturated fatty acids 7:25–26,
7:32–33
Polyxenida 5:423–424, 5:423F
Polyxenus lagurus 5:425–426, 5:428
Polyzonium germanicum 5:426
Pomacanthus imperator 3:471F
pomace flies 1:28–29, 3:489–491T, 3:493
Pomarea dimidiata 7:184
Pomatias olivieri 3:674F
Pomatomus saltatrix3:469
Pomatoschistus minutus 3:478F
pompano 3:467–471
pompeii worm 7:329
pom-pon mushrooms 3:637T
ponderosa pine trees 1:144, 6:150T,
6:152–154, 6:712F
pond snails 4:374
Pongamia pinnata 1:277
Pongidae 4:693
Pongo abelii 6:256–258T
Pongo pygmaeus morio 6:256–258T
Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus 6:256–258T
Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii 6:256–258T
Pontania gracilis 4:173–174
Pontania pomum 4:173–174
Pontic steppe 1:262–263T
Pontonia pinnophylax 6:547–548
Pontoporia blainvillei 5:77T
ponyfish 5:122F, 5:123
poplars
biofuel crop production 1:529T,
1:531–532, 1:544F
boreal forests 1:628–630, 1:630T
energy use impacts 3:261
North America 7:118
plant tissue chemistry 6:120T
root–soil interface 6:113T
Popophyra 6:296F
Popper, Karl 1:16
poppy seeds 7:26
population density 6:157–167
measurement methods
as a causal agent 6:157–158
general discussion 6:157
as a response variable 6:157
spatial density variation
consequences
genetic/evolutionary consequences
6:163
population dynamics 6:162–163
determinant factors external forcing 6:162 generation mechanisms 6:161–162 lifestyle characteristics 6:162 population dynamics 6:162 spatial patterns
density–biomass thinning laws –3/2 thinning rule (plants) 6:161 –4/3 thinning rule (animals) 6:161 general discussion 6:161
statistical patterns 6:158–160, 6:160F
Taylor’s power law 6:160–161
variability 6:158–160, 6:159F
within-species occupancy-abundance patterns 6:161
summary discussion 6:167 temporal density patterns consequences cascade effects 6:164–165 evolutionary consequences 6:165 increased extinction probability 6:164
determinant factors external forcing 6:164 life history characteristics 6:164 population dynamics 6:164 measurement methods distribution shape 6:163 fluctuation magnitude 6:163 red-shifted variance 6:163 Taylor’s power law 6:163–164 trans-specific patterns
–3/2 thinning rule 6:165, 6:166F
cross-species comparisons 6:165 over-species density distributions 6:165 trait-based relationships
breeding systems 6:165 dispersal ability 6:166
geographic range 6:166–167, 6:166F
homozygosity 6:166 latitudinal gradients 6:166 reproductive investment 6:165–166 resource usage 6:166
Taylor’s power law 6:167 trophic status 6:166 population diversity
agrobiodiversity 1:132, 1:132T
countryside biogeography 2:351–352 ecosystem services
general characteristics 6:170–171 global population diversity 6:171 local population diversity 6:171 regional population diversity 6:171 introduced species 6:172–173 natural selection 6:168 population dynamics 6:175–181 basic concepts 3:1–3, 6:175 density-dependent dynamics
continuous time 6:177, 6:177F
discrete time 6:177–178 density-independent dynamics single species with age structure 6:176–177
single species without age structure 6:175–176
evolutionary response studies 3:389
historical perspectives 2:420–421 landscape ecology 4:488–502 basic concepts 4:488–491 continuous habitat variability 4:497–498, 4:498F core and satellite model 4:496
disturbance recovery 4:498–499, 4:499F
edge effects 4:496–497 environmental gradients 4:497–498 extinction debt 4:497
habitat fragmentation 4:496–497 habitat heterogeneity 1:381–382, 1:381F, 4:497–498
landscape changes 4:496–497 landscape structure
basic concepts 4:491–493 habitat preservation 4:495 immigration 4:495 interspecific interactions 4:498–499, 4:499F
landscape context 4:493 patch–matrix–corridor model 4:479, 4:479F, 4:492–493, 4:492F population viability analysis (PVA) 4:493–495
quantification methods 4:493 single large or several small (SLOSS) debate 4:495
metapopulation dynamics 4:495–496 research summary 4:499–500
simulation models 4:488–491, 4:490F,
4:491F soil moisture prediction 4:497–498, 4:498F
source–sink dynamics 4:496, 5:324–325
spatial patterns 4:488–491, 4:489F
modern extinctions 5:370 parasites
ecological strategies 5:668 population growth 5:667–668 parasitoids 5:679–681, 6:179 simple two-species interactions basic concepts 6:178–179 competition 6:180 disease dynamics 6:179–180 host–parasitoid dynamics 6:179 prey–predator interactions 6:179 spatial density variation
consequences 6:162–163 determinant factors 6:162 stochastic population processes 6:178 summary discussion 6:180
temporal density patterns 6:164 population genetics 6:182–198 conservation genetics 2:263–277
ex-situconservation 2:273–274 future outlook 2:274–275 genetic drift 2:265–267
genomic research 2:274–275, 2:275F
heterozygosity and fitness correlations (HFCs) 2:266
historical perspective 2:263–265 inbreeding 2:265–267, 2:272–273 individual genotypes 2:272–273 kin relationships 2:272–273
Index 783