natural versus synthesized ecosystems
3:88
plant functional traits 3:85F, 3:85T,
3:86
positive-feedback switches 3:86–87,
3:86F
purpose 3:72
real ecosystems 3:88
resistance and resilience strategies
3:83–84, 3:83F
resource dynamics 3:72–73,
3:74–75T, 3:75F
synthesized ecosystems 3:86F, 3:87F,
3:88
taxonomic diversity 3:84
ecosystem productivity 1:386–388, 1:392,
3:91–92, 3:91T, 4:156–158
ecosystem services 1:341–356, 3:96–104
basic concepts 1:344, 7:315–316
biodiversity conservation 4:435
biodiversity–ecosystem services
relationship 1:341, 3:342, 3:342
biodiversity impacts 1:389–391,
1:395–396, 1:396F, 7:316
biophysical measures 5:349
carrying capacity 7:75
China 3:372–384
background information 3:372
Ecosystem Function Zones (EFZs)
3:382
Grain-to-Green Program (GTGP)
3:379–380
land-use planning and human
development 3:101
National Forest Conservation
Program (NFCP) 3:375–376
Nature Reserve System (NRS)
3:372–373, 3:373F
payment for ecosystem services (PES)
2:227
summary discussion 3:382
classifications 3:96, 3:97F
climate change effects 2:105
coral reef ecosystems 2:343
countryside biogeography 2:352–353
cross-system services 3:96–98
cultural ecosystem services 1:332–340
basic concepts 1:333–335, 1:333F,
2:490T, 7:315–316
cultural diversity effects 1:335–336,
1:335F
cultural services 1:334T
desertification 2:490T
esthetic services 5:353–354
general discussion 1:333
habitat services 1:334T
marine ecosystems 5:451–452,
5:452T
modeling frameworks 5:353
nature-based recreation models 5:353
provisioning services 1:334T
regulating services 1:334T
spiritual services 5:354
sustainable development 1:337–339
valuation language/value articulating
institutions 1:336–337, 1:337T
cultural services basic concepts 7:315–316 landscape scale 1:344–345
regulating services 1:334T sustainability 7:76T
decision-making processes coastal and marine spatial planning 3:100–101
global policy and research efforts 3:101–102, 3:102F land-use planning and human development 3:101
service framework 3:99–100, 3:99F
watershed management 3:100 definition 3:96
desertification 2:490T, 2:491
ecological restoration 4:199–208 advantages/disadvantages 4:199–200 basic concepts 4:199–200
ecosystem drivers 4:201 ecosystem restoration potential 4:203–204
ecosystem service restoration 4:201–202, 4:202T entire ecosystems 4:200–201, 4:202T
explicit restoration targets 4:205 future outlook 4:205
global climate change 4:203 novel ecosystems 4:202–203 plant conservation 6:63, 6:85–87 restoration by-products 4:204 restoration justification 4:204–205 restoration targets 4:200–201 whole-ecosystem restoration 4:201
ecosystem function 3:90–91, 3:90T
ecosystem functioning 1:342–344, 3:342
ecosystem processes 1:342–344, 3:342 energy flow 3:247
future challenges distributional effects 3:102–103 dynamic effects 3:103 ecosystem services–human health relationships 3:102 general discussion 3:102 institutional design 3:103 monetary and non-monetary valuations 3:103 research areas 3:103 shocks and uncertainty 3:103 tradeoffs and synergies 3:102 general discussion 3:96
global status 3:46T
global urbanization impact dependence interactions 4:237–238, 4:238F
environmental impact 4:235
management strategies 4:239F,
4:241–242
habitat services 1:334T
historical background initial development 3:98–99 recent research 3:99 service disruptions 3:98–99
service framework 3:99, 3:99F
human well-being 1:345, 1:436, 7:77–80, 7:78F
Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) 2:246–247, 3:101–102 landowner decisions 5:347–349 land use/land cover (LULC) patterns 5:348–349, 5:351–352
marine ecosystems 5:451–468 accounting assessment models 5:455–457
American lobster, Atlantic herring, and Northeast multispecies groundfish fisheries 5:464–465, 5:464F
bioeconomic models 5:457–459 challenges 5:455
coastal zone management (Belize) 5:465, 5:465F
conceptual framework 5:452–453 coral reef protection and restoration 5:465–466
cost–benefit analyses 5:459–463 coupled social–ecological systems
model 5:453–455, 5:454F
cross-system services 3:96–98 cultural ecosystem services 5:451–452, 5:452T decision-support tools 5:459–463, 5:460–462T, 5:463F future outlook 5:466 integrated ecosystem assessments (IEAs) 5:454–455
modeling approaches and uses 5:453 multiple ecosystem services 5:459–463
production function models 5:457–459
provisioning services 5:451–452, 5:452T
regulating services 5:451–452, 5:452T
revealed references methods 5:456–457
single ecosystem services 5:457–459 stated preference methods 5:457 supporting services 5:451–452, 5:452T
tradeoffs 5:459–463 valuation measures 5:457 wind farms 5:466 marine sedimentary habitats filtration processes 5:112 general discussion 5:109 nutrient cycling 5:111 pollutant cycling 5:111–112
schematic diagram 5:111F
secondary production 5:112 shoreline stability 5:112 species diversity connection 5:112–113
modeling frameworks animal pollination 5:354–355 basic principles 5:349–350 carbon storage and sequestration 5:351–352
consumable goods 5:349–350