ecosystems (continued)
cost-effectiveness measures
5:356–357, 5:357F, 5:459–463
crop production 5:349–350
cultural ecosystem services 5:353
decision-making strategies 5:358
esthetic services 5:353–354
nature-based recreation models 5:353
nutrient retention 5:355–356
provisioning services 5:350–351
regulatory services 5:351–352
software 5:357–358
spiritual services 5:354
storm peak management 5:352–353
summary discussion 5:358–359
supporting services 5:354–355
uncertainty monitoring 5:356
nature-based recreation 7:253
payment for agrobiodiversity
conservation services (PACS)
3:40–41, 3:41F
payment for ecosystem services (PES)
2:226–227, 2:298, 3:40–41,
3:432–433, 5:151, 7:353–355
plant communities 6:76
population diversity
general characteristics 6:170–171
global population diversity 6:171
local population diversity 6:171
regional population diversity 6:171
priority management 6:261–272
carbon sequestration 5:351–352,
6:264F
carbon storage 5:351–352, 6:264F
challenges 6:270–271
cost–benefit analyses 6:265–266,
6:266F
economic factors 6:266–269, 6:267F,
6:268F, 6:269F
ecosystem service targets 6:263–265,
6:264F
land-use patterns 6:265–266, 6:266F,
6:268F, 6:269F
livestock 6:264F
mapping and modeling approaches
6:263–265
research summary 6:269–271
systematic conservation planning
2:293, 6:261–263
water provisions 6:264F
provisioning services
basic concepts 2:490T, 7:315–316
cultural ecosystem services 1:334T
desertification 2:490T
landscape scale 1:344
marine ecosystems 5:451–452, 5:452T
modeling frameworks 5:350–351
sustainability 7:76T
regulating services
basic concepts 2:490T, 7:315–316
cultural ecosystem services 1:334T
desertification 2:490T
global status 3:46–47, 3:46T
landscape scale 1:344
marine ecosystems 5:451–452,
5:452T
modeling frameworks 5:351–352 structure–function relationship 3:46–47, 3:47T
sustainability 7:76T
relationship characteristics and shape 1:345, 3:351
relationship examples agricultural food production 1:346, 3:345
general discussion 1:346 human infectious disease regulation 1:348–350, 3:349
pollination 1:348, 3:347 soil productive potential regulation 1:346–348, 3:347
research areas 3:91, 3:91T
research summary 1:355 river–floodplain connectivity benefits 7:145–146, 7:150 fisheries 7:146–147
flood attenuation 7:147–150, 7:148F,
7:149F floodplain agriculture 7:146 flow levels and events 7:150 hydrological connectivity 7:150 overbank flooding 7:145–146 spatial variables 7:150 service disruptions 2:454 service providers 1:345 social value 7:314–326 compensated versus uncompensated
demand 7:321–322, 7:322F
contingent valuation method 7:324–325
estimation methods 7:322 hedonic valuation estimation methods 7:322–324 Hicksian demand function 7:321–322
historical perspective 7:314–315 Marshallian demand function 7:321–322
revealed-preference estimation methods 7:322–324 stated-preference estimation methods 7:324–325
summary discussion 7:325 travel cost estimation methods 7:322–324
valuation measures 7:317–318, 7:317F
value definition 7:316–317 value quantification 7:318–321 spatially variable ecosystem services 3:53
spatial scale analyses experimental manipulation effects 3:349
landscape scale 1:351–353, 3:353, 3:354
local scale 1:350–351, 3:349 plant functional diversity 3:354 regional to global scale 1:353–355 spatiotemporal scales 1:345–346 structure–function relationship 3:46–47, 3:47F
supply–demand–value relationship 5:348–349
supply–service–value metrics 3:98, 3:98F
supporting services animal pollination 5:354–355
basic concepts 2:490T, 7:315–316 desertification 2:490T
marine ecosystems 5:451–452, 5:452T
modeling frameworks 5:354–355 nutrient retention 5:355–356
sustainability 7:76T
sustainable agriculture 1:114 temperate forests 7:124–125 terrestrial ecosystems 5:347–361 biophysical measures 5:349 cost-effectiveness measures 5:356–357, 5:357F decision-making strategies 5:358 landowner decisions 5:347–349 land use/land cover (LULC) patterns 5:348–349, 5:351–352 modeling approaches 5:349–350 summary discussion 5:358–359 supply–demand–value relationship 5:348–349
uncertainty monitoring 5:356 valuation measures 7:167–179 accounting price 7:172 biological resource exploitation 7:167–168
discontinuous value functions 7:175–177, 7:177F ecological functions 7:168–169 gross domestic product (GDP) 7:173–174, 7:174F institutional failure 7:170–172 local versus global stability 7:170–172
market failure 7:169–170 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) 7:168–169
necessity versus luxury perspective 7:173–174
option value 7:172 project evaluation 7:172–173 resource evaluation 7:172–173 social cost–benefit analysis 7:172–173
substitution possibilities 7:174–175 summary discussion 7:177–178 water funds 7:352–366
basic concepts 7:352–353 Brazil 7:363–364 Colombia 7:362–363 design and implementation guidelines 7:360 Ecuador 7:361–362 financial sources and management 7:357F, 7:359
governance 7:359–360 historical perspective 7:355–357 Latin America and the Caribbean
region 7:354–355F, 7:356T